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Task 1(a) There are different types of sources of finance. Categorizing according
to time they can be:
Bank Overdraft: Overdraft facilities are provided by banks where a pre arranged
limit is first set and then the customer if he exceeds the limit, he has to pay the
fee on the exceeded amount and this varies from one bank to another.
Trade Credit: When different businesses combine and share finance and make
use of finance for meeting common pre decided business objectives the money
shared is called Trade Credit.
Leasing: The process of using assets for certain period of time by paying rent
without actually purchasing or owing them is called leasing. The party who uses
the assets is called LESSEE and the party who actually owns these assets is
called LESSER and the time period of this contract is called the Term of LEASE.
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Bank loans: Loan is money borrowed from the lender which the borrower is made
to pay back in installments and also the returned amount total is more than the
money borrowed. The initial amount borrowed is known as Principal and the
additional amount of money paid back is called Interest which is a fixed
proportion of the Principal.
Credit Cards: The concept involved is same as Bank Overdraft except the
borrower receives a smart card which he can use to buy products and services.
The limit of a card is pre-determined like in the overdraft and the borrower is
charged additional fee if limit is exceeded.
Bank Loans: As discussed above bank loans can also vary in time and
accordingly can be a short or long term source of finance.
Share capital: When a particular sector of the company needs investment the
company can issue shares in the market and use the capital earned to invest for
the task. It can be authorized that is the total amount a company can issue to
shareholders or Issued which is the actual amount paid by the share holders.
Asset Sales: The company assets which are not in use anymore can be sold to
get money in turn, which can be used since it comes into circulation and the
assets not in use are dead value.
Retained profit: It is a part of companys earnings for the previous year which can
be used as an investment for further developing the company rather than paying
it as dividends. So the figure keeps on cumulating year after year when the
company is in profit.
Owners' capital: It is the total capital money which is owned by the share holders
of a company. At launch the company can issue IPO Initial public offering at a
fixed price and there after depending upon the growth of the company the value
changes.
Grants: Grants are issued by a Government to small units for helping them to
develop their business. The money may be lended at a very low interest or given
as a Non return value.
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Task 1(b)
Bank loans or Overdrafts are always given against a security which may be a
property or asset owned by the company. In case of Failure to pay back the loan
if the company is bankrupt the bank acquires the assets against which the loan
was issued and can sell them to get the amount issued back to the account.
Trade credit taken from other business may go into dilution if the company goes
bankrupt and is a sure loss. So the risk involved in trade credit is quite high and
the terms of sharing the money should be predefined including actions to be
taken in case of bankruptcy.
Leasing is a safe play as the assets always belong to the Lesser and if the lessee
is unable to return the amount committed as a part of rent or installment the
contract can be abolished and the assets are acquired back by the lesser.
Credit cards can again be a loss to the issuer in case of a failure to pay back the
balance amount pending. A legal action can be taken against the defaulter as per
the terms and conditions decided at the time of issue of the card.
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In case of share capital the position of a company in the market is not always the
same. A share holder has to be up to date for the current situation and future
trends of the company whose shares he buys. In case the company is expected
to go in loss the shares can be sold at a reducing price.
Debentures are also subjected to terms and conditions stated by the company at
the time of purchase. If the company goes bankrupt the investment goes for a
toss.
Venture capital is a risk involved investment and the lender has to have a
positive forecast for the company where it invests money.
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Task 1(c)
In regards to the upcoming Sudan Highway Project, I will like to choose amongst
the few available options we can choose to finance our project with the option
best suiting our needs.
As the elapse time of the project is 7 years we can choose over long term
financial sources the best amongst which is getting a Venture Capital from any
other existing construction company as the project assures good returns for sure
in the long run and any company with market experience and knowledge will
accept the offer to finance on ratio based system for profit which also covers us
from any risks involved since the initial expenses will be high and we expect low
returns during first 2 to 3 years.
Just in case we are unable to find a Venture interested in investing the capital we
can also opt for Bank Loan since that also covers us from the initial risks involved
and even if the turnover is below than what is expected for initial years we will
have enough margin to switch our needs going ahead with time. Bank loans will
give us flexibility for the funds and the areas of investment and apart from this it
also enables us to take independent decisions without being pressurized by a
third party investor in the project.
Rest about the assets we will need for initial start up can be done on lease basis
since investing in assets initially will be highly spending and will not yield
expected profit.
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Task 2(a)
The cost of various sources of finance varies and makes one source preferable
over other depending upon the business needs. Discussing a few preferred
sources:
Leasing In case of leasing the cost is less if the deal is for a short duration as it
cuts down the original cost of actually purchasing the equipment and also there
is no depreciation since the goods are only rented and now owned. But in long
run it can prove costly as the rent paid could be equal to or more than the actual
cost of asset.
Hire Purchase This is different from leasing as the asset used is actually
purchased and owned by the company and a fixed amount is paid in
installments. The total amount paid is always more than the actual cost but since
the payment is made in installments the burden of big investment is reduced.The
equipment used also undergoes depreciation so the loss is tolerated by the
owning company.
Debt Factoring If the customers fail to pay back the money,the company can
actually sell the accounts to a third party which pays the company 80 to 90% of
the original amount and the third party in turn does collection on original
companys behalf.
Trade Credit is mostly considered as a free source of finance. The supplier can
supply goods without receiving the return payment immediately and the
payment can be made after a fixed period which is generally 30-90 days.
Retained Profits This is the cheapest source of finance since the money is owned
and not borrowed.
Own Capital this is also a costless source of finance but there is risk factor
involved for the money could be lost.
Working Capital is the wealth owned by the company on day to day basis.It is the
difference between the current assets owned and the current liabilities of the
company.
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Task 2(b)
Financial planning is important for cash budgeting and also for avoiding
overtrading.The following points are the benefits of Proper Financial Planning:-
Cash Flow: Financial planning can increase the cash flow as an outcome of
careful budgeting and planning how and where to spend including tax payment.
Capital: The money involved can be increased by planning the investments and
calculating expected profits in advance.
Investment: With the help of proper planning after analysis is done one can
wisely make investments to yield more profits.
Financial Understanding: After doing good financial planning one can access the
current market situation and make good understanding with working employees
to make them aware of the situation and share the plan to progress.
Assets: Assets always have liabilities attached. If nothing more then at least the
investment is required just to maintain the assets. By judicious planning we can
cut down on liabilities and build assets that are not a burden to the company.
less but the amount is not relevant when it comes to planning. Planning will
always help a business to grow in the long run.
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Task 2(c)
Equity Investors- The share holders require information for making share trading
decisions so they can decide on buying new issues or sell existing shares. They
want to make judgments regarding movements in future share prices, likely
future dividend payments and management efficiency. This helps them take
voting decisions in Annual general meetings. They can compare profitability
ratios to determine management efficiency. They should have the previous data
to compare the market trend and future estimates.
Suppliers and trade creditors information needs are similar to those of the short
term suppliers. They should be aware of the business position of their trade
partners and the future plans of the trading company. If the company still stays
in the same line of business only then it is worth to go ahead with a trade credit
or else the money should be recovered if there is a doubt that the company may
change their LOB.
scheme for promoting a product. This information is critical so that they can
withstand a different relevant offer to counter it.
Managers Managers need all financial data for the market share progress,
profitability, loss sectors, employee attendance, work inputs, current plans,
forecasting etc. Information needed is related to employees along with the short
term viability of the organization.
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Investors Need to know about the current position (profit or loss) in the market
and the long term viability of the company including the cash flow to ensure
interest.
Employees-Need to know the available options in the job market and also the
position of their company to ensure job security.
Loan creditors Need information about cash flows and priority of repayment.
Long term creditors look at the overall strength of business and estimate future
position of the business.
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Task 2(d)
added to owners equity. Financed assets increase liabilities and owned assets
increase equity.
Liabilities-Liabilities also impact balance sheet. More liabilities mean less money
owned by the company. If assets are constant and liabilities increase the equity
decreases. So if assets are constant and liabilities decrease the owners equity
increases.
Equity- Owners equity is calculated as the difference between current assets and
current liabilities. Whenever the asset or liability accounts changes the equity is
changed along depending upon increase or decrease of either an asset or a
liability.
So a balance sheet consists of 2 parts and each part balances the other. It means
that the assets which are means used to perform an operation in the company
are balanced by liabilities, equity investment brought into the company and the
companys retained profits. Liabilities and Equity are two sources which support
the assets used for companys operation. Equity stands for the amount of money
which was initially invested in the company and also includes retained earnings
which combined together forms a source of funding for the business. So at any
point of time balance sheet can be regarded as a snapshot of companys
financial position.
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Task 3(a)
Solution:
Forecasted Cash Sales starting from Nov till Feb = 3000+ 4000 + 4500 +
4500
= 16000
Total Inflows
Cash Sales
Bank Loans
Total Outflows
Payment to Suppliers
Inventory Purchases
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Task 3(b)
Solution:-
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Task 3(c)
Solution:-
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(100000+80000+70000+55000)
= 245901.64
= 1245901/ 19.25
= 64722
So the total number of units to be sold before the company starts getting profits
is 64722.
So the company should be able to make profits after selling 64722 pieces.
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Task 4(a)
Balance Sheet
Balance sheet is a statement of assets, liabilities and owners equity. The main
purpose is to find profits or losses incurred by business. Assets equal the sum of
liabilities and equity. It helps to identify financial liquidity problems and identifies
companys potential to meet the financial obligations. It gives an account of the
working capital and the indebt situation of a company. It gives an estimate if the
company can meet its short term liabilities and as to where a company stands if
compared to its competitors.
The main purpose of this statement is to calculate the cash balance at the end of
a period. It consists of cash flows from Operating, investing and financing
activities. It gives information about previous sources of cash and enables to
predict even cash flows in future. It also gives the potential of a company to
meets its financial obligations. Helps identify the main source of cash which is
preferably cash from operating activity. It also explains the effects of financing
and investment activities on business operations.
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Inclusion in annual reports: For share holders interest the annual reports are
generated by the parent company to indicate the progress and assure them their
investment is going on a good side. This generally contains letter from
companys CEO which describes companys performance and financial
achievements throughout the year. To attract new investors pleasing graphics
and photos are added to annual report.
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Task 4(c)
Solution:-
Net sales
600000
650000
Net Sales
600000
650000
Even the profit margin shows an increase since the Net Profit stood out to be
more than previous year.
Net Sales
600000
650000
Return on Sales dropped as compared to last year as the retained earnings were
less due to more investment done and also the paid dividends were more.
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170000
220000
RoI is dropped since the net income was less as compared to Previous Year ,Even
the Equity showed a decrease but overall impact shows business is dipping in
terms of returns generated.
Liquidity Ratios:
Current Liabilities
100000
70000
Current Ratio has decreased indicating business needs to plan and manage more
assets and try to cut down on liabilities as for a business to grow CR > 1 and also
the trend should be rising.
300000
400000
Current Liabilities
100000
70000
Total Assets
125000 + 150000
125000 + 150000
= (36,000+34,000+24,000+50,000+16,000+20,000 ) + 70000
140000 + 150000
140000 + 150000
Since the Debt Ratio which was under 1 last year and has exceeded to greater
than 1 now, so clearly the business is not going in Profit.
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Referencing
www.accountingcoach.com
www.bized.co.uk
www.en.wikipedia.com
www.bizfinance.about.com
www.businessplans.org
www.capitalbudgetingtechniques.com
www.economywatch.com
www.yourbusinesspal.com