B-Stad CH 04

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
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DC Biasing - BJTs
Chapter 4
Ch.4 Summary
Biasing
Biasing: Applying DC voltages to a transistor in order
to turn it on so that it can amplify AC signals.

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Ch.4 Summary
Operating Point
The DC input
establishes an
operating or
quiescent point
called the Q-point.

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Ch.4 Summary
The Three Operating Regions

Active or Linear Region Operation
BaseEmitter junction is forward biased
BaseCollector junction is reverse biased
Cutoff Region Operation
BaseEmitter junction is reverse biased
Saturation Region Operation
BaseEmitter junction is forward biased
BaseCollector junction is forward biased
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Ch.4 Summary
DC Biasing Circuits
Fixed-bias circuit
Emitter-stabilized bias circuit

Collector-emitter loop
Voltage divider bias circuit
DC bias with voltage feedback

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Ch.4 Summary
Fixed Bias

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Ch.4 Summary
The Base-Emitter Loop

From Kirchhoffs voltage
law:
+VCC IBRB VBE = 0
Solving for base current:

VCC VBE
IB
RB

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Ch.4 Summary
Collector-Emitter Loop
Collector current:
IC IB
From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

VCE VCC ICRC

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Ch.4 Summary
Saturation
When the transistor is operating in saturation, current
through the transistor is at its maximum possible value.
V
ICsat CC
R
C
VCE 0 V

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Ch.4 Summary
Load Line Analysis

The load line end points are:
ICsat
IC = VCC / RC
VCE = 0 V
VCEcutoff
VCE = VCC
IC = 0 mA
The Q-point is the operating point where the value of RB sets the
value of IB that controls the values of VCE and IC .
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Ch.4 Summary
The Effect of VCC on the Q-Point

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Ch.4 Summary
The Effect of RC on the Q-Point

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Ch.4 Summary
The Effect of IB on the Q-Point

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Ch.4 Summary
Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit

Adding a resistor
(RE) to the emitter
circuit stabilizes
the bias circuit.

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Ch.4 Summary
Base-Emitter Loop
VCC IE RE VBE IE RE 0
Since IE = ( + 1)IB:
VCC IBRB ( 1)IBRE 0

Solving for IB:
VCC VBE
IB
RB ( 1)RE
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Ch.4 Summary
IE RE VCE ICRC VCC 0
Since IE IC:
VCE VCC IC(RC RE )
Also:
VE IE RE
VC VCE VE VCC IC RC
VB VCC IR RB VBE VE
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Ch.4 Summary
Improved Biased Stability

Stability refers to a condition in which the currents and
voltages remain fairly constant over a wide range of
temperatures and transistor Beta () values.
Adding RE to the emitter improves

the stability of a transistor.

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Ch.4 Summary
Saturation Level
The endpoints can be determined from the load line.
VCEcutoff:
VCE VCC
IC 0 mA

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ICsat:
VCE 0 V
VCC
IC
RC RE

Ch.4 Summary
Voltage Divider Bias

This is a very stable bias circuit.
The currents and
voltages are nearly
independent of any
variations in .

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Ch.4 Summary
Approximate Analysis
Where IB << I1 and I1 I2 :
VB
R2VCC
R1 R2
Where RE > 10R2:

IE
VE
RE
VE VB VBE
VCE VCC ICRC IE RE

IE IC
VCE V CCIC (RC RE )

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Ch.4 Summary
Voltage Divider Bias Analysis

Transistor Saturation Level
I Csat ICmax
V CC
RC RE
Load Line Analysis

Cutoff:
VCE VCC
IC 0 mA
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Saturation:
V
CC
I
C R R
C
E
VCE 0 V
Ch.4 Summary
DC Bias With Voltage Feedback

Another way to improve
the stability of a bias
circuit is to add a
feedback path from
collector to base.
In this bias circuit the

Q-point is only slightly
dependent on the
transistor beta, .
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Ch.4 Summary
Base-Emitter Loop
VCC IC RC IBRB VBE IE RE 0
I'C IC IB IC
Where IB << IC:
Knowing IC = IB and IE IC, the

loop equation becomes:
VCC BRC IBRB VBE IBRE 0
Solving for IB:
IB

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VCC VBE
RB (RC RE )
Ch.4 Summary
Applying Kirchoffs voltage law:
IE + VCE + ICRC VCC = 0
Since IC IC and IC = IB:

IC(RC + RE) + VCE VCC =0
Solving for VCE:

VCE = VCC IC(RC + RE)

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Ch.4 Summary
Base-Emitter Bias Analysis

Transistor Saturation Level
I Csat ICmax
V CC
RC RE
Load Line Analysis

Cutoff
Saturation
VCE VCC
V
CC
I
C R R
C
E
IC 0 mA
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VCE 0 V
Ch.4 Summary
Transistor Switching Networks

Transistors with only the DC source applied can be
used as electronic switches.

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Ch.4 Summary
Switching Circuit Calculations

Saturation current:
ICsat
VCC
RC
To ensure saturation:
IB
ICsat
dc
Emitter-collector
resistance at
saturation and cutoff:
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Rsat
VCEsat
ICsat
Rcutoff
VCC
ICEO

Ch.4 Summary
Switching Time
Transistor switching times:
ton tr td
toff ts tf

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Ch.4 Summary
Troubleshooting Hints
Approximate voltages
VBE .7 V for silicon transistors

VCE 25% to 75% of VCC
Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter.

Test the solder joints.
Test the transistor with a transistor tester or a curve tracer.
Note that the load or the next stage affects the transistor
operation.

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Ch.4 Summary
PNP Transistors
The analysis for pnp transistor biasing circuits is
the same as that for npn transistor circuits. The
only difference is that the currents are flowing in
the opposite direction.

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The Three Operating Regions

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Emitter-stabilized bias circuit

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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The Base-Emitter Loop

Solving for base current:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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Load Line Analysis

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The Effect of VCC on the Q-Point

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The Effect of RC on the Q-Point

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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The Effect of IB on the Q-Point

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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VCC IBRB ( 1)IBRE 0

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Improved Biased Stability

Adding RE to the emitter improves

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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The endpoints can be determined from the load line.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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Voltage Divider Bias

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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Where RE > 10R2:

From Kirchhoffs voltage law:

VCE VCC ICRC IE RE

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

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Voltage Divider Bias Analysis

Load Line Analysis

DC Bias With Voltage Feedback

In this bias circuit the

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Where IB << IC:

Knowing IC = IB and IE IC, the

Solving for IB:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Since IC IC and IC = IB: