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GUIDE QUESTIONS

Part 1.
1. Express equation 1 in terms of mass, specific heats, final and initial
temperature.
QLoss =QGained
Q Loss + QGained =0
mc T Lo ss+ mc T Gained =0
mc ( tt o ) Loss+mc ( tt o ) Gained =0
2. Why is it important to immerse the metal in the boiling water for a
long time? What happens if the metal was immersed only for a short
while?
It is important that the metal is immersed completely for a long time so that
the boiling water would properly heat the metal. Immersing the metal for a
short time would not yield accurate results.
3. Why do you need to wipe off the water from the metals surface
before taking the initial temperature?
It is needed to wipe of the water from the metal so that the temperature of
the water would not affect the temperature of the mixture, which is the
metal and the water inside the calorimeter.

4. What is your computed specific heat and percentage of error? Is it


acceptable? Why?
The computed specific heat is 0.2211 cal/g-C and the percentage error is
1.6976%. I think its acceptable since we got a minimal percentage error and
0.2211 is quite near to the actual specific heat which is 0.2174 cal/g-C

5. What are the sources of errors? What are your recommendations?


The possible bases of errors in performing the experiment are: the time the
metal is immersed in boiling water. Errors can be minimized if we immerse
the metal for a long period of time. It can be minimalize be calculating it near
the boiling water to avoid the cold air that also affect the experiment. The
temperature of the room is also another source of error since we are
performing in the laboratory with well air-conditioned room. Performing the
experiment fast and consistent can minimize this. Also, errors may have
happened during the recording of the initial temperature of the metals, which
was quite hard to record. Another source of error may have been the excess
water clinging on the metals surface, which was not wiped off before

putting in the calorimeter.

Part 2.

1. Show your derived formula in determining the latent heat of fusion


of ice using the law of heat exchange.
||=0
Q Rel + Q
mc T w +mc T c + mi Lf +mi c w T i +w =0

( mw c w+ mc c c )( T mix T ow ) mi c w T mix

L f =
2. What is the initial temperature of the ice? What assumptions did you
make to determine the initial temperature of ice?
The temperature of the ice is assumed to be zero degrees because at that
temperature both the solid and liquid state of water is present.

3. Why is it important to wipe off the water from the ices surface before
putting it in the calorimeter?

It is important to wipe off the water from the ices surface before putting it in
the calorimeter because it can affect the initial temperature.

4. Had the mass of ice been greater, how would it affect the result of the
experiment and the computed latent heat of fusion?

If there will be a different mass of ice, then the latent heat will depend on the
mass of the ice. Mass of ice is inversely proportional to the latent heat. If

mass of ice is greater than its initial, then the latent heat will decrease.

5. What are the sources of errors and your recommendation?

The possible errors are because of the room temperature, since we are
performing in the laboratory with air-conditioned room; performing the
experiment fast and consistent can minimize it. The mass of ice before and
after putting it in the calorimeter is also another source of error. A sudden
change in the mass of ice will result to an error. In able to minimize the error,
we must wipe off the excess water in the ice before putting it in the
calorimeter.

SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Part 1: ALUMINUM
Specific Heat of Aluminum Metal:
c m=

(mw c w +mc c c )( T mix T ow )


mm (T mix T om)

c m=

[ ( 168.2 1 )+ ( 46.4 0.2174 ) ](3027.5)


(31.5)( 3094 )

c m=0.2211 cal/gC
Percent Error:

error =

c mactualc mexperimental
100
c mactual

|0.21740.2211
| 100
0.2174

error =

error =1.6976
Part 2: Trial 1
Latent Heat of Fusion:
( mw c w+ mc c c )( T m ix T ow ) mi c w T mix

Lf =
Lf =

[( 234.8 1 ) + ( 46.4 0.2174 )( 3842.7 )( 26.1 1 38 ) ]


26.1

Lf =82.0985 cal/ g
Percent Error:
L
Lf experimental
error = f actual
100
Lf actual

|8082.0985
|100
80

error =

error =2.5560

ANALYSIS
For the first part, water was boiled in the beaker and then metal was immersed in
it, one metal at a time. It was important to immerse the metal in the boiling water for a
long time because we need to heat up the metal to absorb heat from the boiling water,
so that if we transfer the metal in the calorimeter, we can get less error as a result.
However, if we immerse the metal for a short period of time, the metal will not absorb
much heat that will heat up the calorimeter.

The metal should absorb the heat for a long time first before measuring its
temperature using a thermometer. The excess water that was on the metal was then
wiped off because it can affect the initial temperature. The water in the metal has
different a temperature than the metal itself and so that can result in an error for the
experiment. Once the initial temperature was measured the heated metal was then
placed inside the calorimeter. It was then closed and was mixed using the stick.
After a few minutes, the final temperature of the calorimeter was measured. Using
the Law of Heat exchange, a derived equation was made to solve for the specific heat of
the metal. The aluminium metal being heated by hot boiling water held in a beaker. The
temperature was measured and the excess water was wiped off to reduce error and was
transferred to the calorimeter.
Then the second part of the experiment is about the Latent heat of fusion of ice,
the goal is to get the latent heat of fusion of ice.
Same in part one, we measure the calorimeter, water and the temperature of
water and ice. We put the ice in the calorimeter and melt it. Our initial temperature of ice
is 0C. We get the value of mass of ice by subtracting the total mass from the water and
calorimeter. And once the ice is being moved into the calorimeter, it is important to wipe
off the water from the surface of the ice, because excess water can affect the mass of
the ice when measuring it after melting it in the calorimeter. Since we don't need the
excess water, we could rather wipe it off to get less error.
If there will be a different mass of ice, then the latent heat will depend on the mass
of the ice. Mass of ice is inversely proportional to the latent heat. If mass of ice is greater
than its initial, then the latent heat will decrease.

CONCLUSION
Thermodynamics studies the energy and its interconversions with which all forms
of energy follows the first law of thermodynamics since energy in universe is always
constant. The internal energy inside a system is the total sum of the potential energy

and kinetic energy but usually termed as the sum of heat and work. Work primarily
focuses on the expansion or compression of the system. Heat is the energy in motion
that causes temperature and phase change in a system. Calorimetry quantitatively
measures the heat for both types of changes.
Temperature change occurs when there is absorption or discharge of heat without
causing the matter to evolve. Temperature is directly proportional to heat. Phase change
occurs when there is phase transition at a constant temperature. The process is
endothermic when heat is gained and exothermic, otherwise.
Specific heat capacity, c, is the energy needed to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin. This varies in different materials.
Higher specific heat capacity has a higher tendency of losing heat to the surroundings
that of lower specific heat capacity. Thus, an obvious change is seen often in materials
with high c.
On the other hand, latent heat is a constant of proportionality in phase change.
This is dissimilar to specific heat capacity since latent heat is independent of
temperature change. This constant is divided into fusion and vaporization. Latent heat of
fusion is applicable to materials which change their phase from solid to liquid or the
other way around while latent heat of vaporization is for materials that change their form
from liquid to gas and vice versa. This constant follows a sign convention, positive for
heat gain and negative for heat loss.
The second experiment verifies the concept of heat and calorimetry though there
were some errors found during the experiment such as the temperature of surroundings
and on procedures. It would be ideal if an electrical coil inside a constant volume
calorimeter with fixed thermometer attached is used instead of a stove to heat the
contents of the calorimeter. This will only allow the components inside to act as a system
and surrounding unaffected by the environment outside the calorimeter. A closed system
would be preferable to minimize errors in taking the precise temperature of the
substance inside after mixing or after heating. For the second part of the experiment, the
temperature and weight of the ice should be taken in a container where melting is
minimized. As much as possible, using bare hands in handling the substances of interest
must be avoided since it generates heat that can cause the ice to melt and moisture
during weighing.

MAPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

EXPERIMENT 302: HEAT AND CALORIMETRY


RABE, Angel
Unico C.

Name
Program/Yea
r
Subject/Sect
ion

Group No.

CE-3

Seat
No.

402

PHY12L B2

Date

May 5,
2015

Part 1: Determining the


Specific Heat of Metals

Mass of metal, mm

Trial 1. Aluminum
Metal
31.5 g

Mass of calorimeter, mc

46.4 g

46.4 g

Mass of water, mw

168.4 g

126.5 g

Initial temperature of metal, tom

94 C

93 C

Initial temperature of calorimeter, toc

27.5 C

29 C

Initial temperature of water, tow

27.5 C

29 C

Final temperature of mixture, tmix

30 C

31 C

Experimental specific heat of metal, cm

0.221 cal/g-C

0.0890 cal/g-C

Actual specific heat of metal, cm

0.2174 cal/g-C

0.0917 cal/g-C

Percentage of error

1.6976 %

2.9324 %

Mass of calorimeter, mc

Trial 1
46.4 g

Trial 2
46.4 g

Mass of water, mw

234.8 g

234.8 g

Mass of mixture, mmix

307.3 g

291.9 g

Mass of ice, mi

26.1 g

10.7 g

Initial temperature of ice, toc

0 C

0 C

Initial temperature of calorimeter, toc

26 C

23.7 C

Initial temperature of water, tow

42.7 C

48.5 C

Final temperature of mixture, tmix

38 C

46.9 C

Experimental Latent heat of fusion, Lf

82.0985 cal/g

83.5187 cal/g

Actual Latent heat of fusion, Lf

80 cal/g

80 cal/g

Percentage of error

2.5560 %

4.2130 %

Trial 2. Brass Metal


49.5 g

DATA and OBSERVATIONS

Part 1: Determining the Specific Heat of Metals

Approved By:

Instructor

Date

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