PETE 310

Lecture # 15
Properties of Black Oils
Definitions
(pages 224224-240)

Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial R eservoir
C onditions
P ath of Production

Pressure

CP

75%

50%
25%

S eparator C onditions

Tem perature

Properties of Black Oils Needed for

Reservoir Engineering Calculations:
Formation Volume Factor of oil Bo
Total Formation Volume Factor of oil Bt
Solution Gas oil Ratio Rs
Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility Co

Properties of Black Oils Needed for

Reservoir Engineering Calculations:
Coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion o
Oil Viscosity o
Interfacial Tension

Learning Goals
Understand the behavior of those PVT
properties (Bo,Rs
,) vs P and type of
(Bo,Rs,)
fluid (now)
Evaluate PVT properties from (later)
Field data
Laboratory studies
Correlations

Definitions
Specific gravity of a liquid

o =

o ( P1 , T1 )
w ( P1 , T1 )

API gravity
o

API =

141.5
135
o

Definitions
Formation Volume Factor of Oil

Surface (Ps,Ts)

Gas out of
Solution

Reservoir (P,T)

Definitions
Volume of Oil + Dissolved gas
Bo = at Reservoir Pressure & Temp.
Volume of Oil entering Stock
tank at Tsc,
Tsc, Psc
Units = Reservoir barrels (bbl) /Stock tank barrels (STB)

General Shape of Bo
Reservoir T = constant
Bo

Pb
Reservoir Pressure

Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs

(Rs))
How much gas is dissolved in the oil
volume per volume basis
Rs depends upon pressure
Units [= ] SCF gas /STB oil

General Shape of Solution Gas

Oil Ratio (Rs
(Rs))
Reservoir T = constant
Rs

Pb
Reservoir Pressure

Total Formation Volume Factor Bt

Pb
Oil
Hg

Bob

Gas
Oil

Bg(Rsb-Rs)

Bo

Hg

Definition of Bt
Also called TwoTwo-phase formation
volume factor

Bt = Bo + Bg (Rsb Rs )
Units
bbl/STB + bbl/SCF * (SCF/STB)

General Shape of Bt
Reservoir T = constant

Bo, Bt

Bt
Bt=Bo
Bo

Pb
Reservoir Pressure

Standard
Conditions

Rv =
Separator gas

Separator gas

Separator gas

Definition of Oil & Gas PVT Properties

Bg =

STB

gas

P4

P3

gas

gas

oil

oil

Reservoir
P2

P1

oil

oil

STB

Standard
Conditions

Separator gas

Separator gas

Decreasing Pressure

oil
Bo=

Rs=
STB

STB

The Coefficient of Isothermal

Compressibility of Oil
Provides Instantaneous change of
volume with P at constant T

Co (PA , TA ) =

1
V

V
P
TA

Also with molar volume

and specific volume

Specific Volume

Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion

Temperature

(Use in Steam Injection Processes)

Oil Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance
to flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm

Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,

units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc

Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity

Calculation of twotwo-phase flow
GasGas-lift and pipeline design
Calculate oil recovery either from
natural depletion or from recovery
techniques such as waterflooding
and gasgas-injection processes

Separ ation and

Stor age Facilities
HC Gas
Injection
from Pipeline
or Recycle

Pr oduction Well

Injection
Well

Oil Zone

Oil Bank /
Miscible Front

Variation of Oil Viscosity

Oil Viscosity

T = constant

Gas Out of
Solution

Two Phase Flow

Single Phase Flow

Pb