London South Bank University

Advanced Reservoir Engineering (Well Testing)

Well Testing Course Work

By

Carlos E. Defill Tornal (3322748)

To the Attention of
Shiyi Zheng

Introduction
Well testing is disturbing the reservoir by producing from a well at a
controlled flow rate (q) for a period of time (t p) and measuring the pressure
response at the well bore (Pwf) as a function of time and shut-in the same
stabilized well for a certain amount of time (t) and measure the bottom hole
pressure (Pws) as a function of time.
These tests are called Pressure Drawdown testing and Pressure Build Up
testing, respectively, and by applying them we can determine reservoir
properties such as average permeability (k), formation damage factor (skin),
initial reservoir pressure (Pi), Drainage area (A) and so on.
PanSystem software has been the industrys leading well-test analysis
program for more than 20 years. It is a robust yet easy-to-use software tool that
provides multiple options for models and analysis. These options include industry
standards as well as user-defined models for additional flexibility.
Ultimately, the PanSystem application provides a way to simplify complex
transient well testing through detailed analysis, simulation and reporting.
PanSystem software is dedicated to transient well testing, a key technical
function in the oil and gas industry. A pressure transient well test has the unique
capability to obtain information from within the reservoir surrounding the well
and, with appropriate testing and analysis techniques, can provide a wealth of
data:
Permeability of the reservoir-at-large and, in some cases, the near wellbore
region
Completion efficiency, effective open interval size (over the life of the well)
Reservoir structure (boundaries, heterogeneities)
Reservoir pressure
Nature of any pressure support
Drainage area, connected pore volume, and initial hydrocarbons in place
Vertical permeability, vertical communication in layered systems
Well performance (over the life of the well)
Communication between wells
Deliverability and production forecasts

-Description
Pan system is a powerful software that helps us to calculate the mentioned
reservoir properties. At the beginning by defining a simple model for reservoir
and then make that more complicated we get different reservoir properties which
is described later in detail
We should notice that the simplest reservoir model is the best and easiest option
for the start, so by assuming a radial flow in a homogeneous, isotropic reservoir
and single phase fluid we start to build the model. For making our calculation
easier we add two more assumption, first in outer boundary, reservoir is
considered as infinite acting and secondly constant flow rate at the well
bore(inner boundary)
- Pressure Drawdown testing:
-Semi log plot:
In this report we define pressure drawdown testing and how we can get different
reservoir properties in each step. The bottom hole pressure at a constant rate in
an infinite acting reservoir is given by equation 1.1

pwf =pi

162.6 QoBo
k
logt +log
3.23+0.87 s
2
kh
c t r w

1.1

The above equation shows a plot of Pwf versus log t (semi log plot) should be a
straight line with slope m and intercept p at t=1 hr , when logt=0

pwf =mlogt + p1 hr

s=1.151

m=

162.6QoBoo
kh

pi p 1hr
k
log
+3.23
m
c t r 2w

1.2

According to the above equation we can get permeability-thickness (kh) from

slope (m) and from intercept we can get P 1hr, which by substituting in equation
1.2 we have skin factor(s)

-Log-log plot:
By defining Log-log plot in pan system we are able to work on reservoir
properties more deeply and precisely. In other word, in Log-log curve we can see
effects of inner boundary (skin and wellbore storage) In ETR (early time region),

radial flow in MTR (middle time region) and outer boundary (e.g. faults) in LTR
(late time region)
Note: radial flow is a straight line with the value 0.5

-Wellbore storage:
When the well is first open to flow after a shut in period, the flow rate is not all
from the reservoir, because of pressure depletion in well bore we have fluid
expansion .by the time the amount of saved fluid in wellbore is decreasing and
flow rate will become from formation .the time for well bore storage is important
and by calculating that we can guess when radial flow roughly starts. In a log-log
plot, a transition time of1 log cycle from wellbore storage time is usually the
beginning of radial flow
-Type curve matching:
Is a graphical representation of the theoretical solutions to flow equations, by
matching the practical value from the field with graphs in Log-log plot we get
reservoir properties.in the matching process both the pressure and the pressure
derivatives are plotted on a log-log graph which has dimensionless axis .By
moving the derivative plateau of actual data on the dimensionless plateau of 0.5
we get the best matching and best value for permeability from MTR, wellbore
coefficient (Cs) from ETR
According to what mentioned so far we start to work with Pan System
-step1.Radial flow

By drawing a straight line (0.5) in MTR we get permeability and skin factor. This
straight line in Log-log plot is the straight line in semi log. Thats why we get

(from semi log slope) and s (from semi log intercept)

Note: consider to set Flow model as radial homogeneous and Boundary model
as infinite acting reservoir
Drawing a unit slope line at the beginning of log-log curve gives us Cs (well bore
storage coefficient) equal to 0.002 bbl/psi .calculating time for well bore storage
is important and the theoretical formula for that is given in equation 1.3

QBt
c ws =
24 p

t WS =

200000 V WS C WS
kh

1.3

Note: Flow model is still radial homogeneous and Boundary model is infinite
acting reservoir

After MTR(radial flow region) , pressure transient reaches no flow boundaries ,it
means outer boundary conditions(e.g. sealing faults or constant pressure upper
or lower boundaries due to a gas cap or aquifer) appear and reservoir is not
infinite acting anymore and we have pseudo steady state regime. As we know in
sss flow

p
=cte
t

.by drawing a unit slope line in LTR we get the Drainage area

() value
Note1: The aim of late transient (LTR) analysis is to determine the most suitable
fault model (e.g. single fault parallel orthogonal and so on) and get the wellbore
distance from fault (L) and also Drainage area ().
Note2: consider to change the Boundary model as closed system in software
Note3: because of unit slope line in LTR we know that there is full boundary
around reservoir but the shape of that (Ca) is not still clear and we get that from
Cartesian plot.

As we considered before ,from semi log plot we get permeability (k)from sople of
straight line(

m=

162.6QoBoo
kh

) and skin factor(s) from intercept(equation

1.2),in addition, by determining these two major reservior characteristic we can

get radius of investigation(rinv),Flow efficieny(FE) and Ps(pressure drop due to
skin).I just mention here some relative equations :

r inv =0.0325

kt
c t

Flow efficiency=

p pwf p s
productivity index (real)
p pwf
productivity index(ideal) =

Note: oil flow rate(q) is constant

ps =

qB
s
2 kh

Note:Viscosity(o) , compressibility(ct) and oil formation volume factor (BO)are

calculated from PVT analysys
By choosing two points on the Cartesian plot and drawing a straight line we can
get reserves (pore volume) from slope and Dietz shape factor (Ca) from intercept
Calculation:

dp
0.23396 QoBo
=m=
`
dt
c t ( pore volume)

, pore volume(v)=h

For calculating Ca (Dietz shape factor) we have:

p1 hr p

2.303

m
c a=5.456 ( )exp
m`

1.4

m: is the slope of straight line of semi log plot

Pint: intercept of straight line in Cartesian plot
P1hr : intercept of straight line in semi log plot (Drawdown pressure after 1 hour
from semi log plot)
mm: slope of the straight line of Cartesian plot
By calculating Ca we can predict how the shape of our reservoir(drainage
boundary)will be, some different shape of boundary layers are shown in Fig 1 and
we see different slopes for straight lines in LTR according to the effects of
boundaries(e.g faults)

In this step by doing a quick match we make sure ourselves that our
interpretation fit the field (practical) data in drawdown test so our type curve
matching gave us precise results

Discussion:
-When there is no MTR data (no radial flow in log-log plot) due to pre fracture
tests in low permeability reservoir, Type curve matching is the only method to
predict permeability with any degree of certainty
-we should notice that in this model we assume that Cs(wellbore storage
coefficient) is constant, in other word there is one single phase fluid but in
majority of oil wells the tubing head pressure is below bubble point and the
moment of shut in we have two phase fluid which cause non ideal storage

Conclusion:
The aim of using this exercise is to get familiar with different type of plots in well
testing (semi log, log-log, type curve matching and Cartesian plot) and
understand how to interpret them
Pa system helps us to do the calculation much easier and get the results
-in the moments of matching the results of practical data with pressure
derivatives plot(type curve matching)with should do that precisely to get the
correct values for k and Cs ,because the dimensionless plots are close together

References:

1-Well testing analysis by, Tarek Ahmed, Paul D.Mckinney

2-Modern well test analysis by,Ronald.N.Horne
3- OIL well testing handbook by ,Amanat U.chaudhry
4-EPS well testing