A.

Refer to your book (pages 172 to 175)

1.
What are the eight word classes? Copy a short text and identify three examples of each word class
from the text.
Noun: man, girl, engineer, friend
Verb: jump, stop, explore
Adjective: an exciting adventure, a green apple, a tidy room
Adverb: She nearly lost everything. He walked slowly. The town is easily accessible by road.
Preposition: in bed, from Mary, at home
Pronoun: I, you, we, he, she, it, we
Article: the, a/an
Conjunction: Patrick plays guitar and Jane Sings. Haru and Loki sang a duet. They went when the rain
eased off.

2.

What are morphemes?

the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.

3.

What are free morphemes? Give five examples.

Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as a word. boy, car, desire, gentle, man.

4.

What are bound morphemes? Give five examples.

Bound morpheme is a morpheme (or word element), such as a prefix or suffix, that cannot stand alone as
a word.

cats: cat free morpheme

-s bound morpheme
boy + ish
desire + able
girl+s
love+ly
5.

What is affixation? Give five examples of words formed with the affixes.

Affixiation a common morphological process in language.

De+active , re+play, govern+ment, hunt+er, kind+ness

6.

What is compounding? Give five examples of compound words.

Compounding is the combination of lexical categories (nouns, adj, verbs, or prep).

Fire engine, green house, over look, dry clean, sky blue, deep blue

7.

What are acronyms? Give five examples.

Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of the words in a phrase or tittle
and pronuncing them as a word. UNICEF, NASA, NATO, AIDS, SARS
8.

What is blending? Give five examples.

Blending is created from non morphemic parts of two already existing items.
Brunch, smog (smoke&fog), spam (spiced&ham), telethon (telephone&marathon),
aerobicise (aerobics&exercise)
9.

What is clipping? Give five examples.

Clipping is a process that shortens a word by deleting one or more syllables. Names Liz, Ron, Rob.
Prof, burger, fax, doc.

10.

What are words?

Words are the smallest free forms found in language.

11.

Whar are allomorphs? Give examples.

Allomorphs are the variant forms of a morpheme. Cats (s), dogs (z), judges (ez), an orange, a building

12.

What are simple words? Give five examples.

Simple words are the word in it's basic form. or the root word. Lock, teach, kind,
book, modern.
13. What are complex words? Give five examples and identify the number of morhemes making up the
words.

The complex word is the root word with either another stand alone word or with the
attachment of a prefix or suffix.un + lock, destroy+ed, un+kind, modern+ize,
re+play.
14.

What do we mean by the notion that morphems are arbitrary?

The symbols are arbitrary in that there is no necessary relation between sounds and
their meaning.
15.

What is a root? Give examples in context.

Root is the core of the word and carries major component of its meaning. Teach
(teacher), kind (kindness), hunt (hunter), legal (illegal), accurate (inaccurate).
16.

What is a base? Give examples in context.

Base is the element to which an affix is added. repainted obviously has three
elements--a prefix, a base, and a suffix: re + paint + ed.
17.

What is a stem? Give examples in context.

Stem is the form of a word before any inflectional affixes are added. Stupidities root: stupid, stem:
stupidity.

18.

What is derivation?

Derivation forms a word with meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base
through the addition of an affix. Sell+er.
19.

What is inflection?

Inflection is variation in the form of a word, typically by means of an affix, that

expresses a grammatical contrast which is obligatory for the stems word class in
some given grammatical context.Inflectiondoes not result in a change of word class.

20.

What are the differences between derivational and inflectional operations?

Derivational operations
Inflectional operations

Lexical category Do not change the lexical category of Often change the lexical category of
the word.
the word

Location

Tend to occur outside

derivational affixes.

Tend to occur next to the root

Type of meaning Contribute syntactically conditioned Contribute lexical meaning

information, such as number, gender,
or aspect.

Affixes used

Occur with all or most members of a

class of stems.

Productivity

May be used to coin new words of the May eventually lose their meaning and
same type.
usually cannot be used to coin new
terms

Grounding

Create forms that are fully-grounded

and able to be integrated into
discourse.

21.

Are restricted to some, but not all

members of a class of stems

Create forms that are not necessarily

fully grounded and may require
inflectional operations before they can
be integrated into discourse

What is a sentence?

A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense, contains a main verb, and begins with a
capital letter.

22.

What is the largest unit of syntactic analysis?

A sentence is the largest unit of syntactic analysis.

23. Traditionally, sentences are the product of the combination of what phrases? Provide two
examples.
an NP with a VP. the S rules: S NP VP

S
NP

VP
NP

Det

Det

scientist

discovered

the

answer

24. According to the current view, what is the head of a sentence? What is it dubbed? Provide two
examples of sentences and analyze them.
I (Infl) is the head of the sentence, and it is used to refer to inflection. it is dubbed Infl.

25.

What is the specifier of a sentence according to the current view? Give examples.

an NP (the subject) as its specifier.

26.

What is the complement of a sentence according to the current view? Give an example.

a VP category as its complement.

27.

Can Infl take a word? What are the words? Give examples in context and analyze your sentences.

auxiliary verbs

28.

How are coordinate structures formed? Give examples.

formed by joining two (or more) elements of the same type with the help of a conjuction such as and or
or.

29.

What is a modifier?

an optional element that describes a property of the head.

30.

What are the most common modifiers? Provide examples of NP with modifiers.

adjectives. example: a good book

31.

What is a constituent?

the existence of the syntactic units that make up tree structures can be independently verified with the
help of special tests.

32.

How do you test that a group of words is a constituent? Provide an example of each of the tests.

Substitution test: The little boy fed the cat. He fed the cat.
Movement test: they stopped at the corner at the corner, they stopped.
Coordination Test: the children often sweep the floor but never make the bed.

B.

Practice

Express the following ideas in good English WITHOUT looking at your notes. Then COMPARE your
sentences with your notes. See how many you get them correct.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

Saya sangat berterima kasih.

Waktu itu jam tiga lebih seperempat.
Rumahnya di Jalan Merapi.
Penerima tamu itu nampaknya ramah sekali.
Perawat tersebut menjadi pucat sekali.
Ia tetap tenang meskipun para mahasiswa gaduh.
Kamu berasal dari mana?
Matahari terbit di sebelah timur.
Musim hujan di Indonesia berlangsung dari bulan Oktober hingga Maret.
Polisi minggu lalu menangkap mereka.
Kebanyakan dari mereka menyelesaikan tugas ini dengan baik.
Beberapa kawan saya melihat kecelakaan itu tadi pagi.
Isterinya membelikannya sebuah dasi baru.
Wanita itu mengantarkan saya ke bandara.
Kami berhutang sejuta rupiah padanya.
Puterinya yang berumur tiga tahun itu sekarang sedang sakit.
Liburan kami yang tiga minggu itu mulai hari ini.
Orang tuanya yang sangat kaya itu pergi ke luar negeri.
Para mahasiswa yang malas itu gagal ujian.
Hasil-hasil yang mengecewakan itu mengejutkan kami.
Kegagalannya yang tak terduga itu mengecewakan orang tuanya.
Keberhasilan mereka yang mengejutkan itu membuat kami bangga.
Anak berumur lima tahun itu sangat pandai.
Artikel sepuluh halaman itu ditulis oleh mahasiswa saya.
Satu di antara gelandangan itu datang ke rumah saya tiap hari Jumat.
Kamu dapat (=boleh) menggunakan mesin ketik saya.
Mereka mungkin di rumah sekarang.
Pria itu tentunya sangat kaya.
Kami bersedia membantunya.
Kita sebaiknya menanyakan hal ini kepadanya.
Mereka bukan petani-petani kaya.
Tetapi mereka tidak ingin meninggalkan desa mereka.
Kita tidak dapat menyalahkan mereka.
Kita harus berhasil meyakinkan mereka untuk bekerja lebih keras.
Kita tidak bisa membiarkan mereka hidup dalam kemiskinan.
Ia praktik berbicara bahasa Inggris sama teraturnya dengan saya.
Engkau telah menjawab pertanyaan sama seperti dia.
Pemain-pemain kami tidak secepat mereka.
Mereka telah menyelesaikan tugas mereka, kan?
Dosenmu tidak memberimu PR, kan?
Saya punya buku sekomprehensif bukumu.
Teori ini mirip teori yang dikatakan oleh Nunan.
Tetapi prinsip belajar ini berbeda dengan prinsip belajar dia.
Bahasa asing dapat dikuasai oleh anak-anak dengan cukup cepat.

45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.

Bahasa Indonesia telah cukup lama dipelajari oleh orang Australia.

Mahasiswa hampir tidak punya waktu untuk membaca koran.
Cepat atau lambat mereka akan menyadari kesalahan mereka.
Waktu telah hampir tiba bagi kami untuk berangkat.
Anak yang sakit itu telah jauh lebih baik sekarang.
Setiap pekerja harus dilatih dengan cukup.
Kamu sebaiknya hati-hati.
Saya merekomendasikan bahwa dia diperingatkan.
Saya mendengar mereka membicarakan insiden tersebut.
Saya mereparasikan mobil saya di bengkel.
Kami melihat pisang-pisang tersebut dimakan oleh anak-anak.
Mereka mendesak bahwa penelitian itu dilakukan segera.
Saya mengusulkan bahwa dosen pembimbingnya memberikan masukan lebih banyak.
Dosen saya menyarankan bahwa saya membaca buku-buku mengenai riset yang baru.
Pemerintah merekomendasikan bahwa pendekatan saintifik diterapkan.
Mahasiswa itu mengakui telah menyontek saat ujian.
Kita harus menghindari menyalin pekerjaan orang lain.
Teman saya telah selesai menulis tesisnya.
Saya tidak berkeberatan membantu Anda mengumpulkan data.
Mereka berhenti belajar bahasa Inggris beberapa bulan lalu.
Kami sangat letih.
Tugas itu sangat meletihkan.
Orangtua saya sangat kecewa
Pencapaian ini sangat mengecewakan.
Forum mengangkatnya sebagai sekretaris.
Saya yakin dia tidak bersalah.
Mereka mengecat rumah itu putih.
Ia mau pergi ke sana asalkan kita juga pergi.
Seandainya saya jadi engkau saya tentu mau melakukannya.
Dia ingin tahu di mana buku itu dapat dibeli.
Dia menanyai saya buku yang mana yang saya telah baca.
Meskipun dia amat sibuk ia bersedia datang ke rapat itu.
Adik saya setinggi saya.
Teman-teman saya seumuran dengan saya.
Saya berharap dia berada di sini sekarang.
Saya berharap saya bertemu dia kemarin.