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Mirrored Coupling Structures for Microwave

Signal Splitting and Combining
Jijun Yao, Member, IEEE, Shi Bo

Abstract This paper discussed a method of creating

multi-port couplers by mirroring conventional coupler structures,
such as 90o hybrids, Saleh power dividers, Wilkinson couplers and
so on. These created structures maintain some very useful
features of the original structures, for example, stable phase
shifting between ports, equal power dividing, port isolation...
Theoretical analysis method of these structures was discussed for
S-parameter derivation. Example structures: a 4-way coupler by
mirroring 90o hybrid couplers, an 8-way coupler by mirroring
Saleh power dividing couplers, were built and tested according to
the method discussed. Good match was found between theoretical
analysis and measurements.
Index Terms multi-way, couplers, mirrored structures

I. INTRODUCTION

ouplers are import components for many microwave

systems. That is why lots of efforts were put on finding
new coupler structures by researchers in the past few decades.
Many interesting couplers were designed to meet different
system requirements, for example Wilkinson couplers [1], 90o
Quadrature couplers [2], Rat-race couplers [3], Lange couplers
[4] and Saleh's multi-way dividers [5]... Till today, researchers
continued on searching for couplers with different properties:
couplers with ultra-wide bandwidth [6], couplers working at
multi-bands[7], couplers with un-equal dividing ratio[8] and
more. However, most of these designs are some kind of
re-structuring the conventional couplers. It is not easy to find
new coupler structures, especially those couplers with
multi-ports, equal power division and stable phase shifting.
Such couplers possibly will become attractive for power
amplifier designs [9] and antenna array designs [10] where lots
of stringent requirements arise from real applications.
In this paper, we discussed a method of creating a new group of
coupler structures: by mirroring conventional coupling
structures, such as quadrature couplers, Wilkinson couplers,
Rat-race couplers and so on, we can get some new coupling
structures, which, by careful design, can maintain useful
features of the original structures.
Manuscript received May, 2013. This work was supported by SERC.
JiJun Yao is with Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis,
Singapore. (email: jyao@i2r.a-star.edu.sg);
Shi Bo is with Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis,
Singapore. (email: shibo@i2r.a-star.edu.sg);

In the theory part of the paper, we presented the idea and

method of mirroring conventional couplers. Then a general
theoretical S parameter analysis method was suggested for such
coupler analysis. To validate the method, we derived the S
parameters of a 6-port coupler by mirroring the conventional
90o quadrature couplers, which is compared with ADS
(Advanced Design System, CAD software by Agilent)
simulation results. The theoretical analysis and simulation
results match very well. More mirrored structures were
discussed in the end of this section. Interesting multi-port
couplers were found and presented.
In order to validate our design theory, we designed and
fabricated a 4-way coupler (by mirroring 90o quadrature
couplers) and an 8-way coupler (by mirroring Saleh's 4-way
couplers[5]) according to the theory discussed. Tested results
showed that these couplers maintained useful features of the
original couplers, such as equal power division, stable phase
shifting between output ports and good isolation between ports.
With the method of mirroring, we created a new group of
coupling structures. These couplers could be useful in many
microwave applications. Especially when we design high
power multi-way power combining amplifiers working at high
frequencies, mirrored couplers have many advantages
compared with conventional designs: it can provide more
splitting / combining ways, lower insertion loss, more compact
size, easier power transistor position arrangements and more.
II. DESIGN THEORY
P2

PN

P2

PN
passive
network

passive
network

P2N-2
passive
network

P N+2

P4

P4
P3

P1
(a)

P3

PN+1

P1
(b)

Fig. 1. (a) original coupler structures with a transmission line between 2

selected ports, and a passive network connecting these 2 ports with all other
ports; (b) using the transmission line as mirror edge, new structure with more
input/ output ports can be created. where Pn represents port n#

Figure 1 (a) showed a general passive coupling structure.

Between 2 selected ports (port 1 and port 2 in this case), there is
a transmission line connecting them, and a passive network

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connecting these 2 ports with the rest ports. Using the indicated
connecting line as the mirror edge, we can create a new
structure as shown in figure 1(b). Assuming that the original
coupler structure has following properties: with port 1 as input
port, power can be equally split between M ports (M < N-1),
there are stable phase shifting between these M ports, and the
rest L ports (L = N-M-1) are isolated from port 1. Then with
careful design of the passive network, we possibly can get a
mirrored structure which maintains many characteristics of the
original structure: when using port 1 as input ports, power can
be equally split between the M ports and the corresponding
mirrored M ports, stable phase shifting can be obtained
between them, port 1 will be isolated with the L ports and their
mirrors.
Certainly it is very hard to prove whether this statement is
correct or wrong in the general case. However many
conventional structures were used to obtain their corresponding
mirrored structures and it is found that these mirrored structures
do can have similar performances as the original structures.
Following is one such case by mirroring the conventional
quadrature coupler.
In figure 2, a quadrature coupler is used for mirrored
structure building. In figure 2 (a), the transmission line between
the input port P1 and isolation port P2 is used as the mirror edge;
and in figure 2 (b), the transmission line between input port P1
and one output port P3 is used as mirror edge. According to the
assumption, for the structure of fig. 2(a), it is expected that port
P1 and P2 remain isolated and input power will be equally
divided between port P3 to P6; for the mirrored structure of fig.
2(b), it is expected that input power equally divided between
port P3, P4, P6, and input port P1 will be isolated with port P2 and
P5. Theoretical S parameter analysis of figure 2(a) and 2(b)
showed that these expectations can be met.
P4

Z2' P2

Z2'

P6

mirror edge
(a)
P4 out 2#

Z2

P2 isolation
Z1

Z1
Z2

mirror edge
P1 input

Original quadrature
coupler

P4

(b)

Z3'
Z2

'

P5

P1
Z1" P3
Z3"

P2

Z1'

'

P3

Z2

P3 out 1#

Z3'

Z1"
Z2"

Z1"
P1

power injection at port 1 will be divided equally to these 2 parts,

the impedance of port 1' and the characteristic impedance of the
mirrored edge line will be doubled (as shown in figure 3 (b),
voltage remains the same, and current is divided by 2); Using
the S parameter deriving method discussed in a previous
work[11], it is easy to obtain the S parameters (S11' , S12' , S13' ...)
of the divided part as shown in fig. 3 (c); the port 1 S
parameters of the mirrored structure can then be obtained with
following equations:
S11 = S11'; S12 = S12';
S13 = S15 = S13' / 2 ;
S14 = S16 = S14' / 2 ;
...(1)
Z2' P2

P4

Z3"
Z1"
P5

Fig. 2. (a) mirrored structures with a transmission line between 2 selected ports,
and a passive network connecting these 2 ports with all other ports; (b) using the
transmission line as mirror edge, new structure with more input/ output ports
can be created,
*note: all impedance used are normalized impedance, and all lines are 90o in
length unless otherwise stated

In figure 3, the S parameter analysis method of the mirrored

quadrature coupler shown in fig. 3 (a) was presented. To
analyze the S parameters of port 1 (such as S11 , S12 , S13 ...), the
coupler can be divided to 2 symmetrical parts. Because any

Z2'

P4 , Z p

P6

P2 , 2Z p
Z2

Z3'
Z2
P3

Z1'

'

P1

Z3'
Z2

'

P5
mirror edge

Z3
split to 2
symmetric
P3 , Z p
parts

2Z1
Z2
P1 , 2 Z p

(c)

(a)
symmetric cutting
of a line structure
Vright

Vleft

cutting edge
Z3'

Iright

Ileft

P3

even/ odd mode

analysis of port 3 S
parameters
Z1'

Z2'
P1

Z3'
Z2

'

P5

(d)
(b)
Fig. 3. S parameter analysis for mirrored quadrature couplers (a) original
mirrored structure for S parameter analysis, (b) symmetric cutting of a structure
to explain the doubled characteristic impedance after cutting, where voltage
remain the same and current halved; (c), symmetric cut parts of the proposed
coupler for port 1 S parameter analysis, where all characteristic impedance
along the cutting edge doubled, including the port impedance; (d) normal even /
odd mode analysis of port 3 parameters, open and short connection applied
along the cutting edge as shown in the figure

For an ideal quadrature coupler, S11 = S12 = 0 at the center

frequency; to obtain the same performances for the mirrored
structure in figure 2 (a), following design equations are
obtained from the derived S parameters:
Z1 Z 3
Z2

P6

...(2)

2Z 3
1 Z 32

With above design equations, the port 1 S parameters at the

center frequency can be obtained:
S11 S12 0
...(3)
Z3
S13 S15 i
2
2(1 Z 3 )
S14 S16

1
2(1 Z 32 )

To complete the theoretical S parameter analysis, it is needed

to obtain the S parameters of port 3 to port 6 (Sii , Sij , i,j =
3,4,5,6). Typical even / odd analysis method can be used as
shown in figure 3 (d). With designed equations (2), the rest S
parameters can be obtained:

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Sii

Z 32 1
, i 3, 4,5, 6
2(1 Z 32 )

S34

1 Z 32
2(1 Z 32 )

...(4)

1 Z 32

With above design equations, following S parameters were

derived:
S11 S12 S15 0
...(6)
S S (1 Z 2 ) / 2
16

S13 i Z 3
And S parameters relating to port 2, 4 ,5 ,6:
Z 32 1
Sii
, i 2, 4,5, 6
2(1 Z 32 )

S 25

1 Z 32
2(1 Z 32 )

S11, S33 and S12 (dB)

-40
-50
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

frequency
-6
-7
-8

S14
S13

-9
-10
-11
-12
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

freqeuncy

Fig. 4. S parameter simulation results of the 4-way equal dividing structure

shown in figure 2(a), the structure has Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = 1, simulated with Agilent
ADS
0

S11

S22

-10

S12

-20
-30
-40
-50
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

frequency
-4
-5
-6

S14 & S16

-7
-8

S13

-9
-10
-11
-12

...(7)

Z (1 Z 32 )
S 24 i 3
2(1 Z 32 )
Z 3 (3 Z 32 )
2(1 Z 32 )
With S parameter expressions in (3), the 3-way equal power
division design can be obtained : Z1 = Z3 = 1/ 3 , Z2 = 1; for this
design, |S13| = |S14| = |S16| = 1/ 3 . ADS simulation of this
structure is shown in figure 5. It should be noted that the return
losses of port 2,4,5 and 6 are not 0. It is, however, not difficult
S 26 i

S11
-30

S11, S22 and S12 (dB)

...(5)

2Z3

S12

-20

S13 , S14, S16 (dB)

Z1 Z 3

S33

-10

S13 , S 14 (dB)

One thing need to mention is the return losses of port 3 to 6

are not 0 in designs when Z1 1. Reflection happens at these
ports. But based on previous experiences, it is possible to
obtain very small reflection at all ports by optimizing the
network parameters with solutions given by equation 2.
Figure 2(b) shows the other possible mirrored structure of
the quadrature coupler. Based on the assumption, it should be
possible to obtain a coupler with port 1 isolated from port 2 and
5 and injection power of port 1 equally divided between port 3,
4 and 6. Using the port 1 S parameter analysis method
discussed, following design equations can be obtained to
satisfy S11 = S12 = S15 =0:

14

to obtain 3-way equal power dividing design with all ports

nicely matched (Sii < -20dB) by some optimize. Suggested
optimize values for the couplers are Z1 =0.62, Z3 = 0.74, Z2 =
1.17.
0

Z3
S35 S36 i
(1 Z 32 )
One typical solution based on equation (2), (3) and (4) is the
4-way equal power splitting design with Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = 1
(normalized impedance), and consequently we have |S13| = |S14|
= |S15| = |S16| = 0.5; Simulation results of this design is shown in
figure 4 (the simulation is performed with Agilent's ADS
software). It is observed that the mirrored structure maintains
all the features of the original coupler: matching port, total
isolation between the input port P1 and the isolation port P2,
equal power distribution between output ports, stable phase
shifting between output ports (90o or 0o).

Z2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

freqeuncy

Fig. 5. S parameter simulation results of the 3-way equal dividing structure

shown in figure 2(b), the structure has Z1 = Z3 = 1/ 3 , Z2 = 1, simulated with
Agilent ADS

More interesting mirrored structures can be obtained using

the discussed mirror method. Figure 6 shows several example
structures: the 3-way coupler by mirroring the Wilkinson
coupler; the 3-way coupler by mirroring the rat-race coupler;
the 4-way coupler by mirroring the 3-section branch-line
coupler, this coupler has increased bandwidth compared with
structure in fig 2(a); it seems that we can increase the mirrored

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structures' working bandwidth like the conventional
branch-line couplers; and the 8-way coupler by mirroring the
4-way Saleh coupler.
P3
84.5

P6

30

38

27

46

27

28.5

P10

P2

(c)

59

P5

70

P6

70
96 , 270o

P2

66
78

59
P8

78

P7

66

OPTIMIZATION

51
P5
53
P4
51
P3

P3

Z3
Z01
Z2
Z02
P5

P6
(a)

6.6
5.0
6.6
8
5.4

OPTIMIZATION

REALIZATION AND TESTS

P4

Z1

Length (mm)

1.9
3.4
4.3
2.9
2.9

(d)

Based on the developed theory, some real structures were

built to test their performances. 2 structures were chosen: the
4-way coupler shown in figure 2(a) and the 8-way coupler
shown in figure 6(d). And the commonly used RO4003C 32mil
1/4 oz laminate was selected for these coupler design and
fabrication.

P1

Width (mm)

48.5
32.6
27.4
36.5
36.5

TABLE I-B
KEY PARAMETERS OF THE MIRRORED STRUCTURE OF FIGURE 7(B) AFTER

Fig. 6. interesting mirrored structures; (a) the 3-way coupler by mirroring the
Wilkinson coupler, (b) the 3-way coupler by mirroring the rat-race coupler, (c)
the 4-way coupler by mirroring the 3-section branch-line coupler, (d) the 8-way
coupler by mirroring the 4-way Saleh coupler;
*note: all lines are 90o in length unless otherwise stated

P3

Impedance(Ohm)

Z1
Z2
Z3
Z01
Z02

P1

P5

III.

TABLE I-A
KEY PARAMETERS OF THE MIRRORED STRUCTURE OF FIGURE 7(A) AFTER

P6

49
P9

49

36

P3

P2

P1
P3 and P5 are isolate ports from port 1
(b)

(a)

P1

59

96 , 270o

P4

P4

P3

P2
106

80

70

Z01

P2

P4

P5

P6

Z5

Z6

Z5

Z1

Z3

Z1
Z4

P1

Z2

P2

Impedance(Ohm)

Width (mm)

Length (mm)

48
73
54
60.5
35
29.5
43
48

1.9
0.94
1.6
1.3
3.1
3.9
2.3
1.9

8
4.5
8.9
4.3
6.7
7
4.9
4

Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
Z01
Z02

The simulated and measured performances of these 2

couplers are shown in figure 8 and figure 9.
-5.5

power division ratio (dB)

46
P1

P4

106

2
2
6
6

...(8a)
EF | Sii | | S12 |2 || S1i | 0.5 |

f i 1
i 3

2
2
10
10

...(8b)
EF | Sii | | S12 |2 || S1i | 0.355 |

f i 1
i 3

where equation 8a is for the 4-way coupler in figure 7(a); and

equation 8(b) is for the 8-way coupler in figure 7(b); f
represents the frequencies to be optimized; and the
optimization was performed from 5.8GHz to 6.4GHz.

-6.0
-6.5
-7.0
-7.5
-8.0
-8.5
5.0

Z02

Z03

P7

P8

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

frequency (GHz)

P9
(b)

P10

Fig. 7. mirrored couplers optimized for maximizing working bandwidth (a) the
mirrored quadrature coupler structure; (b) mirrored Saleh coupler structure, and
where Pn represents port n#

With the values given by equation (2) and the values in

figure 5(b), the 4-way couplers and 8-way couplers as shown in
figure 7 can be designed. In order to obtain the largest
bandwidth centered at 6.1GHz, so that these couplers can be
directly used for high power satellite SSPAs (Solid State Power
Amplifier), these 2 structures were optimized with the error
functions (EF) given by equation 8 (searching for minimum of
the error functions). The key parameters of these 2 designs are
listed in table 1.

measured S13 -----simulated S13

measured S14 simulated S14
(a) simulated & measured power dividing ratio S13 & S14
return loss & isolation (dB)

80

-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
5.0

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

frequency (GHz)

measured S12
-----simulated S12
measured S11
simulated S11

measured S33
simulated S33

(b) simulated & measured return loss S11 & S33, isolation S12

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200

phase differences (deg.)

phase differences (deg.)

100
80
60
40
20
0

100

-100

-200
5.4

-20
5.0

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

5.9

7.0

frequency (GHz)

** *

measured deg(S14/S13)
-----simulated deg(S14/S13)
measured deg(S16/S13)
simulated deg(S65/S13)

measured deg(S15/S13)
simulated deg(S15/S13)

(c) simulated & measured phase differences, deg(S14/S13) , deg(S15/S13) and
deg(S16/S13)
Fig. 8. Simulated and measured results of the mirrored quadrature coupler

The mirrored couplers have many useful features and can be

used in many circuit applications, especially for power splitting
and combining. The 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler was
then used as an example to demonstrate the advantages of these
couplers. In figure 10 (a), the 4-way mirrored quadrature
coupler was tested with the back to back configuration. The
cables connecting the splitting and combining couplers are
12cm long semi-rigid cables with 90o bending SMA adaptors.
The tested insertion loss for these cables is 0.6dB from 5.6GHz
to 6.6GHz. Then the coupler was used to build a 4-way power
combining amplifier as shown in figure 10(b). The amplifier
used 4 separate 2W C-band high power amplifiers. Each 2W
amplifier has 30.5 +/- 0.5 dB gain working from 5.6GHz to
6.6GHz, and 32.3 dBm of P1dB @ 6.1GHz .

6.4

6.8

frequency (GHz)

** *

measured deg(S14/S13)
-----simulated deg(S14/S13)
measured deg(S16/S13)
simulated deg(S65/S13)

measured deg(S15/S13)
simulated deg(S15/S13)

(c) simulated & measured phase differences, deg(S14/S13) , deg(S15/S13) and
deg(S16/S13)
Fig. 9. Simulated and measured results of the mirrored Saleh coupler

isolate port
input port

(a) back-back connection of the 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler

power division ratio (dB)

-6
-8

isolate port term.

-10
-12

high power load

-14
-16
5.4

5.9

6.4

6.8

frequency (GHz)

(b) 4-way power combining using the designed coupler

Fig. 10. Back-back configurations of the designed 4-way mirrored quadrature
coupler, and high power

-10

-1

-30
-40
-50
5.4

5.9

6.4

6.8

return loss (dB)

-20

S21

-10

-2
-3

S11

-20

-4
-30

-5

insertion loss (dB)

return loss & isolation (dB)

measured S13 -----simulated S13

measured S14 simulated S14

measured S15 . . . . .
simulated S13
***
measured S16 simulated S14
(a) simulated & measured power dividing ratio S13, S14, S15 & S16

high power PA

frequency (GHz)

***

measured S11 -----simulated S13

measured S33 simulated S14
measured S44 simulated S14

measured S12 . . . . .
simulated S12
(b) simulated & measured return loss S11, S33 & S44 , isolation S12

-40

-6
5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

frequency (GHz)

(a) measured results of the back-back connection of the 4-way mirrored

quadrature coupler

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35

gain

30

return loss

-10

25

-20

20

-30

small signal gain (dB)

return loss (dB)

10

15
5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

frequency (GHz)

power 4-way power combining amplifier was used to

demonstrate these advantages in multi-way power splitting and
combining. Testing results showed that the coupler can provide
very good performances, which is comparable to the
waveguide designs, at much lower costs, and has much smaller
size and better thermal design options. More applications can
be found for these mirrored couplers where signal splitting /
combining is needed. Antenna array could be another
interesting application.

(b) measured return loss and small signal gain of constructed high power
amplifier with the 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Fig.11, measured results of the back-back connected 4-way coupler and high
power amplifier constructed with it

From the tested results shown in fig.11 (a), it is obtained that

the insertion loss of the single 4-way mirrored coupler varies
between 0.5dB to 0.7dB from 5.6GHz to 6.4GHz (back-back
insertion loss cable loss, then divided by 2), which is a little
bit higher than that of the traditional 4-way waveguide coupler
built with 3 2-way waveguide couplers, but with a much lower
fabrication costs. And the size of the mirrored coupler is only
about 10% ~20% of the traditional 4-way microstrip couplers
built with the cascade method. Hence, the mirrored couplers
can provide very good performances with much smaller size
and lower costs. The amplifiers shown in fig. 10(b) and its test
results shown in fig. 11(b) further prove above statement. The
new 3-dimensional arrangement of the combining power
amplifiers helped in reducing the final size. Such arrangement
improves thermal design of the PA as well. And the gain
obtained varies at 29.8 + / - 0.6dB from 5.6GHz to 6.6GHz. The
power test also shows 37.5dBm P1dB output @ 6.1GHz. All
these results show that the new mirrored couplers are very
suitable for low cost multi-way power splitting and combining
applications.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a passive structure mirroring method was
proposed. With the method, it suggests that new coupling
structures could be obtained by mirroring passive structures;
and the most important is these mirrored structures can
maintain useful features of the original structures, such as equal
power splitting, stable phase shifting between output ports,
good port matching and isolation and more.
To validate the proposed method, the quadrature coupler was
used as examples; the design equations and S parameter
expressions for 2 mirroring structures were derived: the 4-way
mirrored coupler and the 3-way mirrored coupler. More
interesting mirrored structures were discussed in the theory
section. It is possible to find more useful couplers with the
proposed method.
A 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler and a 8-way mirrored
Saleh coupler were designed and tested. Measurement results
match well with theory. The mirrored couplers can be useful in
many circuit applications and have many advantages. A high

This work is supported by SERC fund.

REFERENCES
[1]

Ernest Wilkinson, An N-way high power divider, IRE Trans. on MTT,

1960, Vol, 8, Jan. , pp. 116118.
[2] Reed J., " A method of analysis of symmetrical four-port networks," IRE
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J.J. Yao received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in 1996 and 1999 respectively from
Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China; and PhD
in 2009 from National University of Singapore. He worked on RF circuit design
for 4 years in Huawei Technologies, Shanghai and Shenzen, P.R. China; and 3
years in ST Electronics, Satcomm and Sensor Systems, as an assistant principle
engineer on PA designs. He currently is with Institute for Infocomm Research,
A*STAR, Singapore.
His main research interests include Terahertz circuits, microwave passive
circuits and power amplifiers.
Shi Bo