11 Answers to end-of-chapter questions

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10 C

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Structured questions
11 a

I fibrous layer
II vascular bundle
III tapetum
IV filament
V inner layer of fibrous layer
VI pollen mother cells / developing pollen grains
Length of scale bar = 6 mm
Therefore 6 mm = 200 m
Length from A to B = 104 mm
Actual length = 104/6 200 = 3467 m

2 labels [1]
[max 3]

Complete calculation [1]

Partial [1]

Pollen mother cells undergo meiosis

Each produces a tetrad of 4 haploid cells
Cells absorb nutrients from tapetum
Cells increase size
Secretion of exine / outer walls
Pollen grains separate
Nucleus of each pollen grain divides by mitosis
Produces generative and pollen tube nuclei
Exine complete their development

Every 2 points [1]

[max 4]

Meiosis occurs
Produces gametes which contain haploid number of chromosomes
This is important because in sexual reproduction fertilisation of
gametes occurs
This allows for restoring of chromosome number / maintenance of a
constant chromosome number / meiosis allows the chromosome number
to remain constant in each generation
Crossing over leads to genetic variation

34 points [2]
12 points [1]

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

Well drawn [2]

Labels [2]
12 a

I pollen tube
II locule
III nucellus
IV antipodal cells
V primary endosperm nucleus
VI egg cell
VII synergids
VIII funicle
IX placenta

89 points [4]
67 points [3]
45 points [2]
23 points [1]

ovule

embryo sac
c

Each point [1]

Both serve as attachment points

VIII attaches ovule to ovary wall / IX attaches ovary to rest of plant
Haploid nucleus of pollen grain divides by mitosis
Produces 2 nuclei generative and pollen tube (B)
The generative nucleus then divides by mitosis to give 2 male
gametes (A)
Both A and B are haploid

Micropyle allows pollen tube to enter the ovule so fertilisation can take place

Any point [1]

4 points [3]
3 points [2]
2 points [1]
[1]

C / ovary becomes the fruit

D / integuments become the testa

[1]
[1]

See diagram above / should be through the locule, close to ovary wall

Biology for CAPE

Each point [1]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

13 a

Meiosis

[1]

ii

Three of the four cells / megaspores nearest the micropyle degenerate

Leaving one megaspore to develop

[1]
[1]

iii

Haploid (n) / one set of chromosomes

[1]

iv

Mitosis occurs three times

[1]

3 antipodal
2 polar
2 synergids
1 egg nucleus

vi

4 points [3]
3 points [2]
2 points [1]

Generative

[1]

vii 2 male nuclei

1 pollen tube nucleus
b

[1]
[1]

Separation of male and female plants / dioecious

E.g. marijuana, pawpaw, chenet
Monoecious / separation of male and female flowers but on same plant
E.g. castor oil, corn, pumpkin
Protandry / anthers mature before stigma
E.g. rose-bay willow herb, fireweed
Protogyny / stigmas mature before anthers
E.g. avocado, soursop
Self-incompatibility / if pollen grain with same allele as stigma,
does not germinate
E.g. tobacco, cabbage
Any mechanism [1]
Heterostyly: specialised pollination structures, pin and thrum
example [1]
E.g. red cordial, primrose
[max 4]

Essay questions
14 a

Self-pollination
meiosis occurs
some genetic variation in
offspring / crossing over
produces gametes
fertilisation
produces seeds
uses gametes /
reproductive

Asexual
mitosis occurs
genetically identical
offspring / clones
no gametes produced
no fertilisation
no seeds produced
uses vegetative structures to
multiply

Each comparison [1]

[max 3]

Self-fertilisation
Since plants are widely scattered, would not be close to other
plants to pollinate / pollinating agents scarce
No wastage of gametes
Plants would be well adapted to the environment
Can also be asexual

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

ii

iii

iv

15 a

Since plants are widely scattered and rare, less likelihood of

pollination / plants maybe adapted to the area, necessary to keep
genetic information

Type [1]
Reason [2]

Asexual
Offspring genetically identical to parent therefore would be
well adapted to the environment

Type [1]
Reason [2]

Cross-fertilisation / cross-breeding
Increases the amount of genetic variation in the population
Better able to adapt to harsh environment / changing environment

Type [1]
Reason [2]

Cross-fertilisation / cross-breeding
Increases the amount of genetic variation in the population
More resistant / less susceptible to diseases

Type [1]
Reason [2]
[max 12]

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther, where it is made, to a stigma
Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes

[2]

b
stigma produces sucrose which helps in
germination
pollen grain lands on stigma of same
species
absorbs water
pollen grain starts to germinate
style pollen tube pushes out from pit and
grows down the style; digestive enzymes are
secreted from tip
generative nucleus divides by mitosis to
produce 2 male nuclei
pollen tube nucleus is at the tip of the tube
guiding the tube towards the ovule
ovule secretes chemicals to guide pollen tube
/ chemotaxis

ovary pollen tube enters the ovary wall;

tissue of ovary wall is dense
locule has space for pollen tube to pass; it
stays close to ovary wall (but in the locule) to
obtain nutrients
pollen tube enters the micropyle towards
embryo sac

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

pollen tube nucleus

disintegrates and
tip ruptures to release
male gametes

At least 4 drawings
in correct sequence [3]
Partial [2]
Double fertilisation
1 annotation per drawing 1 mark
[max 4]
Ideas can be incorporated in
fewer drawings

products of fertilisation diploid

zygote and triploid endosperm in
embryo sac

Zygote undergoes repeated mitotic divisions to produce basal

cell, suspensor and embryo
Tissues differentiate
Embryo consists of a plumule, radicle and one or two
cotyledons
Cotyledons act as food for future seed
Basal cell absorbs nutrients from endosperm / nucellus /
parent plant for embryo to grow
Suspensor is a short stalk of cells which pushes embryo into
the embryo sac
It also aids in absorption of nutrients
Endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly by mitosis to form the
endosperm / undifferentiated cells
Endospermous seeds endosperm remains the food
store / oils / starch / layer of protein
Non-endospermous seeds food is absorbed by
1 mark for each zygote [max 3]
cotyledon
1 mark for each endosperm [max 3]

16 a

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

epidermis outer layer

pollen sac contains
sporogenous tissue

contains
fibrouscells

passesthroughfilament/contains
xylemandphloem

Pollen mother cells undergo meiosis

Each produces a tetrad of 4 haploid cells
Cells grow in size
Cell wall patterns develop
Pollen grains separate
nucleus of each pollen grain divides by mitosis
produces generative and pollen tube nuclei
generative nucleus divides by mitosis to produce 2 haploid
male gametes

Drawing neat and clear

[1]
Drawing neat and clear
Any 3 annotations[1]or
more or
[3]
Any 3 annotations
23 annotations
[2]
more [3]
annotation[2]
[1]
23 1annotations
Drawing
with[1]
no
1 annotation
annotations
but
Drawing
with no
3 labelsbut
[1]
annotations
[max[1]4]
3 labels

8 points [5]
67 points [4]
45 points [3]
3 points [2]
2 points [1]

Advantages
Increased genetic variation
Leads to increased heterozygosity / more likely to have two different alleles of any
gene
More vigour / less susceptible to diseases / not all plants wiped out by diseases
Widens gene pool
Better adapted to changing environment / more evolutionary potential
Any valid point
Any 2 points [2]
Disadvantages
Need another plant for fertilisation not reliable if plants are widely scattered
Wastage of gametes
May lose advantageous alleles / plants may be well adapted to a stable environment
May receive unfavourable alleles
Diseases may be transferred
Any valid point
Any 2 points [2]

17 a

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

nucellus made up of
parenchyma /
undifferentiated cells /
contains nutrients

vascular strand
contains xylem and
phloem

Integuments outer covering

of ovule

embryo sac developed from a

megaspore; haploid /
consists of 3 antipodal cells,
2 polar nuclei, 2 synergids
and 1 egg nucleus

funicle a short
stalk which attaches
ovule to the ovary
wall

micropyle a pore in the

integuments

Diploid megaspore mother cell in ovule / nucellus divides by

meiosis
Produces 4 haploid cells
3 cells degenerate
Remaining cell absorbs nutrients from nucellus
Grows into the embryo sac
Haploid nucleus within embryo divides three times by mitosis
Produces 8 nuclei
3 nuclei move to chalaza / opposite micropyle end to become
antipodal cells
2 move to the middle to become the polar nuclei
Polar nuclei can fuse to produce the diploid primary nucleus
3 nuclei at the micropyle end
These are made up of the egg nucleus in the middle with 2
synergids on the ends

Biology for CAPE

Drawing neat and

clear [1]
Any 3 annotations
or more [3]
23 annotations [2]
1 annotation [1]
Drawing with no
annotations but 3
labels [1]
[max 4]

1112 points [5]

910 points [4]
78 points [3]
56 points [2]
34 points [1]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

Advantages
Reliable, especially where pollinating agents are scarce or wildly scattered
Offspring genetically very similar to parent therefore would be well adapted to the
stable environment
Retention of valuable genotypes / preserves genetic makeup
No wastage of gametes
Any valid point
Any 2 points [2]
Disadvantages
Less genetic variation
Leads to increased homozygosity / more likely to have the same two alleles of any
gene
Plant would not be well adapted in a changing environment / evolution restricted
Increases expression of unfavourable allele
Restricts gene pool
Inbreeding depression
Any valid point
Any 2 points [2]

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011