‫‪ ArcGIS‬‬

‫?‪ What is ArcGIS‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ اﻗﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ واﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺸﺮح ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب‬

‫)‪ ( What is a ArcGIS‬اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫اﻹﺻﺪار اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت أرﺟﻮ ﻣﺮاﺳﻼﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﯾﺪي اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬
‫‪f3@dr.com‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫‪ ArcGIS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ) ‪ ( ArcGIS‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﲝـﻮﺙ ﺃﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ) ‪ ، ( ESRI‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺭﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ( ArcGIS Desktop ) - ١‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ( ArcSDE ) – ٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ( ArcIMS) – ٣‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻜﺒﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪( ArcGIS‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪( ArcGIS‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫) ‪( ArcGIS Desktop‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ) ‪ ( ArcGIS Desktop‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺑـﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪ : ( ArcMap‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ) ‪ ( ArcGIS Desktop‬ﻭﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﻋـﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪‬ـﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ٢‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪ : ( ArcCataloge‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴـﺠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪ ( ArcToolbox‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﻧﺴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪ ( ArcInfo‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﻣـﻊ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫) ‪( ArcView‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻧﻈـﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠـﻒ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫) ‪ ( ArcCatalog‬ﰒ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺗﻪ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪ ( ArcMap‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻟﻨﻘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘـﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫)‪ (ArcMap‬ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪ ( ArcToolbox‬ﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪( ArcGIS Desktop‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪ ( ArcView‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﳋـﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪ ( ArcEditor‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﲢﺮﻳـﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪ ( ArcInfo‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪ (ArcPlot‬ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪ ( ArcEdit‬ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻱ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ) ‪ ( Extensions‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ) ‪ ( ArcView‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺣﻴـﺪ ) ‪( Single user‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﲔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ‪ArcEditor‬ﻭ‬
‫ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪ArcInfo‬‬ ‫ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪AcrInfo‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪( ArcView 8.1‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ) ‪ ( ArcGIS Desktop‬ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺳـﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫـﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘـﺄﻟﻒ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫) ‪ ( ArcView 8.1‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪( ArcMap ) - ١‬‬
‫‪( ArcCataloge ) - ٢‬‬
‫‪( ArcToolbox ) - ٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ) ‪ ( ArcView8.1‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺎﹰ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ) ‪ ( ArcView 3‬ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﰎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ) ‪ ( Sympology‬ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫) ‪ ( multiple Wizard‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺠـﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﻴﺴـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ) ‪. ( VBA‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ) ‪( ArcGIS Desktop‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ) ‪ ( Extensions‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺗـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:‬‬

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