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‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ choropleth‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ .‬ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ Pin‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﳏﻂ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪ArcMap‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ‪ ،Windows‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.ArcMAP ،ArcGIS ،AllPrograms ،Start‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﰲ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺍﻧﺘ ِﻖ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ‪.An existing map‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪54‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬

‫ﻼ ‪.(C:\Gistutorial‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳎﻠﺪ ‪) Gistutorial‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ‪ Tutorial2-1.mxd‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Open‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻔﺘﺢ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪choropleth‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ choropleth‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻈﹼﻠﻠﺔ ﻟﺘ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ‪ choropleth‬ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫)‪(population‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ )‪.(census tracts‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪) Add Data‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ‪ Gistutorial‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ \‪.\Gistutorial\UnitedStates‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ States.shp‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Add‬‬
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‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕـﻟﺍ ‪ 48‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻩ ‪ .ArcMap‬ﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻟﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻻﺣﻘﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪ States‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.General‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ "‪."States‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ‪ Population by State‬ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪56‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population by State‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.Symbology‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﰲ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Quantities‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Graduated Colors‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ‪ Fields‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻘﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Value‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪.POP2003‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﻮﱐ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ ‪ 2003‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻏﺎﻣﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ‪ ArcMap‬ﻟﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﳌﻞﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻻﺣﻘﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪58‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳ‪‬ﻠﻐﻲ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Layers‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.New Group Layer‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ New Group Layer‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.General‬‬
‫‪ . 5‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ‪ Population By County‬ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ‪ Group Layer Properties‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.General‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Add‬‬
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‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪.\Gistutorial\UnitedStates‬‬


‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ States.shp‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪ Add‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ‪ Counties.shp‬ﻧﻘﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ‪ U.S. Counties‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫‪Symbology‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪.States‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪ States‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺿﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ Options‬ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ‪ Fill Color‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،No Color‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ‪ Outline Width‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ‪ Outline Color‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ )‪.(Black‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ ،Population By County‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ States‬ﻭﺍﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪.Counties‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ States‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪،Population By County‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Counties‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.Symbology‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Counties‬ﻫﻮ ﺭﻣﺰ ‪.Single‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﰲ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Quantities‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪.Graduated colors‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﰲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،Fields‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻘﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Value‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪.PoP2003‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬ ‫‪2003‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﻮﱐ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪ (-‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ Population By County‬ﻭ‪.Population By State‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪62‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ )‪ (+‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Population By County‬ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪.Population By State‬‬


‫ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ‪.Population By Census Tract‬‬
‫ﺃﺿﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ‪ Nevada, Utah‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ States‬ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪.Population By Census Tract‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪\Gistutorial\UnitedStates\Utah\UtahTracts.shp‬‬

‫‪\Gistutorial\UnitedStates\Nevada\NevadaTracts.shp‬‬

‫ﺭﺗﺐ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Graduated Colors‬ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﺣﻘﻞ ‪.PoP2003‬‬


‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﱰﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪.Population By County‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Save As Layer File‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪.\GIStutorial\Layers‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ‪.Population By County.lyr‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Save‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺪ ‪ ،Layers‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪. Add Data‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪.\Gistutorial\Layers‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Population By County.lyr‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺯﺭ ‪.Add‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪64‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Population By County‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Remove‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺮﲰﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪ArcMap‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﲟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ‪‬ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Population By County‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Population By Census Tract‬ﻭﻓﻌﹶ‪‬ﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪.Population By State‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺭﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Population By County‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﹰ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Counties‬ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Visible Scale Range‬ﻭ‪.Set Minimum Scale‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺩ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ‬
‫ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪.Population By County‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Set Maximum Scale ،Visible Scale Range‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪66‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ States‬ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪.Population By County‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Visible Scale Range‬ﻭ‪.Clear Scale Range‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻛ‪‬ﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﺒ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻓ ‪‬ﻌﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪.Population By Census Tract‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ NevadaTracts‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.General‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ‪.Don't show layer when zoomed‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ‪ 8,000,000‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ‪.Out beyond‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻟﻦ ‪‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ‪ Nevada Census Tract‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪.1:8,000,000‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪68‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population By State‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.General‬‬
‫‪.Don't show layer when‬‬ ‫‪zoomed‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ‪ 10,000,000‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ‪.In beyond‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (1:10,000,000‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮﻱ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Counties‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 9,000,000‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ‪.8,000,000‬‬


‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺗﺼﻐﲑ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻚ ﳌﺎ ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪70‬‬

‫‪choropleth‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ‪ choropleth‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population By States‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ graduated colors‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ‪.POP2003‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺁﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪) Natural Breaks‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ( ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺻﻨﻮﻑ )‪ (Classes‬ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ‪ Natural Breaks‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ArcMap‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻛﱪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺍ ‪ Population By State‬ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﻑ )‪ (Classes‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population By State‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﰲ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ‪ ،Layer Properties‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.Symbology‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ‪ Classification‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﺪﻟﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Classes‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪.6‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ‪ Classification‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Classify‬‬


‫ﺗ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Classification‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪.break values, Statistics, Classifications‬‬
‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﺪﻟﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Classification Method‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Manual‬‬


‫ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‬ ‫‪1874466‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ‪ ،Break Values‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﲢﹼﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ‪ 2000 000‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Enter‬ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪.Break Values‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪،18000 000،12000 000،8000 000،4000 000‬‬ ‫‪Break Values‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ‬
‫‪.9999999999‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪72‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ‪ Label‬ﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪ Symbology‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺇﱃ ‪ 0 - 2,000,000‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ 18,000,001 and greater‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ‪ Commas‬ﺇﱃ ﻻﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population by State‬ﻟﺘﻌﻜﺲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻻﻓﺘﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ‪.Natural Breaks‬‬

‫‪ .8‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population By State‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Save As Layer File‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪Name‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫‪Population By State‬‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪ ،\Gistutorial\Layers‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Save‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪Utah Census Nevada Census Tracts Counties‬‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﻏﹼﲑ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ‪ Break Values‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ Tracts‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪.POP2003‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ‪.Legend‬‬
‫ﺮـﻘﻧﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Zoom to Layer‬ﻟﺘﺮﻯ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺧﺎﺻﺘﻚ‬
‫ﰲ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪.Choropleth‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﻑ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻑﻮﻨﺼـﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮـﻟﻷﺍﻭ ﺔـﻘﻣﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ )ﺇﻥ ﻋﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population By State‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪74‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﰲ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ‪ Layer Properties‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.Symbology‬‬


‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Color Ramp‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ‪ Color 1‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.Arctic White‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ‪ Color 2‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ Ultra Blue‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﻣﺮﺗﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ Population By State‬ﻟﺘﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﻩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺩﻳﹰﺎ‪.‬‬


‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ‪ Pin‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﲞﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ Pin‬ﺗ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﳎﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ ﰲ ‪ U.S. Cities‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪.Graduated Symbols‬‬

‫‪Pin‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺘﻚ ﻭﺍﻧﺸﺊ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫‪.Population By City‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺃﺿﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‪\Gistutorial\UnitedStates\States.shp‬ﻭ‪.\Gistutorial\UnitedStates\Cities.shp‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﹰﺎ ‪ Double-Click‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ States‬ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Population By City‬ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬
‫‪ Layer Properties‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫ﰒ ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻄﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪Symbology‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ‬
‫‪ OK‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ‪ OK‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬ ‫‪Population By City‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪Cities‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ LayerProperties‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪ Symbology‬ﻭﻏ‪‬ﻴﺮ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ Single Symbol‬ﺇﱃ ‪.raduated Symbols ,Quantities‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ‪ Fields‬ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ‪ Value‬ﺇﱃ ‪،POP2000‬ﻭﺭﻣﺰ ‪ Template‬ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﲪﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫‪Symbol Size‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،18‬ﻭﺍﺳﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ‪ break points‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪76‬‬

‫ﺗ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ Pin‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .9‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Save ،File‬‬


‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪Pin‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ‪ Pin‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺇﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪.10,000 - 49,000‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺳ ﺘﺒ ﻌ ﺎ ﺩ ﻛ ﻞ‬ ‫)‪(definition query‬‬ ‫ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗ‪‬ﻨﺸﺊ ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.New ،File‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Blank Document, My Templates‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ‪.New‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪78‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪. Add Data‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪ .\Gistutorial\UintedStates\Pennsylvania‬ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ PACounties.shp‬ﻭ‪.PACities.shp‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ‪ ArcMap‬ﺳﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻞﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ PACounties‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬


‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪ General‬ﻭﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪.Pennsylvania Counties‬‬


‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪ Symbology‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Symbol‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪ Hollow Fill‬ﻣﻦ ‪.Symbol Selector‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ‪ OK‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ PACities‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Definition Query‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Query Builder‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﰲ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ‪ Query Builder‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ "‪."FEATURE‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.GET Unique Values‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ "=" ﻛﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ )‪.(logical operator‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﰲ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ‪ Unique Values‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ '‪ '10,000 to 49,999‬ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫)'‪ ("FEATURE" = '10,000 to 49,999‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 10,000‬ﻭ‪.49,999‬‬
‫‪Query Builder‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪ Clear‬ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ‪ 4‬ﺇﱃ ‪.6‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ‪ OK‬ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ‪.Layer Properties‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ PACities‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪ General‬ﻭﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪.Population 10,000 to 49,999‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.Symbology‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Symbol‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪.Circle 2‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪ Ultra Blue‬ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪.8‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ‪ OK‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ ‪.49,999 - 10,000‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Add Data‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ‪ \Gistutorial\united states\Pennsylvania‬ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ PACities.shp‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ PACities‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪82‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Definition Query‬‬


‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Query Builder‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﰲ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ‪ Fields‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ‪ ،Query Builder‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ "‪."STATUS‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Get Unique Values‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ "=" ﻛﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻧﻘﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ '‪.'State Capital County Seat‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ )'‪ ("STATUS" ='State Capital County Seat‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗ‪‬ﻨﺘﺞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪.Harrisburg‬‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ‪ OK‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ PACities‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Properties‬‬


‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪ General‬ﻭﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪.State Capital‬‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﺘﺔ ‪.Symbology‬‬


‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪.Symbol‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺃﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ‪ Star 3‬ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻏ ‪‬ﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪ Solar yellow‬ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ Size‬ﺇﱃ ‪.25‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﰒ ‪ OK‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ‪.Harrisburg‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪84‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ PACities‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫)ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺘﺴﱪﻍ( ﺑﺮﻣﺰ ﳑﻴﺰ ﳍﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪("NAME"= 'Pittsburgh' OR "NAME" = 'Philadelphia' :‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ‪ Hyperlink‬ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺐ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‪.macros ،URLs ،documents :‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Identify‬‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳒﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Harrisburg‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪Harrisburg‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪Harrisburg‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﰲ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ‪ ،Identify Results‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ Add Hyperlink‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Link to a URL‬ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ ‪.http://www.harrisburg.com‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ OK‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻖ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ‪.Identify Results‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Hyperlink‬‬


‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻌﱯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌ‪‬ﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪.Harrisburg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪86‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺗﺸﻌﱯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﺘﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﳛﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﺘﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﺹـﺑ ‪.Harrisburg‬‬


‫ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺗﺸﻌﱯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ Harrisburg‬ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪.www.senatorsbaseball.cam‬‬

‫)‪(MapTips‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﺮﻙ‬ ‫‪MapTip‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﻤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population 10,000 to 49,999‬ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Properties‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Fields‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪ Name‬ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ‪.Primary Display Field‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪ Display‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮ ‪.Show MapTips‬‬
‫‪ . 5‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.OK‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭ ‪.Select Elements‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺣﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Population 10,000 to 49,999‬ﻟﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‬ ‫‪Tutorial2-2.mxd‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫‪\Gistutorial‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ٍ‪ ،Save AS, File‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﺮ ‪.Save‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪Pittsburgh‬‬ ‫‪1-2‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ Pittsburgh‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺠﻤﻌ‪‬ﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ .‬ﰎ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ .GIS‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻋ ‪‬ﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺳﺠﻼ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ GIS‬ﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻮﻡ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ \Gistutorial\PAGIS\Neighborhoods.shp‬ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ‪.Pittsburgh‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ \Gistutorial\PAGIS\Schools.shp‬ﲢﻮﻱ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ‪ Schools‬ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ DISTRICT‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ )ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﰲ ‪(Pittsburgh‬‬
‫‪ Enroll95‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﲔ‬
‫‪ STATUS‬ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺸﺊ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪ \Gistutorial\Answers\Assignment2\Assignment2-1.mxd‬ﺗ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪.‬ﺿ ‪‬ﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ‪ Pittsburgh‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺭﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺗﺸﻌﱯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ‪ http://schenleyhs.pghboe.net‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ Schenley High School‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪diocese‬‬ ‫‪Private‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪88‬‬

‫‪k-12‬‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ‪ School-age children‬ﰲ ‪ Pittsburgh‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻗﺪ ‪‬ﺗﻘﻔﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﻼﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪ Choropleth‬ﺗ‪‬ﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ ﻟﻚ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ‪ Pennsylvania‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ Pittsburgh‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻔ‪‬ﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫‪ .k-12 school-age‬ﺇﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻠﻐﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺗ‪ ‬ﻌ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭﺷﻜﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﻘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫‪\Gistutorial\UnitedStates\Pennsylvania\PATracts.shp‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ Pennsylvania‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2000‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ \Gistutorial\UnitedStates\Pennsylvania\PACounties.shp‬ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ‪.Pennsylvania‬‬
‫‪Pittshurgh‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ \Gistutorial\PAGIS\BlockGroups.shp‬ﻭﲢﻮﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .2000‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪.Pittsburgh‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ \Gistutorial\PAGIS\Neighg‬ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ‪.Pittsburgh‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻮﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ .Neighborhoods‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗ‪‬ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ‪ \Gistutorial\PAGIS\Schools.shp‬ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ‪.Pittsburgh‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪ \Gistutorial\Answers\Assignment2\Assignment2-2.mxd‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪ Pennsylvania‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪) k-12 school-age‬ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ‪ (17-5‬ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﻌﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪.Pittsburgh‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻼﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ‪.Pittsburgh‬‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ‪‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ Pittsburgh‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻌ‪‬ﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ .‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ‪ Pennsylvania‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ‪.Pittsburgh‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺇﱃ ‪ Pittsburgh‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪ k-12‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭ ‪ .neighborhood‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .Census tracts‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿ ‪‬ﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ‪ Pittsburgh‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 200‬ﻃﺎﻟﺐ(‪.‬‬

‫‪Pittsburgh‬‬ ‫‪Pennsylvania‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Gistutorial\Answers\Assignment2\Assignment2.doc‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻭﻭﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ )ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 200‬ﻃﺎﻟﺐ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﲰﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ‪‬ﺗﻐﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﺢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

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