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12.1. Introduction
Many engineering problems involve rotating flow domains. One example is the centrifugal blower unit
that is typically used in automotive climate control systems. For problems where all the moving parts
(fan blades, hub and shaft surfaces, etc.) are rotating at a prescribed angular velocity, and the stationary
walls (e.g., shrouds, duct walls) are surfaces of revolution with respect to the axis of rotation, the entire
domain can be referred to as a single rotating frame of reference. However, when each of the several
parts is rotating about a different axis of rotation, or about the same axis at different speeds, or when
the stationary walls are not surfaces of revolution (such as the volute around a centrifugal blower wheel),
a single rotating coordinate system is not sufficient to immobilize" the computational domain so as
to predict a steady-state flow field. In such cases, the problem must be formulated using multiple reference frames.
In ANSYS FLUENT, the flow features associated with one or more rotating parts can be analyzed using
the multiple reference frame (MRF) capability. This model is powerful in that multiple rotating reference
frames can be included in a single domain. The resulting flow field is representative of a snapshot of
the transient flow field in which the rotating parts are moving. However, in many cases the interface
can be chosen in such a way that the flow field at this location is independent of the orientation of the
moving parts. In other words, if an interface can be drawn on which there is little or no angular dependence, the model can be a reliable tool for simulating time-averaged flow fields. It is therefore very useful
in complicated situations where one or more rotating parts are present.
This tutorial illustrates the procedure for setting up and solving a problem using the MRF capability. As
an example, the flow field on a 2D section of a centrifugal blower will be calculated. Although this is a
general methodology that can be applied to cases where more than one reference frame is moving,
this example will be limited to a single rotating reference frame.
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
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12.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed one or more of the introductory
tutorials found in this manual:
Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing
Elbow (p. 1)
Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 131)
This tutorial also assumes that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT navigation pane and menu
structure. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.
In general, to solve problems using the MRF feature, you should be familiar with the concept of creating
multiple fluid zones in your mesh generator.
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12.4.1. Preparation
1.
Extract the file multiple_rotating.zip from the ANSYS_Fluid_Dynamics_Tutorial_Inputs.zip archive that is available from the Customer Portal.
Note
For detailed instructions on how to obtain the ANSYS_Fluid_Dynamics_Tutorial_Inputs.zip file, please refer to Preparation (p. 3) in Introduction to Using ANSYS
FLUENT in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 1).
2.
3.
Note
The Display Options are selected by default. Therefore, once you read in the mesh, it will
be displayed in the embedded graphics window.
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The fluid zones are bounded by interface zones that appear in the mesh display in yellow. These interface
boundaries were used in the mesh generator to separate the fluid zones, and will be used to create
mesh interfaces between adjacent fluid zones when the boundary conditions are set later in this tutorial.
3.
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4.
a.
Select angular-velocity from the Quantities list and rpm in the Units list.
b.
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1.
Models
Viscous Edit...
a.
b.
c.
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air Create/Edit...
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Extra
If needed, you could modify the fluid properties for air or copy another material from
the database.
2.
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1.
Define the boundary conditions for the rotational reference frame (fluid-rotor).
Cell Zone Conditions
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fluid-rotor Edit...
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Enter -2500 rpm for Speed in the Rotational Velocity group box.
Note
The speed is entered as a negative value because the rotor is rotating clockwise
which is in the negative sense about the z-axis.
e.
Note
Since the other fluid zones are stationary, you do not need to set any boundary conditions for them. If one or more of the remaining fluid zones were also rotating, you
would need to set the appropriate rotational speed for them.
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Tip
In this example the names of the fluid-zones in the mesh file leave no ambiguity as to
which is the rotating fluid zone. In the event that you have a mesh without clear names,
you may have difficulty identifying the various fluid-zones. Unlike interior zones, the
fluid-zones cannot be individually selected and displayed from the Mesh Display dialog
box. However, you can use commands in the text interface to display them.
Cell Zone Conditions Display Mesh...
i.
ii.
Click Display.
Only the domain boundaries and interface zones will be displayed.
iii.
iv.
display
/display> zone-mesh
()
zone id/name(1) [()]
zone id/name(2) [()]
4
<Enter>
The resulting display shows that the zone with ID 4 (in this case fluid-rotor) corresponds
to the rotating region.
v.
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1.
Set the boundary conditions (see Figure 12.1 (p. 524)) for the flow inlet (inlet).
Boundary Conditions
inlet Edit...
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a.
b.
Select Intensity and Viscosity Ratio from the Specification Method drop-down list.
c.
d.
e.
Note
All pressures that you specify in ANSYS FLUENT are gauge pressures, relative to the
operating pressure specified in the Operating Conditions dialog box. By default, the
operating pressure is 101325 Pa.
For details, see Operating Pressure in the User's Guide.
2.
Set the backflow turbulence parameters for the flow outlet (outlet) to the same values used for inlet.
Note
The backflow values are used only if reversed flow occurs at the outlet, but it is a good
idea to use reasonable values, even if you do not expect any backflow to occur.
3.
Define the velocity of the wall zone representing the blades (blades) relative to the moving fluid zone.
Boundary Conditions
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blades Edit...
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With fluid-rotor set to a rotating reference frame, blades becomes a moving wall.
a.
b.
Retain the default selection of Relative to Adjacent Cell Zone and select Rotational in the Motion
group box.
c.
d.
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a.
b.
Select interface-1 for Interface Zone 1 and interface-2 for Interface Zone 2.
You can use the Draw button to help identify the interface-zones.
c.
d.
In a similar manner define a mesh interface called int2 between interface-3 and interface4.
e.
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a.
Select Coupled from Scheme drop-down list in the Pressure-Velocity Coupling group box.
b.
Select Second Order Upwind for Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Turbulent Dissipation Rate
in the Spatial Discretization group box.
The second-order scheme will provide a more accurate solution.
2.
Residuals Edit...
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a.
b.
c.
3.
Create a surface monitor and plot the volume flow rate at the flow outlet.
Monitors (Surface Monitors) Create...
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a.
Note
When the Write option is selected in the Surface Monitor dialog box, the mass
flow rate history will be written to a file. If you do not enable the Write option,
the history information will be lost when you exit ANSYS FLUENT.
4.
b.
Select Volume Flow Rate from the Report Type drop-down list.
c.
d.
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a.
Retain the default selection of Hybrid Initialization in the Initialization Methods group box.
b.
Note
For flows in complex topologies, hybrid initialization will provide better initial velocity and pressure fields than standard initialization. This in general will help in
improving the convergence behavior of the solver.
5.
6.
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a.
b.
Click Calculate.
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The surface monitor history indicates that the flow rate at the outlet has ceased changing significantly, further indicating that the solution has converged. The volume flow rate is approximately
3.26 m3/s.
7.
Note
It is good practice to save the case file whenever you are saving the data. This will
ensure that the relevant parameters corresponding to the current solution data are
saved accordingly.
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a.
b.
Select Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours of drop-down lists.
c.
Click Display and close the Contours dialog box (see Figure 12.4 (p. 543)).
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2.
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a.
b.
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Click Display and close the Vectors dialog box (see Figure 12.5 (p. 545)).
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The velocity vectors show an area of flow separation near the bottom of the outlet duct. You can zoom
in on this area and see the flow recirculation.
3.
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a.
Retain the selection of Mass Flow Rate in the Options group box.
b.
c.
Click Compute.
The net mass imbalance should be no more than a small fraction (say, 0.5%) of the total flux
through the system. If a significant imbalance occurs, you should decrease your residual tolerances
by at least an order of magnitude and continue iterating.
The flux report will compute fluxes only for boundary zones.
d.
12.5. Summary
This tutorial illustrates the procedure for setting up and solving problems with multiple reference frames
using ANSYS FLUENT. Although this tutorial considers only one rotating fluid zone, extension to multiple
rotating fluid zones is straightforward as long as you delineate each fluid zone.
Note that this tutorial was solved using the default absolute velocity formulation. For some problems
involving rotating reference frames, you may want to use the relative velocity formulation. See the
ANSYS FLUENT User's Guide for details.
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Further Improvements
Mesh adaption can also ensure that the solution is independent of the mesh. These steps are demonstrated in Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p. 131).
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