2012100378

AGEN 173
BSABEn-4
JUNE 17,2015

"Tilapia farming started in the Philippines in the 1950s with the introduction of the Mozambique
tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Thailand," Guerrero recalled. "But it was only in the
1970s that our tilapia industry took off with the propagation of the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).
This is a much better fish than other tilapias in terms of growth rate and consumer acceptance."
In the Philippines, tilapia is now a major source of animal protein for the country's growing
population. "It is the second most important cultured species, contributing more than 30% of the
fish production from aquaculture," reports the Laguna-based Philippines Council for Agriculture,
Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (Pcaarrd).
Tilapia is now a fast-growing industry with production rising by 12.5% between 2002 and 2010.
"In 2010, the Philippines produced 258,667 metric tons of tilapia, making it one of the top five
producers in the world," Pcaarrd said. "This volume goes mainly to the domestic market."

The per capita consumption of tilapia in the Philippines is estimated to be three kilograms per
year, which is higher than that of milkfish (2.53 kilograms per year) or round scad (1.61
kilograms per year). "This higher level of consumption may partly be attributed to the relatively
lower market price of tilapia compared to milkfish and round scad (popularly known as
galunggong) and its wide availability," Pcaarrd claimed.
Most of the tilapia raised in the Philippines are consumed locally. However, there is a growing
international market demand for tilapia as a foodfish. In the United States and Europe, tilapia is
getting a lot of attention.

http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2014/03/02/there-s-money-tilapia-growing-331021
By Henrylito D. Tacio

Tilapia is also significant source of protein. While eggs, milk, rice, and wheat have anywhere
from 3.5 to 12 percent protein, fish contain about 1620 percent protein, as well as variety of
essential minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. In Asia, fish protein comprises an average 31
percent of total animal protein supply, with this figure jumping to as high as 51 percent in
Bangladesh, 58 percent in Indonesia, and 75 percent in Cambodia (Acosta and Gupta 2009). For
the poorest of the poor, fish is often the only source of animal protein (Kumar 1992). GIFT fish
have been shown to have 17 to 21 percent protein content, representing 4.7 to 5.5 percent
increase in whole-body protein content over red hybrid tilapia strains, showing that protein
efficiency and utilization is influenced by tilapia genotype (Ponzoni et al. 2008, Ng and Hanim
2007).
A combination of high nutritional value and high consumption is good news for food security. In
19972001, Filipino national consumption of fish and fishery products averaged 2.3 million
metric tons, increasing 2.2 percent annually (Garia, Dey, and Narvaez 2005). As multiple macro
and microlevel confounding factors affect consumption, the causality between improved tilapia
and increased consumption has not yet been established. However, consumption of tilapia in
particular has increased recently. Prior to the development and introduction of genetically
improved strains, average per capita consumption of tilapia in the Philippines was 0.66 kg per
year. By 2007, this amount had increased by 362 percent to 3.05 kg (Graph 4) (PBAS 2009).

No estimates are readily available for the number of Filipinos who have benefited from these low
prices. Falck-Zepeda and Horna (2009) conducted an ex-post evaluation of GIFT and GIFT-

derived tilapia using an economic surplus approach. This method involved converting quantities
of tilapia to calories, and approximating consumed quantities from acquired quantities to arrive
at the additional amount of protein and energy available to consumers. Assuming that improved
tilapia can contribute to 50 percent of daily intake, they estimated that an additional 1821
million people are able to fulfill their daily protein requirements while another 1.31.6 million
people are able to fulfill their daily caloric requirements.
The quantity and quality of fish consumption varies widely in the Philippines according to
income strata. In 2000, the monetary value of per capita fish consumption among wealthy
consumers was 3.4 times that of the poorest consumers (Garcia, Dey, and Navarez 2005).7 Poor
consumers tend to spend their income on cheaper fish, including processed fish. As their incomes
increase, these consumers tend to spend smaller proportion of their budget on fish, and larger
proportion on meat. This means that poor households rely more on fish as their primary source of
animal protein, although fish remains necessary group in all income groups (Garcia, Dey, and
Navarez 2005). Figures from 1995 show rural tilapia farmers consuming an average of 39.5
kilograms offish every year, with rural non-producers consuming 15.9 kg and urban nonproducers, 5.8 kg (Dey et al. 2000b).

Tilapia follows these income-related consumption patterns, exhibiting particularly high

consumption share among the poorest segment of the national population. In 2000, for example,
the average consumption share of tilapia for the poorest quintile was 0.084, only outranked in the
freshwater fish category by roundscad, which had share of 0.158 (Garcia, Dey, and Navarez
2005).

http://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?
req=AKW5QaeOSq4vYvSUVL1M7pUVwvnf07PvwMLzjyuIWiQ4PZEW3MqnHKFpP5Mza6a
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AvOP6US0N3nh2myBapgYLN2P_2xtRbiORcGeSujmjo4SbBgze9ivhpT1L86U_0tFHd6XFXxj
b48R1S25R_yiuR2LGulK_vlWf_LrMZE

RECENT STUDY IN AQUACULTURE

Aquacultural Engineering is concerned with the design and development of
effective aquacultural systems for marine and freshwater facilities. The journal aims to apply
the knowledge gained from basic research which potentially can be translated into commercial
operations.
Problems of scale-up and application of research data involve many parameters, both physical
and biological, making it difficult to anticipate the interaction between the unit processes and the
cultured animals.Aquacultural Engineering aims to develop this bioengineering interface for
aquaculture and welcomes contributions in the following areas:
Engineering and design of aquaculture facilities
Engineering-based research studies
Construction experience and techniques
In-service experience, commissioning, operation
Materials selection and their uses
Quantification of biological data and constraints
Style of presentation is flexible, but those papers dealing with specific problems should attempt
to define them clearly in terms of systems engineering, quantifying the constraints, proposing
solutions, implementing and detailing the design, and finally evaluating the outcome.
http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquacultural-engineering/

Occurrence of trypanosomiasis in net-cage cultured groupers (Cromileptes

altivelis and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in Nanshan port of Sanya, Hainan province, China

Keywords:
Cromileptes altivelis ;
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ;
trypanosome;
pathology
Abstract
In the present study, reported was an unidentified trypanosome that caused massive mortalities of
cultured humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) and brown-marbled
grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskl, 1775) in the net-cages in Sanya, China, and some
general pathological features of E. fuscoguttatus after experimental infection of the trypanosome.
Before dying in the net cages of diseased fish, listlessness and anorexia were the observable
symptoms. The blood of the diseased fish was light-coloured in comparison with that of healthy
one. E. fuscoguttatus experimentally infected with this trypanosome are with different degrees of

engorgement in gill lamella, liver, spleen and kidney. Tissue lesion and necrosis were observed in
liver and spleen of diseased fish.
Author:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ming Wang,
Shuai Yan,
Yu Wang,
Zhao-Rong Lun and
Ting-Bao Yang*
Published:
Article first published online: 20 AUG 2013

The potential effect of greenwater technology on water quality in the pond culture
of Penaeus monodon Fabricius

Keywords:
WSSV ;
P. monodon Fabricius;
Greenwater
Abstract
Whitespot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused severe production drops in the shrimp industry.
Numerous scientific manuscripts deal with WSSV epidemiology, but reports on minimizing
disease outbreaks through ecological means are rare. Industry stakeholders resorted to various
innovative techniques to recover from heavy economic losses. Some shrimp farmers in the
Philippines claimed that greenwater (GW) technology could prevent disease outbreaks due to
WSSV. The efficiency of the GW technology was evaluated by comparing three ponds using the
GW culture technique with three ponds not using it. WSSV was detected only in one of the GW
ponds and not in the non-GW ponds. No WSSV disease outbreak occurred, and no conclusion
could be reached. In GW ponds, available soil sulphur content was lower; and in water, the
observed counts of luminous bacteria were lower and counts of Chlorophyceae were higher.
Chlorophyceae, i.e. algae, enhanced nutrient uptake in effluent streams resulting in improved

water quality in Penaeus monodon Fabricius culture ponds. This suggests that the use of the GW
technique to culture P. monodon improved water quality.
Author:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Eleonor A. Tendencia1,2,*,
Roel H. Bosma2,
Marc C.J. Verdegem2 and
Johan A.J. Verreth2
Published:
Article first published online: 4 MAR 2013

Hatchery seed production of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii using

inland ground saline water in India

Keywords:
freshwater prawn;
Macrobrachium rosenbergii ;
inland saline water;
larval rearing
Abstract
The suitability of inland saline water (ISW) from the Lahli-Baniyani Fish Farm, Rohtak was
investigated for the larval rearing of giant freshwater prawn (GFP), Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Six experiments were conducted. In Experiment-I, 54% of the larvae metamorphosed to
postlarvae (PL) in constituted seawater (CSW) whereas total mortality occurred at larval stages
(LS)-II and LS-III in ISW with salinity of 12 g L1. Larvae survived to LS-IV in Experiment-II,
when ISW was supplemented with K+~ SW. In Experiment-III, total hardness in ISW was
reduced serially, but K+ ~ SW was supplemented. The larvae did not survive beyond LS-V. In
Experiment-IV, ISW was amended with different ratios of Mg2+/Ca2+ and K+ ~ SW. The larvae
successfully metamorphosed to postlarvae with highest survival of 51.6% in Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of
2.5. In Experiment-V, eight larval cycles were run with water quality used in Experiment V,
where all the cycles produced PL's with a survival rate of 2067%. In Experiment VI, the larvae

were reared in Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of 2.5 and different levels of K+ to optimize its requirement. The
ISW amended with K+ 80% ~ SW and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of 2.5 was found to be commercially
suitable for the seed production of GFP.
Author:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Sudhir Raizada1,*,
Hasan Javed2,
Subbanna Ayyappan3,
Subas C Mukhergee4,
Umesh K Maheshwari2and
D Stewart Fielder5
Published:
11 MAR 2013

Contribution of donor and host oysters to the cultured pearl colour inPinctada martensii

Keywords:
pearl colour;
imaging and colour-measuring system;
host oyster;
donor oyster;
Pinctada martensii.
Abstract
Cultured free round pearls are produced by implanting a spherical nucleus with a small piece of
nacre-secreting mantle graft from a donor oyster into the gonad of a recipient oyster (host). To
examine the possible contribution of host and donor oysters to the colouration of the harvested
pearls, the CSE-1 Imaging and Color-Measuring System were used to quantitatively measure the
L*a*b* values of donor and host shells and the produced pearls in Pinctada martensii. Results
showed that the colour of pearls had significant positive correlation (r = 0.10.22, P = 0.00) with
that of donors, but had no correlation with that of host oysters, thus convincingly confirmed the
contribution of nacre colour of donor to the realization of pearl quality of colour. To further

clarify the relationship between the donor and the pearl colour, the donors from pearls of good
and poor colour quality were further compared and the results demonstrated the significant
difference in L* values (P < 0.05) and insignificant difference in a* and b* values, suggesting
the necessity of selecting donors with bright and lustrous nacre in pearl production.

Author:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Gu Zhifeng,
Huang Fengshao,
Wang Hai,
Gan Kai,
Zhan Xin,
Shi Yaohua*and
Wang Aiming*
Published:
1 NOV 2012

Draining system and feeding rate during the initial development ofLophiosilurus
alexandri (Steindachner, 1877), a carnivorous freshwater fish

Keywords:
Lophiosilurus alexandri ;
pacama;
carnivorous fish;
formulated diet;
neotropical fish
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficiency of the drainage system during the larviculture
of Lophiosilurus alexandri. Moreover, we assessed the best feeding rate after feed training for

juvenile production. The study was performed in three phases over 87 days. In phase 1 (40 days),
larvae were fed live food and posteriorly submitted to feed training in two drainage systems:
water drained on the surface (DS), and water drained into a tank column (DI). In the second
phase (30 days), using only the DS system juveniles were fed a formulated diet at feeding rates,
2, 4, 6 and 8% of body wet weight. In the third phase (17 days), the fish from the second phase
were fed until apparent satiation. At the first phase, the animals in the DS system exhibited
greater survival rates and growth. The best feeding rate for daily weight gain, specific growth
rate (SGR) and mean body weights were similar: 5.57, 5.13 and 5.68% respectively. In the third
phase, an increased SGR was observed in the treatment groups that received lower feeding rates
in the second phase (2 and 4%), which could indicate a possible compensatory growth rate.
Author:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Reinaldo Melillo Filho1,

Rodrigo Takata1,
Andr Eduardo Heringer Santos1,
Walisson de Souza e Silva1,
Aline Leite Ikeda1,
Lucas Alves Rodrigues1,
Jos Cludio Epaminondas dos Santos2,
Ana Lca Salaro3 and
Ronald Kennedy Luz1,*
Published:
26 FEB 2013

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/