Professional Documents
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(perfect) contact with another solid, (2) it is exposed to the flow of a liquid, (3) it is
exposed to the flow of a gas, and (4) it is in an evacuated chamber?
26. What is the inherent difference between the application of conservation of energy over a
time interval and at an instant of time?
27. Heat is conducted through a material with a temperature gradient of 9000 C/m. The
conductivity of the material is 25W/mK. If this heat is convected to surroundings at 30C
with a convection coefficient of 345W/m2K, determine the surface temperature. If the
heat is radiated to the surroundings at 30C determine the surface temperature.
28. A wall is exposed on one side to a heat flux of 1.5 kW/m 2which is conducted through the
wall. For the following combinations, determine the temp drop through the wall (a)
thickness 0.16m and k = 1.4, 15, 25, 45, 210 and 340 W/mK. (ii) Thickness 0.25m and k
as above. Plot the temperature drop against the radio (L/k) and also (k/L).
29. The heat flux through a layer of material 40 mm thick conducting heat under steady state
with a temperature drop of 40C, was measured as 106 W. Determine the thermal
conductivity of the material.
30. A glass pane is 8mm thick and the inside surface temperature was 25C and outside
surface temperature was 33C. If k = 1.4 W/mK determine the heat flow through an area
of 0.8m 1m size pane.
31. The surface temperature of a plate over which air flows was measured as 80C. The air
temperature was 40C. In order to maintain the surface temperature over an area of
0.1m2, the heater rating required was found to be 1.5 kW. Determine the value of
convection coefficient.
32. A strip heater of area 0.2m2 and rating of 1200W is fixed on a vertical wall and mostly
convects the heat into the room air at 20C. Determine the value of convective heat
transfer coefficient if the surface temperature of the heater is not to exceed 60C. Indicate
whether such a value can be achieved by natural convection.
33. A strip heater with an area of 0.05m2 has to radiate at 600C to surroundings at 30C.
Determine the rating assuming that convection is negligible.
34. The filament of an incandescent lamp of 60 W rating has a total surface area of 40mm2.
If the surrounding is at 30C and if 90% of the power is converted to heat and radiated,
determine the temperature of the filament.
35. A sphere of 0.5m diameter containing hot fluid has an insulation of 0.1m thickness.
Before adding the insulation, the surface temperature was 260C and heat loss was
mainly due to radiation. After adding the insulation, the surface temperature is reduced to
160C and again the heat loss is mainly due to radiation, the surroundings in both cases
being at 25C. Determine the change in heat transfer rate.
36. A surface maintained at 80C dissipates heat to surroundings at 25C both by radiation
and convection. If convection accounts for 60% of heat loss, determine the value of
convection coefficient and also the total heat loss.
37. A pipe of internal diameter 0.2m and wall thickness 0.008m carries steam at 220C, the
thermal conductivity of the material is 12.5 W/mK. Heat is lost from the outside surface
material is 15 W/mK. The fluid is at 160C. The convection coefficient on the inside is 45
W/m2K. The outside is exposed to air at 30C with a convection coefficient of 25
W/m2K. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside area, heat loss
and the instantaneous rate of cooling of the fluid.
49. A hollow spherical insulation has internal diameter of 16 cm and a thickness of 8 cm. The
inner surface is at 10C while the outer surface is at 35C. Determine the radius at
which the temperature is 0C.
50. A spherical vessel 10 cm OD at 24C is exposed to air at 20C with convection
coefficient of 10W/m2K. Determine the heat gain rate. If the sphere is insulated with 5
cm thick insulation of thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/mK, determine the heat gain rate.
Also investigate thicknesses of 2.5 cm and 7.5 cm of insulation.
51. A spherical vessel containing hot fluid at 160C (in a chemical process) is of 0.4 m OD
and is made of Titanium of 25 mm thickness. The thermal conductivity is 20 W/mK. The
vessel is insulated with two layers of 5 cm thick insulations of thermal conductivities
0.06 and 0.12 W/mK. There is a contact resistance of 6 104 and 5 104 m2 C/W
between the metal and first insulation and between the insulating layers. The outside is
exposed to surrounding at 30C with a convection coefficient of 15 W/m2K. Determine
the rate of heat loss, the interface temperatures and the overall heat transfer coefficient
based on the metal surface area.
52. An insulating wall of a furnace has the following relationship for its thermal conductivity
k = 0.7(1 + 15 104 T) W/mK where T is in C. The wall is 0.25 m thick. The inside
surface is at 760Cand the outside surface is at 60C. Determine the heat loss per unit
area and also the temperature at the mid section.