Air Quality Management and

Climate Change Mitigation

Atty. Glynda Bathan-Baterina
Policy & Partnerships Manager
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia)

3rd Philippine Cities Global Convention and Exposition

Resorts World, Pasay City
17 November 2011

Outline

www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/whatwedo

CAIAsia
AQ trends and cobenefits
AQtrendsandco
benefits
Know(air+landuse+transport)
Plan(science+people)
ASEANGIZCleanAirforSmallerCitiesProject

Act
Learnfromothers

AboutCAIAsia

www.cleanairinitiative.org

CAIAsias mission is to promote better air quality and livable cities by translating knowledge to
policies and actions that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy
and other sectors.
As the premier air quality network for Asia, CAIAsia uses knowledge and partnerships to help Asias
2500 cities and national governments understand the problems, identify policies and actions and
implement these effectively. Policies relate to air quality management, sustainable transport, climate
change mitigation and clean energy.
CAIAsia was established as a multistakeholder initiative by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank
and USAID in 2001, and operates since 2007 as an independent nonprofit organization.
CAIAsia is a UN recognized partnership of over 225 organizations, networks in eight countries, and the
CAIAsia Center as its secretariat.

The CAIAsia Center is governed by a Board of Trustees headed by the Chairman, Robert O Keefe from
the Health Effects Institute and Sophie Punte as its Executive Director.
The CAIAsia Center has 18 staff based in Manila, China and India, and Country Network Coordinators in
other Asian countries hosted by partner NGOs or organizations.

CAIAsia PartnershipMembers
Cities(45)

EnvironmentMinistries(19)

Bangladesh:
Chittagong,Dhaka
Cambodia:PhnomPenh
HongKong,China
India:Hyderabad,
Mumbai,Pune
Indonesia:Jakarta,
Palembang,Surabaya,
Yogyakarta
Mongolia:Ulaanbaatar
Nepal:Kathmandu
Pakistan:
Islamabad,Karachi,Lahore,
Quetta
Philippines:Cagayande
Oro,Cebu,Iloilo,Lipa,Maka
ti,Mandaluyong,Naga
China:Changsha,
g ,
Chengdu,Chongqing,
Guangzhou,Guiyang,Hangz
hou,Harbin,Jinan,Lanzhou,
Luoyang,Qingdao,Suzhou
,Tianjin,Urumqi,
SriLanka:Colombo
Thailand:Bangkok,Chiang
Mai
Vietnam:Danang,
Haiphong,Hanoi,HoChi
MinhCity

DepartmentofEnvironment(Afghanistan)
DepartmentofEnvironment(Bangladesh)
MinistryofEnvironment(Cambodia)
MinistryofEnvironmentProtection(China)
AndhraPradeshPollutionControlBoard
(India)
DepartmentofForestEcologyand
Environment(India)
CentralPollutionControlBoard(India)
TheStateMinistryofEnvironment
(Indonesia)
EnvironmentalManagementBureau,
MinistryoftheEnvironment(Japan)
DepartmentofEnvironment(Malaysia)
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(Maldives)
MinistryofEnvironment,Scienceand
Technology(Nepal)
PakistanEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
(Pakistan)
Department of Environment and Natural
DepartmentofEnvironmentandNatural
Resources(Philippines)
SupremeCouncilforEnvironmentand
NaturalReserves(Qatar)
NationalEnvironmentAgency(Singapore)
PollutionControlDepartment(Thailand)
HoChiMinhCityEnvironmentalProtection
Agency(Vietnam)
PollutionControlDepartment,Vietnam
EnvironmentAdministration,Ministryof
NaturalResourcesandEnvironment
(Vietnam)

OtherGovernment
Agencies(13)

Dev.Agencies&
Foundations(17)

DhakaTransportCoordinationBoard
(Bangladesh)
MinistryofPublicWorks&Transport
(Cambodia)
MinistryofRoadTransport&
Hi h
Highways(India)
(I di )
CentralRoadResearchInstitute
(India)
MinistryofHealth(Indonesia)
HydrocarbonDevelopmentInstitute
ofPakistan,MinistryofPetroleum
(Pakistan)
PakistanSpace&UpperAtmosphere
ResearchCommission(SUPARCO)
(Pakistan)
UrbanSectorPolicyandManagement
Unit(Pakistan)
MetroManilaDevelopmentAuthority
(Phils)
DepartmentofEnergy(Philippines)
DepartmentofTransportation&
of Transportation &
Department
Comm .(Phils)
SouthernRegional
Hydrometeorological Center

AsianDevelopmentBank
EnergyFoundation
GermanInternational
Cooperation(GIZ)
IUCN
IUCN TheWorld
The World
ConservationUnion
SwedishInternational
DevelopmentCooperation
Agency(Sida)
SwisscontactIndonesia
Foundation
TheWilliamandFlora
HewlettFoundation
UNCenterforRegional
Development
USAgencyforInternational
Development
WorldBank
W ld B k

(Vietnam)
VietnamRegister(Vietnam)

NGOs(66)
Academic&ResearchInstitutes(37)
PrivateSector(32)

AboutCAIAsia

www.cleanairinitiative.org

Whatwedo
Knowledge&Data
l d &
Tools&Assessments

CAIAsiaPrograms

Whatweaimfor

AirQualityandClimate
ChangeManagement

Reducedairpollution
Reduced
air pollution
andgreenhousegas
emissions

Policy&ProgramSupport
Networking&Partnerships

UrbanDevelopmentand
SustainableTransport

Improvedhealth
Energysavings

CleanandEfficientFuels
andVehicles

Livablecities

GreenFreightand
Logistics

Inputfrompartners

Seoul

By2015,the
numberof
megacitiesis
projectedto
p
j
growto36...
Mumbai

Bangkok

Jakarta

Shanghai

...23ofthese
megacitieswillbe
locatedinAsia.
WorldResourcesInstitute
Delhi

Beijing

Tokyo

44million
peopleaddedtoAsiancitieseveryyear
l dd d A i
ii

120,000
peopleaday

$270trillion
neededperyearforurbanenvironmentalinfrastructureinAsia

Urbanization,VehiclesandEmissions
Population&urbanization
xmillion

source:GeoHIVE,andPopulationDivision,UN: WorldPopulationProspects.

Vehicles

source:CAIAsia,IEA,ADB,SegmentY

PM10emissionstransport

source:CAIAsia,ADB,SegmentY

CO2emissionstransport

source:CAIAsia,ADB,SegmentY

Cobenefits:GHGs&APReduction

www.cleanairinitiative.org

AIRPOLLUTION

CLIMATECHANGE

AirPollutants

GreenhouseGasescovered
byKyotoProtocol

Ozone
SOx

BlackCarbon
PM

CO
VOC
NOx

Heavy
metals

Air
toxics

Transport
Industry
Energy
Other

CO2

CH4
HFC

N2O
PFC

SF6

Howwelldoyouknow
yourcity?

Doyouknowyourcitys
airquality?

AirQualityinAsianCities

12

Beijing,China

Average particulate matter (PM10) data in 2008 from 230 cities in Asia shows that 40%
of Asian cities have annual average concentrations complying with the World Health
Organization air quality interim target and only 1% meets the annual guideline.
300

Karachi,Pakistan

300
2cities(1%)

250

250
6cities(2.5%)

PM10 Co
oncentration (g/m3)

200

200

Manila,Philippines

13cities(6%)

150

150
55cities(24%)

100

100
59cities(26%)

70

70

WHOIT1,70g/m3

49cities(21%)

50

50

WHOIT2,50g/m3

38cities(16%)

30

30

WHOIT3,30g/m3

6cities(2.5%)

20

J k t I d
Jakarta,Indonesia
i

Delhi,India

20
WHOAQG,20g/m3

2cities(1%)

0
source:CAIAsia

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Whatistheimpact
What
is the impact
ofairpollutiononyour
peoplesshealth?
people
health?

Exposurezonewithin300to500
metersfromahighwayoramajor
roadismosthighlyaffectedby
di
t hi hl ff t d b
trafficemissions
HealthEffectsInstitute
TrafficRelatedAirPollution:ACriticalReviewoftheLiteratureon
Emissions,Exposure,andHealthEffects.2010

14

1outofevery16
y
Filipinoshas
asthma
computedbasedonthe2004Global
BurdenofAsthmaReportofthe
GlobalInitiativeforAsthma
15

Pollutedaircouldharmyourheart

16
SPL/PhotoResearchers,Inc.

Doyouknow
Do
you know yourcitys
your citys
emissionsfromlanduse
andtransport?
p

ConsequencesofRapidUrbanization?
home

work

Lackofintegrationbetweenlanduse
planning andtransportplanning resultingin:
environmentalpressures(air,water,land)
intense energy and fuel use
intenseenergyandfueluse
trafficcongestion

play

home

HoChiMinhCity:Rapidurbangrowth

2000

2011

Baseline2011:PopulationDistribution

10

Baseline2011:10storeyResidentialBuildingAreas

Baseline2011:HighRiseResidentialBuildingAreas

11

Baseline2011:MediumRiseResidentialBuildingAreas

Baseline2011:LowRiseResidentialBuildingAreas

12

Baseline2011:ResidentialBuildingArea

Baseline2011:LargeIndustrialComplexesBuildingAreas

13

Baseline2011:IndustrialEstatesBuildingAreas

Baseline2011:Small+MediumSizeFactoriesBuildingAreas

14

Baseline2011:IndustrialBuildingAreas

Baseline2011:TotalBuildingArea(m2)

15

Baseline2011:HCMCDistributionofTotalBuildingArea
InnerCity
OuterCore
Suburban

30%

Outer Suburban
OuterSuburban

46%

27%
28%

Baseline2011:HCMCTotalBuildingArea
ResidentialBuildings
MixedUseBuildings
CommercialBuildings
Industrial Buildings
IndustrialBuildings
InstitutionalBuildings

6.8%

27.6%
60.5%
4.1%
1.0%

16

Scenarios
BAU2030

Baseline2011

Energy:+%CO2 emissions:+%

AlternativeDevelopment2030

Energytransport:1.3millionTOE
Electricity:15millionMWh
CO2 emissionstransport:4.3milliontons
CO2 emissionselectricity:6.1milliontons
Energy:+%CO2 emissions:+%

Whatcitiescando?
What
cities can do?
Whatcitiescanlearn
from other cities?
fromothercities?

17

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RapidAssessmentofCity
Emissions(RACE)Tool
ASEANGIZCleanAirforSmaller
Cities
CleanFleetManagementToolkit
TricycleUpgrading&
MicrofinanceProgram
BetterAirQuality(BAQ)
Conference

Aboutthe
LowEmissionCities
Project
Developmentandapplicationofthe
rapidassessmentforcityemissions
(RACE)toolinselectedAsiancities
covering:
Energyusein
industrial,commercial,residential
buildingsandtransport
Landuseandtransport
integration

18

LandUseFactorsAffectingTransportation

Diversity
ofland
use

Density of
population

Design of
city

Distance
totransit

Destination

access(to
employment
centers)

CalculatingEmissionsfromTransport

Activity

Structure

Intensity

Fuel

TRIPS
km

TRANSPORT
mode

FUEL+
ELECTRICITYuse

EMISSION
FACTORS

CO2
PM
NOX
Source:Schipper etal.1999.FlexingtheLink.ReducingCarbonEmissionsfromTransportationinDevelopingCountries

19

CalculatingEmissionsfromBuildings
\

Activity

Structure

Intensity

Fuel

FLOORAREA
m2

BUILDING
type

ELECTRICITY+
FUEL
use

EMISSION
FACTORS

CO2
PM
NOX
Source:Schipper etal.1999.FlexingtheLink.ReducingCarbonEmissionsfromTransportationinDevelopingCountries

ASEANGIZCleanAirforSmallerCities

40

www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/whatwedo

Objective
Smallandmediumsizedcitiesare
increasinglyabletodevelopand
l bl
d l
d
implementmeasurestoimprovethe
airquality.

ProjectPeriod
January2009 December2012

Philippines
IloiloCityandCagayandeOroCity

20

ASEANGIZCleanAirforSmallerCities

41

www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/whatwedo

TheOutput
R
Reviewandrevisionofexisting
i
d
ii
f i i
CleanAirActionPlans
Facilitationofpublicparticipation
Supportinassessingbaseline
conditions(aspartofActionPlans)
Supportintheimplementationand
monitoringoftheActionPlans
Supportinseekingfinancial
assistancethroughDevelopment
Banks(definitionofpackages)

CleanFleetManagementToolkit

42

www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/whatwedo

MERALCOCaseStudy
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

8.18
7.88

2.66
2.50
1.01
0.96
CO

Rolloutin
Philippines

7.30
7.19

VOC

NOx

SOx

tons
2008

1.40 1.711.54
1.35

PM10 CO2

16.5%
i
improvement
t
infleetwide
fuelefficiency
during case
studyperiod

thousandtons
2009

Training on toolkit:
Trainingontoolkit:

CorporateFleets
Conveners:CAIAsiaCenter
PhilippineBusinessfortheEnvironment

BusTransportFleets
Convener:Pilipinas Shell

GovernmentFleets
Convener:HondaFoundation,Inc.

Philippines,Indonesia(Thailand,India)
LatinAmerica,MiddleEast,EasternEurope

Newtoolkitsplanned:
Busfleets
Truckfleets

21

2 and3wheelers

43

www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/whatwedo

PublishedreportwithUNEPPCFVfor
policymakersandcityauthorities
Issuesrelatingtotheincreasinguse
I
l i
h i
i
PoliciesandregulationsinAsia

Microfinancingprogram
Mandaluyong CityandPasigCity
(MetroManila)
Replacetwostroketricycleswithfour
strokeengines.Tricycleoperatorsreceived
interestfreeloansthatwaspaidbackfrom
20%fuelsavingsoffourstroketricycles
Testelectrictricycles

BetterAirQualityConference

44

www.baq2012.org

BiggestgatheringonairqualityinAsia,coveringair
quality climate change transport energy and
quality,climatechange,transport,energy,and
industry
Ithasgrownintoacommunityofpractitioners
,policymakersandbusinesses whomeeteverytwo
yearsfornetworking,learningandsharing
experiences
BAQ has proven to influence policies, initiate new
projects and establish partnerships

22

ForMoreInformation

45

www.cleanairinitiative.org

CAIAsiaCenter

CAIAsiaChinaOffice

CAIAsiaIndiaOffice

center@caiasia.org
Unit3505RobinsonsEquitableTower
ADBAvenue,PasigCity
MetroManila1605
Philippines

cpo@caiasia.org
901AReignwood Building,
No.8YongAnDongLi
Jianguomenwai AvenueBeijing
China

CAIAsiaCountryNetworks

india@caiasia.org
257Regus Elegance
EleganceTower,MathuraRoad,
Jasola Vihar,NewDelhi
India

China India Indonesia Nepal Pakistan Philippines SriLanka

229CAIAsiaPartnershipMembers

CAIAsiaCenterMembers

45Cities
19Environmentministries
13OtherGovernmentagencies
17Developmentagenciesandfoundations
66NGOs
37Academicandresearchinstitutes
32Privatesectorcompanies

Donorsin2011
Asian Development Bank ClimateWorks Foundation Energy Foundation
Fredskorpset Norway Fu Tak Iam Foundation German International
Cooperation (GIZ) Guangdong Government Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES) Institute for Transport Policy Studies Institute for
Transportation and Development Policy International Union for Conservation of
Nature Korea Transport Institute MAHA Philippine Business for the
Environment United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)
United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and45Vehicles
(UNEP PCFV) Veolia World Bank

23