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Air charter services, Private charter services

Table of Contents
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 3
Overview of Industry as a whole....................................................................................... 3
History of the Organization............................................................................................. 6
Competitors Information................................................................................................ 9
S.W.O.T Analysis of the Organization..............................................................................12
Objectives of the study................................................................................................. 16
Methodology............................................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER -2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................21
AIR CHARTER SERVICES PVT. LTD. Uses following types of Aircraft type............................21
Performance.......................................................................................................... 23
Specifications.............................................................................................................. 26
Aircraft Performance................................................................................................. 31
Pilatus PC 12............................................................................................................... 34
Airports list in India........................................................................................... 35
List of Major Airports in India........................................................................................ 35
Major international airports in India:............................................................................. 38
Source of Income of International Airport........................................................41
Aircraft Related Charges........................................................................................... 44
Aeronautical Services..................................................................................................... 44
NON-AERONAUTICAL SERVICES................................................................................. 48
General Parking......................................................................................................... 50
PASSENGER SERVICE FEE........................................................................................... 51
Cargo Handling............................................................................................................. 52
Aircraft Refueling.......................................................................................................... 54
Aircraft Maintenance...................................................................................................... 54
Eight Feature of Air traffic control...................................................................................64
8)

Flight traffic mapping......................................................................................... 69

CHAPTER -4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.................................................................71


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Results of the study..................................................................................................... 71
Limitations............................................................................................................... 73
Suggestions............................................................................................................... 74
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 76
APPENDIX.................................................................................................................. 77

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CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION
Overview of Industry as a whole
Air Charter Service (ACS) is an aircraft charter provider with 17 offices spanning 5 continents. Air
Charter Service does not own any aircraft, but arranges helicopter, private jet, commercial
airline and cargo aircraft charters for a wide and diverse range of clients.
Air Charter Service was founded in 1990 by Chris Leach in the UK, starting out as a small specialist
aviation company committed to high standards of customer service that has grown to become a worldleading member of the aircraft charter industry - arranging 7,500 full charters per year.
An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general,
the atmosphere of a planet. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using
the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet.
The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation. Crewed aircraft are flown by an
onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard
computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, propulsion, usage and
others.
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the
helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and laterally. These
attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and
many forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot perform.
The word helicopter is adapted from the French language hlicoptre, coined by Gustave Ponton
d'Amcourt in 1861, which originates from the twisted, curved and Petron "wing". English-language
nicknames for helicopter include "chopper", "copter", "helo", "heli" and "whirlybird".

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Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw
61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it
was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131
aircraft built. Though earlier designs used more than one main rotor, it is the single main rotor with
anti-torque tail configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem
rotor helicopters are also in widespread use due to their greater payload capacity. Co-axial
helicopters, Tilt rotor, and hybrid rotorcraft are all flying today. Quad rotor helicopters pioneered as
early in France, and other types of multicomputer have been developed for specialized applications
such as unmanned drones.
A business jet, private jet is a jet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people. Business
jets may be adapted for other roles, such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries,
and some are used by public bodies, government officials or the armed forces.
An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight.
Airlines lease or

own

their aircraft with

which

to

supply

these

services

and

may

form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit. Generally, airline companies are
recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body.
Airlines vary from those with a single aircraft carrying mail or cargo, through full-service international
airlines operating hundreds of aircraft. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental,
intra-continental, domestic, regional, or international, and may be operated as scheduled services or
charters.
A cargo aircraft (also known as freight aircraft, freighter, airlifter, or cargo jet) is a fixed-wing
aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of goods, rather than passengers. Such aircraft
usually do not incorporate passenger amenities, and generally feature one or more large doors for
loading cargo. Freighters may be operated by civil passenger or cargo airlines, by private individuals or
by the armed forces of individual countries.

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Aircraft designed for cargo flight usually have features that distinguish them from conventional
passenger aircraft: a wide/tall fuselage cross-section, a high-wing to allow the cargo area to sit near the
ground, a large number of wheels to allow it to land at unprepared locations, and a high-mounted tail to
allow cargo to be driven directly into and off the aircraft.
Cargo aircraft represent a small proportion of the overall air freight market. The majority is carried in
special ULD containers in the cargo holds of normal passenger aircraft.

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Profile of the organization


With India's rapidly growing, expeditiously changing economic and business environment, the
percentage of traveling population is burgeoning. More and more people are traveling for both business
purposes and recreation. Keeping pace with the other advancements, the way we travel is also
improving.
To cater to the divergent needs of VVIPs, State Governments, Corporate Houses, Political Parties,
Travel Agents, Tour Operators, Medical Evacuation, Aerial Surveys, etc; India Fly Safe Aviation
Limited (IFSAL) offers tailor made solutions for all the travel requirements, both for business and
leisure.
Offering charters with outstanding crew, IFSAL provides first class private charter services. We are a
young, energetic and widely reputed company, whose priority is focusing on delivering excellent
customer service. We conduct safe air operations on hire, reward principle, and fully understand the
needs and concerns of our clients.
A perfect way to travel, we offer you the best flight you can have for yourself, either for business or
recreation. The aviation experts at IFSAL can provide you with customized programs; right down to the
gourmet meals that you expect when flying in a private charter.
Air Charter Services Pvt. Ltd.
Room No.402 / 412, 4th Floor G+5 Building Terminal 1B, Palam Domestic Airport
New Delhi - 110037, INDIA
Ph.: (+91-11) 2567 4449, 2567 1327, 2567 4558, 2567 4848
Fax: (+91-11) 2567 4479

Email: mail@aircharterservices.com

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History of the Organization


ACS was founded in 1990 by Chris Leach as a small specialized aviation company, initially dealing
with a small number of large contracts.
The Charter market had seemed saturated, with a small number of large established companies
controlling the whole market along with a handful of one and 2 man brokerages and many thought that
there was not enough room for a new big player. ACSs commitment to personal service proved
popular in what had been described by some as a complacent market place and the company grew
rapidly. ACS then furthered their commitment to providing exceptional customer service by opening
regional offices. These offices were established with the aim of meeting the charter requirements of
existing customers but also to extend ACSs charter services to international clients.
Each regional office was based on the same principles of customer service and every account manager
worldwide was trained in the London office. ACS now employs over 250 staff around the globe
speaking local languages and with expertise in their own regional markets and counts Middle Eastern
royalty, the British government, major multinational corporations and non-profit organizations as its
customers.
The company has grown on the following principles

High quality personal service

24/7 coverage

Quick response times

Continuous service from enquiry to post flight

Expert knowledge of the industry

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The History of Air Charter Service private flight Not only can flights be booked in a hurry and
personalized, but it should be mentioned that this method of journey reduces the amount of stability
scrutiny and those embarrassingly lengthy protection checkpoints. Even though most tourists
understand why these measures were put into spot right after nine/11, there are handful of folks who
will sing their praises in the face of long delays/missed flights due to holdups at these checkpoints. For
people who question if air constitution travelers appreciate the very same creature comforts as their
professional airline counterparts - the solution is a resounding affirmative. In addition, air constitution
flights can be customized to the consumer - whether a organization trip or a family members trip,
which can make them an attractive choice for teams of anysize.Personal Air Charter - Difficulties with
Professional Airlines Even with the growing variety of industrial travel web sites that promise to
"customize" flights and vacations, a closer evaluation of these web sites reveals that possibilities are
often fairly restricted. For illustration, one key air provider has only a few of non-stop flights per
working day amongst Orlando, FL and Memphis, TN - a single is very early in the morning and one
isolate in the evening. Men and women not available for travel in the course of these times face the
prospect of either finding a flight with a layover, possibly paying much more for a non-stop flight with
yet another provider, or flying in/out of another airport. Jet charter travel has none of these restrictions flights can be scheduled at any time of the day to nearly any destination. Charter airways normally need
really minor discover, so very last minute outings for important company meetings or medical
emergencies are not a problem. This versatility enables a traveler to exercising higher handle above the
excursion, which can give a higher degree of pleasure. At a single position in time an air charter
assistance was one thing obtainable only to these substantial on the company ladder. Business
executives and CEOs of key organizations would resort to utilizing air charter solutions as an substitute
to owning an aircraft of their own. These non-public charter companies would offer these experts with
all the excellent luxury and ease related with proudly owning a personal jet without having the
additional expense of preserving and maintaining it. As effectively as currently being really pricey to
buy outright, a private jet can also be incredibly high priced to maintain you require having an aircraft
hangar or an airstrip to shop the plane - each of which can value a large quantity of cash. As a end
result they made the decision to use a charter services as a substitute. It is hard to determine when the
kinds of air charter services commonly utilized by business individuals these days ended up first
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released. The greater part of individuals would argue that the first air constitution services commenced
just immediately after the stop of Entire World War II. Even so, the correct progress of company air
constitution boomed immediately after the Globe War II when the extra and surplus plane has been
commenced to be provided to the company.
Indian Aviation Industry is one of the fastest growing airline industries in the world. The history of
Indian Aviation Industry started in December 1912 with its first domestic air route between Karachi
and Delhi. It was opened by the Indian Air Services in collaboration with the UK based Imperial
Airways as an extension of London-Karachi flight of the Imperial Airways. Tata Sons Ltd., the first
Indian airline, started a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras three years later without
any backing from the Indian government.
During the period of independence, 9 air transport companies were carrying both air cargo and
passengers in the Indian Territory. In 1948, the Indian Government and Air India set up a joint sector
company, Air India International to further strengthen the Aviation Industry of India. As part of
nationalization in 1953 of Indian Airlines (IA) brought the domestic civil aviation sector under the
purview of Indian Government. Later till the mid 1990's government-owned airlines dominated Indian
aviation industry. When the government adopted the Open-sky policy in 1990 and other liberalization
policies the Indian Aviation Indian made underwent a rapid and dramatic transformation.
By the year 2000 several private airlines have entered into the aviation business in succession and
many more were about to enter into the arena. Indian aviation industry today is dominated by private
airlines and low-cost carriers like Deccan Airlines, GoAir, and SpiceJet, air charter services etc. And
Indian Airlines, the giant of Indian air travel industry, gradually lost its market share to these private
airlines. According to the report of CAPA, these budget carriers are likely to double their market share
by 2010 -- one of the highest in the world.
Indian aviation industry can be classified into three groups:

Public players
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Private players

Start up players

There are three public players: Air India, Indian Airlines and Alliance Air. The private players include
Jet Airways, Air Sahara, Paramount airways, Go Air Airlines, Kingfisher Airlines, Spice Jet, Air
Deccan and many more. The startup players are those which are planning to enter into the markets.
Some of them are Omega Air, Magic Air, Premier Star Air and MDLR Airlines.

Competitors Information
New Flight Charter
New Flight Charters is not restricted to a defined fleet or certain operator relationships or networks, and
thus can quote charter flight quality and price options not otherwise available. Take advantage of the
comprehensive nationwide availability of based aircraft, floating fleets, discounted one-way flights, and
empty legs with the leading DOT-registered and FAA-certified aircraft operators, and your guaranteedbest one-way or round trip pricing for each and every flight. Benefit from the history and reputation of
New Flight Charters, with confidence that the top-rated, registered and respected company is arranging
your charter flight on your behalf. Detailed charter quotes are free and normally sent 24 hours from
the request, and guaranteed for best price in the market. Ballpark pricing and general information are
available immediately.

One Sky Jet


At OneSky, we've created something special: a private jet alternative that offers the peace of mind and
reliability of fractional ownership with the flexibility, simplicity and choice of private jet charter.
Access to over 2,500 approved private jets Freedom to select the exact jet make and model for each trip
No up-front capital outlay Stringent and unyielding commitment to passenger safety Best of class
logistics expertise through our FedEx heritage OneSky Jets The Evolution of the Private Jet
Company OneSky Jets does not own or manage their own jets. Instead, we've built a unique model
which unites the top private jet carriers into a cohesive network,
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Paramount Business Jet


Paramount Business Jets is a private jet charter brokerage company and on behalf of its clients arranges
private charter flights with FAA part 135 certified operators and similar charter approved operators
throughout the world. Representing clients in the marketplace, Paramount Business Jets is committed
to finding all appropriate aircraft meeting both the client's and the mission's requirements. PBJ's skilled
team of aviation consultants, with years of experience negotiating the best possible pricing from only
the safest operators in the marketplace, help to ensure we provide the most cost effective and value
added aircraft choices for our clients. With access to over 15,000 private jets and VIP airliners
worldwide, PBJ clients enjoy the freedom of choosing any aircraft size and comfort level on a per trip
basis to and from any city in the world. PBJ plans and tracks every aspect of the trip from the
beginning to the end, including gourmet catering, car service requests and any of the special needs of
our clients.

Imperial Jets
Imperial Jets will arrange the ideal private aircraft for your business or leisure trip. We have access to a
diverse network of turboprops and light, heavy, mid and super- midsized jets around the globe. We are
an experienced and innovative firm devoted to providing you with unequaled safety, service, luxury
and convenience. Safety The only other passengers on your flight are the colleagues and companions
you choose. Human errors and variables from agents, baggage handlers and airport screeners are
eliminated. Any information regarding charter flights booked through Imperial Jets remains strictly
confidential. Each pilot's experience, safety record, insurance and equipment hours are audited by the
operator to the highest standards. Please see Standards page. Flexibility You, rather than an airline or
charter company can select or change planes and flight times. Imperial Jets charter carriers can access
several thousand airports in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, thereby avoiding
routing you through congested " hub airports".

Stratos Jet Charters


At Stratos Jet Charters we believe that long-term client relationships are born of good experiences, not
long-term contracts. We specialize in arranging on-demand private jet charter flights for long-term,
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repeat clients who wish to enjoy a safe and hassle-free air charter experience. In order to build longterm relationships with our clients, we assist them with making informed buying decisions for every
charter flight. Our goal is to better understand and meet the unique needs of each client, and this
philosophy has shaped all aspects of our company. Working with Stratos Jet Charters allows our clients
to gain access to our network of approved vendors that are regularly assessed to ensure their
compliance with our aircraft, insurance and flight crew requirements. Our clients are afforded piece of
mind knowing that all of our vendors comply with the rigorous standards of our air charter safety due
diligence program. Stratos Jet Charters clients seek the flexibility of choosing among many different
aircraft for their personalized charter flights . With access to over 5,000 aircraft that meet the most
rigorous standards of air charter safety, Stratos Jet Charters provides the highest level of aircraft
flexibility and guarantees a private charter aircraft with as little as twelve hours notice. Our air charter
coordinators are among the most knowledgeable in the jet charter industry and are happy to be your
educational resource for air charter safety and market research assistant for private jet charter flights.
Our team of jet charter experts is available 24/7 to assist you with arranging air charter flights on
rigorously inspected aircraft with highly-experienced flight crews.

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S.W.O.T Analysis of the Organization


Conducting a SWOT analysis, that is, reviewing the strengths of an organization, its weaknesses,
opportunities it can capitalize on for maximum profits, and the threats to achieving its full potential
provides very invaluable information to the organization about the market and understanding the
industry, as well. The aviation industry is not an exception, it too has its own share of strengths and
opportunities which once utilized by an organization can help it grow substantially and weaknesses and
threats which the organization must strive to minimize to the lowest possible levels.
One of the strengths of an organization in the aviation industry is the growing income levels. The
growth in individual incomes increases the amount of disposable income and hence many people are
able to utilize the carriers to fly to their destinations
Growth in tourism is also a major strength as it has led to a significant increase in the number of
domestic and international passengers with statistics indicating a 50% growth in the number of
domestic flyers and a 25% increase in the number of international flyers.
Despite the downturns, air travel has continued to grow over time and is one of those industries that are
far away from reaching their peak. This can be partly attributed to the ever growing population and the
increase in the propensity of people to fly. With efficient management, an organization in the aviation
industry is guaranteed to grow into a big and profitable enterprise.
Air travel has a marked safety record and has been generally accepted as a safe and fast way to travel.
Even the low cost growing airlines have safety and speed attributed to them and therefore, a small
growing airline shares this strength with big and recognized brand names in the industry which is quite
an advantage. Airline staff consists of highly trained personnel, which is a major strength, to any
organization in the industry.
One of the major weaknesses in the aviation industry is infrastructural development. The development
of infrastructure has been very slowing thus unable to keep up the pace of growth of the aviation sector.
It is therefore, a major bottleneck in the industry. A growing airline should therefore, give priority to
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investing in infrastructure by constructing state of the art airports with adequate runways and ample
parking lots for passengers. It should also invest on routes leading to the airports to help reduce
passenger delays due to traffic.
Airlines have been known to have a very high 'spoilage' rate in comparison with other industries. Once
a passenger misses his/her flight, the income/revenue from that seat is lost. In order to avoid or
minimize this occurrence, the airline should establish a method of contacting all the passengers prior to
departure to remind them of their flight. There should also be a larger time window between the
boarding time and the departure of the airbus to cater for those passengers who arrive late for their
flights.
Aircrafts are very expensive and running an airline requires a very huge capital outlay. For this to work
to the advantage of the airline, proper marketing strategies are required, and careful planning to ensure
that returns on investment are greater than the initial investment.
An airline may find it very difficult to compete with other carriers due to their low fares. To survive
this, the organization can lower its fares but ensure that they are in balance with the returns to avoid
losses. Extensive advertising campaigns on quality can also give it an edge over the low cost carriers.
Airlines have to maintain a huge work force which is spread over an outsized ecological area and
which requires constant communication and monitoring. For this to work to its advantage, extensive
evaluation of the personnel is required to ensure competence and also the ability of the workers to work
under minimum supervision.
There are many opportunities that an airline can capitalize on to reap maximum profits. Expected
investment is one of the opportunities that can benefit an airline. The aviation sector is ever growing,
and there is an increasing number of stakeholders in the industry willing to invest in air travel. An
airline can take this opportunity to increase its capital base so as to be able to enjoy large economies of
scale.

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Development of new products and services can have a substantial blow on the profits of an
organization. In aviation, an airline can introduce mailing services for delivery of mails and parcels
across the globe. It can also introduce special fare packages for those travelling to certain destinations
for pleasure or business.
Technological advancement and investment in information technology is an opportunity that can
greatly help an organization to minimize its operation cost. An airline can rely on information
technology to offer more customers friendly services and also provide customers with other services
like internet while travelling which would make them pay more for the services hence increasing the
profit margins of the organization.
The organization should evaluate end user response to its services to gain information on what areas of
its services to improve. This would go a long way in helping the organization acquire new customers as
well as retain its old ones who are satisfied with the services being offered.
The organization should also take the opportunity to expand and cover a larger geographical area. It
should grow into the untapped markets and offer its products and services in these regions. Having a
large customer base would increase its profits.
Acquiring better supply deals, for example, a less expensive fuel supplier would greatly minimize the
operation cost of an organization in the aviation industry. The airline can also retain its suppliers but
negotiate for better deals with the aim of increasing its profit margin.
Cutting down on delays is very important in the aviation industry. Minimized delays would mean less
refunds and minimal compensation due to inconveniences made. It would also help the organization to
gain the customers trust thus establishing itself as a carrier of choice for many travelers.
Linking up with other carriers in the industry is an opportunity that should not be ruled out. Linking up
with another carrier would increase the passenger volume greatly. This can be done through ensuring a
coordinated schedule where the airlines offer their services to various destinations through a sharing
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agreement. Only one carrier flying to a given destination from a particular location would enable the
partnering carriers to avoid the long time taken before an aircraft is filled.

Strengths:
1. Growing tourism: Due to growth in tourism, there has been an increase in number of the
international and domestic passengers. The estimated growth of domestic passenger segment is at
50% per annum and growth for international passenger segment is 25%
Growth in tourism is also a major strength as it has led to a significant increase in the number of
domestic and international passengers with statistics indicating a 50% growth in the number of
domestic

flyers

and

25%

increase

in

the

number

of

international

flyers.

2. Rising income levels: Due to the rise in income levels, the disposable income is also higher which
are expected to enhance the number of flyers.
One of the strengths of an organization in the aviation industry is the growing income levels.
The growth in individual incomes increases the amount of disposable income and hence many
people are able to utilize the carriers to fly to their destinations.

Weaknesses:
1. Under penetrated Market : The total passenger traffic was only 50 million as on 31st Dec 2005
amounting to only 0.05 trips per annum as compared to developed nations like United States have
2.02 trips per annum.
2. Untapped Air Cargo Market: Air cargo market has not yet been fully taped in the Indian markets
and is expected that in the coming years large number of players will have dedicated fleets.
3.

Infrastructural constraints: The infrastructure development has not kept pace with the growth in
aviation services sector leading to a bottleneck. Huge investment requirement for physical
infrastructure for airports.

Opportunities:
1.Expecting

investments: investment

of

about
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US

$30

billion

will

be

made.

Air charter services, Private charter services

2. Expected Market Size: Average growth of aviation sector is about 25%-30% and the expected
market size is projected to grow upto100 million by 2010.

Threats
Huge investments are expected to take place in aviation sector in near future. It is estimated that by
2012.
1.

Shortage of trained Pilots: There is a shortage of trained pilots, co-pilots and ground staff which

is severely limiting growth prospects.


2. Shortage of Airports: There is a shortage of airport facilities, parking bays, air traffic control
facilities and takeoff and landing slots.
3. High prices: Though enough number of low cost carriers are already existing in the industry,
majority of the population is still not able to fly to other destinations.

Objectives of the study

To study the concept of air charter services


To study the types of plane provide by air charter services
To learn about various airports in India
To Study the specification, price list of different types of plane
To study the functionality of air charter services like how to work, size of air charter services.
To study about air charter charities
To study about Air charter services training

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Scope of the study

To deliver the project on time


To deliver the project according to given guidelines
To deliver the project with relevant information of air charter services
Specific to aviation industry
Reliable project report
Time management to deliver the project report

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Methodology
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It
comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of
knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and
quantitative or qualitative techniques.
A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is, therefore, not the same thing as a method.
Instead, it offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method, set of methods or so
called best practices can be applied to specific case, for example, to calculate a specific result.
The nature of research can be either qualitative or quantitative or both. According to Malhotra
(1996:164), qualitative research is an unstructured, exploratory research method based on small
samples intended to provide insight and understanding about the problem statement. Quantitative
research involves the collection of primary data from a large number of individuals, frequently with the
intention of projecting the results onto the larger population. (Martins et al, 1996:125)

Collection of Primary Data


There are various methods of collecting primary research data, namely mail-based self administered
questionnaire, telephone interviews, personal interviews and focus groups. This study relied heavily on
personal interviews and telephone interviews. For purpose of this study, different air carriers that have
their registered office in India were studied. It included both public sector as well as private sector
airlines operating in India that have domestic flights in India as well as international flights to & from
India. For the purpose of this study, data was collected in two parts, i.e. a) the Executives from the
Human Resource Departments of these air carriers were personally interviewed by the researcher
along with the questionnaire that was administered to them. b) The commercial pilots working with
these airlines were either met personally and the questionnaire was administered to them or a phone
call was made to them & then they were sent questionnaires. This was done after obtaining necessary
permissions from all respective airlines. Altogether 261 commercial pilots working with six air carriers
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from India were surveyed ranging from First Officer to Check Pilot from age group of 21 years to 50+.
The survey was conducted using two separate questionnaires specially designed for this purpose. One
questionnaire was designed for the HR departments of the Indian air carriers where the Executives
working with these airlines shared their current recruitment & retention practices with the researcher
and the second questionnaire was designed for the commercial pilots working with these airlines where
these pilots shared how they perceive their employers in terms of recruitment & retention practices.
Both the executives and the pilots were briefed on the purpose for data collection. They were also given
an assurance that the data collected would be kept confidential & would be used for research purpose
only.

Secondary Data
Secondary data was collected through various journals, e-journals, magazines & books available on
this subject. The articles & research papers published were also the part of the study. The HRD policies
of the concerned organizations were also significant to the study

Variables under Study


A variable is any stimulus factor or behavior that can change on some dimension and that can be
observed, sometimes controlled and measures. In scientific research, variables that can be quantified
with precision are preferred. (Walsh, 2002:1)
Independent Variable: An independent variable in an experiment is the variable under the control of
the scientist/investigator and which is believed to have the potential to alter or influence the dependent
variable. (Walsh, 2002:1) The independent variable used in this study is recruitment of commercial
pilots by Indian air carriers. The operational definition denotes a variable in terms of the operations or
techniques used to obtain or measure it. When quantitative researchers describe the variables in their
study, they specify what they mean by demonstrating how they measured a variable. Demographic
variables are usually defined by asking respondents to choose an appropriate category from a list, while
abstract concepts need to be defined operationally by defining in detail how they were measured in a
particular study. (Morgan, Griego, 1998:1)
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Dependent Variable: Walsh (2002:1) defines dependent variable as the response or behavior in an
experiment that is being studied in order to determine if it has been influenced by or altered by the
independent variable. It is therefore, the presumed outcome or criterion. The dependent variable in this
study is retention of commercial pilots by Indian air carriers.

PEST ANALYSIS

Political Disputes between countries Trading Business between countries Corruption Natural
disasters

Economic Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rise in airline turbine fuels (ATF) Recession

Social Diversity in population Crew members behavior Increasing expectations of the customers
Technological Internet (Online facilities) Modernization of airports Satellite based Navigation
system

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CHAPTER -2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK


AIR CHARTER SERVICES PVT. LTD. Uses following types of Aircraft type

BE-350(SUPER KING AIR)

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The Beech craft Super King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by Beech
craft. The King Air line comprises a number of model series that fall into four families: the Model 90
series, Model 100 series (these models comprising the King Air family), Model 200 series and Model
300 series. The latter two models were originally marketed as the "Super King Air" family, but the
"Super" was dropped in 1996.
The Super King Air family has been in continuous production since 1974, the longest production run of
any civilian turboprop aircraft in its class. It has outlasted all of its previous competitors and as of 2009
the only other aircraft in its class is the Piaggio Avanti. As of December 2009, the B200, B200GT and
the larger B300 are the production models. Special mission derivative versions of these models are also
available for order.
The Beech craft 1900 regional airliner was derived from the Model B200 King Air.

Specifications
Seating Configuration

Standard

(Crew + standard pax / Max pax)

Metric

1 + 9 / 11 1 + 9 / 11

Avionics
Manufacturer
Suite

Collins

Collins

Pro Line 21

Pro Line
21

P&WC

P&WC

Engines
Manufacturer
Type

PT6A-60A PT6A-60A
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Engines

Power Rating

1,050 shp

783 kW

57 ft 11 in

17.65 m

Max Airplane Length

46 ft 8 in

14.22 m

Max Tail Height

14 ft 4 in

4.37 m

19 ft 6 in

5.94 m

Width

4 ft 6 in

1.37 m

Height

4 ft 9 in

1.45 m

Dimensions (External)
Wingspan

Dimensions (Internal) Cabin


Length

Baggage Capacity

71.3 cu. ft 2.0 cu. m

Max Baggage Weight

1,150 lb

522 kg

Max Ramp Weight

15,100 lb

6,849 kg

Max Takeoff Weight

15,000 lb

6,804 kg

Max Zero Fuel Weight

12,500 lb

5,670 kg

Max Landing Weight

15,000 lb

6,804 kg

3,611 lb

1,638 kg

10,000 lb

4,536 kg

Max Payload

2,500 lb

1,134 kg

Useful Load

5,100 lb

2,313 kg

Weights

Useable Fuel Capacity


Basic Operating Weight*

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Air charter services, Private charter services

Performance
Performance

Standard

Maximum Cruise Speed

Metric

313 kt 580 km/h

Range: Max Payload

947 nm 1,754 km

Range: Full Fuel/Available Payload

1,606 nm 2,974 km

Range: 4 Passengers

1,714 nm 3,174 km

Range: Ferry

1,805 nm 3,343 km

Max Operating Altitude

35,000 ft 10,668 m

Take-off Field Length (MTOW)

3,300 ft

1,006 m

Landing Field Length (MLW)

2,692 ft

821 m

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BE-B200 (Super King Air)

The King Air B200 is the most successful business aircraft in the world. Since its introduction, the
Model 200 has outsold every other single line of business airplane, jet, or turboprop. The B200 has
been extensively updated, inside and out, to achieve new levels of quietness and comfort.
Compared to its jet competitors, the B200 offers unmatched utility: It carries more in a luxurious,
comfortable cabin, operates from shorter fields and costs less to operate.

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Air charter services, Private charter services


Specifications
External Dimensions
Length

43 ft 10 in

13.36 m

Height

14 ft 10 in

4.52 m

Span

54 ft 6 in

16.61 m

Length

16 ft 8 in

5.08 m

Height

4 ft 9 in

1.45 m

Width

4 ft 6 in

1.37 m

Cabin Dimensions

Characteristics
Seating (Crew + Pax)

2 + 7 / 9*

Max Cruise Speed**

289 kt

535 km/h

Service Ceiling

35,000 ft

10.668 m

Max Range (Ferry + 1 Pilot)

1,671 nm

3.095 km

* by 2 optional Fold Up Seats


** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT
2 Engines
Manufacturer

Pratt & Whitney Canada

Model**

PT6A-42

Output (per Engine)

850 shp

850 PS

Inspection Interval (TBO)

3,600 hrs

3,600 Std

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Air charter services, Private charter services


** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT
Weights
Max Ramp

12,590 lb

5,711 kg

Max Takeoff

12,500 lb

5,670 kg

Max Zero Fuel

11,000 lb

4,990 kg

Typ. Equip. Basic Operating**

8,655 lb

3,926 kg

** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT


Capacity
Max Payload (without Pilot)**

2,345 lb

1,064 kg

Useful Load (without Pilot)**

3,935 lb

1,785 kg

Max Fuel Capacity

3,645 lb

1,653 kg

Fuel (with Max Payload)

1,590 lb

1,590 kg

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BE-C90A (KING AIR C90)

The Model 90 King Air was conceived as the Model 120 in 1961. In May 1963, Beech craft began test
flights of the proof-of-concept Model 87, a modified Queen Air with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-6
engines. On 14 July, Beech announced a new type, and a month later began accepting orders for the
"King Air", with deliveries to commence in autumn 1964. After 10 months of test flying, in 1964 the
Model 87 was delivered to the United States Army as the NU-8F. On 24 January, the first definitive
prototype, by now designated Model 65-90 and also fitted with PT6A-6 engines, flew for the first time.

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Air charter services, Private charter services


The first production aircraft was delivered on October 8, and by the end of the month, 152 aircraft had
been ordered; by year's end, seven had been built.
In 1966, after 112 65-90s were completed, production switched to the Model 65-A90 with PT6A-20
engines. As a measure of the type's popularity, 206 65-A90s were built in less than two years when
production switched to the Model B90, the first of these rolling off the production line in
1968. Military versions built during these years included the 65-A90-1, 65-A90-2, 65-A90-3, and 65A90-4, all being unpressurised models based on the Model 87. These were produced for the US Army
which designated them U-21s of various sub-models; many were fitted out for electronic battlefield
surveillance. A total of 162 of these were built between 1967 and 1971.
A total of 184 B90 models were produced before the Model C90 was introduced in 1971,[3] with
wingspan increased over earlier models by 4 ft 11 in (1.50 m) to 50 ft 3 in (15.32 m), Maximum TakeOff Weight (MTOW) increased by 350 lb (160 kg) to 9,650 lb (4,378 kg), and PT6A-20A engines. The
broadly similar Model E90 was introduced the following year, with PT6A-28 engines; the two were
produced in parallel. Further refinement of the 90 series resulted in the Model F90 and followon Model F90-1. The F-models featured the T-tail of the Model 200 King Air mated to the fuselage and
wings of the E90, with PT6A-135 engines of 750 shp (560 kW) driving four-bladed propellers. The
F90 prototype flew on 16 January 1978 and 203 production versions followed between 1979 and 1983,
when the F90 was superseded by the F90-1. The F90 prototype was re-engined with Garrett AiResearch
TPE-331 engines to test the feasibility of a Model G90, but this model was not put into production.

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The Model C90-1 entered production in 1982 after 507 C90s and 347 E90s had been built, and featured
PT6A-21 engines and improvements to the pressurization system. 54 were built. The following year the
F90-1 was put into production with redesigned engine cowlings, upgraded PT6A-135A engines,
hydraulic landing gear, and triple-fed electrical bus; only 33 were built by the time production
terminated in 1985. The C90-1 was soon followed by the Model C90A, which featured the redesigned
engine cowlings of the F90-1. The C90A received an increase in MTOW in 1987, being certified to
10,100 lb (4,580 kg). The C90A model was in production until 1992, by which time 235 had been built,
all but 74 with the increased MTOW.
Only two C90As were built in 1992, the Model C90B followed that year with airframe improvements,
four-bladed propellers, and propeller synchrophasing, all in an effort to reduce cabin noise. This model
also had PT6A-21s; the first production C90B was fitted with the 10,000th PT6 engine delivered to
Beech craft. In 1994 a cheaper version was introduced as the C90SE (Special Edition), with threebladed propellers, standardized interior and mechanical instruments instead of the Electronic Flight
Instrument System (EFIS) fitted to the C90B. A total of 456 C90Bs and C90SEs were delivered by the
time production of these models ended in late 2005.
In July 2005, during the Oshkosh Air show, Beech craft introduced the C90GT. The C90GT was fitted
with 750 shp (560 kW) PT6A-135As, flat rated to the same 550 shp (410 kW) as the earlier King Airs.
This engine change increased performance due to lower operating temperatures, improving both cruise
speed and climb rate. With a 275 kt (509 km/h, 316 mph) cruise speed, the C90GT was highly
competitive with the new generation of Very Light Jets over short to medium distances, while
providing a larger and more luxurious cabin. C90GT deliveries commenced at the beginning of
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Air charter services, Private charter services


2006. On 21 May 2007, during the 7th Annual European Business Aviation Convention &
Exhibition in Geneva, Beech craft announced the Model C90GTi updated version of the C90GT,
featuring the Rockwell Collins Proline 21 avionics package previously only offered for the B200 and
B300 King Airs. Deliveries commenced in 2008 after 97 C90GTs were delivered to customers over the
previous two years.

Aircraft Performance
Weights (lb)

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

Max Ramp

10,160

Max Takeoff

10,100

Max Landing

9,600

Zero Fuel

9,389b

BOW

6,780

Max Payload

2,609

Useful Load

3,380

Executive Payload

1,400

Max Fuel

2,573

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Weights (lb)

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

Max Ramp

10,160

Max Takeoff

10,100

Max Landing

9,600

Zero Fuel

9,389b

BOW

6,780

Max Payload

2,609

Max Fuel

2,573

Avail Payload Max Fuel

807

Avail Fuel Max Payload

771

Avail Fuel Exec Payload

1,980

Limits

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

MMO

N/A

Transition Altitude FL/VMO

N/A

Cabin Pressurization (PSI)

5.0

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Weights (lb)

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

Max Ramp

10,160

Max Takeoff

10,100

Max Landing

9,600

Zero Fuel

9,389b

BOW

6,780

Max Payload

2,609

Airport Performance

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

TO (Sea Level, ISA Temp)

2,577

TO (5000, @25C)

4,550

Hot/High WAT

N/A

NBAA IFR Ranges


V2 @ SL ISA, MTOW

219
N/A

VREF

N/A

Landing Distance with 4 Passengers

N/A

Climb

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

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Weights (lb)

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

Max Ramp

10,160

Max Takeoff

10,100

Max Landing

9,600

Zero Fuel

9,389b

BOW

6,780

Max Payload

2,609

Time to Climb/Alt

N/A

Engine Out Rate fpm

554

FAR 25 Engine-Out Grad (ft/nm)

305

Ceilings (ft)

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

Certificated

30,000

All Eng Srv

29,800

Eng Out Service

14,900

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Weights (lb)

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

Max Ramp

10,160

Max Takeoff

10,100

Max Landing

9,600

Zero Fuel

9,389b

BOW

6,780

Max Payload

2,609

Sea Level Cabin

11,065

Long Range Cruise

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

KTAS

194

Fuel Flow

316

Altitude

FL 230

Specific Range

0.614

High Speed Cruise

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

KTAS

247

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Weights (lb)

King Air C90A, BE-C90A

Max Ramp

10,160

Max Takeoff

10,100

Max Landing

9,600

Zero Fuel

9,389b

BOW

6,780

Max Payload

2,609

Fuel Flow

592

Altitude

FL 160

Specific Range

0.417

Pilatus PC 12
The Pilatus PC-12 is a single-engine turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft manufactured by Pilatus
Aircraft of Switzerland. The main market for the aircraft is corporate transport and regional airline
operators. The U.S. Air Force's designation is the U-28A.
The Pilatus PC-12 has gained a reputation for outstanding versatility, performance, reliability and
operational flexibility. As such, it is one of the most popular turbine-powered business aircraft on the
market today. In operation around the globe, the PC-12 has found popularity in a number of roles
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including executive transport, air ambulance and government special mission applications. The
cockpit features EFIS displays and the PC-12 is certificated for single pilot operation. Flight crew of
one or two pilots (certificated for single pilot).Corporate/executive transport configurations typically
seat six or eight in main cabin.
This is our most popular aircraft and is especially suited for Air Ambulance and Medical services.
Capacity
Flight crew of one or two pilots (certificated for single pilot). Seating for six or eight in main cabin.
Combo passenger/freight version seats four passengers in main cabin plus freight pallet.

Airports list in India


Major airports in India offer both domestic and overseas flights. The airport transportation network of
the country effectively fulfills the needs of a large number of tourists and visitors who are arriving in
the country from distant locations. The travel and tourism sector of the country is thriving at a rapid
pace. This is making a significant contribution to the economic development of the country in a special
way. The country is home to over 20 international airports and various national airports. Over 335
civilian airports in the country are there and they can be categorized into airports with concreted
runways (250) and airports with caliches-topped runways (96).
The major airports in India include the following: Chattrapati Shivaji International Airport of Mumbai,
Indira Gandhi International Airport of New Delhi, Calicut International Airport of Calicut, Begumpet
Airport of Hyderabad, Cochin International Airport Limited of Cochin, Chennai International Airport
of Chennai, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport of Kolkata, HAL Airport of Bangalore,
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport of Ahmedabad, Raja Sansi International Airport of
Amritsar and Trivandrum International Airport of Thiruvananthapuram.
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List of Major Airports in India
Given below are the names of the major airports in India along with the names of the cities served by
them and the category in which they fall, following are the categories:

International - Handles international flights

Customs - Airports which have customs checking and clearance facilities for handling
international flights but are not promoted to International Airport status.

Domestic - Handles domestic flights

Future - Proposed airport project or under construction

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Territory or State

Name of Airport

City Served

Category

Andaman and Nicobar


Veer Savarkar International Airport
Islands

Port Blair

Customs

Andhra Pradesh

Visakhapatnam Airport

Visakhapatnam

Customs

Assam

Lokpriya
Gopinath
International Airport

Guwahati

Customs

Bihar

Jaiprakash
Airport

Patna

Customs

Gaya Airport

Gaya

Customs

Chhattisgarh

Swami Vivekananda Airport

Raipur

Domestic

Daman and Diu

Diu Airport

Diu

Domestic

Delhi

Indira Gandhi International Airport

New Delhi

International

Goa

Dabolim Airport

Entire state

International

Gujarat

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International


Ahmedabad
Airport

International

Jammu and Kashmir

Srinagar Airport

Srinagar

Customs

Jammu Airport

Jammu

Domestic

Jharkhand

Birsa Munda Airport

Ranchi

Domestic

Karnataka

Mangalore Airport

Mangalore

Customs

Narayan

Bordoloi
International

Bengaluru
International
Airport
Bengaluru
(Kempegowda International Airport)

International

Trivandrum International Airport

Trivandrum

International

Cochin International Airport

Cochin

International

Calicut International Airport

Calicut

International

Lakshadweep

Agatti Aerodrome

Agatti

Domestic

Madhya Pradesh

Raja Bhoj Airport

Bhopal

Customs

Kerala

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Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport


Maharashtra

Indore

Domestic

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai

International

Pune Airport

Pune

Customs

New Pune International Airport

Pune

Future

Shirdi Airport

Shirdi

Future

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International


Nagpur
Airport

Customs

Manipur

Tulihal Airport

Imphal

Domestic

Meghalaya

Shillong Airport

Shillong

Domestic

Mizoram

Lengpui Airport

Aizawl

Domestic

Nagaland

Dimapur Airport

Dimapur

Domestic

Odisha

Patnaik Airport

Bhubaneswar

Domestic

Pondicherry

Pondicherry Airport

Pondicherry

Domestic

Punjab

Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International


Amritsar
Airport

International

Rajasthan

Jaipur International Airport

Jaipur

Customs

Sikkim

Pakyong Airport

Gangtok

Future

Tamil Nadu

Chennai International Airport

Chennai

International

Tiruchirapalli International Airport

Tiruchirapalli

Customs

Telangana

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

Hyderabad

International

Tripura

Agartala Airport

Agartala

Domestic

Uttrakhand

Jolly Grant Airport

Dehradun

Domestic

Uttar Pradesh

Taj International Airport

Greater Noida

Future

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West Bengal

Varanasi Airport

Varanasi

Customs

Amausi Airport

Lucknow

Customs

Agra Air Force Station

Agra

Domestic

Kolkata

International

Siliguri

Customs

Netaji
Subhash
Chandra
International Airport
Bagdogra Airport

Bose

Major international airports in India:

Indira Gandhi International Airport


The Indira Gandhi International Airport is the main international airport situated in the NCR
(National Capital Region). It is a public airport and is located in the south-west part of the city. The
busiest airport of the country, it houses six terminals for serving the passengers. The airport has a
capacity of managing over 46 million passengers. About 80 airlines operate from this airport. The
airport functions as a hub for the following airlines: Air India Regional, Air India, GoAir, Blue Dart
Aviation, Jagson Airlines, IndiGo, Jet Airways, JetLite, SpiceJet, and Kingfisher Airlines.
Airlines serving Indira Gandhi International Airport Given below are the names of the airlines that
serve Indira Gandhi International Airport: Aerosvit Airlines, Aeroflot, Air Astana, Air Arabia, Air
France, Air China, Air India Express, Air India, Air Mauritius, Air India Regional, American
Airlines, AirAsia X, Asiana Airlines, Ariana Afghan Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Austrian
Airlines, Cathay Pacific, British Airways, China Eastern Airlines, China Airlines, Druk Air, China
Southern Airlines, Emirates, East Air, Etihad Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, GMG Airlines, Finnair,
Gulf Air, GoAir, Jagson Airlines, IndiGo, Jet Airways, Japan Airlines, Kam Air, JetLite, KLM,
Kingfisher Airlines, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait Airways, Mahan Air, Lufthansa, Nepal Airlines, Malaysia
Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Philippine Airlines, Safi
Airways, Royal Jordanian, Singapore Airlines, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Sri Lankan Airlines,
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Air charter services, Private charter services


SpiceJet, Thai AirAsia, Swiss International Airlines, Turkish Airlines, Thai Airways International,
United Airlines, Turkmenistan Airlines, Virgin Atlantic Airways, and Uzbekistan Airways.
Chennai International Airport
Also named as Anna International Airport, the Chennai International Airport is the principal
international airport in South India. The airport lies at Tirusalem near Chennai, the capital of the
state of Tamil Nadu. There are three terminals in the airport - the Anna Terminal, the Kamaraj
Terminal, and the Meenambakkam Terminal (for cargo). The airport serves as the hub for the
following airlines: Air India Cargo, Air India, Jet Airways, Blue Dart Aviation, and Spicejet.
Airlines that serve Chennai International Airport Given below is a list of the airlines serving the
Chennai International Airport: Air Arabia, Air Asia, Air India, Air India Express, Air India
Regional, Air Mauritius, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Gulf Air,
IndiGo, Jet Airways, Jet Airways, JetLite, Kingfisher Airlines, Kuwait Airways, Lufthansa,
Malaysia Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Saudi Arabian Airlines, SilkAir, Singapore Airlines,
SpiceJet, SpiceJet, Sri Lankan Airlines, Thai AirAsia, Thai Airways International, and Tiger
Airways.
Mumbai International Airport
The Mumbai International Airport has been renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji International
Airport. It was previously known as the Sahar International Airport. The air transportation hub
functions as the main international airport in the city of Mumbai. By tourist movement, the airport
holds the rank of the second busiest airport in Southern Asia. There are four terminals at the airport.
One terminal is at Sahar which handles overseas flights and one at Santa Cruz which handles
domestic flights. In addition, there is a general aviation terminal and cargo terminal. Mumbai
International Airport serves as the hub for the following airlines: Blue Dart Aviation, Air India,
GoAir, Deccan360, Jet Airways, IndiGo, Kingfisher Airlines, JetLite, and SpiceJet. In terms of
infrastructure, the airport is rated as the best airport in India.
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Airlines that serve Mumbai International Airport Given below are the names of the Airlines that
serve Mumbai International Airport: Air China, Air Arabia, Air India, Air France, Air Mauritius, Air
India Express, Austrian Airlines, All Nippon Airways, run by Air Nippon, Bangkok Airways,
Bahrain Air, Cathay Pacific, British Airways, Druk Air, Delta Air Lines, El Al, EgyptAir, Ethiopian
Airlines, Emirates, GoAir, Etihad Airways, IndiGo, Gulf Air, Jagson Airlines, Iran Air, JetLite, Jet
Airways, Kingfisher Airlines, Kenya Airways, Kuwait Airways, Korean Air, Malaysia Airlines,
Lufthansa, Pakistan International Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Qantas, Saudi Arabian
Airlines, Royal Jordanian, South African Airways, Singapore Airlines, SriLankan Airlines, SpiceJet,
Thai Airways International, Swiss International Air Lines, United Airlines, Turkish Airlines, and
Yemenia.
Kolkata International Airport
The Kolkata International Airport has been renamed as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International
Airport. The airport is situated in Kolkata, the capital of the state of West Bengal. Netaji Subhas
Chandra Bose International Airport serves the metropolitan region of Greater Kolkata. Formerly it
was known as Dum Dum Airport. The airport serves as the hub for the following airlines: Air India
Regional, Air India, Deccan Aviation, Blue Dart Aviation, IndiGo, DTDS, JetLite, Jet Airways,
Northeast

Shuttles,

Kingfisher

Airlines,

and

SpiceJet.

Airlines serving Kolkata International Airport Given below are the names of the airlines that serve
the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport: Air India, Air India Express, AirAsia, Air
India Regional, China Eastern Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, GMG Airlines, Druk Air,
Emirates, IndiGo, GoAir, Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines, JetLite, Qatar Airways, Lufthansa,
Singapore Airlines, Silk Air, Thai Air Asia, SpiceJet, Thai Smile, Thai Airways International, and
United Airways.

Source of Income of International Airport


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Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport has been named the world's second best airport in the 25-40
million passengers category by the Airport Council International. The best airport in this category is the
Seoul Incheon in South Korea. The airport also has been adjudged as the fourth best in the world
among 199 airports across all categories. A nine-member team, comprising representatives from airport
operator Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL), Central Industrial Security Force, Airport
Operations Control and Air India received the 'ACI ASQ Award' at an award ceremony organized by
the Airport Council International (ACI) in Istanbul, Turkey on Thursday.
"This recognition is testimony to the efforts of all our employees and partners who have consistently
met the expectations of the industry," DIAL CEO I Prabhakar Rao said. IGI airport scored 4.83 out of
5 on the Airport Service Quality (ASQ) scale. IGI has managed to retain its position of second best
airport

in

the

25-40

million

passengers

per

annum

category

for

2012

year.

The airport had an ASQ score of 3.02 in 2007 and ranked last among the 101 participating airports of
the world. The airport has an annual capacity of over 60 million passengers, but in 2012, around 34.2
million passengers passed through it. IGI handled around 550,000 tonnes of cargo and over 300,000
aircraft

movements

during

the

same

period.

Since its inception in 2006, the ASQ Awards have become the world's leading airport passenger
satisfaction

benchmark

with

over

275

airports

participating

in

it.

The ASQ Awards recognize and reward the best airports in the world based on ACI's ASQ passenger
satisfaction survey done on uniform format worldwide and represent an opportunity to celebrate the
commitment of airports worldwide to continually improve passenger experience.
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Air charter services, Private charter services


In recent years airports have played a critical role in keeping air traffic affordable and stabilizing
operating costs for airlines. Or, as it was the case after 11 September, 2001 and SARS, have shown high
flexibility in dealing with their airlines customers to relieve some of the financial pressure they came
under.
Airports charge their airline customers for the facilities they use, following the UNs International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) accepted standards. The landing and airport charges reported by the air
carriers to ICAO include all charges and fees related to air transport operations that are levied against
the air carrier for services provided at the airport.
These include:
Landing charges;

Passenger and cargo fees;

Security, parking and hangar charges; and

Related traffic operation charges (excluding fuel and oil throughput charges)
They exclude those airport passenger-related charges paid by the passengers, and which may be
collected by the air carriers at the point of sale, as these are not included in the profit and loss statement
of the air carriers concerned.

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Cost containment is challenging for airport operators as a result of their expensive asset base which
must be maintained and even enhanced over time to adapt to a changing customer base. Indeed,
depreciation and amortization of airport assets account for up to 30% of expenses on the profit and loss
statement.
At the same time, airports are being required to pay extensive costs for enhanced security and the
introduction of new technology.
IGI airports offer a wide range of airport services to support efficient handling of passengers and
airlines, on both arrival and departure. For these services IGI charge the airlines and the ground
handling agents, predominantly cost-based charges, in accordance with applicable EU-, national
legisla- tion and ICAO- policies. The most important legal acts and implementing regulations are listed
in the appendix, for informational purposes only. Please note that the legislation is subject to
continuous amendment.
This document is a general description of IGI airport charges for informational purposes. Level of
services may vary between airports and are subject to change. For information regarding prices and calcollations of charges, see Airport Charges for IGI AB.

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Air charter services, Private charter services

Aircraft Related Charges

Airport Operator Revenue Streams

Aeronautical Services
Aeronautical Services means the provision of the following facilities and services:
The Authority had also proposed that the New ATC Tower would not be used by DIAL for provision of
any aeronautical service that need to be considered under the present multi-year tariff determination
and though its cost of Rs.350 crore had been considered as part of the total project cost for the purposes
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of DF levy, the same was proposed to be excluded from the capital expenditure/RAB estimates for the
purpose of determination of tariffs for aeronautical services provided by DIAL.(Para 81 to 84 of the
Consultation Paper).
1. Provision of flight operation assistance and crew support systems;
2. Ensuring the safe and secure operation of the Airport, excluding national security interest;
3. The movement and parking of aircraft and control facilities;
4. General maintenance and upkeep of the Airport;
5. The maintenance facilities and the control of them and hangar age of aircraft;
6. Flight information display screens;
7. Rescue and fire fighting services;
8. Management and administration of personnel employed at the Airport;
9. The movement of staff and passengers and their inter-change between all modes of transport at the
Airport;
10. Operation and maintenance of passenger boarding and disembarking systems, including vehicles to
perform remote boarding; and
11. any other services deemed to be necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the Airport.
A more detailed list of the above facilities and services would include the following:
12. Aerodrome control services
13. Airfield
14. Airfield lighting
15. Air Taxi Services
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16. Airside and landside access roads and forecourts including writing, traffic signals, signage and
monitoring
17. Common hydrant infrastructure for aircraft fuelling services by authorized providers
18. Apron and aircraft parking area
19. Apron control and allocation of aircraft stands
20. Arrivals concourses and meeting areas
21. Baggage systems including outbound and reclaim
22. Bird scaring
23. Check-in concourses
24. Cleaning, heating, lighting and air conditioning public areas
25. Customs and immigration halls
26. Emergency services
27. Facilities for the disabled and other special needs people
28. Fire service
29. Flight information and public-address systems
30. Foul and surface water drainage
31. Guidance systems and marshalling
32. Information desks
33. Inter-terminal transit systems
34. Lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors
35. Loading bridges
36. Lost property
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37. Passenger and hand baggage search
38. Piers and gate rooms
39. Policing and general security
40. Prayer Rooms
41. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Post Offices
42. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Public telephones
43. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Banks
44. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Bureaux de Change
45. Runways
46. Signage
47. Staff search
48. Taxiways
49. Toilets and nursing mothers rooms
50. Waste and refuse treatment and disposal
51. X-Ray service for carry on and checked-in luggage
52. VIP / special lounges

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NON-AERONAUTICAL SERVICES
Non-Aeronautical Services shall mean the following facilities and services (including
Part I and Part II):
Part I
1. Aircraft cleaning services
2. Airline Lounges
3. Cargo handling
4. Cargo terminals
5. General aviation services (other than those used for commercial air transport services ferrying
passengers or cargo or a combination of both)
6. Ground handling services
7. Hangars
8. Heavy maintenance services for aircrafts
9. Observation terrace
Part II
10. Banks / ATM*
11. Bureaux de Change*
12. Business Centre*
13. Conference Centre*
14. Duty free sales
15. Flight catering services
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16. Freight consolidators/forwarders or agents
17. General retail shops*
18. Hotels and Motels
19. Hotel reservation services
20. Line maintenance services
21. Locker rental
22. Logistic Centers*
23. Messenger services
24. Porter service
25. Restaurants, bars and other refreshment facilities
26. Special Assistance Services
27. Tourist information services
28. Travel agency
29. Vehicle fuelling services
30. Vehicle rental
31. Vehicle parking
32. Vending machines
33. Warehouses*
34. Welcoming services
35. Other activities related to passenger services at the Airport, if the same is a Non- Aeronautical
Asset.

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General Parking
General
Parking is

situated

about

100

meters

from

the

terminal.

Premium Parking is opposite the Departure terminal (T1D)


General Parking (only for Four Wheelers)

Time

General Parking (only for Four Wheelers)

Upto 30 mins

Rs 80

30min-2hr.

Rs 160

Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.

Rs 80

24 hrs.

Rs 1050

Bus Parking
Time

Bus Parking

Upto 30 mins

Rs 150

30min-2hr.

Rs 350

Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.

Rs 180

24 hrs.

Rs 1750

2-Wheeler Parking/Auto Parking


Time

2-Wheeler Parking/Auto Parking

Upto 30 mins

Rs 20

30min-2hr.

Rs 20

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Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.

Rs 10

24 hrs.

Rs 240

PASSENGER SERVICE FEE


1. Rs. 200/- per embarking passenger at international/Domestic airports including Civil Enclaves.
2. $ 5/- (US$ Five only) per passenger in respect of the tickets issue against Dollar Tariff.
Note: For conversion of US$ into INR the rate as on the 1st day of the month for 1st fortnightly billing
period and rate as on 16th of the month for the 2nd fortnightly billing period shall be adopted.
PS: The rates given above are merely indicative and are subject to change without prior notice. Please
contact the respective airports/authorities for the current rates.

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Cargo Handling
Delhi airport's cargo handling capacity is set to witness a major jump by 2012-end with the total
overhauling of its existing infrastructure. Celebes Holding, the Turkey-based company that enjoys
monopoly rights of cargo handling in Delhi at present, is working to completely modernize
facilities with addition of automated systems, efficient equipment and systematic storage.

The company, which also provides ground handling services to some airlines in both Delhi and
Mumbai, has bid for the same at Kochi and Ahmedabad airports . Announcing its intention to
invest an additional around $100 million in India, Celebi Holding chairman Can Celebioglu said:
"The company has already invested about $140 million in Delhi and Mumbai till the end of 2010.
We have been in talks with several airlines for ground handling and will add Thai Airways to our
list of customers this year. India has tremendous potential for growth in the aviation sector and
while we are handling mostly international flights right now, we would also like to work for the
domestic

sector."

The company is providing ground handling services for Kingfisher Airline's domestic operations
in Mumbai, and for some Jet Airway's and Air India's international flights in Delhi. Celebi also
services Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa and Air France flights in Delhi and Mumbai. It is handling
32,000 flights out of the two cities at present, excluding the few AI flights from Delhi.

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Aircraft Refueling
The procedure allows the receiving aircraft to remain airborne longer, extending its range or loiter time
on station. A series of air refueling can give range limited only by crew fatigue and engineering factors
such as engine oil consumption. Because the receiver aircraft can be topped up with extra fuel in the
air, air refueling can allow a takeoff with a greater payload which could be weapons, cargo, or
personnel: the maximum take-off weight is maintained by carrying less fuel and topping up once
airborne. Alternatively, a shorter take-off roll can be achieved because take-off can be at a lighter
weight before refueling once airborne. Aerial refueling has also been considered as a means to reduce
fuel consumption on long distance flights greater than 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi).
Potential fuel savings in the range of 35-40% have been estimated for long haul flights (including the
fuel used during the tanker missions).
The two main refueling systems are probe-and-drogue, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft,
and the flying boom, which offers faster fuel transfer, but requires a dedicated operator station.

Aircraft Maintenance
Aircraft maintenance is the overhaul, repair, inspection or modification of an aircraft or aircraft
component.
In Canada, maintenance includes the installation or removal of a component from an aircraft or aircraft
subassembly, but does not include:

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Elementary work, such as removing and replacing tires, inspection plates, spark plugs, checking
cylinder compression etc., on small privately operated aircraft ; or removal and replacement of
fuses, light bulbs etc., on transport category aircraft .

Servicing, such as refueling, washing windows.

Any work done on an aircraft or aircraft component as part of the manufacturing process, prior to
issue of a certificate of airworthiness or other certification document.

Last quarter saw the three major Indian airports Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad increase

their revenues from commercial rentals.


The share of non-aeronautical earnings in airports total revenue is swelling as crashing air traffic
movements (ATMs) crimps their aeronautical revenue and income generation from non-airline
business goes up.
Aeronautical charges are directly related to airport infrastructure and levied for the use of an
airports runway, apron and terminal facilities by passengers, while non-aeronautical income is
earned through rentals from commercial outlets or concessionaires within airport terminals and
from passengers.
Last quarter saw the three major Indian airports Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad increase
their revenues from commercial rentals, advertising on their premises, parking fee and other such
services.
This pushed up the percentage of Mumbai International Airport Ltds (MIAL) and Delhi
International Airport Ltds (DIAL) non-aeronautical revenue by 10 percentage points to 39% and
65% in the June quarter this year from 29% and 55% respectively last year.
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Hyderabad airport, which began operation in March last year, has also seen its non-aeronautical
revenues jump to 44% of its total revenues in the same quarter. It was negligible a year back.

Kapil Kaul, chief executive officer (CEO) of Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation-India and Middle
East, said the recent spurt in non-aeronautical earnings was mainly because such a revenue stream
has now been inbuilt in the business model of new and modernized airports.
Earlier, duty-free and domestic retailing, food and beverages and such services did not exist at
airports. Today, airports are leveraging these avenues of revenues. It will go up further in coming
times to reach the international benchmark of over 70%, he said.
Higher non-aeronautical revenue helps airports reduce dependence on income from airport
charges, which can fluctuate with the swings in the ATMs. It also cross subsidizes airport charges,
making them competitive for airlines.

Over the last one year, airports have been witnessing drops in the ATMs, with airlines cutting back
capacity to tune it air passenger traffic growth. According to the latest data put out by Airports
Authority of India (AAI), total ATMs in May were down 4.6% year-on-year, while passenger
traffic slipped 3.2%.

This is forcing airports to aggressively look at non-aeronautical revenues. For MIAL, the major
contributor to this segment of income was vehicle parking, followed by duty-free retailing.

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In the duty-free retailing, we saw brisk sale of tobacco and liquor products. We also earned from
selling advertisement rights at our premises, said a senior MIAL official, who did not want to be
named.

The Mumbai airport currently has 38 counters at the domestic and international terminals,

including airline lounges, duty-free retail outlets and food counters.


An analyst said with retailing at airports picking up, rentals for commercial space were slowing

climbing up and this was further boosting non-aeronautical revenues.


Airports are renegotiating rentals upwards when contracts are coming up for renewals, he said.

There could be several reasons for poor workmanship including poor supervision or insufficient funds.
Which brings us to the question we are posing here: Is AAI badly off? Or, should it be running airports
at all or would it be better off just administering airports for a fat fee?
Both Mumbai and Delhi airports were privatized a few years ago. But its not a complete privatization
AAI has a 45% claim to the revenues of each of the airport companies, Mumbai International Airport
Ltd (MIAL) and Delhi International Airport Ltd (DIAL). In the last 5 years, the AAI has earned Rs
4,749 crore thanks to its share of revenue.
More specifically, since 2007, almost 20% of its current annual revenue comes from its stakes in Delhi
and Mumbai Airport. And a small amount from Bangalore and Hyderabad airports where it has a 13%
stake.

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Airports operated as autonomous entities, under public or private ownership, are normally required to
provide the following financial statements: a) income statement (revenue and expense statement); b)
balance sheet; and cash flow statement. In order to produce the financial statements, a system must be
developed for identifying various types of financial outlay and receipts. This involves establishing
individual accounts, each showing a specific type of revenue, expense, asset or liability and cash flow.
While the income statement, as indicated in paragraph 3.14, shows the revenues and expenses of the
airport over a specific time period, the balance sheet is a snapshot of the financial health of the airport
on a specific date, showing the value of assets and liabilities in relation to the net value or equity
(including retained earnings). The number of accounts established for a specific airport accounting

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system will depend on the degree of detail sought, i.e. the more elaborate the system, the greater will be
the subdivision of accounts established.
Accounts recording revenues and expenses can be maintained on an accrual accounting basis or a cash
accounting basis. Under accrual accounting, revenues are credited to the period (usually the financial
year) in which they are earned and expenses charged to the period when they are incurred.
Alternatively, under cash accounting, revenues are credited to the period when they are received and
expenses recorded when paid. Accrual accounting systems reflect the financial position of the entity
concerned better and are based on standard accounting practices.
In many cases, the financial statements of the airport may include operations that do not relate to the
airport in question. For instance, the airport entity may operate several airports, air navigation services
or even a local port. In other cases, some airport operations may be carried out by other entities and
reflected in their financial statements. For instance, a department of public works may construct and
provide capital assets to the airport, or the national telecommunications department may provide
services to the airport without charge. In cases where the financial statements of the entity operating the
airport do not reflect the operations of the airport in totality, some additions to and subtractions from
the airports financial statements will be required to ensure that a true and fair financial picture of the
airport is provided. It is generally good practice to do this following the accounting conventions
incorporated in the financial statements.
For various purposes (e.g. to obtain financing or to recover costs), it could be necessary to convert the
financial statements into a format familiar to a lending institution or an international airline.
International accounting principles, such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or

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International Accounting Standards (IAS), or any other similar recognized standard would be
acceptable.
In business, revenue or turnover is income that a company receives from its normal business
activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In many countries and states,
revenue is referred to as turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other
fees. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary
unit, received during a period of time, as in "Last year, Company X had revenue of $42 million."
Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period. In
accounting, revenue is often referred to as the "top line" due to its position on the income statement at
the very top. This is to be contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net income.

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The identification and subsequent recording of items is usually more easily accomplished for revenues
than for expenses. This is chiefly because revenue sources tend to be fewer in number than expense
items, and because each revenue item, with few exceptions, is often easily identifiable with only one
type of source, whereas one expense item can frequently be identified with several major expense
categories. The information required in an accounting system for airports can vary considerably in
detail and layout. The precise level of detail will depend on management requirements at the particular
airport concerned. However, there is a basic itemization of revenues and expenses that may be
considered a minimum, which is described below.
REVENUES
Revenue items that may be considered essential to meet the basic data needs of an airport management
are outlined below as they might appear in a statement of revenues and expenses (the items shown are
not intended to present an exhaustive list of the different sources of revenue).

Air traffic control (ATC)


Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the
ground and through controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled
airspace. The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organize and expedite the
flow of traffic, and provide information and other support for pilots. In some countries, ATC plays a
security or defensive role, or is operated by the military.
To prevent collisions, ATC enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a
minimum amount of empty space around it at all times. Many aircraft also have collision avoidance
systems, which provide additional safety by warning pilots when other aircraft get too close.
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In many countries, ATC provides services to all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating
within its airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issue
instructions that pilots are required to obey, or advisories (known as flight information in some
countries) that pilots may, at their discretion, disregard. Generally the pilot in command is the final
authority for the safe operation of the aircraft and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC instructions
to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft.
A hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft or spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are
built of metal, but other materials such as wood and concrete are also used. The word hangar comes
from Middle French hanghart ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish
*haimgard ("home-enclosure", "fence around a group of houses"), from *haim ("home, village,
hamlet") + gard ("yard").
Hangars are used for: protection from the weather, protection from direct sunlight, maintenance, repair,
manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft on airfields, aircraft carriers and ships.
An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground
transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft.
Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security. The
buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are typically called concourses. However, the
terms "terminal" and "concourse" are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the configuration
of the airport.

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Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses. At
small airports, the single terminal building typically serves all of the functions of a terminal and a
concourse.
Some larger airports have one terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via walkways, skybridges, or underground tunnels (such as Denver International Airport). Some larger airports have more
than one terminal, each with one or more concourses (such as New York's JFK Airport). Still other
larger airports have multiple terminals each of which incorporate the functions of a concourse (such as
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport).
According to Frommers, most airport terminals are built in a plain style, with the 'concrete boxes of the
1960s and '70s generally gave way to glass boxes in the '90s and '00s, with the best terminals making a
vague stab at incorporating ideas of "light" and "air"'. However, some, such as Baghdad International
Airport, are monumental in stature, while others are considered architectural masterpieces, such as
Terminal 1 at Charles de Gaulle airport near Paris or Terminal 5 at New York's JFK Airport. A few are
designed to reflect the culture of a particular area, some examples being the terminal at Albuquerque
International Support in New Mexico, which is designed in the Pueblo Revival style popularized by
architect John Gaw Meem, as well as the terminal at Bahas de Huatulco International Airport in
Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico, which features some palatals that are interconnected to form the airport
terminal.

Eight Feature of Air traffic control


1) Airport Control
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The primary method of controlling the immediate airport environment is visual observation
from the airport control tower (TWR). The tower is a tall, windowed structure located on the
airport grounds. Air traffic controllers are responsible for the separation and efficient
movement of aircraft and vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of the airport itself,
and aircraft in the air near the airport, generally 5 to 10nautical miles (9 to 18 km) depending on
the airport procedures.
Surveillance displays are also available to controllers at larger airports to assist with controlling
air traffic. Controllers may use a radar system called secondary surveillance radar for airborne
traffic approaching and departing. These displays include a map of the area, the position of
various aircraft, and data tags that include aircraft identification, speed, altitude, and other
information described in local procedures. In adverse weather conditions the tower controllers
may also use surface movement radar (SMR), surface movement guidance and control systems
(SMGCS) or advanced SMGCS to control traffic on the maneuvering area (taxiways and
runway).
The areas of responsibility for TWR controllers fall into three general operational disciplines;
Local Control or Air Control, Ground Control, and Flight Data/Clearance Deliveryother
categories, such as Apron Control or Ground Movement Planner, may exist at extremely busy
airports. While each TWR may have unique airport-specific procedures, such as multiple teams
of controllers ('crews') at major or complex airports with multiple runways, the following
provides a general concept of the delegation of responsibilities within the TWR environment.
Remote and Virtual Tower (RVT) is a system based on Air Traffic Controllers being located
somewhere other than at the local airport tower and still able to provide Air Traffic Control
services. Displays for the Air Traffic Controllers may be either optical live video and/or
synthetic images based on surveillance sensor data.

2) Ground Control
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Ground Control (sometimes known as Ground Movement Control) is responsible for the airport
"movement" areas, as well as areas not released to the airlines or other users. This generally
includes all taxiways, inactive runways, holding areas, and some transitional aprons or
intersections where aircraft arrive, having vacated the runway or departure gate. Exact areas and
control responsibilities are clearly defined in local documents and agreements at each airport.
Any aircraft, vehicle, or person walking or working in these areas is required to have clearance
from Ground Control. This is normally done via VHF/UHF radio, but there may be special
cases where other procedures are used. Aircraft or vehicles without radios must respond to ATC
instructions via aviation light signals or else be led by vehicles with radios. People working on
the airport surface normally have a communications link through which they can communicate
with Ground Control, commonly either by handheld radio or even cell phone. Ground Control is
vital to the smooth operation of the airport, because this position impacts the sequencing of
departure aircraft, affecting the safety and efficiency of the airport's operation.
3) Local Control or Air control
Local Control (known to pilots as "Tower" or "Tower Control") is responsible for the active
runway surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or landing, ensuring that prescribed
runway separation will exist at all times. If Local Control detects any unsafe condition, a
landing aircraft may be told to "go-around" and be re-sequenced into the landing pattern by the
approach or terminal area controller.
Within the TWR, a highly disciplined communications process between Local Control and
Ground Control is an absolute necessity. Ground Control must request and gain approval from
Local Control to cross any active runway with any aircraft or vehicle. Likewise, Local Control
must ensure that Ground Control is aware of any operations that will impact the taxiways, and
work with the approach radar controllers to create "holes" or "gaps" in the arrival traffic to
allow taxiing traffic to cross runways and to allow departing aircraft to take off. Crew Resource
Management (CRM) procedures are often used to ensure this communication process is
efficient and clear, although this is not as prevalent as CRM for pilots.
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4) Flight Data and clearance Delivery


Clearance Delivery is the position that issues route clearances to aircraft, typically before they
commence taxiing. These contain details of the route that the aircraft is expected to fly after
departure. Clearance Delivery or, at busy airports, the Traffic Management Coordinator (TMC)
will, if necessary, coordinate with the en route center and national command center or flow
control to obtain releases for aircraft. Often, however, such releases are given automatically or
are controlled by local agreements allowing "free-flow" departures. When weather or extremely
high demand for a certain airport or airspace becomes a factor, there may be ground "stops" (or
"slot delays") or re-routes may be necessary to ensure the system does not get overloaded. The
primary responsibility of Clearance Delivery is to ensure that the aircraft have the proper route
and slot time. This information is also coordinated with the en route center and Ground Control
in order to ensure that the aircraft reaches the runway in time to meet the slot time provided by
the command center. At some airports, Clearance Delivery also plans aircraft push-backs and
engine starts, in which case it is known as the Ground Movement Planner (GMP): this position
is particularly important at heavily congested airports to prevent taxiway and apron gridlock.
5) Approach and terminal control
Terminal controllers are responsible for providing all ATC services within their airspace. Traffic
flow is broadly divided into departures, arrivals, and over flights. As aircraft move in and out of
the terminal airspace, they are handed off to the next appropriate control facility (a control
tower, an en-route control facility, or a bordering terminal or approach control). Terminal
control is responsible for ensuring that aircraft are at an appropriate altitude when they are
handed off, and that aircraft arrive at a suitable rate for landing.
6) General Characteristics
En-route air traffic controllers work in facilities called Air Traffic Control Centers, each of
which is commonly referred to as a "Center". The United States uses the equivalent term Air
Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). Each center is responsible for many thousands of
square miles of airspace (known as a Flight Information Region) and for the airports within that
airspace. Centers control IFR aircraft from the time they depart from an airport or terminal
area's airspace to the time they arrive at another airport or terminal area's airspace. Centers may
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also "pick up" VFR aircraft that are already airborne and integrate them into the IFR system.
These aircraft must, however, remain VFR until the Center provides a clearance.
Center controllers are responsible for climbing the aircraft to their requested altitude while, at
the same time, ensuring that the aircraft is properly separated from all other aircraft in the
immediate area. Additionally, the aircraft must be placed in a flow consistent with the aircraft's
route of flight. This effort is complicated by crossing traffic, severe weather, special missions
that require large airspace allocations, and traffic density. When the aircraft approaches its
destination, the center is responsible for meeting altitude restrictions by specific points, as well
as providing many destination airports with a traffic flow, which prohibits all of the arrivals
being "bunched together". These "flow restrictions" often begin in the middle of the route, as
controllers will position aircraft landing in the same destination so that when the aircraft are
close to their destination they are sequenced.
As an aircraft reaches the boundary of a Center's control area it is "handed off" or "handed
over" to the next Area Control Center. In some cases this "hand-off" process involves a transfer
of identification and details between controllers so that air traffic control services can be
provided in a seamless manner; in other cases local agreements may allow "silent handovers"
such that the receiving center does not require any co-ordination if traffic is presented in an
agreed manner. After the hand-off, the aircraft is given a frequency change and begins talking to
the next controller. This process continues until the aircraft is handed off to a terminal controller
("approach").
7) Radar Coverage
Since centers control a large airspace area, they will typically use long range radar that has the
capability, at higher altitudes, to see aircraft within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the radar
antenna. They may also use TRACON radar data to control when it provides a better "picture"
of the traffic or when it can fill in a portion of the area not covered by the long range radar.

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In the U.S. system, at higher altitudes, over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar and
often by multiple radar systems; however, coverage may be inconsistent at lower altitudes used
by unpressurized aircraft due to high terrain or distance from radar facilities. A center may
require numerous radar systems to cover the airspace assigned to them, and may also rely on
pilot position reports from aircraft flying below the floor of radar coverage. This results in a
large amount of data being available to the controller. To address this, automation systems have
been designed that consolidate the radar data for the controller. This consolidation includes
eliminating duplicate radar returns, ensuring the best radar for each geographical area is
providing the data, and displaying the data in an effective format.
Centers also exercise control over traffic travelling over the world's ocean areas. These areas are
also FIRs. Because there are no radar systems available for oceanic control, oceanic controllers
provide ATC services using procedural control. These procedures use aircraft position reports,
time, altitude, distance, and speed to ensure separation. Controllers record information on flight
progress strips and in specially developed oceanic computer systems as aircraft report positions.
This process requires that aircraft be separated by greater distances, which reduces the overall
capacity for any given route. See for example the North Atlantic Track system.
Some Air Navigation Service Providers (e.g. Airservices Australia, The Federal Aviation
Administration, NAV CANADA, etc.) have implemented Automatic Dependent Surveillance
Broadcast (ADS-B) as part of their surveillance capability. This new technology reverses the
radar concept. Instead of radar "finding" a target by interrogating the transponder, the ADSequipped aircraft sends a position report as determined by the navigation equipment on board
the aircraft. Normally, ADS operates in the "contract" mode where the aircraft reports a
position, automatically or initiated by the pilot, based on a predetermined time interval. It is also
possible for controllers to request more frequent reports to more quickly establish aircraft
position for specific reasons. However, since the cost for each report is charged by the ADS
service providers to the company operating the aircraft, more frequent reports are not
commonly requested except in emergency situations. ADS is significant because it can be used
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where it is not possible to locate the infrastructure for a radar system (e.g. over water).
Computerized radar displays are now being designed to accept ADS inputs as part of the
display. This technology is currently used in portions of the North Atlantic and the Pacific by a
variety of states who share responsibility for the control of this airspace.
Precision approach radars are commonly used by military controllers of airforces of several
countries, to assist the Pilot in final phases of landing in places where Instrument Landing
System and other sophisticated air borne equipment are unavailable to assist the pilots in
marginal or near zero visibility conditions. This procedure is also called alkdowns.
8) Flight traffic mapping
The mapping of flights in real-time is based on the air traffic control system. In 1991, data on
the location of aircraft was made available by the Federal Aviation Administration to the airline
industry. The National Business Aviation Association (NBAA), the General Aviation
Manufacturers Association, the Aircraft Owners & Pilots Association, the Helicopter
Association International, and the National Air Transportation Association petitioned the FAA
to make ASDI information available on a "need-to-know" basis. Subsequently, NBAA
advocated the broad-scale dissemination of air traffic data. The Aircraft Situational Display to
Industry (ASDI) system now conveys up-to-date flight information to the airline industry and
the public. Some companies that distribute ASDI information are Flight Explorer, Flight View,
and FlyteComm. Each company maintains a website that provides free updated information to
the public on flight status. Stand-alone programs are also available for displaying the
geographic location of airborne IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) air traffic anywhere in the FAA
air traffic system. Positions are reported for both commercial and general aviation traffic. The
programs can overlay air traffic with a wide selection of maps such as, geo-political boundaries,
air traffic control center boundaries, high altitude jet routes, and satellite cloud and radar
imagery.

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CHAPTER -4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION


Results of the study
Air Charter Service (ACS) is a global leader in providing aircraft charter solutions with more than 20
years' experience, a worldwide network of offices & annual charter revenues exceeding $400m per
year.
Founded in 1990 in London, ACS now arranges around 7,500 charter contracts per year with clients
ranging from private individuals, to some of the world's largest corporations, governments as well as
Royalty and some of the world's best known celebrities.
Global Network
ACS can offer you charter solutions anywhere in the world using local expertise through its network of
offices across North America, South America, Europe, Africa, CIS, and the Middle East & Asia. Unlike
many charter companies all ACS international offices are owned by the group and all our charter
experts are centrally trained.
Aircraft available
ACS provides charter solutions utilizing aircraft including helicopters, propeller aircraft, private jets,
commercial airliners and cargo aircraft. With around 50,000 aircraft available to charter worldwide,
ACS

is

your

best

option

to

find

the

air

charter

solution

you

are

looking

for.

Safety & Quality


ACS has an in house legal & compliance department to ensure all aircraft comply with strict safety
standards.
Private Jet Charter
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As well as flying in comfort, chartering a private jet allows you to fly to your schedule, fly to smaller
airfields closer to your final destination, and avoid the queues and chaos of major airport terminals.

Commercial Aircraft Charter


When you are coordinating the movement of large groups of people, aircraft charter offers the most
flexible way to get them to their final destination as quickly as possible while allowing you to
customize every aspect of your trip.
Cargo Aircraft Charter
Aircraft charter is often the only way to move certain shipments in the necessary timescales. Whether it
be urgent humanitarian aid, urgent freight bound for the production line or outsized cargo, a cargo
charter service is often the only solution.
Helicopter Charter
For both cargo and passengers helicopters are often the quickest method of transportation directly to
your end destination.

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Limitations

Weather
ATF prices
Man Power
Foreign Exchange rate
To deliver the project on time
Deliver according to specification
Unless subject to a specific statute, all claims against ACA for a potential or actual loss, must
be made in writing and received by ACA, within ten (10) days of the event giving rise to claim;
the failure to give ACA timely notice shall be a complete defense to any suit or action

commenced by Charterer.
All suits against ACA must be filed and properly served on ACA as follows within one (1) year

from the date of the loss.


Though Indian aviation is doing well. It has a lot more problems to face.
The constant increase in the fuel cost has led to heavy losses in the sector.
Low cost airlines are phasing out.
Unpaid bills have led to fuel supply backlash.
The shortage of trained pilots and other personnel are also the shortcomings of Indian aviation
sector.

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Suggestions

Fastest transportation service


High maintenance cost
.Highly trained staff.
45% of operating costs depends on ATF while
Ticket pricing is on the hand of players. it is 33% worldwide.
No substitute for international travelers as
Labor intensive industry efficient as airlines.
Directly dependent on some other industry
Concentration on customer satisfaction. Like tourism and corporate travelers
.High entry barriers to new player.
High wages paid to the staff. OPPURTUNITES THREATS
Percentage of people travelling in airlines is
Raising fuel costs. Increasing gradually.
Exchange rate fluctuations.
Increase in per capita income will generate
Taxes imposed by the government. More passengers to airlines.
High competitive industry because of large
Air lines can be used for cargo.
Number of players.
Large Untapped Indian market.

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Recommendation
Air India has enjoyed the unique position of being considered the National Carrier of the
country. This is in spite of the fact that there are many other Indian Carriers today who are
operating both domestic and international flights. In spite of this advantage, it is also a fact that
Air India is no more the favored airline of passengers, both Indian as also International. The
services and criteria that benchmark a favored and popular airline are perceived to be absent in
Air India. The discerning passenger who may be a corporate, businessman, tourist or civil
servant who has to spend long hours in flight looks for a comfortable, luxurious and salubrious
environment. Attentive, efficient, pleasant and courteous service from the crew on board is an
added attraction.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_jet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Charter_Service
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air
http://www.beechcraft.de/King-Air-B200.362+B6Jkw9MQ__.0.html
http://www.beechcraft.com/beechcraft/king_air_350i/specifications.aspx
http://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/aviation.html
http://www.slideshare.net/cartcause02/the-history-of-air-charter-service
http://www.aircharter.co.uk/company_history.htm
http://www.bluestarjets.com/Private-Charter-Flights-Competitors.asp
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/a-swot-analysis-of-the-aviation-industry-tourism-

essay.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_India
http://airport-authority.com/browse-IN

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APPENDIX
Private Charter Services vs. Commercial Airline Flights
1) Is flying via a private air service similar to first class fare?
Generally speaking, no. Consider the following example for private jet charter: A round trip
(JFK-MIA-JFK) in first class seating with a major airline will cost approximately $1,173.00 per
person. In comparison, a private charter round trip (JFK-MIA-JFK) in a mid-size aircraft will
cost approximately $34,000.00/entire aircraft.
2) What is the difference between private aircraft flights and commercial flights?
There are two major differences between private charter and commercial flights: cost and
flexibility. While booking a flight via jet services companies is generally more expensive, they
provide a much higher degree of flexibility. With Pentastar your charter will fly on YOUR
schedule to the domestic or international destinations of YOUR choice. Our service to both
major and general aviation airports gives you access to more than ten times as many domestic
destinations as via commercial airlines. In addition, we have international experience operating
in more than 80 countries.
3) Is it more cost efficient to charter a jet, if I am traveling with a group of 10 or 15?
Because jet charter is not priced on a per person or ticket basis, it is not likely that it would be
more cost effective for a group of 10-15 individuals to charter a jet compared with flying
commercially in coach or first class. Even if the total costs for a charter trip are split among 10
people, the cost each person would cover would still be significant.
4) What is Allowed on Flights?
How much luggage can I take? Are golf clubs allowed on private jets? Like commercial aircraft,
private jets also have weight limits with regard to the amount of luggage that can be stowed
during a trip. Items such as skis and golf clubs are allowed as long as they conform to the
dimensions and weight limits of the aircraft. These weight limits vary by aircraft type. Ask
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your charter sales rep if you have concerns about excess baggage of special items to be included
in your luggage.

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5) Are children & pets allowed on private jets?


There are no age restrictions for passengers on private jets. At Pent star, we focus first and
foremost on passenger safety. Just let us know if you are traveling with a child and well be
sure the aircraft selected for your trip will accommodate your familys needs. Domestic pets are
allowed on some aircraft. Make sure to let your rep know if you will be traveling with a pet so
we can accommodate your request. Please note that exotic animals may not be allowed,
especially on international flights.
Support & Safety
6) What level of support can I expect prior to and during my trip?
Your dedicated trip coordinator will assist you with planning every aspect of your trip.
Pentastars licensed dispatchers will provide flight following and any other necessary assistance
during your flight. Our expert Operations Control Center staff is available 24/7 to provide
support before, during or after your flight.
7) What types of aircraft are available through Pentastar Aviation Charter, Inc.?
Pentastar features a large and diverse fleet including light, mid-size and heavy jets, which can
accommodate up to 18 passengers. We also participate in a network of approved operators that
allows us to expand our available aviation resources by offering our customers an even larger
aircraft selection when necessary. See more about our Available Fleet.
8) What is Pentastar's stance on safety?
Every aspect of our operations at Pentastar Aviation and Pentastar Aviation Charter, Inc.
revolves around a steadfast commitment to safety. To ensure maximum safety for our
customers, we are IS-BAO Registered, ARGUS Platinum Rated, Wyvern Approved and have a
robust Safety Management System (SMS) and a comprehensive Emergency Response Plan
(ERP). All charter flights are tracked by FAA licensed dispatchers in our 24/7 Operation
Control Center. Pentastar meets the maximum industry safety standards.
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Private Charter Pricing
9) How much does it cost to charter a jet?
Hourly charter rates vary from about $1,200 to $8,500 depending on the type of aircraft you
require. Trip minimums are 2.0 flight hours/day. Check out our Comparative Costs to review a
breakdown of hourly rates by aircraft type. Fees for fuel surcharges, operational expenses,
catering and ground transportation will round out the cost of your trip

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