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3. Lineage
o Results from Descent through Time
o A set of organisms interconnected through time and space by the transfer of
genetic material from parents to offspring.
4. Modification
o A component of Evolution
o Refers to a change in Genetic Material that is transferred from parent/s to
offspring.
o Such Genetic Material of the offspring is different from the parent/s.
o Occurred through:
Mutation
Genetic Recombination
o Population
6. Phylogeny
o The evolutionary History or pattern of descent of a group of organisms.
o Commonly represented in a Cladogram
7. Cladogram
o A hypothesis about the lineages and their evolutionary relationships.
8. Conditions of the Species
o Pleisomorphy
o Apomorphy
o Synapomorphy
o Autopomorphy
9. History of Evolution
o Plato
o The observable world is no more than a shadowy reflection of underlying
ideals that are true and eternal for all time.
10. The Great Chain of Being
o The Deity wishing to make this world like the fairest and most perfect of
intelligible beings, framed one visible living being containing within itself all
other living beings of like nature
o -Plato11. Scale of Nature
o Formed by Aristotle from Platos ideal.
o Represents a link in the progressions from the least, to the most perfect of
creatures.
12. Charles Darwin
o Described as a man who defied his own social and religious background, not only
by espousing a radical concept, but by becoming the instrument that made it
acceptable to many of his compatriots.
13. The Galapagos Islands
o Where Darwin had a great impact on his thinking about Evolution
o Particularly Struck by:
15. Macroevolution
o The evolutionary changes at the species level and above.
16. Microevolution
o Evolution within the population of a species
17. Types of Evolution
o Divergent Evolution
o Convergent Evolution
o Parallel Evolution
18. Divergent Evolution
o
Small Scale: Responsible for the evolution of two species from a common
ancestor.
Takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits
because of a shared environment or other selection pressure.
Chlorophyll B
Thylakoids
Stacked Grana
Starch
23. Streptophyte
o Gave rise to the Land Plants
o Apomorphy
Oogamy
o Charophyte
Apomorphy: Plasmodesmata
Includes:
Coleochaete
Charales
Land Plants
Embryo/Sporophyte
Cuticle
Parenchyma
Antheridium
Archegonium
o Mosses
o Apomorphy:
Stomates
o Anthocerotae (Hormworts)
o Apomorphy:
Vascular Cambium
Cork Cambium
30. Spermatophytes
o Seed Plants, a lineage within the lignophytes
o Apomorphy:
Seed
o Once Angiosperms arose, they rapidly radiated into several, distinct lineages,
replacing gymnosperms as the dominant plant life form on earth.
33. Amborella trichopoda
o The Best hypothesis for the most basal angiosperm lineage
Lacks vessels
o aminar stamens
o Separate carpels