/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/277176663.

doc
Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP) Ref NDM
Fibre-reinforced polymers/plastics is a recently developed material for
strengthening of RC and masonry structure. This is an advanced material and
most of the development in its application in structural retrofitting has taken place
in the last two decades. It has been found to be a replacement of steel plate
bonding and is very effective in strengthening of columns by exterior wrapping.
The main advantage of FRP is its high strength to weight ratio and high corrosion
resistance. FRP plates can be 2 to 10 times stronger than steel plates, while their
weight is just 20% of that of steel. However, at present, their cost is high. FRP
composites are formed by embedding a continuous fibre matrix in a resin matrix.
The resin matrix binds the fibre together and also provides bond between
concrete and FRP.
The commonly used fibres are Carbon fibres, Glass fibres and Aramid fibres and
the commonly used resins are polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy. FRP is named
after the fibre used, e.g. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), Glass Fibre
Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), and Aramid Fibre Reinforced Polymer (AFRP).
The fibres are available in two forms
(i)
Unidirectional tow sheet, and
(ii)
(ii) Woven fabric.
The application of resin can be in-situ or in the form of prefabrication of FRP
plates and other shapes by pultrusion. The in-situ application is by wet lay-up of
a woven fabric or tow plate immersed in resin. This method is more versatile as it
can be used on any shape. On the other hand, prefabrication results in better
quality control. The manufacturers supply these materials as a package and each
brand has specific method of application, which is to be followed carefully.
Specialized firms have developed in India also, which take up the complete
execution work and supply of material. It is important to note the difference
between the properties of steel and FRP and it should be understood that FRP
cannot be treated as reinforcement in conventional RC design methods.
Table gives a typical range of properties for three types of fibres. This range may
change from one brand to another and with change in fibre content.
Table Typical Properties of GFRP, CFRP and AFRP
Unidirectional advanced composite materials
Fibre content (% by weight) Density (kg/m3) E (Long.) (GPa) Tensile strength
(MPa)
Glass fibre/ polyester
GFRP laminate
50-80 1600-2000 20-55 400-1800
Carbon/epoxy
CFRP laminate

1 of 6

/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/277176663.doc
65-75 1600-1900 120-250 1200-2250
Aramid/epoxy AFRP laminate
60-70 1050-1250 40-125 1000-1800
Figure shows the qualitative stress-strain curves for mild steel, CFRP, AFRP and
GFRP. It can be seen that not only there is drastic difference in tensile strength
and
modulus of elasticity; unlike to mild steel, FRP is elastic right up to failure. This
shows total lack of ductility in case of FRP. This brittleness of FRP must be
considered while predicting the behavior of retrofitted members. This brittleness
does not allow the redistribution of stress in RC members and therefore, the
conventional design theories are not valid for FRP reinforced concrete members.

2 of 6

/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/277176663.doc

Ref This Link

http://www.rjdindustries.com/Products/Rebar/rebar.html?
gclid=CLDetfmJxJ8CFUwwpAodiUEdIQ

3 of 6

/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/277176663.doc

Fiberglass Reinforcing Bar

Available in bar sizes 3. 4. 5. 6, and 8
Benefits of fiberglass reinforcing bar include:
CORROSION RESISTANCE will not rust and is impervious to the action of salt
ions, chemicals and the alkalinity inherent in concrete
LIGHTWEIGHT weigh approximately one-quarter the weight of an equivalent
size steel bar offering significant savings in both placement and use
ELECTROMAGNETIC NEUTRALITY contains no metal, and will not interfere
with the operation of sensitive electronic devices such as medical MRI units or
electronic testing devices
THERMAL INSULATOR highly efficient to resisting heat transfer Applications:
REINFORCED CONCRETE EXPOSED TO DEICING SALTS Parking structures.
bridge decks Jersey banners; parapets curbs. retaining walls and foundations;
roads and slabs on grade
STRUCTURES BUILT IN OR CLOSE TO SEA WATER Quays, retaining walls;
piers jetties, caissons. decks; piles: bulkheads, floating structures canals, roads
and buildings offshore platform ms: swimming pools and aquariums
APPLICATIONS SUBJECTED TO OTHER CORROSIVE AGENTS
Wastewater treatment plants, petrochemical plants, pulp paper mills. liquid gas
plants pipelines' tanks for fossil fuel, cooling towers, chimneys, mining operations
of various types, nuclear power and dump plants
APPLICATIONS REQUIRING ELECTROMAGNETIC NEUTRALITY Aluminum
and copper smelting plants; manholes for electrical and telephone
communication equipment bases for transmission telecommunication towers
airport control towers magnetic resonance imaging in hospitals railroad crossing
sites and specialized military structures.
TUNNELING / BORING APPLICATIONS Requiring Reinforcement of Temporary
Concrete Structures; Structures including mining walls underground rapid transit
structures and underground vertical shafts
WEIGHT SENSITIVE STRUCTURES Concrete construction in areas of poor load
bearing soil conditions remote geographical locations sensitive environmental
areas or active seismic sites posing special issues that the use of lightweight
reinforcement will solve

4 of 6

/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/277176663.doc
THERMALLY SENSITIVE APPLICATIONS Apartment patio decks thermally
insulated concrete housing and basements. thermally heated floors and
conditioning rooms

Just for an explanation about material

FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) Pipes
RTRP stands for reinforced thermosetting resin pipe, a composite material
consisting of a thermosetting polymer, a type of polyster reinforced with glass or
other fibers that provide strength & stiffness to a composite material. Different
types of resins used for manufacturing GRP, GRV & GRE pipes are Isophthalic
resin, Vinylester resin & Epoxy resin respectively that are selected according to
the required properties like chemical resistance, temperature resistance &
mechanical properties. The resins provide thermal & chemical properties such as
glass transition temperature, resistance to heat, chemical resistance etc. required
for finished product. The properties of GRP pipes can be varied by changing the
ratio of raw materials as well as winding angle. These pipes consist of three
layers adherent to each having different characteristics in relation to functional
requirement.
Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin
Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin
External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin
Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin
Inner Liner one is chemical resistant being in direct contact with fluid & therefore,
responsible to resist chemical corrosion as well as permeability. The internal
surface is particularly smooth to reduce the fluid head losses & also opposes the
growth of minerals & algae. Lines has two monolithic sub layers. Inner in contact
with fluid is reinforced with glass veil with a resin content 90 %, outer reinforced
with CSM glass with resin content 70 % by weight. The standard liner thickness
is about 0.5 to 1.5 mm.
Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin
Glass Reinforced layers guarantee the mechanical resistance of the whole pipe
against stresses due to internal & external pressure, external loads as well as
thermal loads. For GRP / GRV pipes, the layer is obtained by applying on the
previous partly cured liner continuous riving of glass wetted with resin under
controlled tension. For GRE pipes, the structural wall is wound directly on a wet
liner. The layer can contain aggregates like silica sand if allowed by

5 of 6

/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/277176663.doc
specifications while thickness depends on design conditions.
External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin
Topcoat or external liner is the outer layer of pipe consisting of pure resin. UV
protectors may be added if so required to protect the pipe from solar exposure. In
case of severe exposure condition like aggressive soils or very corrosive
environment, the external liner can be reinforced with a surfing veil or added with
filters or pigments.
Fiberglass composites consist of glass fiber reinforcements, thermosetting
resins & additives designed & processed to meet specific functional performance
criteria.
Amount, type & orientation of glass fibers in pipe provides mechanical strength.
C Glass, E glass & ECR / Advantex glass are used commonly depending on pipe
application. Various forms of glass reinforcements are surface veil, chopped
strand mat (CSM), chopped roving, filament roving & woven roving (WR).
Raw materials like catalyst, accelerators, inhibitors, aggregates & pigments are
used together with resin & glass reinforcements to achieve desired properties of
fiber glass product. Catalyst is an organic compound which when added to resin
in presence of an accelerator determines the polymerization reaction at ambient
temperature. Acceletor is a chemical compound used together with a catalyst to
shorten the polymerization time. Inhibitor is added to the resin to reduce reactivity
at ambient temperature.
There are two manufacturing processes Dual helical filament winding process &
the other being Continuous winding process (Drostholm)

6 of 6