Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AC 26/02/2015
&
Contents
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3
3
3
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
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8
9
9
11
11
11
14
14
16
16
17
19
19
20
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21
21
21
23
23
23
23
24
24
University of Mumbai
CHC603
3 Condenser Design
3.1 HTC in Vertical condenser . . . . . . . . .
3.2 HTC in Horizontal Condenser . . . . . . .
3.3 Condensation with subcooling . . . . . . .
3.4 Condensation with desuperheating . . . .
3.5 Condensation in vertical tubes with vapour
3.6 Condensation outside horizontal tubes . .
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27
27
27
28
28
29
29
4 Reboiler Design
4.1 Nucleate Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 The Forster-Zuber correlation . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2 The Mostinski correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3 The Cooper correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.4 The Stephan-Abdelsalam correlation . . . . . . . .
4.1.5 Boiling mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6 Convective effects in tube bundles . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Critical heat flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Mostinski correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Two Phase Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 Pressure drop correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Convective Boiling in Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Heat transfer coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 Critical heat flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Film Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Heat transfer coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 Design equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.1 Number of nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.2 Shell diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Frictional losses in pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.1 Friction factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.2 Pressure drop in pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.3 Maximum gas/vapour velocity in tubes . . . . . . .
4.7.4 Maximum velocity of liquids in tubes . . . . . . . .
4.7.5 Maximum velocity of two-phase flow in tubes/pipe
4.8 Design of Vertical Thermosyphon Reboiler . . . . . . . . .
4.8.1 Pressure balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8.2 Sensible heating zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8.3 Mist flow limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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31
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
37
37
38
38
38
39
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
43
II
Data Sheet
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
downflow
. . . . . .
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45
iv
Part I
Formulae, graphs and tables
Chapter 1
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
1.1
1.1.1
(1.1)
(1.2)
Correction factor
For one shell pass and two or more even tube passes shell and tube heat exchanger,
p
1
S
(R2 + 1)ln
1 RS
Ft =
p
2
2 S R + 1 (R + 1)
(R 1) ln
p
2
2 S R + 1 + (R + 1)
(1.3)
where,
Tin Tout
tout tin
tout tin
S=
Tin tin
R=
T
t
Th
Tc
=
=
=
=
(1.4)
(1.5)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
University of Mumbai
CHC603
University of Mumbai
CHC603
1.2
(1.6)
(1.7)
(1.8)
for Re 2100
1.3
(1.9)
where,
jH =
lB
Ds
de
ho de 1/3
Pr
(/w )0.14
k
= baffle spacing
= shell ID
= equivalent diameter
6
(1.10)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
Gs de
m
s
Gs =
As
(pt do ) Ds lB
As =
pt
Re =
(1.11)
(1.12)
(1.13)
1.27 2
pt 0.785d2o
do
(1.14)
1.4
1.10 2
pt 0.917d2o
do
hoc
Fn
Fw
Fb
FL
(1.15)
(1.16)
= heat transfer coefficient calculated for cross-flow over an ideal tube bank,
no leakage or bypassing.
= correction factor to allow for the effect of the number of vertical tube rows,
= window effect correction factor,
= bypass stream correction factor,
= leakage correction factor.
1.4.1
1.4.2
0.14
(1.17)
1.4.3
The correction factor is shown in Figure 12.33 plotted versus Rw , the ratio of the number of
tubes in the window zones to the total number in the bundle. For Rw refer section 1.5.8
7
University of Mumbai
1.4.4
CHC603
Ab
As
2Ns
Ncv
1/3 !#
(1.18)
where,
Ab
As
Ns
Ncv
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.4.5
Atb + 2Asb
AL
(1.19)
where,
L
Atb
Asb
AL
=
=
=
=
1.5
1.5.1
(1.20)
University of Mumbai
1.5.2
CHC603
0.14
(1.21)
where,
Ncv = number of tube rows crossed (in the cross-flow region),
us = shell side velocity, based on the clearance area at the bundle equator,
jt
= friction factor obtained from Figure 12.36, at the appropriate Reynolds number,
Re = (us do /).
1.5.3
The correction factor is calculated from the equation used to calculate the bypass correction
factor for heat transfer, equation (1.18) but with the following values for the constant ,
where,
= 5 for laminar flow, Re < 100,
= 4 for transitional and turbulent flow Re > 100
The correction factor for exchangers without sealing strips is shown in Figure 12.37.
9
University of Mumbai
CHC603
10
University of Mumbai
CHC603
1.5.4
The factor is calculated using the equation for the heat-transfer leakage-correction factor,
with the values for the coefficient L taken from Figure 12.38.
1.5.5
u2z
2
(1.22)
where
uz
uw
Ws
Nwv
1.5.6
Nwv + Ncv
Fb0
Ncv
11
(1.23)
12
CHC603
University of Mumbai
Heat Exchanger Data Book
University of Mumbai
CHC603
13
University of Mumbai
1.5.7
CHC603
where, Nb =
L
lB
L
lB
1.5.8
(1.25)
Hb =
Hc =
Hb =
Bb =
b =
Db =
Ds =
p0t =
p0t =
(1.24)
(1.26)
(1.27)
A
14
University of Mumbai
CHC603
(1.28)
where, Ra0 is the ratio of the bundle cross-sectional area in the window zone to the total bundle
cross-sectional area, Ra0 can be obtained from Figure 12.41, for the appropriate bundle cut,
Bb .
University of Mumbai
CHC603
(1.29)
(1.30)
(1.31)
ct do
(Nt Nw )
2
(1.32)
where ct is the diametrical tube-to-baffle clearance; the difference between the hole and tube
diameter, typically 0.8 mm.
cs D s
(2 b )
(1.33)
Asb =
2
where cs is the baffle-to-shell clearance, see Figure 1.2.
b can be obtained from Figure 12.41, for the appropriate baffle cut, Bc
Ab = lB (Ds Db )
1.6
(1.34)
Wills-Johnston Method
1.6.1
(1.35)
where,
Ds
B
Dot
Np
p
=
=
=
=
=
Shell ID
central baffle spacing
outer tube limit diameter
number of tube pass partitions aligned with the cross-flow direction
pass partition clearance
(1.36)
Ss = Ds sb
(1.37)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
SBW =
2
( ot + sin ot )
BDot
BNp p
4Ds (1 2Bc )
(1.38)
where,
Ds (1 2Bc )
ot = 2 cos
Dot
Here, Bc is the fractional baffle cut and ot is expressed in radians.
1
1.6.2
(1.39)
Flow resistances
The cross-flow resistance The cross-flow resistance is given by the following equation
b
3 m
B Do
4aDo Ds Dv (1 2Bc ) (PT Do )
SBW
B =
(1.40)
2
2gc SBW
s
m
B
x o
=
(1.41)
m
o
y B
where
a= 0.061, b= 0.088
a = 0.450, b = 0.267
1 PT2 Do2
Do
= 1.273 for square and rotated-square pitch
= 1.103 for triangular pitch
Dv =
The bypass flow resistance The bypass flow resistance is computed as follows:
0.025
m
o De
1 2Bc
+ 2Nss
0.3164Ds
2 PT
Sbp
CF =
2
2gc Sbp
s
x o
m
CF
=
m
o
y CF
(1.42)
(1.43)
(1.44)
where
Nss = number of pairs of sealing strips
2 = 1.0 for square pitch
= 1.414 for rotated-square pitch
= 1.732 for triangular pitch
De = equivalent diameter for the bypass flow
2Sbp
Ds Dotl + 2B + Np (B + p )
y = w + x
1
x =
2
1 + 1
B
CF
De =
17
(1.45)
(1.46)
(1.47)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
The tube-to-baffle leakage flow resistance The flow resistance for the tube-to-baffle
leakage stream is given by the following equation,
A =
(1.48)
o
A
(1.49)
where, m
o is total mass flow.
The shell-to-baffle leakage flow resistance The flow resistance for the shell-to-baffle
leakage stream is given by an equation,
0.036Bt /sb + 2.3 (Bt /sb )0.177
E =
2gc Ss2
m
E
=
m
o
o
E
(1.50)
(1.51)
(1.52)
o
y
(1.53)
Inlet and outlet baffle spaces The cross-flow resistance in the end spaces is estimated
by the following equation
e = 0.5x
B
Be
2
Dotl
1+
Ds (1 2Bc )
(1.54)
the end baffle spaces. The flow resistance in the end windows is calculated as follows
we =
(1.55)
The pressure drop in the inlet or outlet baffle space is then given by:
Pe = e m
2e + 0.5we m
2w
j = A, B, CF, E
Pj = j m
2j
18
(1.56)
(1.57)
University of Mumbai
1.6.3
CHC603
where,
nb
= number of baffles.
Pin , Pout = the pressure drops in the inlet and outlet baffle spaces.
Pn
= the pressure drops in the nozzles.
1.7
Fouling factor
Fluid
River water
Sea water
Cooling water (towers)
Towns water (soft)
Towns water (hard)
Steam condensate
Steam (oil free)
Steam (oil traces)
Refrigerated brine
Air and industrial gases
Flue gases
Organic vapors
Organic liquids
Light hydrocarbons
Heavy hydrocarbons
Boiling organics
Condensing organics
Heat transfer fluids
Aqueous salt solutions
Coefficient (W.m-2.C-1)
3000-12,000
1000-3000
3000-6000
3000-5000
1000-2000
1500-5000
4000- 10,000
2000-5000
3000-5000
5000-10,000
2000-5000
5000
5000
5000
2000
2500
5000
5000
3000-5000
Resistance (m2.C.W-1)
0.0003-0.0001
0.001-0.0003
0.0003-0.00017
0.0003-0.0002
0.001-0.0005
0.00067-0.0002
0.0025-0.0001
0.0005-0.0002
0.0003-0.0002
0.0002-0.000-1
0.0005-0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003-0.0002
19
(1.58)
University of Mumbai
1.8
CHC603
Tube data
Outside diameter
inch
inch
mm
BWG
inch
mm
1
4
0.250
6.350
0.165
4.191
3
8
0.375
9.525
0.148
3.759
1
2
0.500
12.700
10
0.134
3.404
5
8
0.625
15.875
12
0.109
2.769
3
4
0.750
19.050
14
0.083
2.108
7
8
0.875
22.225
16
0.065
1.651
1.000
25.400
18
0.049
1.245
1 41
1.250
31.750
20
0.035
0.889
1 21
1.500
38.100
22
0.028
0.711
2.000
50.800
24
0.022
0.559
20
Wall thickness
Chapter 2
Plate Heat Exchanger
2.1
Plate
2.2
(m/n
c)
up =
Af
21
0.14
(2.1)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
University of Mumbai
2.2.1
CHC603
(2.2)
Tm = Ft Tlm
(2.3)
NT U =
Corrected mean temperature difference,
2.2.2
Correction factor, Ft
Figure 2.2: Log mean temperature correction factor for plate heat exchangers
2.3
2.3.1
Pressure drop
Pressure drop in flow through plates
Pp = 8jf
Lp
de
u2p
2
(2.4)
University of Mumbai
2.3.2
CHC603
(2.5)
NP = number of passes,
d2pt
m
Plate sizes
B
L2
PP
2.4
24
University of Mumbai
Plate
No.
PL01
PL02
PL03
PL04
PL05
PL06
PL07
PL08
PL09
PL10
PL11
PL12
PL13
PL14
PL15
PL16
PL17
PL18
PL19
PL20
PL21
PL22
PL23
PL24
PL25
PL26
PL27
PL28
PL30
PL31
PL32
PL33
PL34
PL33
Max
Pressure
bar
16
16
16
16
25
25
25
25
25
16
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
CHC603
mm
460
800
837
1066
470
765
733
933
1182
1080
1160
1332
1579
1826
2320
1470
1835
2200
1470
1835
2200
2687
1380
1740
2100
2460
1930
2320
2710
3100
2500
2855
3211
3567
mm
160
160
310
310
185
185
310
310
310
440
480
480
480
480
480
620
620
620
620
620
620
620
760
760
760
760
980
980
980
980
1370
1370
1370
1370
mm
336
675
590
819
381
676
494
694
894
650
719
894
1141
1388
1882
941
1306
1671
941
1306
1671
2157
770
1130
1490
1850
1100
1490
1879
2267
1466
1822
2178
2534
mm
65
65
135
135
70
70
126
126
126
202
225
225
225
225
225
290
290
290
290
290
290
290
395
395
395
395
480
480
480
480
672
672
672
672
25
mm
85
85
132
132
45
45
128
128
128
200
204
204
204
204
204
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
285
285
285
285
365
365
365
365
480
480
480
480
mm
150 600
150 600
250 1000
250 1000
250 1000
250 1000
250 1000
250 1000
250 1000
500 2500
500 2500
500 3000
500 3000
500 3000
500 3000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
500 4000
1780 5280
1780 5280
1780 5280
1780 5280
1980 5980
1980 5980
1980 5980
1980 5980
PP
mm
pcs. 2.4
pcs. 2.4
pcs. 2.4
pcs. 2.4
pcs. 2.7
pcs. 2.7
pcs. 2.9
pcs. 2.9
pcs. 2.9
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.5
pcs. 3.5
pcs. 3.5
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.1
pcs. 3.8
pcs. 3.8
pcs. 3.8
pcs. 3.8
pcs. 4.1
pcs. 4.1
pcs. 4.1
pcs. 4.1
Port
size
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
DN80
DN100
DN100
DN100
DN100
DN100
DN150
DN150
DN150
DN150
DN150
DN150
DN150
DN200
DN200
DN200
DN200
DN300
DN300
DN300
DN300
DN500
DN500
DN500
DN500
University of Mumbai
CHC603
NB
DN
Outside
Diameter
OD
(inches)
mm
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6
8
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0.405
0.54
0.675
0.84
1.05
1.315
1.66
1.9
2.375
2.875
3.5
4.5
6.625
8.625
10.75
12.75
14
16
18
20
0.0680
0.0880
0.0910
0.1090
0.1130
0.1330
0.1400
0.1450
0.1540
0.2030
0.2160
0.2370
0.2800
0.3220
0.3650
0.4060
0.4380
0.5000
0.5620
0.5940
0.2690
0.3640
0.4930
0.6220
0.8240
1.0490
1.3800
1.6100
2.0670
2.4690
3.0680
4.0260
6.0650
7.9810
10.0200
11.9380
13.1240
15.0000
16.8760
18.8120
Pipe Size
26
Wall
Inside
Thickness Diameter
-tID
Chapter 3
Condenser Design
3.1
Heat transfer coefficient for condensation on vertical tubes is given by Nusselt theory,
k 3 L (L v ) g
h = 1.47 L
2L Re
1/3
for Re 30
(3.1)
for 30 Re 1600
(3.2)
(3.3)
1/3
Re [kL3 L (L v ) g/2L ]
1.08Re1.22 5.2
1/3
Re [kL3 L (L v ) g/2L ]
h=
8750 + 58P rL0.5 (Re0.75 253)
h=
Re =
where
=
3.2
4
L
nt D
Heat transfer coefficient for condensation on horizontal single tube or a single row of tubes is
given by Nusselt theory,
kL3 L (L v ) g
h = 1.52
2L Re
1/3
for Re 3200
Re =
where
=
kL
L
v
4
L
nt L
(3.4)
University of Mumbai
L
m
nt
L
=
=
=
=
CHC603
(3.5)
1/6
Nr
for circular tube bundles used in shell-and-tube condensers,
3
1/3
kL L (L v ) g
h = 1.52
4L
(3.6)
where,
=
2/3
nt L
3.3
(3.7)
hN u
P rL
for P rL 0.6
(3.8)
where,
CpL L
kL
CpL (Tsat Tw )
=
P rL =
where
hN u
Tsat
Tw
=
=
=
=
3.4
where
hN u
Cpv
Tsat
Tv
=
=
=
=
=
(3.9)
University of Mumbai
3.5
CHC603
(3.10)
where
x
= vapour weight fraction
hLo = heat-transfer coefficient for total flow as liquid
3.6
29
Chapter 4
Reboiler Design
4.1
Nucleate Boiling
4.1.1
0.25
0.75
kL0.79 CpL0.45 0.49
Te0.24 Psat
L gc
= 0.00122
0.5 L0.29 0.24 0.24
v
(4.1)
where,
hnb
kL
CpL
L
L
gc
Te
Tw
Tsat
Psat
Psat (T )
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Any consistent set of units can be used with Equation - 4.1, including the English and SI
units shown above.
4.1.2
In English unit,
hnb = 0.00622Pc0.69 q0.7 F p
where,
hnb
Pc
q
Fp
=
=
=
=
(4.2)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
In SI units,
hnb = 0.00417Pc0.69 q0.7 F p
(4.3)
where,
hnb
Pc
q
(4.4)
4.1.3
(4.5)
(4.6)
4.1.4
where,
dB
c
g
gc
=
=
=
=
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
(4.10)
(4.11)
(4.12)
University of Mumbai
L
q
kL
Tsat
L , v
1 Btu
CHC603
R (K)
lbf/ft (N/m)
lbm/ft3 (kg/m3 )
ftlbf/lbm (J/kg)
778 ftlbf
4.1.5
Contact angle (c ) in
45
35
35
1
(4.13)
Boiling mixtures
The coefficient, hideal , is an average of the pure component values that is calculated as follows:
#
" n
X xi
(4.14)
hideal =
h
nb,i
i=1
where hnb,i is the heat-transfer coefficient for pure component i. So heat transfer coefficient
for mixture is,
hnb
1
BR hideal
q
= hideal 1 +
1 exp
q
L
(4.15)
where
BR
TD
TB
=
=
=
=
4.1.6
TD TB = boiling range
dew-point temperature
bubble-point temperature
0.0003 m/s (SI units) = 3.54 ft/h (English units)
(4.16)
where hnc is a heat-transfer coefficient for liquid-phase natural convection and Fb is a factor
that accounts for the effect of the thermosyphon-type circulation in the tube bundle. The
33
University of Mumbai
CHC603
bundle convection factor is correlated in terms of bundle geometry by the following empirical
equation,
0.75
0.785Db
1.0
(4.17)
Fb = 1.0 + 0.1
C1 (PT /Do )2 Do
where,
Db
Do
PT
C1
=
=
=
=
=
For larger temperature differences, therefore, Palen suggests using a rough approximation
for hnc of 250 W/m2 K (44 Btu/h ft2 F) for hydrocarbons and 1000 W/m2 K (176 Btu/h
ft2 F) for water and aqueous solutions.
4.2
The equation for critical heat flux is generally used in the following form:
4.2.1
(4.18)
Mostinski correlation
(4.19)
(4.20)
(4.21)
where
qc,bundle = critical heat flux for tube bundle
qc,tube = critical heat flux for a single tube
b
= bundle correction factor
= 3.1b
for b < 1.0/3.1
= 0.323
= 1.0 otherwise
b
Db
A
Do
L
nt
=
=
=
=
=
Db L
A
bundle diameter
bundle surface area = nt Do L for plain tubes
tube OD
tube length
number of tubes in bundle
34
University of Mumbai
4.3
4.3.1
CHC603
(4.22)
where
2L
(Pf /L)L
(Pf /L)tp
= two-phase multiplier
= negative pressure gradient for liquid alone
= negative two-phase pressure gradient
1
C
+ 2
X X
(4.24)
The constant, C, depends on whether the flow in each phase is laminar or turbulent, as shown
in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Values of the Constant in Equation 4.24
Liquid
Vapour
Notation
ReL
ReV
C
Turbulent
Turbulent
tt
> 2000 > 2000 20
Viscous (laminar) Turbulent
vt
< 1000 > 2000 12
Turbulent
Viscous (laminar)
tv
> 2000 < 1000 10
Viscous (laminar) Viscous (laminar)
vv
< 1000 < 1000 5
For the turbulent-turbulent case,
0.9 0.5 0.1
v
L
1x
Xtt =
x
L
v
(4.25)
(4.26)
University of Mumbai
2LO
(Pf /L)LO
(Pf /L)tp
CHC603
= two-phase multiplier
= negative pressure gradient for liquid alone
= negative two-phase pressure gradient
L
v
0.5
v
L
(4.27)
n/2
where n = 0.2314
For English unit with G in units of lbm/h f t2 :
B = 1500/ G
= 14250/ Y G
= 399000/ Y 2 G
(4.28)
(0 < Y 9.5)
(9.5 < Y 28)
(4.29)
(Y > 28)
3.24F H
Fr
We0.035
0.045
(4.30)
where,
E = (1 x)2 + x2 (v /L )0.2314 (L /v )
F = x0.78 (1 x)0.24
H = (L /v )0.91 (v /L )0.19 (1 v /L )0.7
G2
Fr =
= Froude numbar
gDi 2tp
G2 Di
We =
= Weber number
gc tp
Di = internal diameter of conduit
tp = two-phase density
For the purpose of this correlation, the two-phase density is calculated as follows:
tp = [x/v + (1 x) /L ]1
where, x is vapour mass fraction.
36
(4.31)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
Slip ratio,
r
SR =
L
tp
(4.32)
x
x + SR (1 x) v /L
(4.33)
(4.34)
The M
uller-Steinhagen and Heck(MSH) correlation
The correlation is reformulated in the Chisholm format of Equation 4.26 with the two-phase
multiplier given by the following equation:
2LO = Y 2 x3 + 1 + 2x Y 2 1 (1 x)1/3
(4.35)
where x is the vapor mass fraction and Y is the Chisholm parameter (equation 4.28).
4.4
4.4.1
(4.36)
where
hb
hnb
SCH
Fx
Re
(4.37)
whereas convective heat transfer coefficient, hL , can be calculated using Dittus-Boelter equation,
0.4
hL = 0.023 (kL /Di ) Re0.8
(4.38)
L P rL
37
University of Mumbai
4.4.2
CHC603
The following simple correlation for vertical thermosyphon reboilers was given by Palen
0.35 0.61 0.25
qc = 16070 D2 /L
Pc P r (1 P r)
English Unit
(4.39)
0.35
qc = 23660 D2 /L
Pc0.61 P r0.25 (1 P r)
SI units
(4.40)
where
qc
D
L
Pr
Pc
=
=
=
=
=
GD
L
2L
gc DL
1.58
(L v ) gD2
gc
1.05
L
v
6.41
(4.42)
The correlation cover the ranges 5.3 D 19.1 mm, 700 G 8100 kg/sm2 , 13 L /v
21.
4.5
4.5.1
Film Boiling
Heat transfer coefficient
A combined heat-transfer coefficient, ht , for both convection and radiation can be calculated
from the following equation:
4/3
4/3
1/3
ht = hf b + hr ht
(4.43)
For saturated film boiling on the outside of a single horizontal tube,
0.25
gv (L v ) Do3 ( + 0.76Cp,v Te )
hf b Do
= 0.62
kv
kv v Te
(4.44)
Here, Do is the tube OD. hr is the radiative heat-transfer coefficient calculated from the
following equation:
4
SB (Tw4 Tsat
)
hr =
(4.45)
Tw Tsat
where,
(4.46)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
4.6
Design equations
4.6.1
Number of nozzles
For a tube bundle of length L and diameter Db , the number, Nn , of nozzle pairs (feed and
return) is determined from the following empirical equation,
L
5Db
Nn =
4.6.2
(4.47)
Shell diameter
Vapour loading,
VL = 2290v
L v
0.5
(4.48)
where
VL
v , L
The dome segment area, SA, is calculated from the vapour loading as follows:
SA =
m
V
L VL
(4.49)
SA =
(4.50)
(4.51)
where, Ds Shell ID and h is height of the segment. When segment exceeds semicircle the
segment area is area of circle minus area of segment whose height in the circle diameter minus
height of the given segment.
4.7
4.7.1
Reynolds number
NRe =
dv
16
NRe
39
University of Mumbai
CHC603
p
1
p
= 2.5 ln NRe f /8 + 1.75
f /2
B. For Commercial pipes (Turbulent)
i) Colebrook equation
1
= 2 log
4f
D
2
+ 1.74
4.7.2
4.7.3
(4.52)
1440
vmax =
PM
(4.53)
in SI units,
where,
vmax = maximum velocity, ft/s (m/s)
P
= gas pressure, psia(kPa)
M = molecular weight of gas
Multiply equation (4.52) or (4.53) with 1.5 for stainless steel and 0.6 for copper tube.
4.7.4
i. Maximum recommended velocity of water in plain carbon steel tube is 10 ft/s (3 m/s).
ii. Multiply above value with 1.5 for stainless steel and 0.6 for copper tube.
p
iii. Multiply above value with the factor (water /liquid ) if liquid is other than water.
40
University of Mumbai
4.7.5
CHC603
English unit,
s
vmax =
4000
tp
(4.54)
5924
tp
(4.55)
SI unit,
s
vmax =
4.8
4.8.1
Pressure balance
PB PA = L (g/gc ) (zA zB ) 4f
Lin
Din
G2in
2L
(4.56)
LBC
Dt
G2t
2L
(4.57)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
(4.58)
(4.59)
(4.60)
(4.61)
Fair recommends calculating tp at a vapour weight fraction equal to one-thirds the value at
the reboiler exit using equation (4.34). where,
=
L x2e
(1 xe )2
+
1
1 v,e
v v,e
In this equation, xe and v,e are the vapour mass fraction and the void fraction at the reboiler
exit.
Fair recommends calculating 2LO at a vapour weight fraction equal to two-thirds the value
at the reboiler exit.
PA PD =
L
2L Dex
(4.62)
In this equation, the subscript ex designates conditions in the exit line from the reboiler.
The relationship between the circulation rate and the exit vapour fraction in the reboiler
in SI units is,
1.234Dt5 L (g/gc ) (L LAC tp LCD )
"
#
m
2i =
4
Dt
1
2D
(
+
1)
t
2
Dex
nt
5
5
Dt
Dt
ft
2 + fex Lex 2
+
f
L
L
+
L
in
in
BC
CD
LO,ex
LO
2
Din
nt
Dex
(4.63)
where,
m
i
nt
4.8.2
(4.64)
(4.65)
University of Mumbai
CHC603
LBC
=
LBC + LCD
(T /P )sat
(T /L)
(T /P )sat
(P/L)
(4.66)
(4.67)
nt Do UD Tm
m
i CpL
(4.68)
Here, UD and Tm are the overall coefficient and mean driving force, respectively, for the
sensible heating zone.
4.8.3
(lbm/h f t2 )
(kg/s m2 )
********************
43
(4.69)
(4.70)
Part II
Data Sheet
45
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Company:
Location:
Service of Unit:
Item No.:
Date:
Size
Surf/unit(eff.)
Rev No.:
mm
Fluid allocation
Fluid name
Fluid quantity, Total
Vapor (In/Out)
Liquid
Noncondensable
Temperature (In/Out)
Dew / Bubble point
Density
Viscosity
Molecular wt, Vap
Molecular wt, NC
Specific heat
Thermal conductivity
Latent heat
Pressure
Velocity
Pressure drop, allow./calc.
Fouling resist. (min)
Heat exchanged
Transfer rate, Service
Prepared by:
Job No.:
Type
Connected in
parallel
Shells/unit
Surf/shell (eff.)
m2
PERFORMANCE OF ONE UNIT
Shell Side
series
m2
Tube Side
kg/h
kg/h
kg/h
kg/h
C
C
kg/m3
cp
kJ/(kg*C)
W/(m*K)
kJ/kg
mmH2O(g)
m/s
mmH2O
m2*K/W
kcal/h
Dirty
CONSTRUCTION OF ONE SHELL
Shell Side
kgf/cm2
C
Design/Test pressure
Design temperature
Number passes per shell
Corrosion allowance
mm
Connections
In
Size/rating
Out
mm
Intermediate
Tube No.
OD
Tube type
Shell
ID
Channel or bonnet
Tubesheet-stationary
Floating head cover
Baffle-crossing
Baffle-long
Supports-tube
Bypass seal
Expansion joint
RhoV2-Inlet nozzle
Gaskets - Shell side
Floating head
Code requirements
Weight/Shell
Remarks
Tks-
MTD corrected
Clean
C
W/(m2*K)
Sketch
Tube Side
avg
mm
Length
mm
Pitch
Material
Tube pattern
OD
mm
Shell cover
Channel cover
Tubesheet-floating
Impingement protection
Type
Cut(%d)
Spacing: c/c
Seal type
Inlet
U-bend
Type
Tube-tubesheet joint
groove/expand
Type
Bundle entrance
Bundle exit
Tube Side
TEMA class
Bundle
mm
mm
mm
kg/(m*s2)
kg
Company
PO No.:
Doc. No.:
Engineering contractor
Page 1 of
Customer:
Project:
Location:
Item No.:
Service:
Vendor:
Order/enq. No.:
Model:
Serial No.:
01 CASE
HOT SIDE
COLD SIDE
02 Fluid
03 Total flow
(kg/s)
(kg/s)
( C)
( C)
[kPa (ga)]
(kPa)
( C)
10 Fouling margin a
(%)
11 OPERATING DATA
12 Liquid flow
13 Vapour flow
14 Non-condensables flow
15 Operating temperature
16 Operating pressure
INLET
OUTLET
INLET
OUTLET
(kg/s)
(kg/s)
(kg/s)
( C)
[kPa (ga)]
17 LIQUID PROPERTIES
18 Density
19 Specific heat capacity
20 Dynamic viscosity
21 Thermal conductivity
22 Surface tension
(kg/m3)
(kJ/kgK)
(mPas)
(W/mK)
(N/m)
23 VAPOUR PROPERTIES
24 Density
25 Specific heat capacity
26 Dynamic viscosity
27 Thermal conductivity
28 Relative molecular mass
29 Relative molecular mass,
non-condensables
30 Dew point/bubble point
31 Solids maximum size
32 Solids concentration (% volume)
33 Latent heat
34 Critical pressure
35 Critical temperature
36
(kg/m3)
(kJ/kgK)
(mPas)
(W/mK)
(kg/kmol)
(kg/kmol)
( C)
(mm)
(kJ/kg)
[kPa (abs)]
( C)
(kW)
(W/m2K)
( C)
(m2)
(W/m2K)
Rev. No.
Revision
Clean condition:
Service:
/
Date
Prepared by
Reviewed by