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Norodom Sihanouk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Norodom Sihanouk (Khmer: ; 31 October


1922 15 October 2012) was the King of Cambodia, who
reigned from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004.
Sihanouk became the King of Cambodia in 1941 and after
the Second World War, he campaigned for the independence
of Cambodia from French rule. Cambodia subsequently
became an independent state in 1953. In 1955, Sihanouk
abdicated the throne in favour of his father, Norodom
Suramarit and went on to form the Sangkum, a political
organisation. Sihanouk led the Sangkum to win the 1955
general elections, and became the Prime Minister of
Cambodia. When Suramarit died in 1960, Sihanouk
introduced a constitutional amendment which made him as
the Head of State of Cambodia, a position which he held until
his overthrow in 1970 by Lon Nol and Sisowath Sirik Matak.
A new regime, the Khmer Republic was instituted after
Sihanouk's ouster as the Head of State.
Sihanouk went into exile in China and North Korea and went
on to form a government in exile, known as the Royal
Government of the National Union of Kampuchea (GRUNK)
and a resistance movement, the National United Front of
Kampuchea. As the leader of GRUNK, Sihanouk lent his
support to the Khmer Rouge which led to their victory
against the Khmer Republic in April 1975. Sihanouk
subsequently returned to Cambodia and made the figurehead
Head of State of Democratic Kampuchea by the Khmer
Rouge. When Sihanouk resigned from his position in 1976,
he was placed under house arrest until 1979, when
Vietnamese forces overthrew the Khmer Rouge. Sihanouk
went into exile again, and in 1981 formed FUNCINPEC, a
resistance front headed by him. The following year in 1982,
the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
(CGDK) was formed which brought together the three
anti-Vietnamese resistance factions consisting of
FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge and KPNLF. Sihanouk was
appointed as the President of the CGDK.
In the late 1980s, informal talks were mediated by the foreign
ministers of Indonesia and Australia to end hostilities
between the PRK and resistance factions under the CGDK. A
transitional body to oversee Cambodian affairs, the Supreme
National Council of Cambodia was formed in 1990 which
saw Sihanouk appointed as its President. The following year
in 1991, peace accords were signed which led to the creation
of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

Norodom Sihanouk

King of Cambodia
Reign

24 April 1941 3 March 1955

Coronation

3 May 1941

Predecessor

Sisowath Monivong

Successor

Norodom Suramarit

Prime Ministers See list


Reign

24 September 1993 7 October


2004

Coronation

24 September 1993

Predecessor

Chea Sim (Regent)

Successor

Norodom Sihamoni

Prime Ministers See list


Spouse

Norodom Monineath
(19522012)

See list
Issue

14 children

Full name
Preah Karuna Preah Bat Smdach Preah
Norodom Sihanouk Preahmhaviraksat
House

House of Norodom

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(UNTAC). The UNTAC organised general elections in 1993,


which led to the formation of a coalition government jointly
led by his son Norodom Ranariddh and Hun Sen. Sihanouk
was reinstated as the Head of State of Cambodia in June
1993. When a permanent constitution was promolugated in
September 1993, Sihanouk was made the King of Cambodia
for a second time. In 2004, Sihanouk abdicated for a second
time in favour of another son, Norodom Sihamoni who
succeeded him as King. Sihanouk subsequently became
known as the King-Father until his death in 2012. During his
lifetime, Sihanouk was also known for producing many films
and musical works.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk

Father

Norodom Suramarit

Mother

Sisowath Kossamak

Born

31 October 1922
Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Died

15 October 2012 (aged 89)


Beijing, China

Religion

Theravada Buddhism

Signature

Norodom Sihanouk

Contents
1 Early life and first reign
2 Sangkum era
2.1 Premiership (19551960)
2.2 Head of State (19601970)
3 Deposition, GRUNK and Khmer Rouge years
4 FUNCINPEC and CGDK years
5 UNTAC administration era
6 Second reign
7 Abdication and final years
8 Death and funeral
9 Artistic works
9.1 Filmography
9.2 Musical works
10 Titles and styles
11 Personal life
11.1 Health
11.2 Family
11.3 Ancestry
12 References
13 Bibliography
13.1 Books
13.2 Reports

1st Prime Minister of Cambodia


In office
17 November 1961 13 February 1962
Preceded by Penn Nouth
Succeeded by Nhiek Tioulong (acting)
In office
10 July 1958 19 April 1960
Preceded by Sim Var
Succeeded by Pho Proeung
In office
9 April 1957 7 July 1957
Norodom Suramarit

Early life and first reign

Monarch

Sihanouk was the only child born of the union between


Norodom Suramarit and Sisowath Kossamak.[1] He received
his primary education at the Francois Baudoin school and
Nuon Moniram school, and subsequently pursued his
secondary education in Saigon at Lyce Chasseloup

Succeeded by Sim Var

Preceded by Sam Yun

In office
15 September 1956 15 October 1956
Monarch

Norodom Suramarit

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Laubat.[2] When his maternal grandfather, Sisowath


Monivong died on 23 April 1941, the Crown Council
appointed Prince Sihanouk as King of Cambodia the
following day.[3] Sihanouk was officially crowned on 3 May
1941.[4] During the Japanese occupation of Cambodia,
Sihanouk dedicated most of his time to sports, filming and
the occasional tour to the countryside.[5] In March 1945, the
Japanese military which had occupied Cambodia from
August 1941 dissolved the nominal French colonial
administration. Under pressure from the Japanese, Sihanouk
proclaimed Cambodia's independence[6] and also assumed
the position of Prime Minister at the same time.[7]
As the Prime Minister, Sihanouk revoked a decree issued by
the last resident superior of Cambodia, Georges Gautier to
romanise the Khmer alphabet.[8] Following the surrender of
Japan in August 1945, nationalist forces loyal to Son Ngoc
Thanh launched a coup which led to Thanh being appointed
as the Prime Minister.[9] When the French returned to
Cambodia in October 1945, Thanh was deposed from his
position and was replaced by Sihanouk's uncle Sisowath
Monireth.[10] Monireth negotiated for greater autonomy of
internal affairs within Cambodia. A Modus Vivendi was
signed in January 1946 whereby Cambodia was granted full
autonomy within the French Union.[11] A joint FrenchCambodian commission was set up after that to write
Cambodia's constitution,[12] and in April 1946, Sihanouk
introduced clauses which provided for an elected parliament
on the basis of universal male suffrage. Provisions were also
given to press freedom in-principle.[13] The first constitution
was signed into effect by Sihanouk in May 1947.[14] Around
this time, Sihanouk made two trips to Saumur, France where
he undertook military training at the Armoured Cavalry
Branch Training School in 1946 and again in 1948. At the
end of the training, Sihanouk was made a reserve captain for
the French army.[15]
In early 1949, Sihanouk travelled to Paris with his parents to
negotiate for more autonomy to Cambodia, which led to the
signing of a Franco-Khmer treaty that cancelled the Modus
Vivendi signed in 1946.[16] In September 1949, Sihanouk
dissolved the National Assembly and ruled by decree[17] until
September 1951 when the Democrat Party pressured
Sihanouk to hold national elections.[18] Sihanouk travelled to
France in February 1953, and wrote twice to then-French
President Vincent Auriol to cede control over all remaining
executive powers in Cambodia by citing on widespread

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk

Preceded by Khim Tit


Succeeded by Sam Yun
In office
1 March 1956 24 March 1956
Monarch

Norodom Suramarit

Preceded by Oum Chheang Sun


Succeeded by Khim Tit
In office
3 October 1955 5 January 1956
Monarch

Norodom Suramarit

Preceded by Leng Ngeth


Succeeded by Oum Chheang Sun
In office
7 April 1954 18 April 1954
Preceded by Chan Nak
Succeeded by Penn Nouth
In office
16 June 1952 24 January 1953
Preceded by Huy Kanthoul
Succeeded by Penn Nouth
In office
28 April 1950 30 May 1950
Preceded by Yem Sambaur
Succeeded by Sisowath Monipong
In office
18 March 1945 13 August 1945
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Son Ngoc Thanh
Leader of the Sangkum Reastr Niyum
In office
24 March 1955 18 March 1970
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by None (party dissolved)
Head of State of Cambodia
In office
14 June 1993 24 September 1993
Preceded by Chea Sim
as Chairman of the Council of State

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anti-French sentiment among the Cambodian populace.[19]


Auriol responded by appointing the French commissioner for
overseas territories, Jean Letourneau to meet with Sihanouk.
When Letourneau rejected Sihanouk's suggestion, the latter
travelled to Canada and United States (US) where he
exploited on the prevailing anti-communist sentiments to call
for Cambodian independence. According to Sihanouk,
Cambodia faced a Communist threat similar to that of the
Viet Minh in Vietnam and the solution to address the
Communist threat was full independence for Cambodia.[20]
Sihanouk returned to Cambodia in June 1953, and took up
residence in Siem Reap.[21] He organised public rallies
calling for the Cambodians to fight forces that opposed the
formation of an independent Cambodian nation, and
organised a citizenry militia which recruited at least 100,000
people. In August 1953, France agreed to cede control over
judicial and interior ministry to Cambodia, while another
further agreement was secured in October 1953 which saw
France surrendering control over defense matters. Sihanouk
returned to Phnom Penh at the end of the month,[22] and on 9
November 1953 Cambodia officially declared independence
from France.[21]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk

Succeeded by Himself as King


In office
20 June 1960 18 March 1970
Preceded by Chuop Hell (acting)
Succeeded by Cheng Heng
as President of the Khmer Republic

President of the State Presidium of Democratic


Kampuchea
In office
17 April 1975 2 April 1976
Preceded by Sak Sutsakhan
as Chairman of the Supreme Committee

Succeeded by Khieu Samphan


Personal details
Political
party

FUNCINPEC (19811991)

Other

Sangkum (19551970)

political

Independent (19451955)

affiliations

Alma mater Armoured Cavalry Branch Training


In May 1954, Sihanouk sent Nhiek Tioulong and Tep Phan to
[23]
School
participate in the Geneva Conference.
The accord for
Cambodia reaffirmed the country's independence, and also
Website
Official website
allowed Cambodia to seek military aid from any country.
(http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/)
Sihanouk still faced domestic opposition from the Democrat
Party[24] which were unhappy with his intervention in
politics and held a majority in the National Assembly.[18] In February 1955, a referendum was held, and
campaign propaganda made references to Sihanouk's efforts to seek national independence. The referendum
returned with 99.8% of the electorate approving Sihanouk's efforts.[25]

Sangkum era
Premiership (19551960)
Sihanouk announced his abdication from the throne on 2 March 1955 over Phnom Penh radio, and stated his
intention not to return to the throne after abdication.[21][26] The throne council nominated his father Suramarit to
succeed him.[27] A month later in April 1955, Sihanouk announced the formation of the Sangkum, a political
organisation with a stated emphasis on forging national unity. Four right-wing political parties led by Lon Nol,
Sam Sary, Oum Cheang Sun and Dap Chhuon merged to join the Sangkum at Sihanouk's advice. When
parliamentary elections were held on September 1955, the Sangkum took 83% of all valid votes, taking up all
seats in the National Assembly.[28] Sihanouk was subsequently sworn in as Prime Minister the following
month.[29]

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Meeting in Beijing in 1956: from left Mao


Zedong, Peng Zhen, Sihanouk, Liu Shaoqi.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk

In the first few years after Sihanouk became Prime Minister, he


introduced several constitutional changes that included extending
suffrage to women, adopting the Khmer language as the sole official
language of the country[30] and making Cambodia a Constitutional
monarchy by vesting policy making powers to the Prime Minister
rather than the King.[31] However, policy disputes and politicking
between ministries and politicians occurred regularly, leading to
regular cabinet reshuffles[32] and Sihanouk himself alternately
resigned and retook the Prime Minister post three times between
1955 and 1958.[33]

Around 1958, Cambodia's relations with Thailand and South


Vietnam deteriorated as the armies of both countries carried out incursions into the disputed territory of Preah
Vihear and border areas with Vietnam at Stung Treng respectively.[34] The leaders of these both countries, Sarit
Thanarat and Ngo Dinh Diem also harboured deep suspicions of Sihanouk's professed policy neutrality as
Sihanouk was warmly received by Zhou Enlai during a state visit to China in that year.[35] At this point of time,
Diem and his younger brother and chief adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu came up with a secret plot to overthrow
Sihanouk and install a pro-American regime.[36] When the CIA and Sarit learnt of Diem and Nhu's coup plans,
they quickly joined in to support. Thailand facilitated the secret meetings, and Dap Chhuon, Son Ngoc Thanh
and Sam Sary were roped in to discuss plans to overthrow Sihanouk.[37] Sihanouk discovered the plot, and he
publicised the plot details during a rally at Kampong Cham in January 1959.[38]
The CIA and Dap Chhuon pressed on with their plans to overthrow Sihanouk, and Thailand provided large
caches of weapons and ammunitions. An Japanese American CIA operative, Victor Matsui also brought gold to
help finance the coup attempt in February 1959. Sihanouk sent Lon Nol to capture Dap Chhuon, who had him
summarily executed.[39] The weapons and gold were discovered after that, and Sihanouk charged Dap Chhuon,
his brother Slat Peou and the South Vietnamese ambassador to Cambodia Ngo Trong Hieu for their direct
involvement in the plot.[40] Six months later on 31 August 1959, a small packaged lacquer gift fitted with a
parcel bomb was delivered to Queen Kossamak. Norodom Vakrivan, the chief of protocol who opened the
package was killed instantly, along with a personal valet of King Suramarit. Another two palace servants were
wounded, but King Suramarit and Queen Kossamak who were in another room escaped unharmed. An
investigation was carried out and traced the origin of the parcel bomb being sent from an American military
base in Saigon,[41] and Sihanouk went on to accuse Ngo Dinh Nhu of masterminding the bomb attack as an
assassination attempt against him.[42]

Head of State (19601970)


King Suramarit died on 3 April 1960 after suffering from several months of poor health[43] which Sihanouk
attributed to the fright that Suramarit received from parcel bomb attack.[41] Sisowath Monireth was sworn in as
the Regent of Cambodia the following day,[44] and Sihanouk introduced constitutional amendments to create a
new post of the Head of State of Cambodia which provided ceremonial powers equivalent to that of the King. A
referendum was held on 5 June 1960 formally passed Sihanouk's proposals, and Sihanouk was formally
appointed as the Head of State on 14 June 1960.[45]
Sihanouk's relationship with leaders of various countries deterioated from 1962, which he claimed that he was
not accorded appropriate decorum when meeting with world leaders. The claims were made during Sihanouk's
visit to the United Nations in 1962 and a proposed visit to the United Kingdom that did not materialise around

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the same time.[46] Sihanouk have had held deep suspicion of the CIA continuously supporting Khmer Serei
efforts to overthrow his regime,[47] and in November 1962, threatened to reject all American economic aid if
CIA did not withdraw its support for the Khmer Serei.[48] One year later in November 1963, Sihanouk
announced that Cambodia would reject all forms of economic aid from the US,[49] at the same time
nationalising Cambodia's entrepot trade.[50] Sihanouk established a statutory board, SONEXIM which was
empowered to formulate policies to regulate the entrepot trade[51]
From 1964 onwards, Sihanouk forged closer relations with North Vietnam and the Viet Cong resistance.[52] He
allowed the Viet Cong to build a trail through eastern Cambodia to allow Viet Cong troops to receive war
supplies from North Vietnam. The trail became known as the Sihanouk Trail.[53] When the US learnt of
Vietcong presence in eastern Cambodia, they started a bombing campaign in this region,[54] which spurrned
Sihanouk to sever diplomatic ties with the US in May 1965.[53] Other Communist countries including China,
Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia provided military aid to Cambodia as a result of Sihanouk's warming of
relations with North Vietnam.[52]
According to Sisowath Entaravong, a member of the royal family, Cambodia's economy was heavily affected
with corruption which involved high-ranking civil servants, government ministers and members of the royal
family.[55] In 1963, when Sihanouk nationalised the entrepot trade, commodity prices were fixed at low rates to
ward off competition from imported luxury goods. However, merchants were able to import luxury goods
through bribery, a practice that caused the worsening of corruption. Army officers also helped to sell imported
rice to Viet Cong forces at lowered prices to bypass the expensive customs duties, and in return they received
kickbacks.[56] Army officers also suffered pay cuts in their salaries due to Sihanouk's decision to reject US aid,
which was partly paid from US aid. This spurned them to participate in clandestine trade activities. The
Cambodian army also experienced a reduction of weapon inventory due to attrition and lack of spare parts, and
shortage of army uniforms once US aid was terminated.[57]
Sometime in mid-1966, bilateral relations between China and Cambodia deterioated as Mao Zedong were
uncomfortable with Cambodia's relations with the Soviet Union, whereas Sihanouk was uncomfortable with
Mao's Cultural Revolution which started in the same year.[58] In April 1967, angry peasants killed two
government soldiers when they went to collect rice in Battambang Province, which led to the Samlaut
Uprising.[59] Sihanouk accused Khieu Samphan, Hou Yuon and Hu Nim of orchestrating the rebellion,[60]
forcing them to flee and join the Khmer Rouge.[61] A month later, Sihanouk also received reports that many
members of the ethnic Chinese Cambodian community were becoming critical of the Lon Nol administration
and were receptive to Chinese Communist propaganda.[62] Sihanouk believed that cladestine intelligence
services from the Chinese government had played a role in these two events,[60] and acted to downgrade
bilateral relations with China in September 1967.[63]
Sihanouk subsequently pursued rapprochement with the US, and hosted a private visit of Jacqueline Kennedy to
Cambodia in October 1967.[64] He met with the US ambassador to India, Chester Bowles in January 1968 and
acknowledged the presence of Viet Cong troops in the Cambodia while also indicating that he would not stop
US forces from crossing into Cambodia to attack Viet Cong forces. Diplomatic relations between Cambodia and
US were restored at the end of 1968.[65] When Henry Kissinger laid out plans to bomb parts of eastern
Cambodia in 1969, Sihanouk refrained from protesting against them.[64] Around this time, Cambodia suffered a
decline in agricultural productivity due to the drift of Agent Orange from South Vietnam and widespread
corruption.[66] In August 1969, Sihanouk approved of a new government led by Lon Nol and with Sisowath
Sirik Matak as his deputy. When Lon Nol left Cambodia in October to seek medical treatment, Sirik Matak
instituted policy changes that ran contrary to Sihanouk's wishes, such as re-establishing Cambodian troop
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presence in the northeastern provinces where the Viet Cong were based in, and also relaxed state control of the
entrepot trade[67] From September 1969 onwards, Lon Nol and Sirik Matak also secretly contacted Son Ngoc
Thanh to discuss the possibility of overthrowing Sihanouk.[68]

Deposition, GRUNK and Khmer Rouge years


In early January 1970, Sihanouk left Cambodia for medical
treatment in France.[69] The following month, Lon Nol
de-monetised all 500-riel banknotes in circulation to deprive Viet
Cong troops of the ability to buy rice and supply goods. Lon Nol
and Sirik Matak also encouraged demonstrations to be held outside
the North Vietnamese embassy to protest the presence of Viet Cong
troops in Cambodia.[70] On 16 March 1970, the half-brother of
Monique, Oum Mannorine was summoned to the National
Assembly over corruption charges.[71] On the same night after the
hearing, Oum ordered troops under his command to arrest Lon Nol
Sihanouk visiting Romania in 1972, with
and Sirik Matak, but ended up being placed under house arrest by
Romanian President Nicolae Ceauescu
Sirik Matak's troops. Two days later on 18 March, troops were
(right)..
stationed at Pochentong airport and the National Assembly
building. The assembly voted to endorse a military government
headed by Lon Nol and provide emergency powers.[72] A secret ballot was cast whereby the assembly voted to
depose Sihanouk.[73]
Sihanouk was in Moscow on the day of his overthrow and the Soviet foreign minister, Alexei Kosygin, was
tasked to informed him of the news.[74] Sihanouk flew to Beijing where he was received by the Chinese premier
Zhou Enlai. Sihanouk also met with the Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, and on 23 March 1970
Sihanouk announced a resistance front known as National United Front of Kampuchea (FUNK).[75] Sometime
later on 5 May 1970, Sihanouk announced the formation of a government-in-exile known as GRUNK and led
Communist countries including China, North Vietnam, and North Korea to break relations with the Lon Nol
regime.[76] In Phnom Penh, a military trial convened on 2 July 1970 and Sihanouk was sentenced to death in
absentia three days later.[77]
Sihanouk alternately lived in Beijing and Pyongyang between 1970 and 1975, where custom-made, large
residences were built for him to live.[78] In February 1973, Sihanouk travelled to Hanoi where he started on a
long journey with Khieu Samphan and other Khmer Rouge leaders. The convoy traveled along the Ho Chi Minh
trail and reached the Cambodian border at Stung Treng Province the following month. Sihanouk faced constant
bombardment of American planes from Operation Freedom Deal throughout his visit to Khmer Rouge
controlled areas of Cambodia. Sihanouk travelled across the provinces of Stung Treng, Preah Vihear, and Siem
Reap.[79] At Siem Reap, Sihanouk visited the temples of Angkor Wat, Banteay Srei, and Bayon.[80] In August
1973, Sirik Matak wrote an open letter to call Sihanouk to bring the Cambodian Civil War to an end and
accepting the possibility of the latter returning to the country. When the letter reached Sihanouk, he angrily
rejected Sirik Matak's advances.[81]
When the Khmer Republic fell to the Khmer Rouge in 17 April 1975, Prince Sihanouk was nominated to the
symbolic position as the Head of State for the Democratic Kampuchea regime.[82] He continued to live in
Beijing until September 1975[83] when he returned to Cambodia so as to inter the ashes of Queen Kossamak,
who had died in Beijing just days after the Fall of Phnom Penh.[84] He subsequently went abroad to recommend

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the diplomatic recognition of Democratic Kampuchea, and visited several Communist countries[85] before
returning to Cambodia on 31 December 1975. After presiding a meeting to endorse the constitution of the
Democratic Kampuchea,[86] Sihanouk was taken on a tour across Cambodia by Khieu Samphan the following
month whereby he witnessed the effects of the Cambodian genocide orchestrated by the Angkar. Sihanouk
asked to resign from his position as the head of state, which Pol Pot rejected.[87] However, his request to resign
was subsequently accepted in mid-April 1976 and retroactively dated back to 2 April 1976.[88]
From this point of time onwards, Sihanouk was placed under house arrest[89] until January 1979, and his
requests to travel overseas were turned down by the Angkar.[90] Sihanouk was taken to Beijing from Phnom
Penh on 6 January 1979, one day before Vietnamese troops occupied Phnom Penh.[91] From Beijing, Sihanouk
flew to New York to attend the UN Security Council where he simultaneously condemned the Khmer Rouge for
orchestrating the Cambodian genocide as well as the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia.[92] Sihanouk
subsequently sought asylum in China after making two unsuccessful asylum applications with the US and
France.[93]

FUNCINPEC and CGDK years

Sihanouk with U.S. President Ronald


Reagan in the Oval Office of the White
House, 1988.

A new government supported by Vietnam, the People's Republic of


Kampuchea (PRK) was established shortly after the overthrow of
Democratic Kampuchea. The Chinese government led by Deng
Xiaoping was unhappy[94] with Vietnam's role in the establishment
of the PRK government. Deng proposed to Sihanouk to corporate
with the Khmer Rouge, an idea which Sihanouk rejected.[95] In
March 1981, Sihanouk established a resistance movement,
FUNCINPEC together with a small resistance army known as the
ANS (Arme Nationale Sihanoukiste).[96] Around this time,
Sihanouk started tripartite talks between FUNCINPEC with the
Khmer Rouge and the Son Sann-led Khmer People's National
Liberation Front (KPNLF)[97] as China applied diplomatic pressure
for him to collaborate with the Khmer Rouge as a precondition to
receiving material aid for FUNCINPEC.[98]

After several rounds of tripartite talks, Sihanouk presided over the establishment of a government exile, the
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in June 1982.[98] Several rounds of tripartite talks
were hosted by China between 1982 and 1987, but yielded little diplomatic progress to ending the Vietnamese
occupation of Cambodia.[99] From 1986 onwards, Vietnam faced political pressure from the Soviet Union to
withdraw its troops from Cambodia. In December 1987, the Prime Minister of the PRK government, Hun Sen
first met with Sihanouk to discuss about the ending of the protracted CambodianVietnamese War.[100] The
following July, the then-foreign minister of Indonesia, Ali Alatas brokered the first series of discussion known
as the Jakarta Informal Meetings (JIM). The JIMs were held near Jakarta, and involved the four warring
Cambodian factions consisting of FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge, KPNLF and the PRK government over the
future of Cambodia.[101]
Two more rounds of JIMs were held in February and May 1989, Ali Alatas and the then-French foreign minister
Roland Dumas convened the Paris Peace Conference between July and August 1989 to discuss plans for
Vietnamese troop withdrawal and power sharing arrangements for a future Cambodian government.[101] In

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August 1989, Sihanouk resigned as president of FUNCINPEC.[102] In September 1990, the United Nations
(UN) sponsored the establishment of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia (SNC), an administrative
body responsible for overseeing sovereign affairs of Cambodia for an interim period until UN-sponsored
elections are held.[103] The creation of the SNC was subsequently ratified with United Nations Security Council
Resolution 668.[104] In July 1991, Sihanouk left FUNCINPEC altogether, and was elected as the chairperson of
the SNC.[105]

UNTAC administration era


The Paris Peace Accords were signed on 23 October 1991 which formally recognised the SNC and provided for
the creation of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC).[106] The UNTAC was
authorised to station peacekeeping troops in Cambodia to supervise the disarmament of the four warring
Cambodian factions and carry out free and fair national elections in the country.[107] Sihanouk subsequently
returned to Phnom Penh on 14 November 1991, and city folks lined the streets of Phnom Penh as Sihanouk rode
on an open top limousine with Hun Sen to celebrate his return to the country.[108] The UNTAC administration
was formally established in February 1992, but soon faced resistance from the Khmer Rouge in enforcing
peacekeeping operations.[109] Sihanouk responded by calling to abandon the Khmer Rouge from the
peacekeeping process in July and September 1992. During this period of time, Sihanouk spent most of the time
in Siem Reap and making helicopter trips to supervise election preparations in KPNLF, FUNCINPEC and
Khmer Rouge resistance bases.[110]
Sihanouk left Cambodia for Beijing in November 1992,[111] where he would stay on for the next six months
until he returned to Cambodia on the eve of elections in May 1993.[112] While in Beijing, Sihanouk briefly
proposed a Presidential system government for Cambodia to Boutros Boutros-Ghali, but dropped the idea after
facing rejection from the Khmer Rouge.[113] The general elections were held in May 1993, with FUNCINPEC
headed by Sihanouk's son Norodom Ranariddh garnering the most votes while the Cambodian People's Party
(CPP) headed by Hun Sen came in second.[114] CPP leaders were unhappy with the election results and on 3
June 1993, Hun Sen and Chea Sim called on Sihanouk to assume all state power. Sihanouk complied, and
announced the formation of a Provisional National Government (PRG) headed by him with Hun Sen and
Ranariddh as his deputies.[115] Ranariddh was not informed of Sihanouk's plans, and joined the Australia,
China, United Kingdom and United States in opposing the PRG plan. Sihanouk dropped the PRG plan the
following day through a national radio broadcast.[116]
On 14 June 1993, a constituent assembly session presided by Ranariddh nullified the 1970 coup d'tat which
overthrew Sihanouk, and reinstated the latter as Cambodia's Head of State.[117] In the first few days of his
appointment, Sihanouk renamed the Cambodian military to its pre-1970 namesake, the Royal Cambodian
Armed Forces. On 29 June 1993, Sihanouk issued another order to officially rename the country from the State
of Cambodia to simply "Cambodia". He also reinstated Nokor Reach as the National Anthem of Cambodia with
some minor modifications to its lyrics, and also the Cambodian flag to its pre-1970 design.[118] Sihanouk also
appointed Ranariddh and Hun Sen as the Co-Prime Ministers of Cambodia with equal powers in a provisional
government,[119] which was ratified by the Constituent Assembly on 2 July 1993.[117] On 30 August 1993,[120]
Ranariddh and Hun Sen met Sihanouk presented two draft constitutions, one of them stipulating a constitutional
monarchy headed by a King and another a republican state led by a Head of State. Sihanouk chose the option of
making Cambodia a constitutional monarchy,[121] and was ratified by the constituent assembly on 21 September
1993.[122]

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Second reign
The new constitution was proclaimed on 24 September 1993, and Sihanouk was reinstated as the King of
Cambodia.[123] A permanent coalition government was formed between FUNCINPEC, CPP and BLDP, and
Ranariddh and Hun Sen assumed the positions of First and Second Prime Ministers respectively.[124] Shortly
after that, Sihanouk took leave to Beijing for cancer treatment where he spent several months there.[125] In May
and June 1994, Sihanouk wrote a series of public letters to the government, starting with a call for fresh
elections and giving government posts to end the ongoing insurgency with the Khmer Rouge based in Pailin and
Anlong Veng. When Hun Sen rejected the suggestions,[126] Sihanouk proposed a national unity government that
would see the participation of FUNCINPEC, CPP and Khmer Rouge forces with him as the Head of State and
government.[127] Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk's proposal for the second time, and cited the Khmer Rouge's past
intransigent attitude would make the proposal unrealistic.[128] In July 1994, Sihanouk arranged the exile of
another son, Norodom Chakrapong after he was physically threatened by government forces[129] over an
alleged coup attempt against the government.[130] The following November, Sihanouk made a similar
arrangement for his younger half-brother, Norodom Sirivudh to be exiled to France after the latter was
implicated in an assassination plot to kill Hun Sen.[131]
Relations between the two co-Prime Ministers, Ranariddh and Hun Sen started to deteriorate from early
1996[132] as Ranariddh became unhappy with repeated delays from the CPP in awarding low-level government
posts to FUNCINPEC officials.[133] At the FUNCINPEC congress in March 1996, Ranariddh threatened to pull
out of the coalition government[134] and hold national elections in 1996,[135] which stoked unease from Hun
Sen and other CPP officials.[135] The following month, Sihanouk presided over a meeting between some royal
family members and senior FUNCINPEC officials in Paris. Sihanouk attempted to tone down the tensions
between FUNCINPEC and the CPP by issuing statements, assuring that FUNCINPEC would not leave the
coalition government and there were no reactionary elements to bring down Hun Sen or the CPP.[136]
In March 1997, Sihanouk offered to abdicate the throne, and his suggestion prompted Hun Sen to call for
constitutional amendments to bar members of the royal family from participating in politics.[137] In July 1997,
violent clashes erupted in Phnom Penh between forces loyal to the CPP and FUNCINPEC, which effectively
led to Ranariddh's ouster.[138] Sihanouk voiced displeasure against Hun Sen for orchestrating the clashes, but
refrained from calling Ranariddh's ouster a "coup d'etat", a term which FUNCINPEC members used.[139] When
the National Assembly elected Ung Huot as the First Prime Minister to replace Ranariddh on 6 August
1997,[140] Sihanouk charged that Ranariddh's ouster was illegal and renewed his offer to abdicate from the
throne.[141] In September 1998, Sihanouk meditated political talks in Siem Reap after the FUNCINPEC and the
Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) staged demonstrations against the CPP-led government for irregularities over the 1998
general elections.[142]
Sihanouk maintained a monthly bulletin, which he wrote commentaries over governance issues and posted
photo souvenirs of Cambodia in the 1950s and 1960s. Around 1997, a character known by the name of "Ruom
Rith" started to appear in the monthly bulletin and became extremely critical of Hun Sen and the government.
Hun Sen reportedly became extremely unhappy with the commentaries, and called on the king to stop
publishing the commentaries on two occasions in 1998 and 2003.[143][144] According to Ranariddh, Ruom Rith
was an alter ego of Sihanouk, a claim which the latter vehemently denies.[145] In July 2002, Sihanouk expressed
concern over the absence of detailed constitutional provisions over the organisation and functioning of the
Cambodian throne council.[146] When Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk concern, the latter issued a letter in
September 2002 threatening to abdicate so as to force the throne council to convene and elect a new

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monarch.[147]
General elections were held again in July 2003, whereby the CPP won the most votes but failed to secure
two-thirds of all parliamentary seats required to form a new government. The two runner-up parties,
FUNCINPEC and SRP[148] filed complaints over alleged electoral irregularities with the Constitutional
Council, which were turned down in August 2003[149] When FUNCINPEC and SRP announced their decision
to attend the swearing in ceremony of parliamentarians, Sihanouk announced his decision to abstain from
presiding the swearing-in ceremony, unless all parliamentarians from the three political parties agreed to
attend.[150] The Constitutional Council subsequently advised Sihanouk to preside over the swearing-in
ceremony,[151] which was held later in October 2003.[152] The CPP, FUNCINPEC and SRP held additional talks
into 2004 and Sihanouk proposed a tripartite unity government, but political stalemate persisted until June 2004
due to conflicting demands from the three political parties.[153][154]

Abdication and final years


Sihanouk made another call to abdicate on 6 July 2004. At the same time, Hun Sen and Ranariddh had agreed to
introduce a constitutional amendment that allowed an open voting system for the selection of the government
ministers as well as the President of the National Assembly. Sihanouk disproved the open voting system, and
called on Senate President Chea Sim not to sign the amendment. When Chea Sim heeded his advice, he was
ferried out of the country shortly before the National Assembly convened to vote on the amendment 15
July.[155] A new coalition government was formed on the 17 July 2004 between the CPP and FUNCINPEC,
with the SRP in the opposition.[156] On 6 October 2004, Sihanouk wrote a letter calling for the throne council to
convene and select a successor. The National Assembly and Senate held emergency meetings to pass laws
allowing for the abdication of the monarch, and on 14 October the throne council unanimously voted to select
Norodom Sihamoni as Sihanouk's successor.[157] Sihamoni was crowned as the King of Cambodia on 29
October 2004.[158]
In March 2005, Sihanouk expressed concerns over allegations of Thailand, Laos and Vietnam of delineating
borders at the expense of Cambodian territory. Two months later, Sihanouk formed the Supreme National
Council on Border Affairs (SNCBA) to address concerns over Cambodian borders with its neighbours, and was
made its chairman.[158] The SRP and Chea Sim expressed support for Sihanouk for the formation of the
SNCBA, while Hun Sen formed a separate body, National Authority on Border Affairs (NABA) to deal with
border concerns and stated that the SNCBA may only serve as an advisory body.[159] In October 2005,
Sihanouk dissolved the SNCBA, around the same time Hun Sen signed a border treaty with Vietnam.[160] In
August 2007, a US based human rights NGO called for Sihanouk's State immunity so as to allow him to testify
in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC).[161] Sihanouk responded to the call by
inviting the ECCC public affairs officer, Peter Foster for a discussion session on his personal experience under
the Khmer Rouge regime.[162] Both Hun Sen and FUNCINPEC criticized the suggestion, with the latter calling
the NGO as disrespectful to Sihanouk.[161] The ECCC subsequently rejected Sihanouk's invitation.[163]
The following year, bilateral relations between Thailand and Cambodia became strained due to overlapping
claims of the land area surrounding the Preah Vihear Temple. Sihanouk issued a communique in July 2008 to
emphasise the Khmer architecture of the temple as well as ICJ's 1962 ruling of the temple in favour of
Cambodia.[164] In August 2009, Sihanouk stated that he would stop posting messages on his personal website
due to his advancing age, which made it difficult for him to keep up with his personal duties.[165] Sihanouk
spent most of his time in Beijing for medical treatment, but made a final public appearance in Phnom Penh on
his 89th birthday and 20th anniversary of the Paris Peace Accords on 30 October 2011. Sihanouk expressed his

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intent to stay in Cambodia indefinitely,[166] but returned to Beijing in January 2012 for further medical
treatment at the advise of his Chinese doctors.[167]

Death and funeral


In January 2012, Sihanouk issued a letter to express his wish to be
cremated following his death, and that his ashes were to be placed in a
golden urn.[168] A few months later in September 2012, Sihanouk stated
his intent not to return to Cambodia from Beijing for his 90th birthday,
citing fatigue as the reason.[169] On 15 October 2012, Sihanouk died of a
heart attack at 1.20 am, Phnom Penh time.[170] King Norodom Sihamoni
and Prime Minister Hun Sen led a delegation of officials to Beijing on
the same day.[171] The Cambodian government announced an official
Funeral procession of King Norodom
mourning period of 7 days between 17 October 2012 and 24 October
Sihanouk.
2012, and state flags were told to fly at one-third of the mast height. Two
days later, Sihanouk's body was brought back from Beijing on an Air
China flight,[172] and about 1 million people lined the streets from the airport to the royal palace to witness the
return of Sihanouk's cortege.[173]
In late November 2012, Hun Sen announced plans for Sihanouk's funeral and cremation to be held in February
2013. Sihanouk's body lay in state at the royal palace for[174] the next three months until the funeral was held on
1 February 2013.[175] A 6,000 metre street procession was held, and Sihanouk's body was subsequently kept at
the royal crematorium until 4 February 2013 when his body was cremated.[176] The following day, the royal
family scattered some of Sihanouk's ashes into the Tonle Sap river while the rest were kept in the palace's
throne hall for about a year.[177] In October 2013, a stupa featuring a bronze statue of Sihanouk was inaugurated
next to the Independence Monument.[178] In July 2014, Sihanouk's ashes were interred at the silver pagoda next
to those of one of his daughters, Kantha Bopha.[179]

Artistic works
Filmography
Sihanouk developed an interest for the cinema from a young age,
which he attributed to frequent trips to the cinema with his
parents.[1] Shortly after ascending the throne in 1941, Sihanouk
experimenting with film making,[180] and sent students to study
filmmaking in France.[181] When the film Lord Jim was released in
1965, Sihanouk became vexed with the negative portrayal the film
gave of Cambodia.[182] Sihanouk responded by producing his first
feature film, Apsara in 1966 which was marked with a positive
Statue of Norodom Sihanouk in Phnom
portrayal of Cambodia. Sihanouk went on to produce, direct and act
Penh.
in another eight more films between 1966 and 1969,[183] which
were imbued with subtle nationalist and Cold War themes.[184] In
1967, one of Sihanouk films, The Enchanted Forest obtained a nomination at the 5th Moscow International Film
Festival.[185] In 1968 and 1969, Sihanouk initiated the Phnom Penh International Film Festival, and in both

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years he was awarded the Golden Apsara Prize.[186] Sihanouk stopped making films following his ouster in
1970, but started to produce films again from 1987 onwards.[187] In 1997, Sihanouk revealed that he received a
budget of $20,000 to $70,000 for each of his film production from the Cambodian government. Six years later
in 2004, Sihanouk donated his film archives to the cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient in France and Monash
University in Australia.[180] Sihanouk produced his last film, Miss Asina in 2006,[181] and went on to state that
he was ending all film production activities four years later in May 2010.[188]

Musical works
Sihanouk was an avid singer and song composer,[189] and learnt to play several musical instruments such as the
clarinet, saxophone, piano and accordion[185] from a young age.[1] Songs which Sihanouk wrote were usually
based on patriotic themes appraising various aspects of Cambodia, nostalgic songs of foreign countries and
romantic songs dedicated to Monique.[190] Sihanouk led a musical band in the 1960s consisting members of the
royal family, who would perform French songs and his own personal compositions.[191] He would also organise
concerts throughout Cambodia in his nationwide tours.[192] In the 1980s, Sihanouk regularly held concerts to
entertain diplomats while visiting the United Nations Headquarters in New York City,[193] He would continue
the practice of holding concerts at the Cambodian Royal Palace in the 1990s and 2000s.[189]

Titles and styles


When Sihanouk was crowned as the King of Cambodia in
Monarchical styles of
1941, he was bestowed with the official title of "Preah Bat
Samdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Varman", which he used
King Norodom Sihanouk
for both reigns between 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to
2004.[4] He subsequently reverted to the title of Prince
following his abdication from the throne in 1955, and was
bestowed the title of "Samdech Preah Upayuvareach" by his
father and successor in 1955.[21] The title trnslates to as "The
Reference style
His Royal Majesty
Prince who has been King" in English.[194] When Sihanouk
Spoken style
Your Royal Majesty
abdicated for a second time in 2004, he became known as the
King Father of Cambodia, with the official title of "Preah
Alternative style
Sir
Karuna Preah Bat Smdach Preah Norodom Sihanouk
Preahmhaviraksat" (Khmer:
).[195] He was
also referred to by another honorific, "His Majesty King Norodom Sihanouk The Great Heroic King
King-Father of Khmer independence, territorial integrity and national unity" (

).[196] When Sihanouk passed away in October 2012, he was bestowed by his son
Sihamoni with the posthumous title of "Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preah Borom Ratanakkot"
(Khmer:
), which literally translates as "The King who lies in
the Diamond Urn" in English.[197]
Sihanouk was informally known as Samdech Euv to most Cambodians,[198] and started to use this salutation
from the 1970s among overseas Cambodian exiles.[199] ("Samdech Euv" is a Khmer title which translates as the
Prince Father in English.)[195] When Sihanouk abdicated in 2004, he issued a royal decree requesting to be
called "Samdech Ta" or "Samdech Ta-tuot",[200] which translates as "Grandfather" and "Great-grandfather"
respectively in English.[201] Sihanouk was known by many state and political titles throughout his lifetime,[202]
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and the Guinness Book of World Records identifies Sihanouk as the royal who has served the greatest variety of
state and political offices.[195]

Personal life
Health
Sihanouk developed insomnia[84] and depression during his captive years under the Khmer Rouge.[203] In
November 1992, Sihanouk suffered a stroke[204] caused by the thickening of the coronary arteries and blood
vessels.[205] The following year he was diagnosed with B cell lymphoma in the prostate[206] and was treated
with chemotherapy and surgery.[207] Sihanouk was given a clean bill of health in 1995,[208] but the lymphoma
recurred in the stomach in 2005 and again in 2008,[206] which subsequently went into remission after prolonged
treatment.[209]

Family
Sihanouk married Paule Monique Izzi in April 1952, the daughter of Pomme
Peang, a Cambodian lady and Jean-Franois Izzi, a French banker of Italian
ancestry.[210] who would become Sihanouk's lifelong partner.[69] In the 1990s,
Monique would changed her name to Monineath.[211] Prior to his marriage to
Monique, Sihanouk had married five other women including Phat Kanhol,
Sisowath Pongsanmoni, Sisowath Monikessan, Mam Manivan Phanivong and
Thavet Norleak.[212] Monikessan died of childbirth in 1946 while his
marriages to other women all ended in divorce.[213] Sihanouk sired fourteen
children with five different wives except for Thavet Norleak, who bore him no
children.[214] Five children and fourteen grandchildren disappeared the Khmer
Rouge years, which Sihanouk concluded that they were killed by the Khmer
Rouge leadership.[215][216]
Sihanouk had the following issue:

Norodom Monineath

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Name

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk

Year of
birth

Year of
death

Mother

Norodom Buppha Devi

1943

Phat Kanhol

Norodom Yuvaneath

1943

Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Norodom Ranariddh

1944

Phat Kanhol

Norodom Ravivong

1944

Norodom Chakrapong

1945

Norodom Naradipo

1946

1973

Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Cause of
death

Malaria[217]

Sisowath Pongsanmoni
1976

Sisowath Monikessan

Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[218]

Norodom Sorya Roeungsi

1947

1976

Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[218]

Norodom Kantha Bopha

1948

1952

Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Leukemia[217]

Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[219]

Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[219]

Mam Manivan

Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[219]

Norodom Khemanourak

Norodom Botum Bopha

1949

1951

Norodom Sujata

1953

Norodom Sihamoni

1953

Norodom Narindrapong

1954

Norodom Arunrasmy

1955

1975

1975

1975

Monique Izzi
(Monineath)
2003

Monique Izzi
(Monineath)

Heart attack[220]

Mam Manivan

Ancestry

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168. Post Staff (9 January 2012). "Cambodia's Sihanouk requests cremation" (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012
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174. Vong Sokheng (27 November 2012). "Date set for Sihanouks funeral" (http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national
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175. Rachel Vandenbrink (1 February 2013). "Last Chance to Pay Respects" (http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia
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176. AKP Phnom Penh (4 February 2013). "Cambodias Late King-Father Cremated" (http://www.akp.gov.kh/?p=30355).
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177. May Titthara and Shane Worrell (8 February 2013). "Sihanouks ashes enter the Royal Palace"
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178. Sen David (13 October 2013). "Sihanouk statue inaugurated" (http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/sihanoukstatue-inaugurated). Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
179. Sovannara (13 July 2014). "Late Cambodian King Sihanouk's Ashes Enshrined in Stupa in Royal Palace"
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180. Erika Kinetz and Kay Kimsong (31 October 2006). "WATCHING BETWEEN THE FRAMESThe Retired Kings
Films May Be More Message Than Medium" (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/cdfiles/wp-content/uploads/2012/10
/King_All-72.pdf) (PDF). The Cambodia Daily. p. 5. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
181. Baumgrtel (2006), p. 11
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185. Marlay and Neher (1999), p. 163
186. Osborne (1994), p. 183
187. Wemaere (2013), p. 13, 54
188. Baumgrtel (2006), p. 2
189. Erik Wasson and Prak Chan Thul (31 October 2006). "BACKING THE ROYAL BALLADEER His Majesty
Norodom Sihanouks Violinist Is a King Among Fiddlers" (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/cdfiles/wp-content
/uploads/2012/10/King_All-72.pdf) (PDF). The Cambodia Daily. p. 6. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
190. LinDa Saphan. "Norodom Sihanouk and the political agenda of Cambodian music, 19551970 (The Newsletter |
No.64 | Summer 2013)" (http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL64_0405.pdf) (PDF). International Institute for
Asian Studies. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
191. MICHELLE VACHON (17 October 2012). "Norodom SihanoukThe End of an Era"
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Bibliography
Books

Wikiquote has quotations


related to: Norodom
Sihanouk

Burchett, William G. and Norodom, Sihanouk (1973). My War


with the CIA: Cambodia's fight for survival. United States of
Wikimedia Commons has
America: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140216898.
media related to Norodom
Chin, Kin Wah (2005). Southeast Asian Affairs 2005. National
Sihanouk.
University of Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
ISBN 9812303065.
Findlay, Trevor (1995). Cambodia The Legacy and Lessons of UNTACSIPRI Research Report No. 9
(http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR09.pdf) (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Solna, Sweden: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198291868.
Jeldres, Julio A (2003). The Royal House of Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia: Monument Books.
OCLC 54003889 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54003889).
Jeldres, Julio A (2005). Volume 1Shadows Over Angkor: Memoirs of His Majesty King Norodom
Sihanouk of Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia: Monument Books. ISBN 974926486X.
Marlay, Ross and Neher, Clark D. (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders. Lanham, Maryland,
United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0847684423.
Mehta, Harish C. & Julie B. (2013). Strongman: The Extraordinary Life of Hun Sen: The Extraordinary
Life of Hun Sen. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9814484601.
Mehta, Harish C. (2001). Warrior Prince: Norodom Ranariddh, Son of King Sihanouk of Cambodia.
Singapore: Graham Brash. ISBN 9812180869.
Narong, Men S. (2007). Who's Who, The Most Influential People in Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia:
Media Business Networks. ISBN 9995066009.
Osborne, Milton E (1994). Sihanouk Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Honolulu, Hawaii, United
States of America: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1639-1.
Peou, Sorpong (2000). Intervention and Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy?. National University
of Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812300422.

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Summers, Laura (2003). The Far East and Australasia 2003. New York, United States of America:
Psychology Press. pp. 227243. ISBN 1857431332.
Widyono, Benny (2008). Dancing in Shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in
Cambodia. Lanham, Maryland, United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742555534.

Reports
Baumgrtel, Tilman (2010). "KON - The Cinema of Cambodia" (http://www.fliz.ch/pdf13/kon-thecinema-of-cambodia.pdf) (PDF). Department of Media and CommunicationRoyal University of Phnom
Penh. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Cohen, Arthur (9 April 1968). "Intelligence ReportTen Years of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy"
(http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/14/polo-18.pdf) (PDF). Central
Intelligence Agency (Directorate of Intelligence). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Wemaere, Sverine (Managing Director) (1 June 2013). "Memory! International Film Heritage Festival"
(http://www.technicolorfilmfoundation.org/fileadmin/user_upload/en/pdf/memory
/MEMORY__Catalogue_online.pdf) (PDF). Technicolor Film Foundation. Retrieved 8 July 2015.

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Regnal titles
Preceded by
Sisowath Monivong
Preceded by
Chea Sim
(Chairman of the Council of State)

King of Cambodia
19411955

Succeeded by
Norodom Suramarit

King of Cambodia
19932004

Succeeded by
Norodom Sihamoni

Political offices
Preceded by
New office

Prime Minister of Cambodia


1945

Succeeded by
Son Ngoc Thanh

Preceded by
Yem Sambaur

Prime Minister of Cambodia


1950

Succeeded by
Sisowath Monipong

Preceded by
Huy Kanthoul

Prime Minister of Cambodia


19521953

Succeeded by
Penn Nouth

Preceded by
Chan Nak

Prime Minister of Cambodia


1954

Succeeded by
Penn Nouth

Preceded by
Leng Ngeth

Prime Minister of Cambodia


19551956

Succeeded by
Oum Chheang Sun

Preceded by
Oum Chheang Sun

Prime Minister of Cambodia


1956

Succeeded by
Khim Tit

Preceded by
Khim Tit

Prime Minister of Cambodia


1956

Succeeded by
San Yun

Preceded by
San Yun

Prime Minister of Cambodia


1957

Succeeded by
Sim Var

Preceded by
Sim Var

Prime Minister of Cambodia


19581960

Succeeded by
Pho Proeung

Preceded by
Norodom Suramarit

Head of State of Cambodia


19601970

Succeeded by
Cheng Heng

Preceded by
Penn Nouth

Prime Minister of Cambodia


19611962

Succeeded by
Nhiek Tioulong

Preceded by
Sak Sutsakhan

President of the State Presidium


19751976

Succeeded by
Khieu Samphan

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norodom_Sihanouk&oldid=674207553"


Categories: Norodom Sihanouk 1922 births 2012 deaths 20th century in Cambodia
Bandung Conference attendees Buddhist monarchs Cambodian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Cambodian film directors Cambodian monarchs Cambodian Theravada Buddhists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the People's Republic of China Cold War leaders
Deaths from myocardial infarction Funcinpec Party politicians Heads of state of Cambodia
House of Norodom People of the Vietnam War People sentenced to death in absentia
Monarchs who abdicated Prime Ministers of Cambodia World War II political leaders
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