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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk
Norodom Sihanouk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Norodom Sihanouk
King of Cambodia
Reign
Coronation
3 May 1941
Predecessor
Sisowath Monivong
Successor
Norodom Suramarit
Coronation
24 September 1993
Predecessor
Successor
Norodom Sihamoni
Norodom Monineath
(19522012)
See list
Issue
14 children
Full name
Preah Karuna Preah Bat Smdach Preah
Norodom Sihanouk Preahmhaviraksat
House
House of Norodom
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Father
Norodom Suramarit
Mother
Sisowath Kossamak
Born
31 October 1922
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Died
Religion
Theravada Buddhism
Signature
Norodom Sihanouk
Contents
1 Early life and first reign
2 Sangkum era
2.1 Premiership (19551960)
2.2 Head of State (19601970)
3 Deposition, GRUNK and Khmer Rouge years
4 FUNCINPEC and CGDK years
5 UNTAC administration era
6 Second reign
7 Abdication and final years
8 Death and funeral
9 Artistic works
9.1 Filmography
9.2 Musical works
10 Titles and styles
11 Personal life
11.1 Health
11.2 Family
11.3 Ancestry
12 References
13 Bibliography
13.1 Books
13.2 Reports
Monarch
In office
15 September 1956 15 October 1956
Monarch
Norodom Suramarit
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Norodom Suramarit
Norodom Suramarit
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FUNCINPEC (19811991)
Other
Sangkum (19551970)
political
Independent (19451955)
affiliations
Sangkum era
Premiership (19551960)
Sihanouk announced his abdication from the throne on 2 March 1955 over Phnom Penh radio, and stated his
intention not to return to the throne after abdication.[21][26] The throne council nominated his father Suramarit to
succeed him.[27] A month later in April 1955, Sihanouk announced the formation of the Sangkum, a political
organisation with a stated emphasis on forging national unity. Four right-wing political parties led by Lon Nol,
Sam Sary, Oum Cheang Sun and Dap Chhuon merged to join the Sangkum at Sihanouk's advice. When
parliamentary elections were held on September 1955, the Sangkum took 83% of all valid votes, taking up all
seats in the National Assembly.[28] Sihanouk was subsequently sworn in as Prime Minister the following
month.[29]
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the same time.[46] Sihanouk have had held deep suspicion of the CIA continuously supporting Khmer Serei
efforts to overthrow his regime,[47] and in November 1962, threatened to reject all American economic aid if
CIA did not withdraw its support for the Khmer Serei.[48] One year later in November 1963, Sihanouk
announced that Cambodia would reject all forms of economic aid from the US,[49] at the same time
nationalising Cambodia's entrepot trade.[50] Sihanouk established a statutory board, SONEXIM which was
empowered to formulate policies to regulate the entrepot trade[51]
From 1964 onwards, Sihanouk forged closer relations with North Vietnam and the Viet Cong resistance.[52] He
allowed the Viet Cong to build a trail through eastern Cambodia to allow Viet Cong troops to receive war
supplies from North Vietnam. The trail became known as the Sihanouk Trail.[53] When the US learnt of
Vietcong presence in eastern Cambodia, they started a bombing campaign in this region,[54] which spurrned
Sihanouk to sever diplomatic ties with the US in May 1965.[53] Other Communist countries including China,
Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia provided military aid to Cambodia as a result of Sihanouk's warming of
relations with North Vietnam.[52]
According to Sisowath Entaravong, a member of the royal family, Cambodia's economy was heavily affected
with corruption which involved high-ranking civil servants, government ministers and members of the royal
family.[55] In 1963, when Sihanouk nationalised the entrepot trade, commodity prices were fixed at low rates to
ward off competition from imported luxury goods. However, merchants were able to import luxury goods
through bribery, a practice that caused the worsening of corruption. Army officers also helped to sell imported
rice to Viet Cong forces at lowered prices to bypass the expensive customs duties, and in return they received
kickbacks.[56] Army officers also suffered pay cuts in their salaries due to Sihanouk's decision to reject US aid,
which was partly paid from US aid. This spurned them to participate in clandestine trade activities. The
Cambodian army also experienced a reduction of weapon inventory due to attrition and lack of spare parts, and
shortage of army uniforms once US aid was terminated.[57]
Sometime in mid-1966, bilateral relations between China and Cambodia deterioated as Mao Zedong were
uncomfortable with Cambodia's relations with the Soviet Union, whereas Sihanouk was uncomfortable with
Mao's Cultural Revolution which started in the same year.[58] In April 1967, angry peasants killed two
government soldiers when they went to collect rice in Battambang Province, which led to the Samlaut
Uprising.[59] Sihanouk accused Khieu Samphan, Hou Yuon and Hu Nim of orchestrating the rebellion,[60]
forcing them to flee and join the Khmer Rouge.[61] A month later, Sihanouk also received reports that many
members of the ethnic Chinese Cambodian community were becoming critical of the Lon Nol administration
and were receptive to Chinese Communist propaganda.[62] Sihanouk believed that cladestine intelligence
services from the Chinese government had played a role in these two events,[60] and acted to downgrade
bilateral relations with China in September 1967.[63]
Sihanouk subsequently pursued rapprochement with the US, and hosted a private visit of Jacqueline Kennedy to
Cambodia in October 1967.[64] He met with the US ambassador to India, Chester Bowles in January 1968 and
acknowledged the presence of Viet Cong troops in the Cambodia while also indicating that he would not stop
US forces from crossing into Cambodia to attack Viet Cong forces. Diplomatic relations between Cambodia and
US were restored at the end of 1968.[65] When Henry Kissinger laid out plans to bomb parts of eastern
Cambodia in 1969, Sihanouk refrained from protesting against them.[64] Around this time, Cambodia suffered a
decline in agricultural productivity due to the drift of Agent Orange from South Vietnam and widespread
corruption.[66] In August 1969, Sihanouk approved of a new government led by Lon Nol and with Sisowath
Sirik Matak as his deputy. When Lon Nol left Cambodia in October to seek medical treatment, Sirik Matak
instituted policy changes that ran contrary to Sihanouk's wishes, such as re-establishing Cambodian troop
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presence in the northeastern provinces where the Viet Cong were based in, and also relaxed state control of the
entrepot trade[67] From September 1969 onwards, Lon Nol and Sirik Matak also secretly contacted Son Ngoc
Thanh to discuss the possibility of overthrowing Sihanouk.[68]
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the diplomatic recognition of Democratic Kampuchea, and visited several Communist countries[85] before
returning to Cambodia on 31 December 1975. After presiding a meeting to endorse the constitution of the
Democratic Kampuchea,[86] Sihanouk was taken on a tour across Cambodia by Khieu Samphan the following
month whereby he witnessed the effects of the Cambodian genocide orchestrated by the Angkar. Sihanouk
asked to resign from his position as the head of state, which Pol Pot rejected.[87] However, his request to resign
was subsequently accepted in mid-April 1976 and retroactively dated back to 2 April 1976.[88]
From this point of time onwards, Sihanouk was placed under house arrest[89] until January 1979, and his
requests to travel overseas were turned down by the Angkar.[90] Sihanouk was taken to Beijing from Phnom
Penh on 6 January 1979, one day before Vietnamese troops occupied Phnom Penh.[91] From Beijing, Sihanouk
flew to New York to attend the UN Security Council where he simultaneously condemned the Khmer Rouge for
orchestrating the Cambodian genocide as well as the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia.[92] Sihanouk
subsequently sought asylum in China after making two unsuccessful asylum applications with the US and
France.[93]
After several rounds of tripartite talks, Sihanouk presided over the establishment of a government exile, the
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in June 1982.[98] Several rounds of tripartite talks
were hosted by China between 1982 and 1987, but yielded little diplomatic progress to ending the Vietnamese
occupation of Cambodia.[99] From 1986 onwards, Vietnam faced political pressure from the Soviet Union to
withdraw its troops from Cambodia. In December 1987, the Prime Minister of the PRK government, Hun Sen
first met with Sihanouk to discuss about the ending of the protracted CambodianVietnamese War.[100] The
following July, the then-foreign minister of Indonesia, Ali Alatas brokered the first series of discussion known
as the Jakarta Informal Meetings (JIM). The JIMs were held near Jakarta, and involved the four warring
Cambodian factions consisting of FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge, KPNLF and the PRK government over the
future of Cambodia.[101]
Two more rounds of JIMs were held in February and May 1989, Ali Alatas and the then-French foreign minister
Roland Dumas convened the Paris Peace Conference between July and August 1989 to discuss plans for
Vietnamese troop withdrawal and power sharing arrangements for a future Cambodian government.[101] In
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August 1989, Sihanouk resigned as president of FUNCINPEC.[102] In September 1990, the United Nations
(UN) sponsored the establishment of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia (SNC), an administrative
body responsible for overseeing sovereign affairs of Cambodia for an interim period until UN-sponsored
elections are held.[103] The creation of the SNC was subsequently ratified with United Nations Security Council
Resolution 668.[104] In July 1991, Sihanouk left FUNCINPEC altogether, and was elected as the chairperson of
the SNC.[105]
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Second reign
The new constitution was proclaimed on 24 September 1993, and Sihanouk was reinstated as the King of
Cambodia.[123] A permanent coalition government was formed between FUNCINPEC, CPP and BLDP, and
Ranariddh and Hun Sen assumed the positions of First and Second Prime Ministers respectively.[124] Shortly
after that, Sihanouk took leave to Beijing for cancer treatment where he spent several months there.[125] In May
and June 1994, Sihanouk wrote a series of public letters to the government, starting with a call for fresh
elections and giving government posts to end the ongoing insurgency with the Khmer Rouge based in Pailin and
Anlong Veng. When Hun Sen rejected the suggestions,[126] Sihanouk proposed a national unity government that
would see the participation of FUNCINPEC, CPP and Khmer Rouge forces with him as the Head of State and
government.[127] Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk's proposal for the second time, and cited the Khmer Rouge's past
intransigent attitude would make the proposal unrealistic.[128] In July 1994, Sihanouk arranged the exile of
another son, Norodom Chakrapong after he was physically threatened by government forces[129] over an
alleged coup attempt against the government.[130] The following November, Sihanouk made a similar
arrangement for his younger half-brother, Norodom Sirivudh to be exiled to France after the latter was
implicated in an assassination plot to kill Hun Sen.[131]
Relations between the two co-Prime Ministers, Ranariddh and Hun Sen started to deteriorate from early
1996[132] as Ranariddh became unhappy with repeated delays from the CPP in awarding low-level government
posts to FUNCINPEC officials.[133] At the FUNCINPEC congress in March 1996, Ranariddh threatened to pull
out of the coalition government[134] and hold national elections in 1996,[135] which stoked unease from Hun
Sen and other CPP officials.[135] The following month, Sihanouk presided over a meeting between some royal
family members and senior FUNCINPEC officials in Paris. Sihanouk attempted to tone down the tensions
between FUNCINPEC and the CPP by issuing statements, assuring that FUNCINPEC would not leave the
coalition government and there were no reactionary elements to bring down Hun Sen or the CPP.[136]
In March 1997, Sihanouk offered to abdicate the throne, and his suggestion prompted Hun Sen to call for
constitutional amendments to bar members of the royal family from participating in politics.[137] In July 1997,
violent clashes erupted in Phnom Penh between forces loyal to the CPP and FUNCINPEC, which effectively
led to Ranariddh's ouster.[138] Sihanouk voiced displeasure against Hun Sen for orchestrating the clashes, but
refrained from calling Ranariddh's ouster a "coup d'etat", a term which FUNCINPEC members used.[139] When
the National Assembly elected Ung Huot as the First Prime Minister to replace Ranariddh on 6 August
1997,[140] Sihanouk charged that Ranariddh's ouster was illegal and renewed his offer to abdicate from the
throne.[141] In September 1998, Sihanouk meditated political talks in Siem Reap after the FUNCINPEC and the
Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) staged demonstrations against the CPP-led government for irregularities over the 1998
general elections.[142]
Sihanouk maintained a monthly bulletin, which he wrote commentaries over governance issues and posted
photo souvenirs of Cambodia in the 1950s and 1960s. Around 1997, a character known by the name of "Ruom
Rith" started to appear in the monthly bulletin and became extremely critical of Hun Sen and the government.
Hun Sen reportedly became extremely unhappy with the commentaries, and called on the king to stop
publishing the commentaries on two occasions in 1998 and 2003.[143][144] According to Ranariddh, Ruom Rith
was an alter ego of Sihanouk, a claim which the latter vehemently denies.[145] In July 2002, Sihanouk expressed
concern over the absence of detailed constitutional provisions over the organisation and functioning of the
Cambodian throne council.[146] When Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk concern, the latter issued a letter in
September 2002 threatening to abdicate so as to force the throne council to convene and elect a new
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monarch.[147]
General elections were held again in July 2003, whereby the CPP won the most votes but failed to secure
two-thirds of all parliamentary seats required to form a new government. The two runner-up parties,
FUNCINPEC and SRP[148] filed complaints over alleged electoral irregularities with the Constitutional
Council, which were turned down in August 2003[149] When FUNCINPEC and SRP announced their decision
to attend the swearing in ceremony of parliamentarians, Sihanouk announced his decision to abstain from
presiding the swearing-in ceremony, unless all parliamentarians from the three political parties agreed to
attend.[150] The Constitutional Council subsequently advised Sihanouk to preside over the swearing-in
ceremony,[151] which was held later in October 2003.[152] The CPP, FUNCINPEC and SRP held additional talks
into 2004 and Sihanouk proposed a tripartite unity government, but political stalemate persisted until June 2004
due to conflicting demands from the three political parties.[153][154]
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intent to stay in Cambodia indefinitely,[166] but returned to Beijing in January 2012 for further medical
treatment at the advise of his Chinese doctors.[167]
Artistic works
Filmography
Sihanouk developed an interest for the cinema from a young age,
which he attributed to frequent trips to the cinema with his
parents.[1] Shortly after ascending the throne in 1941, Sihanouk
experimenting with film making,[180] and sent students to study
filmmaking in France.[181] When the film Lord Jim was released in
1965, Sihanouk became vexed with the negative portrayal the film
gave of Cambodia.[182] Sihanouk responded by producing his first
feature film, Apsara in 1966 which was marked with a positive
Statue of Norodom Sihanouk in Phnom
portrayal of Cambodia. Sihanouk went on to produce, direct and act
Penh.
in another eight more films between 1966 and 1969,[183] which
were imbued with subtle nationalist and Cold War themes.[184] In
1967, one of Sihanouk films, The Enchanted Forest obtained a nomination at the 5th Moscow International Film
Festival.[185] In 1968 and 1969, Sihanouk initiated the Phnom Penh International Film Festival, and in both
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years he was awarded the Golden Apsara Prize.[186] Sihanouk stopped making films following his ouster in
1970, but started to produce films again from 1987 onwards.[187] In 1997, Sihanouk revealed that he received a
budget of $20,000 to $70,000 for each of his film production from the Cambodian government. Six years later
in 2004, Sihanouk donated his film archives to the cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient in France and Monash
University in Australia.[180] Sihanouk produced his last film, Miss Asina in 2006,[181] and went on to state that
he was ending all film production activities four years later in May 2010.[188]
Musical works
Sihanouk was an avid singer and song composer,[189] and learnt to play several musical instruments such as the
clarinet, saxophone, piano and accordion[185] from a young age.[1] Songs which Sihanouk wrote were usually
based on patriotic themes appraising various aspects of Cambodia, nostalgic songs of foreign countries and
romantic songs dedicated to Monique.[190] Sihanouk led a musical band in the 1960s consisting members of the
royal family, who would perform French songs and his own personal compositions.[191] He would also organise
concerts throughout Cambodia in his nationwide tours.[192] In the 1980s, Sihanouk regularly held concerts to
entertain diplomats while visiting the United Nations Headquarters in New York City,[193] He would continue
the practice of holding concerts at the Cambodian Royal Palace in the 1990s and 2000s.[189]
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and the Guinness Book of World Records identifies Sihanouk as the royal who has served the greatest variety of
state and political offices.[195]
Personal life
Health
Sihanouk developed insomnia[84] and depression during his captive years under the Khmer Rouge.[203] In
November 1992, Sihanouk suffered a stroke[204] caused by the thickening of the coronary arteries and blood
vessels.[205] The following year he was diagnosed with B cell lymphoma in the prostate[206] and was treated
with chemotherapy and surgery.[207] Sihanouk was given a clean bill of health in 1995,[208] but the lymphoma
recurred in the stomach in 2005 and again in 2008,[206] which subsequently went into remission after prolonged
treatment.[209]
Family
Sihanouk married Paule Monique Izzi in April 1952, the daughter of Pomme
Peang, a Cambodian lady and Jean-Franois Izzi, a French banker of Italian
ancestry.[210] who would become Sihanouk's lifelong partner.[69] In the 1990s,
Monique would changed her name to Monineath.[211] Prior to his marriage to
Monique, Sihanouk had married five other women including Phat Kanhol,
Sisowath Pongsanmoni, Sisowath Monikessan, Mam Manivan Phanivong and
Thavet Norleak.[212] Monikessan died of childbirth in 1946 while his
marriages to other women all ended in divorce.[213] Sihanouk sired fourteen
children with five different wives except for Thavet Norleak, who bore him no
children.[214] Five children and fourteen grandchildren disappeared the Khmer
Rouge years, which Sihanouk concluded that they were killed by the Khmer
Rouge leadership.[215][216]
Sihanouk had the following issue:
Norodom Monineath
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Name
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk
Year of
birth
Year of
death
Mother
1943
Phat Kanhol
Norodom Yuvaneath
1943
Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Norodom Ranariddh
1944
Phat Kanhol
Norodom Ravivong
1944
Norodom Chakrapong
1945
Norodom Naradipo
1946
1973
Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Cause of
death
Malaria[217]
Sisowath Pongsanmoni
1976
Sisowath Monikessan
Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[218]
1947
1976
Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[218]
1948
1952
Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Leukemia[217]
Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[219]
Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[219]
Mam Manivan
Disappeared
under Khmer
Rouge[219]
Norodom Khemanourak
1949
1951
Norodom Sujata
1953
Norodom Sihamoni
1953
Norodom Narindrapong
1954
Norodom Arunrasmy
1955
1975
1975
1975
Monique Izzi
(Monineath)
2003
Monique Izzi
(Monineath)
Heart attack[220]
Mam Manivan
Ancestry
References
1. Jeldres (2005), p. 30
2. Jeldres (2003), p. 58
3. Jeldres (2005), p. 294
4. Jeldres (2003), p. 54
5. Osborne (1994), p. 30
6. Osborne (1994), p. 37
7. Osborne (1994), p. 42
8. Osborne (1994), p. 43
9. Osborne (1994), p. 45
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171. AKP Phnom Penh (15 October 2012). "King and PM Depart for Beijing" (http://www.akp.gov.kh/?p=25404). Agence
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180. Erika Kinetz and Kay Kimsong (31 October 2006). "WATCHING BETWEEN THE FRAMESThe Retired Kings
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181. Baumgrtel (2006), p. 11
182. Osborne (1994), p. 177
183. Osborne (1994), p. 178
184. Osborne (1994), pp. 180, 183
185. Marlay and Neher (1999), p. 163
186. Osborne (1994), p. 183
187. Wemaere (2013), p. 13, 54
188. Baumgrtel (2006), p. 2
189. Erik Wasson and Prak Chan Thul (31 October 2006). "BACKING THE ROYAL BALLADEER His Majesty
Norodom Sihanouks Violinist Is a King Among Fiddlers" (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/cdfiles/wp-content
/uploads/2012/10/King_All-72.pdf) (PDF). The Cambodia Daily. p. 6. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
190. LinDa Saphan. "Norodom Sihanouk and the political agenda of Cambodian music, 19551970 (The Newsletter |
No.64 | Summer 2013)" (http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL64_0405.pdf) (PDF). International Institute for
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191. MICHELLE VACHON (17 October 2012). "Norodom SihanoukThe End of an Era"
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192. Marlay and Neher (1999), p. 164
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199. Jeldres (2005), p. 215
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Bibliography
Books
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Summers, Laura (2003). The Far East and Australasia 2003. New York, United States of America:
Psychology Press. pp. 227243. ISBN 1857431332.
Widyono, Benny (2008). Dancing in Shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in
Cambodia. Lanham, Maryland, United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742555534.
Reports
Baumgrtel, Tilman (2010). "KON - The Cinema of Cambodia" (http://www.fliz.ch/pdf13/kon-thecinema-of-cambodia.pdf) (PDF). Department of Media and CommunicationRoyal University of Phnom
Penh. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Cohen, Arthur (9 April 1968). "Intelligence ReportTen Years of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy"
(http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/14/polo-18.pdf) (PDF). Central
Intelligence Agency (Directorate of Intelligence). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Wemaere, Sverine (Managing Director) (1 June 2013). "Memory! International Film Heritage Festival"
(http://www.technicolorfilmfoundation.org/fileadmin/user_upload/en/pdf/memory
/MEMORY__Catalogue_online.pdf) (PDF). Technicolor Film Foundation. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Sisowath Monivong
Preceded by
Chea Sim
(Chairman of the Council of State)
King of Cambodia
19411955
Succeeded by
Norodom Suramarit
King of Cambodia
19932004
Succeeded by
Norodom Sihamoni
Political offices
Preceded by
New office
Succeeded by
Son Ngoc Thanh
Preceded by
Yem Sambaur
Succeeded by
Sisowath Monipong
Preceded by
Huy Kanthoul
Succeeded by
Penn Nouth
Preceded by
Chan Nak
Succeeded by
Penn Nouth
Preceded by
Leng Ngeth
Succeeded by
Oum Chheang Sun
Preceded by
Oum Chheang Sun
Succeeded by
Khim Tit
Preceded by
Khim Tit
Succeeded by
San Yun
Preceded by
San Yun
Succeeded by
Sim Var
Preceded by
Sim Var
Succeeded by
Pho Proeung
Preceded by
Norodom Suramarit
Succeeded by
Cheng Heng
Preceded by
Penn Nouth
Succeeded by
Nhiek Tioulong
Preceded by
Sak Sutsakhan
Succeeded by
Khieu Samphan
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