Vietnam - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Vietnam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1 of 28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam
Vietnam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vietnam ( i /vitnam/;[7] Vietnamese: [vit nm]), officially the

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV; Cng ha X hi ch ngha
Vit Nam ( listen)), is the easternmost country on the Indochina
Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 90.5 million
inhabitants as of 2014, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country,
and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam
translates as "Southern Viet" (synonymous with the much older term
Nam Viet); it was first officially adopted in 1802 by Emperor Gia
Long, and was adopted again in 1945 with the founding of the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh. The country
is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia
to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.[8] Its capital
city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South
Vietnam in 1976.
Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Cng ha X hi ch ngha Vit Nam
Flag
Emblem
Motto: "c lp T do Hnh phc"

"Independence Freedom Happiness"
Anthem: Tin Qun Ca

(English: "Army March")[N 1]
MENU
0:00
Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from

111 BC to AD 938. The Vietnamese became independent from
Imperial China in 938, following the Vietnamese victory in the
Battle of Bch ng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties
flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into
Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the
French in the mid-19th century. Following a Japanese occupation in
the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina
War, eventually expelling the French in 1954. Thereafter, Vietnam
was divided politically into two rival states, North and South
Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy
intervention from the United States, in what is known as the
Vietnam War. The war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in
1975.
Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but
remained impoverished and politically isolated. In 1986, the
government initiated a series of economic and political reforms
which began Vietnam's path towards integration into the world
economy.[9] By 2000, it had established diplomatic relations with all
nations. Since 2000, Vietnam's economic growth rate has been
among the highest in the world,[9] and, in 2011, it had the highest
Global Growth Generators Index among 11 major economies.[10] Its
successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade
Organization in 2007.
Location of Vietnam (green)

in ASEAN (dark grey) [Legend]
Capital
Hanoi
Largest city
Ho Chi Minh City
Official languages
Vietnamese
Official scripts
Vietnamese
212N 10551E
Ethnic groups
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
Religion
85.7% Kinh
(Viet)
1.9% Tay
1.7% Tai
1.5% Mng
1.4% Kh me
1.1% Hoa
1.1% Nng
1% Hmong
4.1% Others
Vietnamese folk
religion
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
2 of 28
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Bronze Age
2.3 Dynastic Vietnam
2.4 18621945: French Indochina
2.5 194654: First Indochina War
2.6 19541975: Vietnam War
2.7 1976present: reunification and reforms
3 Government and politics
3.1 Legislature
3.2 Military
3.3 International relations
3.4 Administrative subdivisions
4 Geography
4.1 Climate
4.2 Ecology and biodiversity
5 Economy
5.1 Trade
5.2 Science and technology
5.3 Transport
5.3.1 Air
5.3.2 Road
5.3.3 Rail
5.3.4 Water
6 Demographics
6.1 Ethnicity
6.2 Languages
6.3 Religion
6.4 Education
6.5 Health
7 Culture
7.1 Media
7.2 Music
7.3 Literature
7.4 Festivals
7.5 Tourism
7.6 Clothing
7.7 Sport
7.8 Cuisine
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology
The name Vit Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation: [vit nam]) is a
variation of "Nam Vit" (Chinese: ; pinyin: Nnyu; literally
"Southern Vit"), a name that can be traced back to the Triu
Demonym
Vietnamese
Government
Marxist-Leninist
single-party state
- Communist Party
General Secretary
- President
- Prime Minister
- Chairman of
National Assembly
Nguyn Ph Trng
Legislature
National Assembly
Formation
- Viet Minh declare
independence from
France
- Fall of Saigon
- Reunification
- Current constitution
Area
- Total
Trng Tn Sang
Nguyn Tn Dng
Nguyn Sinh Hng
2 September 1945
30 April 1975
2 July 1976[1]
28 November 2013 (in
effect since 1 January
2014)
332,698 km2 (65th)

128,565 sq mi
- Water (%)
6.4[2]
Population
- 2014 estimate
90,630,000[3] (13th)
- Density
273.11/km2 (46th)
707.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
- Total
2014 estimate
- Per capita
Int$5,621[3] (127th)
GDP (nominal)
- Total
2014 estimate
- Per capita
$2,072[3] (133rd)
Gini (2008)
35.6[4]
medium
HDI (2013)
0.638[5]
medium 121st
Currency
ng ()[6] (VND)
Time zone
- Summer (DST)
Indochina Time
(UTC+07:00)
No DST (UTC+7)
Drives on the
right
Calling code
+84
Int$509.466 billion[3]
(36th)
$187.848 billion[3]
(54th)
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
3 of 28
Dynasty of the 2nd century BC.[11] The word Vit originated as a

ISO 3166 code
VN
shortened form of Bch Vit (Chinese: ; pinyin: Biyu), a
Internet TLD
.vn
word applied to a group of peoples then living in southern China
and Vietnam.[12] The form "Vietnam" () is first recorded in the
16th-century oracular poem Sm Trng Trnh.[13] The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and
17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558.[14]
Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.[15] It was revived in the early 20th
century by Phan Bi Chu's History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.[16] The
country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the imperial government in Hu and the Viet Minh
government in Hanoi adopted Vit Nam.[17] Since the use of Chinese characters was discontinued in 1918, the
alphabetic spelling of Vietnam is official.
History
Prehistory
Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic
age. Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lng Sn and Ngh An provinces
in northern Vietnam.[18] The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene
provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.[19] Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens
from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can,[20] and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu,[20]
Lang Gao[21] and Lang Cuom.[22]
Bronze Age
By about 1000 BC, the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting
in the Ma River and Red River floodplains led to the flourishing of the ng
Sn culture, notable for its elaborate bronze drums. At this time, the early
Vietnamese kingdoms of Vn Lang and u Lc appeared, and the culture's
influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, including Maritime Southeast
Asia, throughout the first millennium BC.[23][24][25]
Dynastic Vietnam
The Hng Bng dynasty of the Hng kings is considered the first Vietnamese
state, known in Vietnamese as Vn Lang. In 257 BC, the last Hng king was
defeated by Thc Phn, who consolidated the Lc Vit and u Vit tribes to
form the u Lc, proclaiming himself An Dng Vng. In 207 BC, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An
Dng Vng and consolidated u Lc into Nanyue. However, Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire of the
Chinese Han dynasty in 111 BC after the HanNanyue War.
A ng Sn bronze drum, c.800 BC.
For the next thousand years, Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule.[26] Early independence movements, such
as those of the Trng Sisters and Lady Triu, were only temporarily successful, though the region gained a longer
period of independence as Vn Xun under the Anterior L dynasty between AD 544 and 602.[27] By the early 10th
century, Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not true independence, under the Khc family.
In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord Ng Quyn defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han state at Bch ng River
and achieved full independence for Vietnam after a millennium of Chinese domination.[28] Renamed as i Vit
(Great Viet), the nation enjoyed a golden era under the L and Trn dynasties. During the rule of the Trn Dynasty, i
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
4 of 28
Vit repelled three Mongol invasions.[29] Meanwhile, Buddhism flourished and

became the state religion.
Following the 14067 MingH War which overthrew the H dynasty, Vietnamese
independence was briefly interrupted by the Chinese Ming dynasty, but was restored
by L Li, the founder of the L dynasty. The Vietnamese dynasties reached their
zenith in the L dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of Emperor
L Thnh Tng (14601497). Between the 11th and 18th centuries, Vietnam
expanded southward in a process known as nam tin ("southward expansion"),[30]
eventually conquering the kingdom of Champa and part of the Khmer Empire.
[31][32]
From the 16th century onwards, civil strife and frequent political infighting
engulfed much of Vietnam. First, the Chinese-supported Mc dynasty challenged
the L dynasty's power. After the Mc dynasty was defeated, the L dynasty was
nominally reinstalled, but actual power was divided between the northern Trnh
lords and the southern Nguyn lords, who engaged in a civil war for more than four
decades before a truce was called in the 1670s. During this time, the Nguyn
expanded southern Vietnam into the Mekong Delta, annexing the Central Highlands
and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.
The division of the country ended a century later when the Ty Sn brothers
established a new dynasty. However, their rule did not last long, and they were
defeated by the remnants of the Nguyn lords, led by Nguyn nh and aided by the
French.[33] Nguyn nh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguyn dynasty,
ruling under the name Gia Long.
Map of Vietnam showing the

conquest of the south (the Nam
tin), 10691757.
900
1100
1475
1650
1760
18621945: French Indochina

Vietnam's independence was gradually eroded by France aided by large
Catholic militias in a series of military conquests between 1859 and 1885. In
1862, the southern third of the country became the French colony of
Cochinchina. By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule and was
formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887. The French
administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on
Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education was
developed, and Roman Catholicism was propagated widely. Most French
The Imperial City in Hu.
settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, basing themselves
around Saigon.[34] The royalist Cn Vng movement rebelled against French
rule and was defeated in the 1890s after a decade of resistance. Guerrillas of the Cn Vng movement murdered
around a third of Vietnam's Christian population during this period.[35]
Developing a plantation economy to promote the export of tobacco, indigo, tea and coffee, the French largely ignored
increasing calls for Vietnamese self-government and civil rights. A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with
leaders such as Phan Bi Chu, Phan Chu Trinh, Phan nh Phng, Emperor Hm Nghi and Ho Chi Minh fighting or
calling for independence. However, the 1930 Yn Bi mutiny of the Vit Nam Quc Dn ng was suppressed
easily.[36] The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the war in the Pacific led to
the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in 1941. Afterwards, the Japanese Empire was allowed to station its troops
in Vietnam while permitting the pro-Vichy French colonial administration to continue. Japan exploited Vietnam's
natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a full-scale takeover of the country in March 1945
and the Vietnamese Famine of 1945, which caused up to two million deaths.[37]
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
5 of 28
194654: First Indochina War

In 1941, the Viet Minh a communist and nationalist liberation movement
emerged under the MarxistLeninist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, who sought
independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the Japanese occupation.
Following the military defeat of Japan and the fall of its puppet Empire of
Vietnam in August 1945, the Viet Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a
provisional government, which asserted national independence on 2 September.
In the same year, the Provisional Government of the French Republic sent the
French Far East Expeditionary Corps to restore colonial rule, and the Viet Minh
began a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946.[38] The resulting
First Indochina War lasted until July 1954.[39]
The defeat of French and Vietnamese loyalists in the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien
Phu allowed Ho Chi Minh to negotiate a ceasefire from a favorable position at
the subsequent Geneva Conference. The colonial administration was ended and
French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 1954, which
separated the loyalist forces from the communists at the 17th parallel north
with the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone.[N 2] Two states formed after the
partition Ho Chi Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north and
Emperor Bo i's State of Vietnam in the south. A 300-day period of free
movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly
Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists.[43]
French Indochina in 1913.
The partition of Vietnam was not intended to be permanent by the Geneva Accords, which stipulated that Vietnam
would be reunited after elections in 1956.[44] However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, Ng nh
Dim, toppled Bo i in a fraudulent referendum organised by his brother Ng nh Nhu, and proclaimed himself
president of the Republic of Vietnam.[45]
19541975: Vietnam War

The pro-Hanoi Viet Cong began a guerrilla campaign in the late 1950s to
overthrow Dim's government.[46] In the North, the communist government
launched a land reform program,[47] and executed between 50,000[48] and
172,000[47] people in campaigns against wealthy farmers and landowners, amid
broader purges.[47][49][50][51] In 1960 and 1962, the Soviet Union and North
Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support. In the
South, Dim went about crushing political and religious opposition,
imprisoning or executing tens of thousands.[52][53]
In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Dim's regime erupted into mass
demonstrations, leading to a violent government crackdown.[54] This led to the
collapse of Dim's relationship with the United States, and ultimately to the
U.S. helicopter spraying chemical
1963 coup in which Dim and Nhu were assassinated.[55] The Dim era was
defoliants (probably Agent Orange)
followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the
over the Mekong Delta, 1969.
pairing of Air Marshal Nguyn Cao K and General Nguyn Vn Thiu took
control in mid-1965. Thieu gradually outmaneuvered Ky and cemented his grip
on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.[56] Under this political instability, the communists began to gain
ground.
To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States began increasing its
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
6 of 28
contribution of military advisers, using the 1964 Tonkin Gulf incident as a pretext for such intervention. US forces
became involved in ground combat operations in 1965, and at their peak they numbered more than 500,000.[57][58] The
US also engaged in a sustained aerial bombing campaign. Meanwhile, China and the Soviet Union provided North
Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.[59][60] Communist forces supplying the Viet Cong
carried supplies along the Ho Chi Minh trail, which passed through Laos.[61]
The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 Tet Offensive. Although the campaign failed
militarily, it shocked the American establishment, and turned US public opinion against the war.[62][63] Facing an
increasing casualty count, rising domestic opposition to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US
began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s. This process also entailed an unsuccessful effort to
strengthen and stabilize South Vietnam.[64]
Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March
1973. In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of Phc Long and started a full-scale offensive,
culminating in the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.[65] South Vietnam was briefly ruled by a provisional government
while under military occupation by North Vietnam. On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form
the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[1] The war left Vietnam devastated, with the total death toll standing at between
800,000 and 3.1 million.[37][66][67]
1976present: reunification and reforms

In the aftermath of the war, under L Dun's administration, the government
embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories.[68]
This caused economic chaos and resulted in triple-digit inflation, while national
reconstruction efforts progressed slowly. At least one million South Vietnamese
were sent to reeducation camps, with an estimated 165,000 prisoners dying.
[69][70] Between 100,000[69][71][72] and 200,000[73] South Vietnamese were
executed in extrajudicial killings;[74] another 50,000 died performing hard
labor in "New Economic Zones".[69][75] In the late 1970s and early 1980s,
millions of people fled the country in crudely built boats, creating an
international humanitarian crisis;[76][77] hundreds of thousands died at sea.[78]
In 1978, the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia to remove from power the
Khmer Rouge, who had been attacking Vietnamese border villages.[79] Vietnam
was victorious, installing a government in Cambodia which ruled until
1989.[80] This action worsened relations with the Chinese, who launched a brief
incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979.[81] This conflict caused Vietnam to
rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid.
Saigon Trade Center, one of the first
At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in

skyscrapers to be built in Ho Chi
December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government
Minh City after the Doi Moi reforms.
with new leadership.[82][83] The reformers were led by 71-year-old Nguyn
Vn Linh, who became the party's new general secretary.[82][83] Linh and the
reformers implemented a series of free-market reforms known as i Mi ("Renovation") which carefully
managed the transition from a planned economy to a "socialist-oriented market economy".[84][85]
Though the authority of the state remained unchallenged under i Mi, the government encouraged private
ownership of farms and factories, economic deregulation and foreign investment, while maintaining control over
strategic industries.[85] The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial
production, construction, exports and foreign investment. However, these reforms have also caused a rise in income
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
7 of 28
inequality and gender disparities.[86][87][88]
Government and politics

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, along with China, Cuba, Laos, and North
Korea, is one of the world's five remaining single-party socialist states
officially espousing communism. Its current state constitution, 2013
Constitution, asserts the central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in all
organs of government, politics and society. The General Secretary of the
Communist Party performs numerous key administrative and executive
functions, controlling the party's national organization and state appointments,
as well as setting policy. Only political organizations affiliated with or endorsed
by the Communist Party are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These
include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties.
Although the state remains officially committed to socialism as its defining
creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly capitalist,[89] with The
Economist characterizing its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".[90]
The Presidential Palace in Hanoi,

formerly the Palace of The GovernorGeneral of French Indochina.
The President of Vietnam is the titular head of state and the nominal
commander-in-chief of the military, serving as the Chairman of the Council of
Supreme Defense and Security. The Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of
government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of three deputy
prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions.
Legislature
The National Assembly of Vietnam is the unicameral legislature of the state,
composed of 498 members. Headed by a Chairman, it is superior to both the
executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed
from members of the National Assembly. The Supreme People's Court of
Vietnam, headed by a Chief Justice, is the country's highest court of appeal,
though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme
People's Court stand the provincial municipal courts and numerous local courts.
Military courts possess special jurisdiction in matters of national security.
Vietnam maintains the death penalty for numerous offences; as of February
2014, there are around 700 inmates on death row in Vietnam.[91]
Military
The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in

Hanoi.
Vietnamese President Trng Tn

Sang with his first lady during the
Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May
2015
The Vietnam People's Armed Forces consists of the Vietnam People's Army,
the Vietnam People's Public Security and the Vietnam Civil Defense Force. The
Vietnam People's Army (VPA) is the official name for the active military
services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the Vietnam People's Ground
Forces, the Vietnam People's Navy, the Vietnam People's Air Force, the Vietnam Border Defense Force and the
Vietnam Coast Guard. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including
paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.[92] In 2011, Vietnam's military expenditure totalled approximately
US$2.48 billion, equivalent to around 2.5% of its 2010 GDP.[93]
International relations
Throughout its history, Vietnam's key foreign relationship has been with its largest neighbour and one-time imperial
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
8 of 28
master, China. Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural

independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries,
such as the 11th-century patriotic poem Nam quc sn h and the 1428
proclamation of independence Bnh Ng i co. Though China and Vietnam
are now formally at peace, significant territorial tensions remain between the
two countries.[94]
Currently, the formal mission statement of Vietnamese foreign policy is to:
"Implement consistently the foreign policy line of independence, self-reliance,
Vietnamese troops on one of the
peace, cooperation and development; the foreign policy of openness and
disputed Spratly Islands in 2009.
diversification and multi-lateralization of international relations. Proactively
and actively engage in international economic integration while expanding
international cooperation in other fields."[95] Vietnam furthermore declares itself to be "a friend and reliable partner of
all countries in the international community, actively taking part in international and regional cooperation
processes."[95]
By December 2007, Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries, including the United States,
which normalized relations in 1995.[96][97] Vietnam holds membership of 63 international organizations, including the
United Nations, ASEAN, NAM, Francophonie and WTO. It is furthermore a member of around 650 non-government
organizations.[98]
Administrative subdivisions
Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: tnh, from the Chinese , shng). There are also five
municipalities (thnh ph trc thuc trung ng), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.
A clickable map of Vietnam exhibiting its 58 provinces and 5 centrally controlled municipalities.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
9 of 28
Red River Delta

Bc Ninh
H Nam
Hi Dng
Hng Yn
Nam nh
Ninh Bnh
Thi Bnh
Vnh Phc
Hanoi (municipality)
Hai Phong (municipality)
Northeast
Bc Giang
Bc Kn
Cao Bng
H Giang
Lng Sn
Lo Cai
Ph Th
Qung Ninh
Thi Nguyn
Tuyn Quang
Yn Bi
Northwest
in Bin
Ha Bnh
Lai Chu
Sn La
North Central Coast

H Tnh
Ngh An
Qung Bnh
Qung Tr
Thanh Ha
Tha ThinHu
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
10 of 28
The provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities (thnh ph trc thuc tnh), townships (th x) and
counties (huyn), which are in turn subdivided into towns (th trn) or communes (x). The centrally controlled
municipalities are subdivided into districts (qun) and counties, which are further subdivided into wards (phng).
Geography
Vietnam is located on the eastern Indochina Peninsula between the latitudes 8
and 24N, and the longitudes 102 and 110E. It covers a total area of
approximately 331,210 km2 (127,881 sq mi),[2] making it almost the size of
Germany. The combined length of the country's land boundaries is 4,639 km
(2,883 mi), and its coastline is 3,444 km (2,140 mi) long.[2] At its narrowest
point in the central Qung Bnh Province, the country is as little as 50
kilometres (31 mi) across, though it widens to around 600 kilometres (370 mi)
in the north. Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land
covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land
area, and tropical forests cover around 42%.
The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River
Delta. Phan Xi Png, located in Lo Cai Province, is the highest mountain in
Vietnam, standing 3,143 m (10,312 ft) high. Southern Vietnam is divided into
coastal lowlands, the mountains of the Annamite Range, and extensive forests.
Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of basalt soil, the highlands account for
16% of the country's arable land and 22% of its total forested land. The soil in
much of southern Vietnam is relatively poor in nutrients.
Topographic map of Vietnam.
The Red River Delta, a flat, roughly triangular region covering 15,000 km2
(5,792 sq mi),[99] is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely
populated than the Mekong River Delta. Once an inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin, it has been filled in over the millennia by
riverine alluvial deposits. The delta, covering about 40,000 km2 (15,444 sq mi), is a low-level plain no more than 3
meters (9.8 ft) above sea level at any point. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much
sediment that the delta advances 60 to 80 meters (196.9 to 262.5 ft) into the sea every year.
A panorama of Vietnam's H Long Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Climate
Because of differences in latitude and the marked variety in topographical relief, the climate tends to vary considerably
from place to place. During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the monsoon winds
usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable
moisture. Consequently, the winter season in most parts of the country is dry only by comparison with the rainy or
summer season. The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, and higher in
the south than in the north. Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong
Delta, ranging between 21 and 28 C (69.8 and 82.4 F) over the course of the year. Seasonal variations in the
mountains and plateaus and in the north are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from 5 C (41.0 F) in
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
11 of 28
December and January to 37 C (98.6 F) in July and August.
Ecology and biodiversity

Vietnam has two World Natural Heritage Sites H Long Bay and Phong
Nha-K Bng National Park and six biosphere reserves, including Cn Gi
Mangrove Forest, Ct Tin, Ct B, Kin Giang, the Red River Delta, and
Western Ngh An.
Vietnam lies in the Indomalaya ecozone. According to the 2005 National
Environmental Present Condition Report.[100] Vietnam is one of twenty-five
countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of biodiversity. It is
ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately
16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of flora have been identified in the
country, of which 10% are endemic, while Vietnam's fauna include 307
nematode species, 200 oligochaeta, 145 acarina, 113 springtails, 7,750 insects,
260 reptiles, 120 amphibians, 840 birds and 310 mammals, of which 100 birds
and 78 mammals are endemic.[100]
Mai Chu village
The saola, one of the world's rarest

mammals, is native to Vietnam.
Vietnam is furthermore home to 1,438 species of freshwater microalgae,

constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic invertebrates
and 2,458 species of sea fish.[100] In recent years, 13 genera, 222 species, and 30 taxa of flora have been newly
described in Vietnam.[100] Six new mammal species, including the saola, giant muntjac and Tonkin snub-nosed
monkey have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered Edwards's pheasant.[101] In the
late 1980s, a small population of Javan rhinoceros was found in Ct Tin National Park. However, the last individual
of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.[102]
In agricultural genetic diversity, Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original cultivar centers. The Vietnam National
Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.[100] The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07
million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone, and has established 126 conservation areas, including 28
national parks.[100]
Economy
In 2012, Vietnam's nominal GDP reached US$138 billion, with a nominal GDP
per capita of $1,527, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[3]
According to a December 2005 forecast by Goldman Sachs, the Vietnamese
economy will become the world's 21st-largest by 2025, with an estimated
nominal GDP of $436 billion and a nominal GDP per capita of $4,357.[103]
According to a 2008 forecast by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Vietnam may be the
fastest-growing of the world's emerging economies by 2025, with a potential
growth rate of almost 10% per annum in real dollar terms.[104] In 2012, HSBC
predicted that Vietnam's total GDP would surpass those of Norway, Singapore
and Portugal by 2050.[105]
Paddy fields in Sa Pa.
Vietnam has been, for much of its history, a predominantly agricultural civilization based on wet rice cultivation. There
is also an industry for Bauxite mining in Vietnam, an important material for the production of aluminum. However, the
Vietnam War destroyed much of the country's agrarian economy, leading the post-war government to implement a
planned economy to revitalise agriculture and industrialise the nation. The collectivization of farms, factories and
economic capital was implemented, and millions of people were put to work in government programs. For a decade
following the Vietnam War, Vietnam's economy was plagued with inefficiency and corruption in state programs, poor
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
12 of 28
quality and underproduction, and restrictions on economic activity. It also

suffered from the post-war trade embargo instituted by the United States and
most of Europe. These problems were compounded by the erosion of the Soviet
bloc, which included Vietnam's main trading partners, in the late 1980s.
In 1986, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party introduced
socialist-oriented market economic reforms as part of the i Mi reform
program. Private ownership was encouraged in industries, commerce and
agriculture.[106] Thanks largely to these reforms, Vietnam achieved around 8%
annual GDP growth between 1990 to 1997, and the economy continued to grow
at an annual rate of around 7% from 2000 to 2005, making Vietnam one of the
world's fastest growing economies. Growth remained strong even in the face of
the late-2000s global recession, holding at 6.8% in 2010, but Vietnam's
year-on-year inflation rate hit 11.8% in December 2010, according to a GSO
estimate. The Vietnamese dong was devalued three times in 2010 alone.[107]
Hanoi's Keangnam Hanoi Landmark

Tower, the tallest building in
Vietnam.
Manufacturing, information technology and high-tech industries now form a

large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Though Vietnam is a
relative newcomer to the oil industry, it is currently the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia, with a total 2011
output of 318,000 barrels per day (50,600 m3/d).[108] In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the 8th largest crude petroleum
producers in the Asia and Pacific region.[109] Like its Chinese neighbours, Vietnam continues to make use of centrally
planned economic five-year plans.
Deep poverty, defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in
Vietnam, and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India, and the Philippines.[110] This decline in the
poverty rate can be attributed to equitable economic policies aimed at improving living standards and preventing the
rise of inequality; these policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the i Mi
program, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.[111] According to the IMF,
the unemployment rate in Vietnam stood at 4.46% in 2012.[3]
Trade
Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a
two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international
markets while protecting others.[111][112] In July 2006, Vietnam updated its
intellectual property legislation to comply with TRIPS, and it became a
member of the WTO on 11 January 2007. Vietnam is now one of Asia's most
open economies: two-way trade was valued at around 160% of GDP in 2006,
more than twice the contemporary ratio for China and over four times the ratio
for India.[113] Vietnam's chief trading partners include China, Japan, Australia,
the ASEAN countries, the United States and Western Europe.
Floating market of Cn Th
Vietnam's Customs office reported in July 2013 that the total value of
international merchandise trade for the first half of 2013 was US$124 billion, which was 15.7% higher than the same
period in 2012. Mobile phones and their parts were both imported and exported in large numbers, while in the natural
resources market, crude oil was a top-ranking export and high levels of iron and steel were imported during this
period. The U.S. was the country that purchased the highest amount of Vietnam's exports, while Chinese goods were
the most popular Vietnamese import.[114]
As a result of several land reform measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now
the world's largest producer of cashew nuts, with a one-third global share; the largest producer of black pepper,
accounting for one-third of the world's market; and the second-largest rice exporter in the world, after Thailand.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
13 of 28
Vietnam is the world's second largest exporter of coffee.[115] Vietnam has the highest proportion of land use for
permanent crops 6.93% of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Other primary exports include tea, rubber,
and fishery products. However, agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42%
in 1989 to 20% in 2006, as production in other sectors of the economy has risen.
In 2014 the country negotiated a free trade agreement with the European Union which would give it access to the EU's
Generalized System of Preferences, which provides preferential access to European markets for developing countries
through reduced tariffs.[116]
Science and technology
The TOPIO 3.0 humanoid robot
Vietnamese scholars developed many academic fields during the dynastic era,
most notably social sciences and the humanities. The country boasts a
millennium-deep legacy of analytical histories, such as the i Vit s k ton
th of Ng S Lin. Vietnamese monks led by the abdicated Emperor Trn
Nhn Tng developed the Trc Lm Zen branch of philosophy in the 13th
century. Arithmetics and geometry have been widely taught in Vietnam since
the 15th century, using the textbook i thnh ton php by Lng Th Vinh
as a basis. Lng Th Vinh introduced Vietnam to the notion of zero, while
Mc Hin Tch used the term s n (en: "unknown/secret/hidden number") to
refer to negative numbers. Vietnamese scholars furthermore produced
numerous encyclopedias, such as L Qu n's Vn i loi ng.
In recent times, Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most
notably in mathematics. Hong Ty pioneered the applied mathematics field of global optimization in the 20th century,
while Ng Bo Chu won the 2010 Fields Medal for his proof of fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic
forms. Vietnam is currently working to develop an indigenous space program, and plans to construct the US$600
million Vietnam Space Center by 2018.[117] Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of robots,
such as the TOPIO humanoid model.[118] In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology equalled
around 0.45% of its GDP.[119]
Transport
Much of Vietnam's modern transport network was originally developed under French rule to facilitate the
transportation of raw materials, and was reconstructed and extensively modernized following the Vietnam War.
Air
Vietnam operates 21 major civil airports, including three international
gateways: Noi Bai in Hanoi, Da Nang International Airport in Da Nang, and
Tan Son Nhat in Ho Chi Minh City. Tan Son Nhat is the nation's largest airport,
handling 75% of international passenger traffic. According to a state-approved
plan, Vietnam will have 10 international airports by 2015 besides the
aforementioned three, these include Lien Khuong International Airport, Phu
Bai International Airport, Cam Ranh International Airport, Phu Quoc
International Airport, Cat Bi International Airport, Cn Th International
Airport and Long Thanh International Airport. The planned Long Thanh
International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100 million
passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2020.
A Vietnam Airlines Boeing 777 at

Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Vietnam Airlines, the state-owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 69 passenger aircraft,[120][121] and aims to
operate 150 by 2020. Several private airlines are also in operation in Vietnam, including Air Mekong, Jetstar Pacific
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
14 of 28
Airlines, VASCO and VietJet Air.

Road
Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level;
provincial roads managed at the provincial level; district roads managed at the
district level; urban roads managed by cities and towns; and commune roads
managed at the commune level. Bicycles, motor scooters and motorcycles
remain the most popular forms of road transport in Vietnam's urban areas,
although the number of privately owned automobiles is also on the rise,
especially in the larger cities. Public buses operated by private companies are
the main mode of long-distance travel for much of the population.
A section of the NorthSouth
Expressway linking Cu Gi and
Ninh Bnh
Road safety is a serious issue in Vietnam on average, 30 people are killed in

traffic accidents every day.[122] Traffic congestion is a growing problem in
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, as the cities' roads struggle to cope with the
boom in automobile use.
Rail
Vietnam's primary cross-country rail service is the Reunification Express, which runs from Ho Chi Minh City to
Hanoi, covering a distance of nearly 2,000 kilometres. From Hanoi, railway lines branch out to the northeast, north and
west; the eastbound line runs from Hanoi to H Long Bay, the northbound line from Hanoi to Thi Nguyn, and the
northeast line from Hanoi to Lo Cai.
In 2009, Vietnam and Japan signed a deal to build a high-speed railway using Japanese technology; numerous
Vietnamese engineers were later sent to Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high-speed
trains. The railway will be a 1,630-km-long[123] express route, serving a total of 26 stations, including Hanoi and the
Thu Thiem terminus in Ho Chi Minh City.[124] Using Japan's Shinkansen technology,[125] the line will support trains
travelling at a maximum speed of 360 kilometres (220 mi) per hour. The high-speed lines linking Hanoi to Vinh, Nha
Trang and Ho Chi Minh City will be laid by 2015. From 2015 to 2020, construction will begin on the routes between
Vinh and Nha Trang and between Hanoi and the northern provinces of Lo Cai and Lng Sn.
Water
As a coastal country, Vietnam has many major sea ports, including Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh
City, Hong Gai, Qui Nhn, Vng Tu and Nha Trang. Further inland, the country's extensive network of rivers play a
key role in rural transportation, with over 17,700 kilometres (11,000 mi) of navigable waterways carrying ferries,
barges and water taxis.[126][127]
In addition, the Mekong Delta and Red River Delta are vital to Vietnam's social and economic welfare most of the
country's population lives along or near these river deltas, and the major cities of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi are
situated near the Mekong and Red River deltas, respectively. Further out in the South China Sea, Vietnam currently
controls the majority of the disputed Spratly Islands, which are the source of longstanding disagreements with China
and other nearby nations.[128]
Demographics
The census of 1 April 2009 recorded the population of Vietnam as standing at approximately 85.8 million. The
population had grown significantly from the 1979 census, which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to
be 52.7 million.[129] In 2012, the country's population was estimated at approximately 90.3 million.[3] Currently, the
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
15 of 28
total fertility rate of Vietnam is 1.8 (births per woman),[130] which is largely due to the
government's family planning policy, the two-child policy.
Ethnicity
According to the 2009 census, the dominant Viet or Kinh ethnic group constituted
nearly 73.6 million people, or 85.8% of the population. The Kinh population is
concentrated mainly in the alluvial deltas and coastal plains of the country. A largely
homogeneous social and ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and
economic influence over the country. However, Vietnam is also home to 54 ethnic
minority groups, including the Hmong, Dao, Tay, Thai, and Nng. Many ethnic
minorities such as the Muong, who are closely related to the Kinh dwell in the
highlands, which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory. Before the Vietnam War, the
population of the Central Highlands was almost exclusively Degar (including over 40
tribal groups); however, Ng nh Dim's South Vietnamese government enacted a
program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.[131] The Hoa (ethnic Chinese)[132] and
Khmer Krom people are mainly lowlanders. As Sino-Vietnamese relations soured in
1978 and 1979, some 450,000 Hoa left Vietnam.[133]
Hmong women in traditional

dress in Sa Pa, northern
Vietnam.
Languages
The official national language of Vietnam is Vietnamese (Ting Vit), a tonal MonKhmer language which is spoken
by the majority of the population. In its early history, Vietnamese writing used Chinese characters. In the 13th century,
the Vietnamese developed their own set of characters, referred to as Ch nm. The folk epic Truyn Kiu ("The Tale of
Kieu", originally known as on trng tn thanh ) by Nguyn Du was written in Ch nm. Quc ng, the romanized
Vietnamese alphabet used for spoken Vietnamese, was developed in the 17th century by the Jesuit Alexandre de
Rhodes and several other Catholic missionaries.[134] Quc ng became widely popular and brought literacy to the
Vietnamese masses during the French colonial period.[134]
Vietnam's minority groups speak a variety of languages, including Ty, Mng, Cham, Khmer, Chinese, Nng, and
H'Mng. The Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands also speak a number of distinct languages.[135] A number
of sign languages have developed in the cities.
The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language,
especially among the older generation and those educated in the former South Vietnam, where it was a principal
language in administration, education and commerce; Vietnam remains a full member of the Francophonie, and
education has revived some interest in the language.[136][137] Russian and to a much lesser extent German, Czech
and Polish are known among some Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Soviet bloc during the Cold
War.[138] In recent years, as Vietnam's contacts with Western nations have increased, English has become more
popular as a second language. The study of English is now obligatory in most schools, either alongside or in many
cases, replacing French.[138][139] Japanese, Chinese and Korean have also grown in popularity as Vietnam's links with
other East Asian nations have strengthened.
Religion
According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center, in 2010 about 45.3% of the Vietnamese adhere to indigenous
religions, 16.4% to Buddhism, 8.2% to Christianity, 0.4% to other faiths, and 29.6% of the population isn't
religious.[140]
According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam's report for 1 April 2009, 6.8 million (or 7.9% of the total
population) are practicing Buddhists, 5.7 million (6.6%) are Catholics, 1.4 million (1.7%) are adherents of Ha Ho,
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
16 of 28
0.8 million (0.9%) practise Caodaism, and 0.7 million (0.9%) are Protestants.
In total, 15,651,467 Vietnamese (18.2%) are formally registered in a
religion.[141] According to the 2009 census, while over 10 million people have
taken refuge in the Three Jewels of Buddhism,[142][143] the vast majority of
Vietnamese people practice ancestor worship in some form. According to a
2007 report, 81% of the Vietnamese people do not believe in God.[144]
About 8% of the population are Christians, totalling around six million Roman
Catholics and fewer than one million Protestants. Christianity was first
introduced to Vietnam by Portuguese and Dutch traders in the 16th and 17th
centuries, and was further propagated by French missionaries in the 19th and
20th centuries, and to a lesser extent, by American Protestant missionaries
during the Vietnam War, largely among the Montagnards of South Vietnam.
Bell Tower of Bi nh Temple in

Ninh Bnh Province
The largest Protestant churches are the Evangelical Church of Vietnam and the Montagnard Evangelical Church.
Two-thirds of Vietnam's Protestants are reportedly members of ethnic minorities.[145] Although a small religious
minority, Protestantism is claimed to be the country's fastest-growing religion, expanding at a rate of 600% in the
previous decade.[146]
The Vietnamese government is widely seen as suspicious of Roman
Catholicism. This mistrust originated during the 19th century, when some
Catholics collaborated with the French colonists in conquering and ruling the
country and in helping French attempts to install Catholic emperors, such as in
the L Vn Khi revolt of 1833. Furthermore, the Catholic Church's strongly
anti-communist stance has made it an enemy of the Vietnamese state. The
Vatican Church is officially banned, and only government-controlled Catholic
organisations are permitted. However, the Vatican has attempted to negotiate
the opening of diplomatic relations with Vietnam in recent years.[147]
The main Cao i temple in the city

of Ty Ninh
Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam. A significant number of people

are adherents of Caodaism, an indigenous folk religion which has structured
itself on the model of the Catholic Church. Sunni and Cham Bani Islam is primarily practiced by the ethnic Cham
minority, though there are also a few ethnic Vietnamese adherents in the southwest. In total, there are approximately
70,000 Muslims in Vietnam,[148] while around 50,000 Hindus and a small number of Baha'is are also in evidence.
The Vietnamese government rejects allegations that it does not allow religious freedom. The state's official position on
religion is that all citizens are free to their belief, and that all religions are equal before the law.[149] Nevertheless, only
government-approved religious organisations are allowed; for example, the South Vietnam-founded Unified Buddhist
Church of Vietnam is banned in favour of a communist-approved body.[150]
Education
Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges and universities, and a growing number of
privately run and partially privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories:
kindergarten, elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, and universities. A large number of public schools
have been constructed across the country to raise the national literacy rate, which stood at 90.3% in 2008.[151]
A large number of Vietnam's most acclaimed universities are based in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Facing serious
crises, Vietnam's education system is under a holistic program of reform launched by the government. Education is not
free; therefore, some poor families may have trouble paying tuition for their children without some form of public or
private assistance. Regardless, school enrollment is among the highest in the world,[152][153] and the number of
colleges and universities increased dramatically in the 2000s, from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
17 of 28
Health
In 2009, Vietnam's national life expectancy stood at 76 years for women and 72
for men,[154] and the infant mortality rate was 12 per 1,000 live births.[155] By
2009, 85% of the population had access to improved water sources.[154]
However, malnutrition is still common in the rural provinces.[156] In 2001,
government spending on health care corresponded to just 0.9% of Vietnam's
gross domestic product (GDP), with state subsidies covering only about 20% of
health care expenses.[157]
The University of Medicine in Hanoi.
In 1954, North Vietnam established a public health system that reached down
to the hamlet level.[158] After the national reunification in 1975, a nationwide health service was established. In the
late 1980s, the quality of healthcare declined to some degree as a result of budgetary constraints, a shift of
responsibility to the provinces, and the introduction of charges. Inadequate funding has also contributed to a shortage
of nurses, midwives, and hospital beds; in 2000, Vietnam had only 250,000 hospital beds, or 14.8 beds per 10,000
people, according to the World Bank.[157]
Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating malaria, with the malaria mortality rate
falling to about 5% of its 1990s equivalent by 2005, after the country introduced improved antimalarial drugs and
treatment. However, tuberculosis cases are on the rise, with 57 deaths per day reported in May 2004. With an
intensified vaccination program, better hygiene, and foreign assistance, Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number
of TB cases and annual new TB infections.[157]
As of September 2005, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 HIV cases, of which 16,528 progressed to AIDS, and 9,554
died. However, the actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. On average, 4050 new
infections are reported every day in Vietnam. As of 2007, 0.5% of the population is estimated to be infected with HIV,
and this figure has remained stable since 2005.[159] In June 2004, the United States announced that Vietnam would be
one of 15 nations to receive funding as part of a US$15 billion global AIDS relief plan.[157]
Culture
Vietnam's culture has developed over the centuries from indigenous ancient
ng Sn culture with wet rice agriculture as its economic base. Some
elements of the national culture have Chinese origins, drawing on elements of
Confucianism and Taoism in its traditional political system and philosophy.
Vietnamese society is structured around lng (ancestral villages); all
Vietnamese mark a common ancestral anniversary on the tenth day of the third
lunar month.[160] The influences of immigrant peoples such as the Cantonese,
Hakka, Hokkien and Hainan cultures can also be seen, while the national
religion of Buddhism is strongly entwined with popular culture. In recent
centuries, the influences of Western cultures, most notably France and the
United States, have become evident in Vietnam.
The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi

Minh City
The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are humanity (nhn ngha) and harmony (ha); family and community
values are highly regarded. Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols, such as the Vietnamese dragon, which
is derived from crocodile and snake imagery; Vietnam's National Father, Lc Long Qun, is depicted as a holy dragon.
The lc a holy bird representing Vietnam's National Mother, u C is another prominent symbol, while turtle and
horse images are also revered.[161]
In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and
cultural programs. For many decades, foreign cultural influences especially those of Western origin were shunned.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
18 of 28
However, since the 1990s, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to Southeast Asian, European and American culture
and media.[162]
Media
Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government in accordance with the 2004 Law on Publication.[163] It is
generally perceived that Vietnam's media sector is controlled by the government to follow the official Communist
Party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.[164] The Voice of Vietnam is the official state-run
national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other
countries, and providing broadcasts from its website. Vietnam Television is the national television broadcasting
company.
Since 1997, Vietnam has extensively regulated public Internet access, using both legal and technical means. The
resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the "Bamboo Firewall".[165] The collaborative project OpenNet Initiative
classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",[166] while Reporters Without Borders
considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".[167] Though the government of Vietnam claims to
safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content through its blocking efforts, many politically and
religiously sensitive websites are also banned.[168]
Music
Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and southern
regions. Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest musical form, and is
traditionally more formal. The origins of Vietnamese classical music can be traced
to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century, when the Vietnamese captured a
Chinese opera troupe.[169] Throughout its history, Vietnamese has been most
heavily impacted by the Chinese musical tradition, as an integral part, along with
Korea, Mongolia and Japan.[170] Nh nhc is the most popular form of imperial
court music. Cho is a form of generally satirical musical theatre. Xm or Ht xm
The Vietnamese dan bau a
(Xm singing) is a type of Vietnamese folk music. Quan h (alternate singing) is
monochord zither instrument
popular in H Bc (divided into Bc Ninh and Bc Giang Provinces) and across
Vietnam. Ht chu vn or ht vn is a spiritual form of music used to invoke
spirits during ceremonies. Nhc dn tc ci bin is a modern form of Vietnamese folk music which arose in the 1950s.
Ca tr (also ht o) is a popular folk music. "H" can not be thought of as the southern style of Quan h. There are
a range of traditional instruments, including the n bu (a monochord zither), the n go (a two-stringed fiddle with
coconut body), and the n nguyt (a two-stringed fretted moon lute).
Literature
Vietnamese literature has a centuries-deep history. The country has a rich
tradition of folk literature, based around the typical 6to-8-verse poetic form
named ca dao, which usually focuses on village ancestors and heroes.[171]
Written literature has been found dating back to the 10th-century Ng dynasty,
with notable ancient authors including Nguyn Tri, Trn Hng o, Nguyn
Du and Nguyn nh Chiu. Some literary genres play an important role in
theatrical performance, such as ht ni in ca tr.[172] Some poetic unions have
also been formed in Vietnam, such as the Tao n. Vietnamese literature has in
recent times been influenced by Western styles, with the first literary
transformation movement Th Mi emerging in 1932.[173]
The Temple of Literature in Hanoi.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
19 of 28
Festivals
Vietnam has a plethora of festivals based on the lunar calendar, the most
important being the Tt New Year celebration. Traditional Vietnamese
weddings remain widely popular, and are often celebrated by expatriate
Vietnamese in Western countries.
Tourism
Vietnam has become a major tourist
destination since the 1990s, assisted by
significant state and private investment,
particularly in coastal regions.[174]
About 3.77 million international tourists
visited Vietnam in 2009 alone.[175]
Popular tourist destinations include the
former imperial capital of Hu, the
Hi An's Ancient Town, a UNESCO
World Heritage Sites of Phong Nha-K
World Heritage Site.
Bng National Park, Hi An and M
Sn, coastal regions such as Nha Trang,
the caves of H Long Bay and the Marble Mountains. Numerous tourist
projects are under construction, such as the Bnh Dng tourist complex, which
possesses the largest artificial sea in Southeast Asia.[176]
On 14 February 2011, Joe Jackson, the father of American pop star Michael
A traditional Tt (Lunar New Year)
Jackson, attended a ground breaking ceremony for what will be Southeast
tree.
Asia's largest entertainment complex, a five-star hotel and amusement park
called Happyland. The US$2 billion project, which has been designed to
accommodate 14 million tourists annually, is located in southern Long An Province, near Ho Chi Minh City. It is
expected that the complex will be completed in 2014.[177]
Clothing
The o di, a formal girl's dress, is worn for special occasions such as weddings and religious festivals. White o di is
the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam. o di was once worn by both genders, but today
it is mostly the preserve of women, although men do wear it to some occasions, such as traditional weddings.[178]
Other examples of traditional Vietnamese clothing include the o t thn, a four-piece woman's dress; the o ng, a
form of the thn in 5-piece form, mostly worn in the north of the country; the ym, a woman's undergarment; the o b
ba, rural working "pyjamas" for men and women;[179] the o gm, a formal brocade tunic for government receptions;
and the o the, a variant of the o gm worn by grooms at weddings. Traditional headwear includes the standard
conical nn l and the "lampshade-like" nn quai thao.
Sport
The Vovinam and Bnh nh martial arts are widespread in Vietnam,[180] while soccer is the country's most popular
team sport.[181] Its national team won the ASEAN Football Championship in 2008. Other Western sports, such as
badminton, tennis, volleyball, ping-pong and chess, are also widely popular.
Vietnam has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1952, when it competed as the State of Vietnam. After
the partition of the country in 1954, only South Vietnam competed in the Games, sending athletes to the 1956 and
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
20 of 28
1972 Olympics. Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, it has competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,
attending every Summer Olympics from 1988 onwards. The present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976
and recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1979.[182] As of 2014, Vietnam has never
participated in the Winter Olympics.
Cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine traditionally features a combination of five fundamental
taste "elements" (Vietnamese: ng v): spicy (metal), sour (wood), bitter (fire),
salty (water) and sweet (earth).[183] Common ingredients include fish sauce,
shrimp paste, soy sauce, rice, fresh herbs, fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese
recipes use lemongrass, ginger, mint, Vietnamese mint, long coriander, Saigon
cinnamon, bird's eye chili, lime and basil leaves.[184] Traditional Vietnamese
cooking is known for its fresh ingredients, minimal use of oil, and reliance on
herbs and vegetables, and is considered one of the healthiest cuisines
worldwide.[185]
Pho, one of the most popular

Vietnamese dishes.
In northern Vietnam, local foods are often less spicy than southern dishes, as the colder northern climate limits the
production and availability of spices. Black pepper is used in place of chilis to produce spicy flavors. The use of such
meats as pork, beef, and chicken was relatively limited in the past, and as a result freshwater fish, crustaceans
particularly crabs and mollusks became widely used. Fish sauce, soy sauce, prawn sauce, and limes are among the
main flavoring ingredients. Many signature Vietnamese dishes, such as bn riu and bnh cun, originated in the north
and were carried to central and southern Vietnam by migrants.[186]
See also
Vietnam Coast Guard
Vietnam People's Public Security
Outline of Vietnam
Index of Vietnam-related articles
CIVETS, a grouping of emerging economies including Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South
Africa
ASEAN
Notes
1. Only the first verse of the "Army March" is recognized as the official national anthem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
2. Neither the United States government nor Ng nh Dim's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva
Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam; however, the
French accepted the Viet Minh proposal[40] that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local
commissions".[41] The United States, with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom, countered with the
"American Plan,"[42] which provided for United Nations-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected
by Soviet and other communist delegations.[42]
References
1. Robbers, Gerhard (30 January 2007). Encyclopedia of world constitutions (https://books.google.com/books?id=M3Axgf1yM4C&pg=PA1021). Infobase Publishing. p. 1021. ISBN 978-0-8160-6078-8. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
2. Vietnam Geography (http://www.indexmundi.com/vietnam/geography_profile.html). Index Mundi. 12 July 2011. Retrieved
19 December 2011.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
21 of 28
3. "World Economic Outlook: Vietnam" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=73&

pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=582&
s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=). International Monetary Fund. October 2013.
Retrieved 16 February 2014.
4. "Gini Index" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI). World Bank. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
5. "2014 Human Development Report Summary" (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf) (PDF). United
Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 2125. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
6. "Socialist Republic of Vietnam" (http://www.travelsradiate.com/asia/socialist-republic-of-vietnam.html). Travelsradiate.com.
Retrieved 6 August 2011.
7. Vietnam (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Vietnam). Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
8. The South China Sea is referred to in Vietnam as the East Sea (Bin ng). "China continues its plot in the East Sea"
(http://m.english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/54432/china-continues-its-plot-in-the-east-sea.html). VietNamNet News. 10
December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
9. "Vietnam's new-look economy" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3752682.stm). BBC News. 18 October 2004.
10. Weisenthal, Joe (22 February 2011). "3G Countries" (http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries2011-2?slop=1). Businessinsider.com. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
11. Woods, L. Shelton (2002). Vietnam: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. ISBN 1-57607-416-1.
12. Yue-Hashimoto, Oi-kan (1972). Phonology of Cantonese (https://books.google.com/books?id=WY48AAAAIAAJ).
Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-08442-0. "As a term referring to peoples, Yue is an abbreviation of
Bai-Yue ( or , literally hundred Yue's)."
13. Nguyn Bnh Khim. "Sm Trng Trnh (http://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A5m_Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_Tr
%C3%ACnh)". Wikisource.org. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
14. Thnh Ln. "Ai t quc hiu Vit Nam u tin? (http://viet.vietnamembassy.us/tintuc/story.php?d=20030314121732)". Bo
i on kt. 14 March 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
15. At first, Gia Long requested the name Nam Vit, but Qing Emperor Jiaqing refused. Woods, L. Shelton (2002). Vietnam: a
global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. ISBN 1-57607-416-1.
16. Tonnesson, Stein and Antlov, Hans (1996) Asian Forms of the Nation (https://books.google.com
/books?id=3vC14MWi3g4C), Routledge, p. 117, ISBN 0700704426.
17. Tonnesson, Stein; Antlov, Hans (1996). Asian Forms of the Nation (https://books.google.com/books?id=3vC14MWi3g4C).
Richmond, Surrey, UK: Curzon Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780700704422.
18. "The Human Migration: Homo Erectus and the Ice Age" (http://voices.yahoo.com/the-human-migration-homo-erectusice-age-3357450.html). Yahoo.com. 27 May 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
19. Kha and Bao, 1967; Kha, 1975; Kha, 1976; Long et al., 1977; Cuong, 1985; Ciochon and Olsen, 1986; Olsen and Ciochon,
1990.
20. Cuong, 1986.
21. Colani, 1927.
22. Demeter, 2000.
23. "Dong Son culture" (http://www.littlevietnamtours.com.vn/about_vietnam/vietnam_culture/dong_son_culture.php).
LittleVietnamTours.com.vn. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
24. Nola Cooke, Tana Li, James Anderson (2011). The Tongking Gulf Through History. p.46: "Nishimura actually suggested the
ng Sn phase belonged in the late metal age, and some other Japanese scholars argued that, contrary to the conventional
belief that the Han invasion ended ng Sn culture, ng Sn artifacts, ..."
25. Vietnam Fine Arts Museum (2000). "... the bronze cylindrical jars, drums, Weapons and tools which were sophistically
carved and belonged to the World famous ng Sn culture dating from thousands of years; the Sculptures in the round, the
ornamental architectural Sculptures ..."
26. "Chinese Colonization (200BC 938AD)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070825192025/http://www.asia.msu.edu/seasia
/Vietnam/History/chinesecolonization.html). Asia.msu.edu. Archived from the original (http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Vietnam
/History/chinesecolonization.html) on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
27. "Country's Official Name" (http://www.easyrider.vn/contents.php?ids=144). Easy Riders Vietnam. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
28. "Spears offer insight into early military strategy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011202/http:
//vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=04SUN220106). Viet Nam News. 22 January 2006. Archived from
the original (http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=04SUN220106) on 4 March 2009.
29. "The Trn Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols" (http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/9.htm). Countrystudies.us. Retrieved
28 April 2010.
30. "The L Dynasty and Southward Expansion" (http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/11.htm). Countrystudies.us. Retrieved
28 April 2010.
31. "The Kingdom of Champa" (http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/549713). Ancientworlds.net. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
22 of 28
32. "The Chams: Survivors of a Lost Civilisation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100110131508/http://www.cpamedia.com

/history/cham_survivors/). Cpamedia.com. Archived from the original (http://www.cpamedia.com/history/cham_survivors/)
on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
33. Colonialism by Melvin Eugene Page and Penny M. Sonnenburg (https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&
pg=PA723&dq=Puymanel&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0QtLHIsVz76dH6VpFbsBYgm8FA8Q) via Google Books. p.723. Retrieved
24 October 2012.
34. "French Counterrevolutionary Struggles: Indochina and Algeria" (PDF) (http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/docrepository
/FrenchAlgeria.pdf). United States Military Academy. 1968. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
35. Fourniau, AnnamTonkin, pp. 3977
36. "1930: 13 Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang cadres, for the Yen Bai mutiny" (http://www.executedtoday.com/2013/06/17/1930-13viet-nam-quoc-dan-dang-cadres-for-the-yen-bai-mutiny/). ExecutedToday.com. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
37. Hirschman, Charles; Preston, Samuel; Vu Manh Loi (1995). "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New
Estimate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100620194237/http://www.soc.washington.edu/users/brines/vietcasualties.pdf)
(PDF). Population and Development Review 21 (4): 783812. doi:10.2307/2137774 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2137774).
JSTOR 2137774 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137774). Archived from the original (http://www.soc.washington.edu/users
/brines/vietcasualties.pdf) (PDF) on 20 June 2010.
38. "Vietnam Notebook: First Indochina War, Early Years (19461950)" (http://parallelnarratives.com/vietnam-notebookthe-first-indochina-war-early-years-1946-1950/). Parallel Narratives. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
39. Declaration of Independence, Democratic Republic of Vietnam (2 September 1945) (http://coombs.anu.edu.au/%7Evern
/van_kien/declar.html). Vietnam Documents. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
40. The Pentagon Papers (1971). Beacon Press. Vol. 3. p. 134.
43. "Vietnam's 300 Days of Open Borders: Operation Passage to Freedom" (http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2012/07
/vietnams_300_da.html). Library of Economics and Liberty. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
44. Mose, Edwin (4 November 1998). "The Geneva Accords" (http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise
/viet4.html). Clemson University. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
45. Mose, Edwin (4 November 1998). "The Aftermath of Geneva, 19541961" (http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history
/FacultyPages/EdMoise/viet5.html). Clemson University. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
46. The United States in Vietnam An Analysis in Depth of America's Involvement in Vietnam. George McTurnin Kahin and
John W. Lewis (1967). Delta Books.
47. Rosefielde (2009), Red Holocaust, Routledge, p. 110.
48. Margolin, Jean-Louis (1997) "Vietnam and Laos: the impasse of war communism", pp. 568569 in The Black Book of
Communism. Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2.
49. Turner, Robert F. (1975).Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 1413, 1557
50. Turner, Robert F. (1972). "Myths of the Vietnam War: The Pentagon Papers Reconsidered". Southeast Asian Perspectives 7:
iiv, 155. JSTOR 30174757 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/30174757). "Although no official figures were made public, the
best estimates are that about fifty thousand people were executed, and several hundred thousands more died as a result of the
"policy of isolation"
51. Lam Thanh Liem (1990). "Chinh sach cai cach ruong dat cua Ho Chi Minh: sai lam hay toi ac?" in Jean-Franois Revel et
al., Ho Chi Minh, Nam A. pp. 179214.
52. "Ngo Dinh Diem" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413521/Ngo-Dinh-Diem). Encyclopdia Britannica.
Retrieved 26 November 2012.
53. "Diem Regime Victims Bare Torture and Blinding" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19631109&
id=aH9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3RAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7292,1049547). The Milwaukee Sentinel. Google News Archive. 9
November 1963. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
54. Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
(https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PA1351&lpg=PA1351&dq=xa+loi+pagoda+raids#v=onepage&
q=xa%20loi%20pagoda%20raids&f=false). ABC-CLIO via Google Books. ISBN 9781851099610. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
55. "JFK and the Diem Coup" (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/). National Security Archive. 5
November 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
56. "This Day in History (Sep 3, 1967): Thieu-Ky ticket wins national election" (http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
/thieu-ky-ticket-wins-national-election). History.com. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
57. "Vietnam War" (http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/cneher/cn.vietnamwar.htm). Seasite.niu.edu. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
58. "The War's Costs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061006233048/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database
/article_display.cfm?HHID=513). DigitalHistory.uh.edu. 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
59. "Soviet Aid to North Vietnam" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/vietnam/hist-2nd-indochina-ussr.htm).
GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
23 of 28
60. "Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge" (http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com
/20thcentury/articles/chinesesupport.aspx). Military History Online. 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
61. "Riding Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh Trail" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/jul/28/ho-chi-minh-trail-motorbike). The
Guardian. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
62. "Tet Offensive" (http://www.vwam.com/vets/tet/tet.html). Vets With A Mission. Retrieved 10 October 2012. "...NLF/NVA
troops and commandos attacked virtually every major town and city in South Vietnam as well as most of the important
American bases and airfields...In Saigon, nineteen VC commandos blew their way through the outer walls of the US
Embassy..."
63. "The Massacre at Hue" (http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/HIUS316/mbase/docs/hue.html). TIME. 31 October 1969. Retrieved
12 July 2013.
64. "Vietnamization" (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Vietnamisation). The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
65. "Saigon's Finale" (http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/specials/saigon/introduction_full.html). New York Times. 13
October 1999. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
66. Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate"
(http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html).
The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
67. Associated Press (3 April 1995). "Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North."
68. "Vietnam Outlines Collectivization Goal" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19770628&
id=XjxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1-0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6918,5104561). The Spokesman-Review (Google News Archive). 28
June 1977. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
69. Desbarats, Jacqueline. "Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation", from The
Vietnam Debate (1990) by John Morton Moore. "We know now from a 1985 statement by Nguyen Co Tach that two and a
half million, rather than one million, people went through reeducation...in fact, possibly more than 100,000 Vietnamese
people were victims of extrajudicial executions in the last ten years...it is likely that, overall, at least one million Vietnamese
were the victims of forced population transfers."
70. Anh Do and Hieu Tran Phan, "Camp Z30-D: The Survivors" (http://dartcenter.org/content/camp-z30-d-survivors). Orange
County Register. 29 April 2001. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
71. Morris, Stephen J. "Glastnost and the Gulag: The Numbers Game" (PDF) (http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/vietnam
/morris.pdf). Vietnam Commentary. MayJune 1988. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
72. Human Events. 27 August 1977.
73. Al Santoli (ed., 1999). To Bear Any Burden Indiana University Press. pp. 272, 2923, ISBN 0253335434.
74. Vo, Nghia M. (2004). The Bamboo Gulag: Political Imprisonment in Communist Vietnam. McFarland, ISBN 0786482109.
75. Rummel, Rudolph (1997). "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide" (http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM) in
his Statistics of Democide.
76. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "The State of The World's Refugees 2000 Chapter 4: Flight from
Indochina" (http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3ebf9bad0.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2007.
77. "Boat people: A Refugee Crisis" (http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-524/life_society/boat_people/). CBC News. Retrieved
6 April 2007.
78. Associated Press (23 June 1979); San Diego Union (20 July 1986). See generally: Vo, Nghia M. (2006). The Vietnamese
Boat People. McFarland, ISBN 0786423455.
79. Cambodia The Fall of Democratic Kampuchea (http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/33.htm). U.S. Library of Congress.
Retrieved 9 July 2013.
80. "Photographer Showcases Legendary Khmer Temple Preah Vihear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090804092239/http:
//blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2009/06/preah-vihear.html). National Geographic. 23 June 2009.
Archived from the original (http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2009/06/preah-vihear.html) on 4
August 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
81. Chinese Invasion of Vietnam February 1979 (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/prc-vietnam.htm).
GlobalSecurity.org. Updated 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
82. Stowe, Judy (28 April 1998). "Obituary: Nguyen Van Linh". The Independent (London). p. 20.
83. Ackland, Len (20 March 1988). "Long after U.S. war, Vietnam is still a mess". St. Petersburg Times (Florida). Page 2-D.
84. Murray, Geoffrey (1997). Vietnam: Dawn of a New Market. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 2425. ISBN 0-312-17392-X.
85. Hoang Thi Bich Loan (18 April 2007). "Consistently pursuing the socialist orientation in developing the market economy in
Vietnam" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005305/http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/details_e.asp?Object=29152838&
News_ID=18459436). Communist Review (TpchCngsn.org.vn). Archived from the original
(http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/details_e.asp?Object=29152838&News_ID=18459436) on 10 May 2011.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
24 of 28
86. [Palace of Supreme Harmony in Hue (Vietnam) (http://natureconservancyblog.blogspot.com/2015/02/palace-supremeharmony.html%7C)] Wagstaff, A.; Van Doorslaer, E.; Watanabe, N. (2003). "On decomposing the causes of health sector
inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in Vietnam". Journal of Econometrics 112: 207.
doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(02)00161-6 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-4076%2802%2900161-6). Thien Mu Pagoda
(Vietnam) (http://natureconservancyblog.blogspot.com/2015/02/thien-mu-pagoda.html)
87. Goodkind, D. (1995). "Rising Gender Inequality in Vietnam Since Reunification". Pacific Affairs 68 (3): 342359.
doi:10.2307/2761129 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2761129). JSTOR 2761129 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761129). the
democratic city is a song that takes a long kat to the next star Canada.
88. Gallup, John Luke (2002). "The wage labor market and inequality in Viet Nam in the 1990s" (https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk
/wbrwps/2896.html). Ideas.repec.org. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
89. Johnson, Kay (22 February 2007). "The Spoils of Capitalism" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article
/0,9171,1592581,00.html). Time (New York). Retrieved 19 May 2010.
90. "A bit of everything: Vietnam's quest for role models" (http://www.economist.com/specialreports
/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TTDQTVQR). The Economist (London). 24 April 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
(subscription required)
91. "UN urged to act on Vietnam over death penalty" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/un-urged-to-acton-vietnam-over-death-penalty/2014/02/11/de74e9f8-938d-11e3-9e13-770265cf4962_story.html). The Washington Post. 12
February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
92. International Institute for Strategic Studies; Hackett, James (ed.) (3 February 2010). The Military Balance 2010. London:
Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-557-5.
93. The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database (http://milexdata.sipri.org/). Retrieved 3 May 2012.
94. "Escalating Tensions in the South China Sea" (http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/escalating-tensions-the-south-chinasea-7414). The National Interest. 10 September 2012.
95. "Vietnam Foreign Policy" (http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cs_doingoai/). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 February
2009.
96. "List of countries which maintain diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam" (http://www.mofa.gov.vn
/en/cn_vakv). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. December 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
97. "US-Vietnamese Relations" (http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/relations.html). US Embassy. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
98. "Vietnam and International Organizations" (http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ctc_quocte). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved
25 February 2009.
99. "Agricultural advanced technologies in Red river delta, Viet Nam these days" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080221184058
/http://xttm.agroviet.gov.vn/en/newsletter/2005/September.asp). Agroviet Newsletter. September 2005. Archived from the
original (http://xttm.agroviet.gov.vn/en/newsletter/2005/September.asp) on 21 February 2008.
100. "Bo co Hin trng mi trng quc gia 2005" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090223065322/http://www.nea.gov.vn
/HTMT_ddsh05.htm) (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original (http://www.nea.gov.vn/HTMT_ddsh05.htm) on 23
February 2009.
101. "Edwards's Pheasant (Lophura edwardsi)" (http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=253). BirdLife
International. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
102. Kinver, Mark (25 October 2011). "Javan rhino 'now extinct in Vietnam' " (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment15430787). BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
103. "The Vietnamese Stock Market" (http://www.fwa.org/pdf/Vietnam_posttrip_article.pdf) (PDF). Financial Women's
Association of New York. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
104. "Vietnam may be fastest growing emerging economy" (http://www.pwc.com/vn/en/releases2008/vietnam-may-be-fastestgrowing-emerging-economy.jhtml) (Press release). PricewaterhouseCoopers. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
105. "Vietnam to be listed among top economies by 2050: HSBC" (http://www.tuoitrenews.vn/cmlink/tuoitrenews/business
/vietnam-to-be-listed-top-economies-by-2050-hsbc-1.58480). Tui Tr News. 14 January 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
106. Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Tran, Tri-Dung (2009). "The cultural dimensions of the Vietnamese private entrepreneurship"
(http://ssrn.com/abstract=1442384). Icfai Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. VI, Nos. 3 & 4 (September &
December 2009), pp. 5478. Icfai University Press via SSRN. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
107. "Vietnam 2010 growth fastest in three years Vietnam Banking Finance News" (https://web.archive.org
/web/20110104115530/http://www.vietfinancenews.com/2010/12/vietnam-2010-growth-fastest-in-three.html).
Vietfinancenews.com. 29 December 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.vietfinancenews.com/2010/12/vietnam2010-growth-fastest-in-three.html) on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
108. "Vietnam" (http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=VM). United States Energy Information Administration.
2011. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
109. Fong-Sam, Yolanda (August 2012) "Vietnam" (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2010/myb3-2010-vn.pdf) in
2010 Minerals Yearbook. USGS.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
25 of 28
110. Economy of Vietnam (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html). CIA World Factbook.

Updated 21 September 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
111. Vandemoortele, Milo; Bird, Kate (2010). "Viet Nam's Progress on Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Impressive
improvements" (http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5057&title=viet-nams-progress-economic-growth-povertyreduction-impressive-improvements). London: Overseas Development Institute.
112. Vandemoortele, Milo (2010). "The MDG fundamentals: improving equity for development" (http://www.odi.org.uk
/resources/details.asp?id=4751&title=millennium-development-goals-equity-development). London: Overseas Development
Institute.
113. Vietnam Vrooooom: Asia's second-fastest-growing economy takes the global stage. (http://money.cnn.com/magazines
/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/11/13/8393174/index.htm) CNN Money. 13 November 2006.
114. "Developments and trends of Vietnam international merchandise trade in June and the first half of 2013"
(http://www.customs.gov.vn/English/Lists/News/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=195). Vietnam Customs. General Department of
Vietnam Customs. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
115. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25811724
116. "Vietnam-EU free trade agreement set to fire" (http://www.vietnamtribune.com/index.php/sid/222099915
/scat/fc849e836694179b/ht/Vietnam-EU-free-trade-agreement-set-to-fire). Vietnam Tribune. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
117. "Vietnam To Build US$600m National Space Center By 2018" (http://www.asianscientist.com/topnews/vietnam-buildus600m-national-space-center-by-2018/). Asian Scientist, 22 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
118. "Nano technology | Computer | Robot | TOSY TOPIO Table Tennis Playing Robot" (http://www.diginfo.tv/2007/12
/05/07-0601-d.php). DigInfo News (Tokyo). 5 December 2007.
119. "Tech, science spending too low" (http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Economy/206910/tech-science-spendingtoo-low.html). VietNam News, 21 December 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
120. "Vietnam Airlines Details and Fleet History" (http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Vietnam-Airlines). PlaneSpotters.net. 1
April 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
121. "Fleet Information" (http://vietnamairlines.com.vn/wps/portal/en/site/flight_info/fleet_information/!ut/p
/c5/fY1RC4IwFEZ_UdybWturjHSFbmSMdC-xQoYwXQ8RO_beqkXvffx8J0DGsJP5j1Y8xr8ZBy0oPc3VuY8IxUiMkYxIbzKUqW2iLvAuz9e1nURuKKkOYgvX1fQFvn76FzjeVlEyXrPJYix4XLEQT3Yw8daPKzSCVJsDRnkSYSJSJ0rrfmMcNzbOfLcVN8ALBLRCU!/dl3/d3
/L0lJSklna21BL0lKakFBQ3lBQkVSQ0pBISEvNEZHZ3NvMFZ2emE5SUFnIS83X0NHQUg0N0wwME9VTzcwMjdSUU
4zMk8wTzAwL0FsX19fNTI!/?WCM_PORTLET=PC_7_CGAH47L00OUO7027RQN32O0O00_WCM&
WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/en/site/flight_info/fleet_information/). Vietnam Airlines. Retrieved
30 June 2011.
122. Social and economic situation, 8 months of 2011 (http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=622&ItemID=11314). General
Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
123. "High-speed train planned for Vietnam Business International Herald Tribune" (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02
/06/business/worldbusiness/06iht-vietrail.4489612.html). The New York Times. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
124. "Vietnam to build high-speed rail" (http://www.smh.com.au/travel/vietnam-to-build-highspeed-rail-20081113-62bd.html).
The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
125. "Vietnam will adopt Japan's bullet-train technology for $56 billion rail link" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042043
/http://www.etravelblackboardasia.com/article.asp?id=64035&nav=8). eTravel Blackboard. 14 August 2009. Archived from
the original (http://www.etravelblackboardasia.com/article.asp?id=64035&nav=8) on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
126. Index Mundi (http://www.indexmundi.com/vietnam/waterways.html). January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
127. "Water taxi in Ca Mau city, Vietnam" (http://www.travelblog.org/Photos/4708303). TravelBlog. 27 January 2010. Retrieved
25 April 2012.
128. "Territorial claims in the Spratly and Paracel Islands" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly-claims.htm).
GlobalSecurity.org. 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
129. "Vietnam population" (http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/34.htm). Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
130. "Fertility rate, total (births per woman)" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN). World Bank. World Bank.
Retrieved 12 March 2015.
131. "Under South Vietnam Rule" (http://www.mhro.org/montangards-history/under-south-vietnam-rule). MHRO.org. 2010.
Retrieved 21 April 2012.
132. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples Vietnam: Chinese (Hoa) (http://www.unhcr.org/refworld
/topic,463af2212,469f2de62,49749c7f8,0.html).UNHCR Refworld. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
133. Vietnam (08/08) (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4130.htm). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
134. "Vietnamese (ting vit / )" (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/vietnamese.htm). Omniglot.com. Retrieved 18 July
2013.
135. "Frequently Asked Questions" (http://www.montagnard-foundation.org/faq.html). Montagnard Foundation. 12 August 2007.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
26 of 28
136. "Annexe au procs-verbal de la sance du 1er octobre 1997" (http://www.senat.fr/rap/r97-001/r97-001.html) (in French).
French Senate. 1 October 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
137. The Role of English in Vietnam's Foreign Language Policy: A Brief History (https://web.archive.org/web/20070831165148
/http://www.englishaustralia.com.au/index.cgi?E=hcatfuncs&PT=sl&X=getdoc&Lev1=pub_c07_07&Lev2=c06_thinh) at
the Wayback Machine (archived 31 August 2007)
138. Ngan Nguyen (December 2012). "How English Has Displaced Russian and Other Foreign Languages in Vietnam Since "Doi
Moi" " (http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_23_December_2012/29.pdf) (PDF). International Journal of Humanities
and Social Science. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
139. Education in Vietnam (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1121703274255
/1439264-1153425508901/Education_Vietnam_Development.pdf), The World Bank
140. Pew Research Center: The Global Religious Landscape 2010 (http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape.aspx).
141. "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results" (http://www.gso.gov.vn/Modules
/Doc_Download.aspx?DocID=12724). General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census
Steering Committee. June 2010. p. 281. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
142. "Beliefs and religions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100210021240/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org
/learn_about_vietnam/culture/beliefs_and_religions/). Embassy of Vietnam. Archived from the original
(http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/beliefs_and_religions/) on 10 February 2010. Retrieved
28 April 2010.
143. "CIA World Factbook- Vietnam" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html). Central
Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
144. Zuckerman, Phil. "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns" (PDF), from the Cambridge Companion to Atheism (2007),
edited by Michael Martin (http://www.pitzer.edu/academics/faculty/zuckerman/Ath-Chap-under-7000.pdf). University of
Cambridge Press. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
145. Jordan, Sandra (15 October 2004). "Vietnam's Christians persecuted as state sees hidden enemy"
(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/vietnams-christians-persecuted-as-state-sees-hidden-enemy-543805.html).
The Independent (London).
146. Vietnam (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71363.htm)
147. "Holy See and Vietnam discuss opening of diplomatic relations" (http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Holy-See-and-Vietnamdiscuss-opening-of-diplomatic-relations-24083.html). AsiaNews.it. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
148. "History of Islam in Vietnam" (http://www.angelfire.com/vt/vietnamesemuslims/hstry.html). Angelfire.com. 30 April 1975.
Retrieved 28 April 2010.
149. "No: 21/2004/PL-UBTVQH11 Ordinance on Beliefs and Religions" (http://moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists
/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=7818). Ministry of Justice. 29 June 2004. Retrieved 21 September
2011.
150. "Vietnam: The Suppression of the Unified Buddhist Church" (http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Vietnam.htm). Human Rights
Watch. March 1995. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
151. "At a glance: Viet Nam Statistics" (http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vietnam_statistics.html). UNICEF. Retrieved
7 November 2010.
152. "School enrollment, primary (% net)" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.NENR). World Bank. 2012. Retrieved
9 July 2013.
153. "Progression to secondary school (%)" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.PROG.ZS). World Bank. 2012.
154. Pocket World in Figures. The Economist. 2009. ISBN 978-1-84668-123-3.
155. "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN). World Bank. 2008.
Retrieved 13 September 2010.
156. "Tackling child malnutrition in rural Vietnam" (http://plan-international.org/where-we-work/asia/vietnam/what-we-do/oursuccesses/tackling-child-malnutrition-in-rural-vietnam/). Plan Vietnam. 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
157. Vietnam country profile (PDF) (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Vietnam.pdf). Library of Congress Federal Research
Division. December 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public
domain.
158. "Med School Professor Praises North Vietnam's Medical Care" (http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1972/12/13/med-schoolprofessor-praises-north-vietnams/). The Harvard Crimson. 13 December 1972. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
159. "Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 1549)" (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS). World
Bank. 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
160. "Gio To Hung Vuong 2013" (http://publicholiday.org/calendar/gio-to-hung-vuong/). PublicHoliday.org. Retrieved
12 February 2013.
161. "Animism in Vietnam's culture" (http://www.vietnam-holidays.co.uk/aboutvietnam/ranimism.htm). Vietnam-Holidays.co.uk.
Retrieved 1 October 2012.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
27 of 28
162. "Vietnam's cultural integration seen by researchers" (http://vovworld.vn/en-US/Culture/Vietnams-cultural-integrationseen-by-researchers/123534.vov). Voice of Vietnam. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
163. "Law on Publication (No. 30/2004/QH11 of 3 December 2004)" (http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists
/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=7315). Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
164. "Muting the Messengers: Vietnam's Press Under Pressure" (http://www.economist.com/world
/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12940221). The Economist (London). 15 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
165. Wilkey, Robert N (2002). "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo Firewall
Over Internet Regulation?" (http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html). John Marshall Journal of Computer and
Information Law 20 (4).
166. OpenNet Initiative (9 May 2007). "Country Profile: Vietnam" (http://opennet.net/research/profiles/vietnam). Retrieved
15 July 2008.
167. Reporters Without Borders. "Internet Enemies: Vietnam" (http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-vietnam,39763.html). Retrieved
15 July 2008.
168. "OpenNet Initiative Vietnam Report: University Research Team Finds an Increase in Internet Censorship in Vietnam"
(http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/newsroom/opennet_vietnam). Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. 5
August 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
169. "OperaVietnam" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070710194323/http://www.bookrags.com/research/operavietnamema-04/). Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. 2006. Archived from the original (http://www.bookrags.com/research
/operavietnam-ema-04/) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2012 via BookRags.com.
170. "Southeast Asian arts Vietnam" (http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-29500/Southeast-Asian-arts). Encyclopdia
Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica. 23 July 2008. p. 36.
171. "Folk poetry preservation a labour of love" (http://vietnamnews.vn/Sunday/Features/201033/Folk-poetry-preservationa-labour-of-love.html). VietNam News. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
172. "Vietnamese Traditional Music: Hat Ca Tru" (http://www.indochinatravelplan.com/vietnamese-traditional-music/8886hat-ca-tru). Indochina Travel Plan. 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
173. "Vietnamese Poetry" (http://thehuuvandan.org/vietpoet.html). Le Cercle Littraire Th Hu Vn n The Literary
Forum. 21 June 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
174. "In Vietnamese" (http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/index.php?cat=0501). Vietnamtourism.gov.vn. 31 July 2006. Retrieved
7 November 2010.
175. "Vietnamtourism" (http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/news/index.asp?loai=2&uid=11723). Vietnamtourism.
Retrieved 7 November 2010.
176. "Southeast Asia's largest artificial sea inaugurated in Binh Duong" (http://www.lookatvietnam.com/2009/01/southeast-asiaslargest-artificial-sea-inaugurated-in-binh-duong.html). Look At Vietnam. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
177. "Joe Jackson invests in Vietnam theme park" (http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/article/938374--joe-jacksoninvests-in-vietnam-theme-park). The Star (Toronto). 14 February 2011.
178. "Ao Dai (Long Dress)" (http://www.activetravelvietnam.com/culture_customs/vietnamese_ao_dai.html). Active Travel
Vietnam. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
179. Erik Harms (2011). Saigon's Edge: On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City. p.56: "She then left the room to change out of her
o Ba Ba into her everyday home clothes, which did not look like peasant clothes at all. In Hc Mn, traders who sell goods
in the city don "peasant clothing" for their trips to the city and change back".
180. "Binh Dinh to host Int'l Vovinam festival" (http://talkvietnam.com/2012/07/binh-dinh-to-host-intl-vovinam-festival
/#.UKZAX4c3aYE). TalkVietnam.com. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
181. "Soccer is very popular in Vietnam" (http://www.saigonnezumi.com/2012/08/02/soccer-is-very-popular-in-vietnam/).
SaigonNezumi.com. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
182. "Vietnam" (http://www.olympic.org/vietnam). Olympic.org. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
183. Vietnamese Food (http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/vietnam/pro-food.htm). Asianinfo.org. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
184. "Vietnamese Ingredients" (http://www.wokme.com/ingredients/vietnamese.htm). WokMe. 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
185. Corapi, Annie (2011). "The 10 healthiest ethnic cuisines" (http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/08/25
/healthiest.ethnic.cuisines/index.html). CNN Health. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
186. Nguyen, Andrea (13 March 2011). "Heaven in a Bowl: The Original Pho" (http://www.saveur.com/article/Travels/Heavenin-a-Bowl#errors). Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Further reading
Herring, George C. (2001). America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 19501975 (4th edition).
K.W.Taylor. A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press 2013
Jahn, G.C. (2006). "The dream is not yet over". In Fredenburg P., Hill B. (eds.): Sharing rice for peace and prosperity in the
8/4/2015 9:08 PM
28 of 28
Greater Mekong Subregion. Victoria, Australia: Sid Harta Publishers. p. 237240.

Karrnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: A History (2nd edition). Penguin. ISBN 0-14-026547-3.
McMahon, Robert J. (1995). Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays.
Tucker, Spencer (ed.) (1998). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. 3-volume reference set; also one-volume abridged edition
(2001).
External links
Vietnam profile (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm) from BBC News
Vietnam (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html) entry at The World
Factbook (CIA)
Vietnam (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vietnam.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Vietnam (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Vietnam) at DMOZ
Vietnam (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam) at Encyclopdia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Vietnam
Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VN)
from International Futures
Government
Portal of the Government of Vietnam (http://www.vietnam.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/English)
Communist Party of Vietnam (http://www.cpv.org.vn/cpv/) official website (in Vietnamese)
National Assembly (http://www.na.gov.vn/htx/English/C1330/) the Vietnamese legislative body
General Statistics Office (http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=491)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/)
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leadersv/vietnam.html)
Media and censorship
Robert N. Wilkey. "Vietnam's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN: An End to the Bamboo
Firewall Over Internet Regulation?" (http://www.jcil.org/journal/articles/160.html) The John Marshall Journal
of Computer and Information Law. Vol. XX, No. 4. Summer 2002. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Tourism
Vietnam travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official tourism website (http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/news/index.asp)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam&oldid=673488054"
Categories: Vietnam Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Communist states
Single-party states Socialist states Southeast Asian countries States and territories established in 1976
Member states of the United Nations
This page was last modified on 28 July 2015, at 15:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
8/4/2015 9:08 PM

Vietnam - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vietnam - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vietnam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vietnam ( i /vitnam/;[7] Vietnamese: [vit nm]), officially the

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Motto: "c lp T do Hnh phc"

Anthem: Tin Qun Ca

Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from

Location of Vietnam (green)

Ho Chi Minh City