PHASE RULE

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

THEORY

Two Component System ( Lead Silver

System )
This system has two component & four phases these are i)
Solid Silver, ii) Solid lead, iii) Solution of molten silver & lead & iv)
Vapour.

But the B.P. of Ag & Pb is completely high the vapour phase is

completely absent.

Since the press has nearly no effect on equilibrium. so the system

can be convinently represented by temp conc diagram.

Such solid liquid system with the gas phase is absent is called
condensed system

The experimental measurements of temp & conc in condensed

system are usually carried at under atm press.

Since the degree of freedom is such system is reduced by one,

therefore, it can be also termed as reduced phase rule &
represented by the equation.
1

PHASE RULE

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

THEORY

F=CP+1
It is more convenient to apply to solid liquid two components
condensed system. e.g. Pb Sb, Ag Pb, Zn Cd.
The complete phase diagram of system Silver Lead.

Diagram
961 A
F= 2P+ 1
= 3 2
= 1
Univaliant

Fr
ee
zi n
g

F= 2P+ 1
= 3 2
= 1

Liquid

cu
rv
e

Solid Ag
+ Liquid

Freezing
curve of Pb

Univariant

of

Ag

Soln get
saturated
Wr + Pb

B 327
Solid Pb +
n
Sol (Pb + Ag)

TempC
303

0
Solid electric mixture
+ Solid Ag

100% Pb
0% Ag

97.4% Pb
2.6% Ag
% Composition

% Composition
2

Solid
electric
mixture
+ Solid Pb
100% Pb
0% Ag

F= 2P+ 1
= 3 3
= 0

PHASE RULE

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

THEORY

From fig following silent features are observed:

i)

The Curve OA (Freezing Curve of Ag)

ii)

The Curve BO ( Freezing Curve of Pb)

iii)

The eutectic Point O

(i)
a)

Curve OA Freezing Curve of Ag

It shows the effect on freezing point of Ag on addition of
Pb in small quantities.

b)

The curve starts from A (961oC) the M.P. of Ag, where

pure Ag coexist as solid & liquid

(Vapour being

neglected).
c)

This curve indicates that the melting point of Ag fall

gradually on adding Pb, along AO, till the lowest point O
(303oC) is reached where solution gets saturated with
respect to lead. At O more Pb can go in solution &
consequently, the M.P. does not fall any further & if any
Pb is added it separates as the solid phase.

Along this curve, solid Ag & Solution (Vapour being negligible)

Coexist & hence, according to reduced phase rule equation
3

PHASE RULE

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

THEORY

E= 2 P + 1 i.e. F = 3 P = 3 2 = 1

i.e. system is univariant. The point O (303oC) Corresponds to a

fixed composition of 2.6% Ag & 91.4% Pb & is known as eutectic
composition.

On cooling the whole mass crystallizes out as such.

ii) Curve BO Freeing curve of Pb

i)

It represents the effect on freezing point of Pb on

gradual addition of small amount of Ag to it. Point B is
the M.P. of pure Pb-32.

ii)

Along BO, the M.P. Gradually falls on the addition of Ag

till lowest point O is reached.

iii)

At this point solution gets saturated with respect to Ag &

M.P. of Pb does not fall any more.

iv)

On cooling whole mass crystallizes out.

The system is univariant like AO.

PHASE RULE

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

THEORY

iii) Point O Eutectic Point

The two curve AO + BO meet at O. Where three phases
solid Ag, Solid- Pb & their solution Coexist & according to
condensed phase rule. The pt

of O represents a fixed

composition of Ag 2.6%, Pb- 97.4% is called eutectic

composition.

At eutectic comp. temp. remains constant until the whole of the

melt solidifies in block to become solid of eutectic composition.
However, further cooling results in the simultaneous crystallization
of a mixture of Ag & Pb in relative amounts corresponding to
eutectic point O.

Below temp line there are two regions

eutectic solid + solid Ag in crystalline - stable
eutectic + solid Pb in crystalline stable.

It represent solution of Pb Ag sample of Pb containing less than

2.6% Ag is taken, at an arbitrary pt on curve. On following mass
cool temp gradually falls without any charge in composition till this
point reached to curve BO (point may be P)
5

PHASE RULE

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

THEORY

On lowering the temp lead begins to separates out & the

composition varies along pb till point O is reached.

On cooling whole mass solidifies in block.

Applications
i)

Used in pattinsons process of desilverization of Pb.

ii)

If Pb is less than 2.6 Pb will separate out from Solution.

iii)

If Pb is more than 2.6 Ag will separate out from solution.