Professional Documents
Culture Documents
for
Coverage Deficiency
Aleksey A. Kurochkin
aakuroch@bechtel.com
Issue Date: December 2002
INTRODUCTION
his paper introduces a few of the more common alternatives to the usual RF (radio frequency) planning
solutions for coverage deficiency problems. These methods are being applied after or concurrently with the RF
design activity, as well as during the implementation and
operations phases of network life.
Five solutions for coverage deficiency problems are
described in this paper, namely:
Microcell Solution - 1
Off-Air Repeater Solution - 2
FO (Fiber Optic)/RF Solution - 3 (with two options)
TMA (Tower-Mounted Amplifier) Solution - 4
Leaky Coax Solution - 5 (with two options)
Each of the solutions is presented in a general description with an illustrative diagram and/or figure, a configuration to suit the proposed example, and implementation
notes. The options demonstrate the flexibility that needs
to be present in RF designs. These examples also provide
valuable points of comparison. General recommendations are provided in the Conclusion. Although the examples are described using U.S. measurement units, the
principles are easily transferred to international applications and metric units.
MICROCELL SOLUTION - 1
Configuration
One 5W microcell should be installed in the middle of
the town at the base of the light pole. One -in. coax
cable will run up to 20 feet on the light pole to the single
3-foot omni antenna. See Table 1 for the detailed link
budget.
According to this prediction, the RSSI (received signal
strength indicator) level of -95 dBm can be expected at
600 yards from the antenna location with 95 percent reliability. (This link budget is provided only as an example.
The RF design software package with its corresponding
link budget should be used to plan the real system.)
Implementation Notes
This design is part of the regular RF planning/design
process, as well as Implementation process, except for
the following stealthing requirements: The coax cable
should be ordered in a specific color to match the light
pole, while the antenna and microcell outdoor cabinet
can be painted for stealthing.
See Figure 1 for an example of the installation.
37
0
14.7
14.7
0
1.2
1.5
0
9
0.0
-103
0
14.7
14.7
1800.0
0.0
0
0
0
0
2.2
0.7
126.4
6.7
4.7
37.8
6.1
0
0
0.0
126.1
6.7
4.7
37.8
6.1
8.3
126.1
-88.3
0.6
-94.4
Karea
OFF-A
AIR REPEATER SOLUTION - 2
1800.0
Configuration
One off-air repeater should be set up in the area of the
reliable signal received on the donor antenna outside of
the town. The transceiver coverage antenna of the
repeater should be directed toward the town center. If
one repeater does not provide satisfactory coverage, the
second repeater should be installed using the other cell
as a donor.
Figure 2 shows a system drawing of an off-air repeater
system.
Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal
'
Repeater
Coverage
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Base Station
TX/RX
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
F1
F1
di gi t a
Repeater
Donor
Antenna
Vertical
Antenna
Separation
Requirement
a N
B
t w
e
r k
o
s
Radio Tower
tower
Base
Station
Repeater
Repeater Coverage Area
39
Repeater
Coverage
Antenna
Antenna
Base Station
TX/RX
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
F1
F1
Fiber
RF Coupler
RF/Optical
converter
Converter
y N
a
B
t w
e
r k
o
s
di gi t a l
Radio Tower
tower
RF/Optical
Converter
Base
Station
Repeater
FO/RF SOLUTION - 3
Implementation Notes
The capture antenna (repeater donor antenna in
Figure 2) must be highly directional and have a
front-to-back ratio of more than 25 dB.
The coverage antenna should have a front-to-back
ratio of more than 25 dB.
The isolation requirements should be at least 15 dB
more than the gain setting of the repeater.
As much vertical and horizontal separation as possible should be provided between the capture and
coverage antennas of the repeater.
Better isolation would be obtained if the capture
antenna could be shielded from the coverage
antenna.
The coverage overlap should be minimized.
Balance of the uplink and downlink should be
ensured.
An attenuator at the capture antenna port of the
repeater should be used to increase isolation
between antennas.
There are no means of predicting either the location of
the repeater or its coverage during the standard desktop
RF planning/design process. The town and the donor
cells coverage will need to be drive-tested to select the
best location for the repeaters.
The repeater installation should follow the standard
implementation process. Stealthing would usually not be
required because both repeaters would be installed outside of the town limits.
Once installed, the town area would need to be drivetested again, and the repeater direction may need to be
adjusted to ensure the coverage. This could be an iterative process to achieve best results.
See Figure 3 for an example of the installation.
he FO/RF solution is based on a wireline repeater system. Wireline repeater systems use a hardwire connection between the base station and the repeater. This
is normally used for campus and/or indoor installations.
There are two options for this solution: a single repeater
location and a distributed antenna system.
'
BTS
Figure 5. Single FO/RF Repeater Option Solution
December 2002 Volume 1, Number 1
41
Antenna
Feeder Cable
RF/Optical Converter
converter
RF Coupler
Radio Tower
Base Station
Co
3
m
om
C
3
om
C
3
o
C
Remote Antenna
Unit
28 ft high
Telephone Pole
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 20
Implementation Notes
A team with a system engineering specialist and an RF
engineer will be needed to design this system. A system
vendor will be needed to install the RF/fiber system and
components. The system installation should follow the
standard implementation process. The coax cable can be
ordered in a color to match the color of the light pole,
while the antenna and fiber-to-RF outdoor box can be
painted for stealthing.
See Figure 5 for an example of the installation.
Configuration
As shown in Figure 6, the RF path is sampled at the
antenna port of the base station and sent to an optical
hub located at the base station. This RF signal is first
converted to data stream and then converted to optical
signals. The optical signals are sent along optical channels to the remote antenna system, where the optical signals are reconverted to RF and transmitted over a lowgain small omni antenna.
Each hub can support 20 to 24 remote antenna units.
This means that 24 remote antenna units can be simulcasting at the same time to extend the base station's
reach into uncovered areas. The manufacturers indicate
that more hubs can be daisy chained to support many
Ant
Ant
Ant
Rx
Tx/Rx
RX BP
Tx/Rx
Duplex
TMA
Duplex
TMA
LNA
TMA
LNA
LNA
Duplex
Rx
Cable
To BTS
Tx
Cable
Rx
Cable
Tx/Rx
Cable
RX
TX
RX BP
Dual Polarized
Antenna
TX/RX
TX/RX
Simplex
TMA
LNA
Antenna
Antenna
Dual Polarized
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Antenna
Duplex
Duplex
TMA
Dual Duplex
TMA
LNA
Duplex
LNA
RX
RX BP
Simplex
TMA
LNA
Duplex
TX
TX
RX
TX/RX
RX
TX
RX
RX
TX/RX
RX
di gi ta l
d gi ta l
BTS
BTS
di gi t a l
BTS
TMA SOLUTION - 4
Configuration
If the system link budget is uplink limited and transmission line losses are higher than 3 dB, one TMA should
be installed on each of the sites adjacent to the town cell
sites. This allows an increase in the output power of the
respective BTSs. This, in turn, increases cell site coverage.
Once a TMA is installed, it cancels the receive transmission cable loss but adds 1 dB to the BTS receive noise
figure and 0.5 dB to the insertion loss. If each of the sites
increases its coverage by 800 yards, the town will be covered by both cell sites with some overlap.
Implementation Notes
A team with a system engineering specialist and an RF
engineer will be needed to design this system. The system installation should follow the standard implementation process. There are no stealthing requirements,
because TMAs will be installed on the cell sites beyond
the town limits.
Where possible, avoid using TMAs where the feeder
loss is less than 3 to 4 dB. The reason for this is that inband interference will be amplified with the incoming signal
and deteriorate the sensitivity of the receiver in the BTS.
45
CONCLUSION
BIOGRAPHY
Aleksey Kurochkin is
currently director, Wireless Planning, in the
Bechtel Telecommunications Technology group,
a group that he originated. Aleksey has experience in international
te l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
business management
and network implementation. Between engineering and marketing
Aleksey Kurochkin
positions, he has both
theoretical and hands-on experience with most wireless
technologies. Aleksey came to Bechtel from Hughes
Network Systems, where he built an efficient multi-product
team focused on RF planning and system engineering.
Aleksey is an electrical engineer, specializing in
telecommunications and information systems, with an
MSEE/CS degree from Moscow Technology University.
Acknowledgment: Figures 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 were
created by Mustapha Mohammed, formerly associated
with Bechtel Telecommunications.
47