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Fran De Aquino
Professor Emeritus of Physics, Maranhao State University, UEMA.
Titular Researcher (R) of National Institute for Space Research, INPE
Copyright 2015 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.
In this paper we show that the origin of spacetime precedes the beginning of the material
Universe. Thus, the Universe arises at a finite time, which defines the beginning of time
itself in our Universe. In addition, it is possible to calculate the maximum scale of time
between the beginning of the time and the end of the time in our Universe.
Key words: Beginning and End of Time, Gravitational Mass, Uncertainty Principle, Big Bang.
2
p
1 =
=
= 1 2 1 +
mi 0
mi 0 c
mg
Un
r
= 1 2 1 +
2
mi 0 c
Wn
= 1 2 1 + r
c 2
3
3
r r
r
1 =
(
)
(1)
(2)
2
r
the gyromagnetic factor; S n is the spin angular
momentum; rn is the radius of the neutron and
r is the distance between the neutrons.
The neutron star's density varies from
below 1109 kg/m3 in the crust - increasing
with depth up to 81017 kg/m3 in the core
[3]. From these values we can conclude that
the neutrons of the core are much closer to
each other than the neutrons of the crust .
This means that the value of Wn in the
crust is much smaller than the value in the
core. Therefore, the gravitational mass of the
core
becomes
negative
before
the
gravitational mass of the crust. This makes
the gravitational contraction culminates with
an explosion, due to the repulsive
gravitational forces between the core and the
crust. Therefore, the contraction has a limit
and, consequently, the singularity ( g )
never occur. Similarly, the Big Bang can have
occurred due to the repulsive gravitational
forces between the core and the crust of the
initial Universe . This means that the
Universe arises at a finite time, with a finite
volume. Consequently, the origin of
spacetime precedes the beginning of our
Universe.
Also we have shown in [1] that time
and space are quantized and given by
t=
lx =
t max
n
lmax
nx
n = 1,2,3,...
ly =
lmax
ny
lz =
lmax
nz
(3)
(4)
(6)
scale on which
metric of the
of order unity)
scale on which
metric of the
of order unity)
l planck =
Gh
= 1 . 61 10 35 m
3
c
t planck =
hG
5 . 39106 10 44 s
5
c
(7 )
(8 )
(9)
(10)
~
hc 2 96 H 1 d max = 13 e
~
where h is the Planck constant; H is the
Hubble constant; e is the elementary charge.
From the equation above, we get
d max = 3.4 10 30 m
(11)
n d ~
~
t max = nmaxkt planck = 0 max kt planck
dmin
(12)
lmin
planck
=
dmax
1.11022 s
c
(13)
Beginning
of the material
Universe
t 0 = t min
~
tmin = k t planck ; 5.6 < k < 14.9
t min
Flat spacetime
.t
max
1022 s
Flat spacetime
Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of the Beginning (t 0 = t min ) , and End (t max = nmax t min ) of Time in the material
Universe. In this context, there is no a shorter time interval than t min . Consequently, the Planck time does
not exists really. It is only a fictitious value related with the occurrence of quantum fluctuations of order
unity, in the metric of the spacetime.
References
[1] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical Foundations
of the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity,
Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11
(1), pp. 173-232.
[2] Alonso, M., and Finn, E. D., (1967) Fundamental
University Physics, Addison-Wesley. Portuguese version
(1972) Ed. Blucher, S. Paulo, Brazil, pp. 79-90.