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Per Unit System Practice Problem Solved For Easy

Understanding
B Y
A D M OIJ NU N E

23 69 C, O 2M 0 M1 E1 N T S

Lets understand the concept of per unit system by solving an example. In the one-line diagram below, the
impedance of various components in a power system, typically derived from their nameplates, are presented.
The task now is to normalize these values using a common base.

Figure 1: Oneline Diagram Of A Power System

Now that you have carefully examined the system and its parameters, the equivalent impedance diagram for the
above system would look something like the following.

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Figure 2: Impedance Diagram Of A Power System

Resistive impedance for most components have been ignored. Rotating machines have been replaced with a
voltage source behind their internal reactance. Capacitive effects between lines and to ground are ignored as
well.
To obtain the new normalized per unit impedances, first we need to figure out the base values (Sbase, Vbase,
Zbase) in the power system. Following steps will lead you through the process.

Step 1: Assume a system base

Assume a system wide

of 100MVA. This is a random assumption and chosen to make calculations easy

when calculating the per unit impedances.

So,

= 100MVA

Step 2: Identify the voltage base

Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For example, with a 22/220kV voltage rating of T1
transformer, the

on the primary side of T1 is 22kV while the secondary side is 220kV. It does not matter

what the voltage rating of the other components are that are encompassed by the

zone.

See figure below for the voltage bases in the system.

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Figure 3: Voltage Base In The Power System

Step 3: Calculate the base impedance

The base impedance is calculated using the following formula:
Ohms..(1)
For T-Line 1:

= 484 Ohms

For T-Line 2:

= 121 Ohms

For 3-phase load:

= 1.21 Ohms

Step 4: Calculate the per unit impedance

The per unit impedance is calculated using the following formulas:
..(2)

.(3)

The voltage ratio in equation (3) is not equivalent to transformers voltage ratio. It is the ratio of the
transformers voltage rating on the primary or secondary side to the system nominal voltage on the same side.
For T-line 1 using equation (2):

= 0.1 pu

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For T-line 2 using equation (2):

= 0.5 pu

For 3-Phase load:

Power Factor:
Thus,
= 1.1495+j1.53267 Ohms
Per unit impedance of 3-phase load using equation (2)=

= 0.95+j1.2667 pu

For generator, the new per unit reactance using equation (3)
= 0.2 pu
For transformer T1:

= 0.2 pu

For transformer T2:

= 0.15 pu

For transformer T3:

= 0.16 pu

For transformer T4:

= 0.2 pu

For Motor,

= 0.25 pu

The equivalent impedance network with all the impedances normalized to a common system base and the
appropriate voltage base is provided below.

Per Unit Impedance Diagram

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Summary:
1. Assume a Sbase for the entire system.
2. The Vbase is defined by the transformer and any off-nominal tap setting it may have.
3. Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase.
4. The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old per unit impedance on old base values to new
ones. See equations (2) and (3).
*****
TAGGED WITH

base values per unit per unit impedances per unit system per unit value Power transformers

39 Responses to Per Unit System Practice Problem Solved For Easy Understanding
Aslam says:
July 30, 2015 at 8:37 pm

Hi, thanks for the nice sharing,

I wana know how to model delta-grounded y transformer for load flow calculation.thanks

tuafi says:
July 4, 2015 at 7:08 pm

nice job dude, highly comprehensible and presise, thumbs up

CJ says:
June 15, 2015 at 2:38 am

Good example of the method but pay attention the generator can supply only 90MVA the loads
absorb 57 + 66.5 =123.5 MVA the network will in reality overload or under power the loads

Amey says:
April 14, 2015 at 12:45 am

if the transformers secondary is grounded by a neutral impedance then how to proceed with
the calculations please suggest with an example

demis tesfaw says:

March 22, 2015 at 8:45 am

is that posible to calculate each parameter without giving a base voltage?

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adel ahmed says:

March 19, 2015 at 1:28 pm

good job

pht says:
October 24, 2014 at 10:58 am

It is an useful method. Check out this link for further examples on power system analysis
http://www.psa-outline.com/solutions/load-flow-calculation/

IJAJ says:
September 20, 2014 at 6:37 am

what do you mean by.. s*-??

an says:
September 10, 2014 at 1:51 am

Can we find the short circuit current at each end?

samuel says:
August 31, 2014 at 11:57 am

A load of 50mw at 0.8 power factor lagging is taken from the 33kv.( taking a base MVA of
100mva), calculate the terminal voltage of the synchronous machine? (Please help me solve this
question) thanks

Nikhil says:
July 12, 2014 at 12:07 pm

very useful thanks

alshaia says:
April 1, 2014 at 8:22 am

How can we determine the voltage on the bus 1

BRian says:
March 26, 2014 at 12:33 am

Do you know how to find the voltage at the bus?

Thanks

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tahseen says:
March 25, 2014 at 1:46 am

Hi
how we can find the voltage in bus1 in PU and in volte

noa says:
February 8, 2014 at 9:59 pm

tanks alot save me alot of stress

abi says:
January 10, 2014 at 10:56 am

. Obtain the per unit impedance(reactance) diagram of the power system shown in the fig
G1 : 30MVA , 10.5KV, X?=1.6 ?
G2 : 15MVA , 6.6KV, X?=1.2 ?
G3 : 25MVA , 6.6KV, X?=0.56 ?
T1 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/11KV , X= 15.2 ? per phase on the high tension side
T2 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/6.2KV , X= 16 ? per phase on the high tension side
Transmission line : 20.5 ohm per phase
Load A : 15MW , 11KV , 0.9 p.f lagging
Load B : 40MW , 6.6KV , 0.85 p.f lagging
5

abi says:
January 10, 2014 at 10:50 am

how to convert ohms value to per unit value

Lee Taylor says:

November 19, 2013 at 1:29 pm

Hi, great article thanks very much! I have a similar problem to solve but I am struggling with
the Zact calculation. My inputs are Vrated = 4.16kV, S = 2MVA <-36.87. Can you help?!

bhanu says:
October 10, 2013 at 7:49 am

awesome

kaushik vastarpara says:

September 15, 2013 at 12:42 pm

its really bcoz by reading this my confusion abut selection of base nd other is very clear
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sommust read it frend /thank u

Admin says:
September 14, 2013 at 9:21 am

@Pavan @Mike: Thats a typo. Correct values are now shown in the calculations. Since the ratio
of Vbase_old/Vbase_new is the same, the end result, therefore, does not change. Appreciate
the feedback.

Pavan says:
September 13, 2013 at 2:57 am

This is really helpful. I didnt really got it when reading through this, but when I saw the below
comment by Mike, it seems like a question worth answering. However the content is really clear
and understandable. Keep up the good work!
Thanks,

mike says:
May 25, 2013 at 5:35 pm

I dont understand one part: When calculating Xtl2 you are using (22/22) which is reflected from
where? Vbase in T2 is 220 primary and 11 secondary, so where does 22 come from?
The same for Xtl4.

mark says:
June 25, 2012 at 7:30 am

will the impedance or p.u impedance in each line will be like in series? will the current for the
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY of the transformer now be equal??? how will i find the actual line
current for each line and for the whole system

chris says:
April 9, 2012 at 11:42 am

A single phase ,350 kva, 1380v generator has an internal impedance Zg of j6 ohms. The
generator is used to supply a load of 250kva/440v at power factor 0.78 lagging. determine: the
turns ratio of the transfomer, the impedance per km if the line between the generator and the
transformer is 5km, the voltage regulation of the system.
Using the ratings of the generator as base values determine the generated per unit voltage that
is required to produce a full load current under short circuit condition.
CAN SOMEONE HELP ME WIT THESE CALCULATION PLZ!!!

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Admin says:
March 19, 2012 at 10:28 am

Kam,
Once you have the impedance network, use the current division rule to determine the current
flowing each line. I am not sure I understand voltage at 3, if bus 3 is faulted (3ph) then it is
zero otherwise it should be the same as nominal voltage as seen on the secondary side of the
transformer.
I will solve one for the currents in the future but for now, you will have to learn how to reduce a
circuit (using KVL and KCL) to determine the currents.

kam says:
March 19, 2012 at 10:19 am

sorry but i didnt get my reply yet, so could you pls help me out???????? thanks a lot

karthik says:
March 19, 2012 at 5:57 am

very well explained but could you pls show me how to calculate voltage and current in both lines,
will be very greatful , thanks a lot.

kam says:
March 17, 2012 at 10:10 am

It is really well explained but could you pls show me how to calculate voltage at but 3 and current
in both lines, will be very greatful , thanks a lot

manish says:
March 16, 2012 at 8:19 am

what if transformers are connected in star and delta connection?

Anayat says:
March 7, 2012 at 6:13 pm

i am very new to Power side , so i really dont know abt all these concepts , what we only have T1
and T2 , and all the rating given are three phase line to line ? how we ll solve it then?

richa says:
February 11, 2012 at 3:14 am

very nicely explained.to the point and complete..thanks a lot

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Sanket says:
February 8, 2012 at 12:21 am

VERY NICELY EXPLAINED THANK-YOU

I WILL VISIT WEBSITE AGAIN FOR FURTHER REFERENCES.

BABULS RAJ says:

January 30, 2012 at 2:10 am

Thank u so much..after searching for a proper explanation for the same in so many sites, i got
it finally from your site. Clear explanation with proper diagrams with multi colour.very nice
..

Admin says:
December 15, 2011 at 11:09 am

Nice catch. Fixed it. Thanks.

Renjith M says:
December 15, 2011 at 8:14 am

Commendable work. But there is a small error. The per-unit system is the ratio of two
quantities of the same units. Therefore it is unitless. Well that is what I know. So accordingly
we specify the per-unit quatities as just P.U. So you need to remove the Ohms from the text
and insert p.u

Alfredo says:
December 10, 2011 at 8:41 am

It was very useful, but it is short because is necessary to get the complete solution, any way I
liked.

Abdul Rauff says:

November 12, 2011 at 5:52 am

Very Good Info About PSA.Thanks Alot

Hilary says:
September 1, 2011 at 4:22 am

Protection engieering, i have been give the reactance as Xd to calculate faults on a system do i
convert to Xd how do i do this

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