Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RADULESCU
GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY
WORKBOOK OF PROBLEMS
FOREWORD
This workbook of problems is punctually presenting all the aspects that a user of
topographic methods and instruments could meet during his current practical
applications.
The first edition of the book, published in 1985, was considered extremely useful by
those who have studied it, the current edition being completed with other practical
applications, problems given to be solved.
I think that this workbook can represent the basis for testing the knowledge of those who
have studied this subject during some specialization programs (such as undergraduate
with attendance, without attendance or distance learning, post high school, or
postgraduate), this being, as far as I know, the first book that was published in this form
at national level.
The Author
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
III
GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY 1
A. NOTIONS OF GENERAL TRIGONOMETRY
B. THE TOPOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS OF THE TERRAIN
a. LINEAR ELEMENTS
b. ANGULAR ELEMENTS
C. THE RELATION BETWEEN COORDINATES AND ORIENTATIONS
a. COORDINATES ORIENTATIONS
b. ORIENTATIONS COORDINATES
D. PROBLEMS SOLVED ON PLANS AND MAPS
a. PLANIMETRY PROBLEMS
E. THE STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS
a. THE THEODOLITE
b. THE TOPOGRAPHIC LEVEL
F. PLANIMETRY PROBLEMS
a. THE DIRECT MEASURING OF DISTANCES
b. THE INDIRECT MEASURING OF DISTANCES
c. MEASURING ANGLES
d. SURVEY OF THE DETAILS
e. REPEATING DETAILS
G. LEVELING PROBLEMS
a. GEOMETRIC LEVELING
III
1
7
7
9
11
11
14
15
15
31
31
36
45
45
50
58
65
77
80
80
GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY
A. NOTIONS OF GENERAL TRIGONOMETRY
1. Transform the following angular values into centesimal units:
a) 2141 34; b) 1283742 + n; c) 2164212 + n; d) 2945643 n.
Solution:
41
34
(1.1)
g
a(RAD)
------=
---------=
--------------- g = ---------- . (1.1)
180
200 g
9
10 g
g
Thus, = ------- 21.692777 = 24g.103086 = 24 g 10 c 30 cc.86
9
(2.1)
In what follows there is presented the solution of this exercise on a calculator (CASIO fx
120 type). There are indicated the keys (
solution.
2
21.692777
0,,,
X
1
1
0,,,
0
0,,,
= display
= display
24g.103086
21.692777
14.79294
INV
solution display
0,,,
display
14.79294
14.473458
3. Find the trigonometric functions of the angles from the first quadrant corresponding to
the following angular values:
a) 941621 + n; b) 1982816 + n; c) 2981843 + n; d) 116g 62c 18cc + 2ng;
e) 222g 83c 24cc + ng; f) 384g 61c 22cc ng.
Solution:
Table 1.3
a.
b.
c.
sin 941621 =
sin 1982816 =
sin 2981843 =
+cos41621
-sin 182816
-cos 281843
cos
= - sin
cos
= - cos
cos
= + sin
tg
= - ctg
tg
= + tg
tg
= - ctg
ctg
d.
= - tg
ctg
e.
= + ctg
ctg
f.
= - tg
cos
= - sin
cos
= - cos
cos
= + sin
tg
= - ctg
tg
= + tg
tg
= - ctg
ctg
= - tg
ctg
= + ctg
ctg
= - tg
4. Compute the natural values corresponding to the trigonometric functions sin , cos ,
tg , ctg for the following angular values:
a) 282418 + n; b) 961626 + n; c) 1941643 n; d) 2845118 n;
e) 46g51c83cc n cc; f) 121g62c47cc + n g; g) 214g51c83 cc ncc; h) 373g43c16cc ng.
a) sin 282418 = + 0.47570097
cos
= + 0.87960706
cos
= - 0.33318539
tg
= + 0.54081077
tg
= - 2.82984000
ctg
= + 1.84907560
ctg
= - 0.35337687
RAD
GRA
0,,,
0,,,
0,,,
sin display
0.47570
097
0,,,
0,,,
0,,,
cos display
0.87960
706
0,,,
0,,,
0,,,
tg display 0.54081
077
In order to obtain the natural value for ctg, press the key
1/x
DEG
DEG
RAD
RAD
GRA
GRA
1.84907560
f)
DEG
DEG
DEG
RAD
RAD
RAD
GRA
sin
display
0.94286134
cos
display -0.33318539
tg
display -2.82984000
GRA
GRA
1/x
-0.353337687
62g58c57cc.3 => 14
d. sin 15
= + 200g = 262g58c57cc.3.
47g69c70cc.4 =>
= + 300g = 347g69c70cc.4
INV
6. Represent the trigonometric circle, emphasizing the trigonometric lines in the four
quadrants. Specify the formulas for reducing to the first quadrant.
Solution
Y
tg
II
90
ctg
cos
ctg
tg
I =
cos
II
sin
sin
III
180
360
III
sin
IV
sin
tg
IV
cos
tg
cos
270
II
III
IV
Angle
II
+ 100g
III
+ 200g
IV
+ 300g
+ sin
+ cos
+ tg
+ ctg
+ cos
- sin
- ctg
- tg
- sin
- cos
+ tg
+ ctg
- cos
+ sin
- ctg
- tg
Function
sini
cosi
tgi
ctgi
7. Present the variation graphs on the interval (0, 2) and the associated table
corresponding to the trigonometric functions sin, cos, tg and ctg.
f(x)
sin x
ctg
x x
tg
3
2
2 x
cos
x
-1
3
3
3
3
1
2
2 3
2 2
-3 -1 -3 0
2
0 -3 -1 -3 + -3 1 -3 0 -3 -1 -3
3
3
3
Monotony (interval)
-3 -1 -3 0
3
360
ctg + 3
-1 -2 -3 -1 -3 -2 -1
2 2 2
2 2 2
330
-1 -2 -3 -1 -3 -3 -1 0
2 2 2
2 2 2
315
3 2
2 2
300
3
3
1
2
270
240
tg
225
1
2
210
3 2
2 2
7 5 4 3 5 7 11 2
6 4 3 2 3 4 3
180
150
cos
2 3
2 2
135
1
2
2 3 5
3 4 6
120
60
Function
sin
2
90
30
45
RAD
8. Represent the topographic circle, emphasizing the trigonometric lines in the four
quadrants. Specify the formulas for reducing to the first quadrant.
Solution
Y
IVtg
400 0
tg
tg
sin
I =
ctg
sin
ctg
cos
cos
IV
0
300
100
cos
III
III
II
cos
ctg
II
sin
sin
tg
ctg
200
tg
Re mark: T he reducing
formulas from table 2 are
still valid
LAB
ZAB
ZB
AB
ZA
DAB
Vertical datum
Figure 1.19
It can be seen that in the triangle ABB the following relations can be stated:
ZAB
DAB
ZAB
DAB
sin AB = ----------, cos AB = ------- , tgAB = ---------, ctgAB = -------LAB
LAB
DAB
ZAB
(2.9)
LAB = DAB + ZAB and ZAB = ZB - ZA. The needed elements can be determined using
these relations, depending on the known (measured) elements.
10. Compute DAB ,ZAB, ZB, given the following:
LAB = 217,47 m + n (cm), AB = 12g17c + nc, ZA = 348.21 m.
Solution:
DAB = LAB cos AB = 217.47 m cos 12g17c = 213.51 m;
(1.10)
(2.10)
ZB
= 389.53 m.
(3.10)
b. ANGULAR ELEMENTS
12. Which is the horizontal angle corresponding to the following gradations on the
horizontal circle of the theodolite:
CA = 117g51c + ng; CB = 247g58c.
Graduated horizontal
circle
400g 0g
300g
CB
Range
pole
100g
CA
Range
pole
200g
B
Aim
Aim
A
II
VII
i
trivet
I
A
II
A
a
b
Me asuring vertical angl e s: a) i n position I, b) in position II
14. LAB=184.52 m + n(m), I =1.47 m, s = 2.03, VI = 88g54c + nc; VII = 311g46c are given.
Determine the vertical angle () corresponding to the aim B and the slope angle of the
terrain ().
h
B
A
Figure 1.14 Measuring vertical angles, the case when the
aim is at a different height (S) than the instrument (i)
h + i = S + ZAB
(1.14)
ZAB
sin = ------LAB
(2.14)
h
sin=--------
(3.14)
10
Z AB
LAB
LAB sin + i - S
Thus: LAB sin + i = LAB sin + S => sin =------------------------LAB
The angle will be determined according to the principle that was used in the previous
problem:
100g00c - 88g54c + 311g46c - 300g00c
= -------------------------------------------------- = 11g46c
2
184.52m sin11g46c + 1.46m 2.03 m
sin = -------------------------------------------------- = 0.17600772
184,52 m
= arcsin 0.17600772 = 11g26c36cc.7
a. BI [XBI
B BIII = 61.24 m ,
c. BIIIX[X
IV
B IV
d. BIVX[X
B = 223.51 m ,
B IV
AB
X = 200 m
ABI
ABII
IV
(1.15)
X = 100 m
ABIII
XBIII
YB IV
0
BI
B III III
B
III
YB
B II
YBII YBI
11
Depending on the sign of the components YAB, and XAB, respectively, we can
determine the quadrant in which the orientation AB is found.
Then, the angle corresponding to the first quadrant is determined.
Adding 100g, 200g or 300g depending on the quadrant, the value of the orientation AB is
determined:
a.
b.
c.
YABIII - 24.55 m
tgABIII .= --------- = ------------ = 0.44482696
XABIII -55.19 m
= arctg 0.44482696 = 26g64c53cc.2 => ABIII = + 200g = 226g64c53cc.2.
d.
Establishing the quadrant in which the orientation is found was performed based on the
data presented in table 1.15.
Table 1.15
The components of
the natural value
II
III
IV
YAB
XAB
13
(2.15).
b. ORIENTATIONS COORDINATES
16. The coordinates of the point A are [XA = 212.52 m n(m), YA = 257.43 m], and the
distances between this point and the points CI, CII, CIII, and CIV are a. DACI = 112.51 m; b.
DACII = 81.32 m + n(m); c. D ACIII = 125.45 m; and d. DACIV
= 61.52 m n(m);
respectively. The orientations are also known: a. ACI = 61g51c + ng; b. ACII = 112g43c +
nc; c. ACIII = 217g51c; d. ACIV = 343g61c - ng. Determine the coordinates of the points Ci.
a. In order to determine the coordinates (XCi, YCi), the following relations will be applied:
XACi = DACi cosACi ;
(1.16)
(2.16)
XC
XC IV
XA
XC II
y = 300 m
y = 200 m
y = 100 m
YCi = YA + YACi ;
AC I
AC IV
AC II
IV
AC III
x = 300 m
CI
x = 200 m
II
x = 100 m
XC
III
III
Y CY YA
IV
III
Y CY
II
14
c.
d.
15
17. The distance DAB will be determined using the graphical method.
Solution:
DAB = dAB N (1.17) where:
dAB is the distance measured on the plan;
N: the scale denominator of the plan.
DAB = 97.4 mm x 1000 = 97400 = 97.40 m.
Remark: the precision of measuring a distance on the plan will be of 0.1 0.2mm.
X=200 m
D
B
X=150 m
C
X=100 m
XMA = XMA N
(1.18)
16
YMA = YMA N;
Determine the absolute coordinates of the point A, which the method of contours
was used for representing the relief.
XA = XM + XMA
(2.18)
YA = YM + YMA
YMA A
X MA
M
Y = 200m
X = 100m
Figure 1.18
Thus: we measure
We compute
17
81
462030
88
2359
89
Scale 1:25.00
0
Figure 1.19. The SW corner of the geographic and rectangular
graticule for a map sheet
82
F
y
81
)
(
30
462030
88
2359
89
Scale 1:25.000
60 ( )
19
AB GRAFIC - ABANALITIC = T
23. Determine the size of the surface ABCD using the analytical computation method.
Solution:
The coordinates of the points A, B, C, and D are known.
XA = 108.9 m
XB = 180.8 m
XC = 130.2 m
XD = 196.0 m
YA = 207.8 m
YB = 273.6 m
YC = 292.8 m
YD = 213.1 m
2S = Xi (Yi +1 - Yi 1)
(1.23)
i=A
D
2S = Yi (Xi -1 - Xi +1)
(2.23)
i=A
AB AC sin BAC
(1.24)
(2.24)
20
The sides and angles involved in the relation (2.24) can be determined based on the
coordinates of the points A, B, C, and D.
AD = XAD + YAD = 87.26 m;
AB = XAB + YAB = 97.46 m;
AC = XAC + YAC = 87.63 m;
DAB = AB - AD = 47g18c17cc - 3g86c90cc = 43g31c27cc;
BAC = AC - AB = 84g36c89cc - 47g18c17cc = 37g18c72cc;
Solution
SI
S II
Y
Figure 1.24. Determining surfaces using the
trigonometric method
21
a. Based on the coordinates, compute the sides of the two triangles that compose the
surface ABCD.
Thus:
DB = XDB + YDB = 62.38 m;
BC = XBC + YBC = 54.12 m;
Apply the relation S = p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)
(1.25)
a+b+c
Where p = -------------2
Thus SABCD =123.55(123.55-87.26)(123.55-62.38)(123.55-97.46)
+119.61(119.61-97.46)(119.61-54.12)(119.61-87.63)
SABCD =2674.98 + 2354.99 = 5029.97 m
b. Divide the polygon ABCD into two triangles: ADB and ABC, whose dimensions are
graphically determined:
AB HADB
AB HABC
SABCD = SADB + SABC = ----------------- + ------------------ (2.25)
2
2
97.40 54.90
97.40 48.40
SABCD = ------------------ + ------------------- = 2673.63 + 2357.08 =>
2
2
SABCD = 5030.71 m.
26. Applying the graphical method of equidistant parallels, determineBthe surface ABCD.
bn
S2
XC
b1
S1
b2
b3
bn - 1
A X
a
22
0
Fi gure 1.26
Solution:
-
Overlap the tracing paper on figure ABCD, thus obtaining a series of geometrical
shapes (trapezes) whose are is determined using the well-known relations;
In the end:
n
SABCD = A x Bi + Si
(1.26)
i=1
Where: A = a n
n
(2.26)
Bi = bi N
i=1
(3.26)
i=1
The last relation (3.26) determines the areas from the ends, which will be added to the
obtained value.
For the case being presented:
SABCD = 1.0 cm x 1000 x [ (b1+b2+ .bn )N] + 8 m + 43 m = 5030.43 m
a
Bi
S1
S2
D
B
a
27. Determine the area of the surface SABCD using the method of the network of equal
a
1
2
3 4
squares.
a
5
6
7 8
a
9
10 11 12 13 14
a
15 16 17
18 19 20
a
21 22 23
24 25 26
a
a
27 28 29 30
C
a
a
A
Figure 1.27
a23
Solution:
SABCD = A(n1 + n2)
(1.27)
A = a N = 1 cm 1000 = 10 m;
n1 = 30 (the number of entire squares);
n2 = 20,3 (the number of approximate squares)
Thus, SABCD = 100 m x 50.3 = 5030 m.
Remark: Problems 23-27 have the purpose to use practical example in order to concretize
some methods applied to determine the surfaces of plans and maps.
In practice, of course, the adequate method will be used for each case, depending on the
known elements, on the extent of the surface, on the plan scale, and on the surface
contour (sinuous, polygonal, etc.).
In the figures 1.28-1.33 the enumerated relief forms are geometrically presented. For
each case, trace the corresponding contours, at the specified interval (E).
28. The relief forms from figure 1.28, for E = 10m;
29. The relief forms from figure 1.29, for E = 10m;
30. The relief forms from figure 1.30, for E = 5m;
31. The relief forms from figure 1.31, for E = 5m;
32. The relief forms from figure 1.32, for E = 2m;
33. The relief forms from figure 1.33, for E = 10m;
The solutions are presented in the figures 2.28 2.33.
24
104
3
38
2
69
3
66
3
35
0
99
2
a.
67
1
65
6
b.
52
7
43
7
42
2
Figure 1.30 The hill Figure 1.31 The hollow Figure 1.32 The valley
39
0V2
V1
39
2
37
1
32
8
37
V3 0
24
0
38
7
Figure 1.33 The representation of the hydrographic basin
25
380
370
680
670
660
650
640
1000
360
350
Figure2.28
540
535
a)
b)
530
V2
V1
Figure 2.29
440
435
430
425
540
535
670
660
530
Figure 2.30
Figure 2.31
Figure 2.32
371
390
392
328
370
240
387
34. Determine the heights of the points A, B, C, and D on the topographic plan from
figure 1.17.
Solution:
Figure 1.34
The height of the point A is obviously equal to the height of the contour on which the
point is situated (ZA = 347 m).
The height of the point B can be obtained through linear interpolation
ZB = ZM + h (m) = 340 m + h (m); (1.34)
26
341
m
340
m
N
Figure 2.34
35. Which is the value of the slope of the terrain between the points A and B?
Solution:
ZAB
ZB ZA
PAB = tg = ------- = ----------DAB
DAB
(1.35)
340.67 347.00
Thus PAB = -------------------- = - 0.0650
97.40
or PAB % = 100 PAB = -6.50%
(2.35)
27
36. Which is the average of the slope in the area of the points A, B, C, and D?
Solution:
In the area of point D, we shall consider the contours situated on both sides of the point
(3-6 contours). EF represents the line from area D with the highest slope.
ZEF ZF ZE
PD = ------- = ----------DEF
dEF N
(1.36)
350 345
5
Thus PD = --------------- = -------- = 0.125 (or 12.5%)
0.04 x 1000
40 m
350
F
xD
345
E
Figure 1.36
345
340
A
x
XB
1
Solution:
E
E
Pmax = ---------- = -----------Dmin
dmin x N
(1.37)
E
E
Pmin = ---------- = -----------Dmax
dmax x N
(2.37)
345
xB
x
A
350
Y
Solution:
100 x 100 cm
P0% = ---------------29
d0 x 1000
10 cm
P0% = -------d0
10 cm
d0 = -------- = 2 cm.
5%
With the computed value (d0) in the compass, starting from the point A, step by step, trace
one or more variants of the line P0%.
39. Trace the longitudinal profile of the AB alignment on the scale of distances 1:500 and
of heights 1:100.
Remark: according to the topographic plan from figure 1.17 and the notations from figure
1.37
Solution
Z (n)
Longitudinal profile AB
348
347
Distance scale
1:500
Height scale
1:100
346
345
344
343
342
340
341
Point number
34
7
Height
Distances
D (n)
19
partial
cumulated
34 34
6 5
8
19
12
27
34
4
17
39
34
3
14
56
34
2
21
70
pAB % = - 6.5%
T he slope
30
B34
34 0.6
1 7
6.4
91 97.4
40. Trace the topographic transversal profile, corresponding to the CD direction, on the
scale of distances and heights 1:500.
Note: the transversal profile was performed for the distance of 25m, towards left and
right respectively, from the AB alignment, on the CD direction.
Transversal profile
Z (n)
Ax
350
Distances scale
1:500
Heights scale
340
D (n)
330
P oint number
1 2 3
345
345 344
,3
Height
Distances
I4 I5 I
345
5 E
341
342 ,8
343
I
I 1I
6
342
343 344
I 4
345
8
7
b. in section
xB
3
2
1
31
Solution:
The constructive axes of the theodolite are:
VV: main rotation axis (vertical);
HH: secondary rotation axis (horizontal);
0: (reticule - lens) is the aiming axis of the telescope;
Cv: is the point of intersection of the three axes, named aiming center.
20
0
6
8
1
10
9
5
32
4
2
5
5
x 01
x 02
a (variable)
p (constant)
33
4: the eyepiece;
5: the reticule;
6: focusing lens;
7: focusing button;
8: the rack device;
9: reticule adjusting screws;
10: image forming when b is missing;
O1: optical center of the lens;
O2: optical center of the eyepiece;
: the center of the reticule;
XX: the geometric axis of the telescope;
0102: the optical axis of the telescope;
01: the aiming axis.
43. Determine the readings on the bearing circle and the clinometer, based on the image
from the field of the microscope with lines presented in figure 1.43.
V
109
91
114
86
107
92
115
85
Hz
Figure 1.43 The microscope with lines
Solution:
V (reading on the clinometer): 91g74c;
Hz (reading on the bearing circle): 114g94c
34
108
93
116
84
44. Present the schema of the microscope with lines (the image field) for the following
readings:
V:
394g28c - ngnc;
Hz:
217g51c + nc.
Solution:
The field of the microscope corresponding to the readings will be drawn similarly to the
image presented in figure 1.43.
Remark: the numbers written upside-down will be ignored.
45. Determine the readings on the bearing circle and the clinometer based on the image of
the scale microscope presented in figure 1.45.
V
85
84
0 1 2
10
0
10
218
3 4 5 6 7
8 9
Hz
217
Solution:
V: 84g86c90cc;
Hz: 218g13c70cc.
Remark: The field of the scale microscope allows estimating tens of seconds.
46. Present the schema of the image of the scale microscope for the following readings:
V: 372g51c20cc + ngnc;
Hz: 246g77c40cc + nc;
Solution:
35
Present the image corresponding to the specified readings similarly to the schema of the
scale microscope from figure 1.45.
47. Using schemas and explanations specify the steps for performing a measuring with
the theodolite. Emphasize the role and the importance of each step.
The solution of the problem will be drafted using the bibliography specified at the end of
the workbook.
48. Which are the verifications and adjustments of the theodolite, which are performed
before usage, and what do they consist of?
Remark: the same specification as in the previous problem.
b. THE TOPOGRAPHIC LEVEL
49. Specify the name, role and importance of each part that composes the rigid level NI
030 Carl Zeiss Jena (figure 1.49).
1
IV
2
3
2
Solution:
36
IV
1
37
Solution:
The name of the parts presented in figure 1.50 is similar to that from the previous case.
51. In figure 1.51 is presented the image obtained using a telescope-leveling device, a
centimetric measuring staff. Determine the readings corresponding to the three
stadimetric lines.
19
S
18
17
M
16
Solution:
The reading on the upper stadimetric line:
CS = 1879 (mm)
The reading on the level line:
CM = 1751 (mm);
The reading on the stadimetric line:
CJ = 1622 (mm)
38
= 755;
= 56;
TOTAL:
75556
16
76
6
17
b
a
39
54. Sketch the image of the invar measuring staff and of the micrometric drum
corresponding to the following reading: 69848 + n.
55. How are the verifications and adjustments of the rigid level performed? What about
the semiautomatic level?
The solution of this problem will be presented based on data obtained from the field
specialty literature.
56. Present the design of a self-reducing tacheometer DAHLTA 020 Carl Zeiss Jena,
specifying its components and main axis.
Solution:
T he prism for observing the
level of the vertical circle
V
T he lens of the telescope
T he level of the
vertical circle
T he mirror for
lighting the graduated
circles
T ension plate
Base plate
Support
T he platform of the trivet
V
Figure 1.56 Se lf-reducing tacheome ter DAHLTA 020 C.Z. Jena
40
The building axes of this kind of device are the same as in the case of the theodolite
(figure 1.41).
The characteristics of this device are:
-
The scale microscope (similar with the microscope of the Theo 020
theodolite) ensures a precision of 1C;
A special board can be attached to the device, allowing tracing on scale the
planimetry and the contours, which the relief of the measured terrain is
represented by;
The reticular plan is composed of a mobile part (which is used for measuring
the altitude differences) and a fixed part (needed to aim and to determine the
distances).
57. How are the readings on the Dahlta measuring staff recorded, in the case of
determining the altitude differences and the distances?
Solution: figure 1.57.
7
6
5
4
Distance line
Altitude
lines
3
2
+1
Aim with the base line
at the origin of the
measuring staff (+1.40m
from the base of the
measuring staff)
Base line
-1
Figure 1.57
41
1.40 m = V
Readings:
-
58. If the measuring staff located in the point 48 was aimed from the station point 47 (Z 47
= 321.432 m) and there were recorded the values presented in figure 1.57, then compute
the horizontal distance between the two points and the absolute height of the benchmark
48.
Solution:
V = 1.40
48
i = 1.53 m
Z47.4
Z48
47
Z47
Vertical datum
Figure 1.58
42
(1.58)
(2.58)
h1 = CZ1 x 10 = 2.78 m
(3.58)
h2 = CZ2 x 20 = 2.78 m
h1 + h2
hm = ------------ = 2.78 m
2
(4.58)
(5.58)
Z48 = 324.342 M.
59. Draft the design of the BRT 006 Carl Zeiss Jena tacheometer. Present the main and
secondary parts.
Correction scale
Distance scale
The frame of the fixed pentagonal
Fixed
Magnifying glass
prism + the lever of the scaling
pentagonal Pentagonal prism
Reading index on
system
prism
the distance scale
Macrometric screw
Collimator
Brake Micrometric
of the telescope
screw
Button for fixing
Air-bubble
Pin
the origins on the
level
horizontal circle + Spherical level + the
the safety washer
macrometric screw of
of the button
Focusing mallet
the alidade
Micrometric screw
The ocular of
of the alidade
the telescope
Foot screw
The mirror for
Tension plate
lighting the circles
Base plate
Microscope
Trivet platform
Foot bar
Figure 1.59
The device automatically reduces the distances at the horizon, allowing the direct
recording of horizontal distances.
43
60. Which are the procedures that a horizontal distance is recorded by, using the BRT 006
tacheometer-telemeter?
4.
Operating
b. coincidence
a. non-coincidence
Figure 1.60
Solution:
(2.61)
44
or
Z28.61 = Dtg
(3.61)
Will result:
Z28.61 = 10.277 m;
Z28.61 = 10.474 m
Z28.61
Z + Z
= -------------- (4.61)
2
L
D
61
D
L
Z61
Z28.61
28
Z28
Vert ical dat um
Fi gure 1.61
F. PLANIMETRY PROBLEMS
45
T ape
Dynamometer
A
0m
Steel picket
Nail
50 m
l0
Stake
T ensioner
l0
l0
l0
l0
l1
D AB
63. The topographic points C and C are situated on a tilted terrain, with a known declivity
(). Knowing the measurement data, compute DCD and draft the corresponding schema.
Are given:
l0 = 25 m;
l1 = 14.71 m;
n = 3;
46
= 9g21c.
Remark: the instruments used are the same as in the previous case.
From the schema:
LAB = n l0 + l1
(1.63)
(2.63)
l1
l0
l0
l0
B
LAB
A
DAB
n2 = 1;
n3 = 3;
l1 = 12.36 m;
l2 = 16.52 m;
l3 = 21.53 m;
1 = 16g31c.
2 = 12g52c.
3 = 7g67c.
Solution:
Compute the slanted distances:
L1 = n1 l0 + l1 = 2 50 + 12.36 = 112.36 m;
L2 = n2 l0 + l2 = 1 50 + 16.52 = 66.52 m;
47
L3 = n3 l0 + l3 = 3 50 + 21.53 = 171.53 m.
The corresponding horizontal distances will be:
D1 = L1 cos1 = 112.36 cos 16g31c = 108.69 m;
D2 = L2 cos2 = 66.52 cos 12g52c = 65.24 m;
D3 = L3 cos3 = 171.53 cos 7g67c = 170.29 m.
l3
Solution
l0
l0
l0
22
L3
l2
b
D3
l0
l0
l1
l0
L1
L2
2
D2
1 D1
21
Figure 1.64 The dire ct measuring of distances on a tilted terrain, with multiple declivities
(1.65);
(2.65)
362.471
Ce = (50.007 50) ----------- = 0.051 m
50
-
(3.65);
(4.65)
lt = l0 (t1 t0)
(5.65)
Thus:
362.522
Ct = 4.6 ------------ = 33.4 mm = 0.033 m
50
-
(6.65)
(7.65)
362.555 (4-3)
In the case of our problem Cp = ----------------- = 0.002 m
2100000 0.1
49
(8.65)
(9.65)
CM= 1472
CJ = 0993 n (mm)
Solution
Nail
43
Topographic
benchmark
44
D
4 3.4 4
Figure 1.66
(1.66)
CM = i
Measuring staff
Theodolite-tacheometer
CS
67. The points 61 and 62 are situated on a tilted terrain. The following values were
obtained during the measuring of the distance between these points using the
tacheometric method:
CS = 2652 n (mm)
i = 1.537 m;
CM = 1537 (mm)
= 9g61c + nc
CJ = 0422 (mm)
K = 100
CS
CM
CJ
62
61
D43.44
Figure 1.67
(1.67)
In this case:
51
32
33
2m = b
Precision theodolite
Basis (BALA
measuring staff)
32
33
D
b
Figure 1.68 The indire ct measuring of distances using the parallactic method, on
horiz ontal terrain: a. plan sche ma; b. the aim in section
D
ctg----- = -------2
b
---2
and (b = 2m)
52
7g31c
Thus D = ctg ---------- = 17.399 m
2
69. Which is the horizontal distance between the points 76 and 77, if = 14g31c + nc and
the declivity angle of the aim is = 6g14c - nc?
b=2m
LAB
77
76
D76.77
Figure 1.69 The parallactic method, with the basis at the end on tilted terrain
In this case:
L
ctg ----- = -------2
b
---2
and
(1.69)
53
b
A
D2
D1
DAB
1
D1 = ctg----2
(1.70)
2
D2 = ctg----2
(2.70)
DAB = D1 + D2
(3.70)
Thus:
4g17c
4g21c
DAB = ctg -------- + ctg --------2
2
DAB = 30.522 + 30.232 = 60.754 m
54
71. If the terrain is slanted, and the values recorded in the field are 1 = 2g17c, 2 = 2g22c,
1 = 12g43c +nc, 2 = 8g16c, b = 2 m, then determine the value of the horizontal distance
between the measured points 26 and 27.
b
L2
L1
B
D1
D2
DAB
Figu re 1.71 The parall actic me asuring of distances, with middle basis, (slanted
te rrai n) se ction sche ma
As in the previous case, the horizontal distance consists of the two partial distances D 1
and D2.
The aims towards the basis being slanted, D 1 and D2 will be determined by the means of
the values L1 and L2 (the slanted distances).
1
L1 = ctg ---2
(1.71)
2g17c
L1 = ctg -------- = 58.670 m;
2
2
L2 = ctg ---2
(2.71)
2g22c
L2 = ctg ------- = 57.347 m;
2
D1 = L1cos1
(3.71)
D2 = L2cos2
(4.71)
D26.27 = D1 + D2
(5.71)
55
72. Using a helping basis CD, the elements needed for computing the horizontal distance
DAB were determined through the parallactic method. Based on the values of these
elements presented in what follows, compute the distance DAB.
C
DAB
DC
D
B
(1.72)
1
DAB
ctg ----- = ---------- =>
2
DCD
------2
DCD
1
DAB = ------- ctg ----2
2
(2.72)
17.76
2g62c
DAB = --------- ctg --------2
2
56
DAB = 431.577 m.
73. The values needed to determine the distance D41.42 were taken using the method
presented before. They are:
1 = 2g84c + nc , 2 = 8g61c - nc , b = 2 m, 1 = 12g62c , 2 = 10g18c.
Solution: (see figure 1.73)
Range pole
Theodolite
DCD
2
BALA
measuring
staff
L2
b
Theodolite
L1
A
D AB
Figure 1.73 The parallactic measuring of distances with auxiliary basis (tilted
terrain) perspective schema
(1.73) L2 = 14.765 m;
DCD = L2 cos2
DCD
1
L1 = -------- ctg ----- = 17.76 m
2
2
14.577
2g84c
(3.73) L1 = --------.ctg -------- =326.707 m;
2
2
DAB = L1 cos1
57
c. MEASURING ANGLES
74. Compute the horizontal angles specified in the schema of each problem. The
measuring method used in each case and the field operation method will be specified.
Station
Aimed
Readings on the
point
1
S1
2
2
3
(173 + n) 41 26
285 52 17
Horizontal
angles
Code
4
Remarks
Schemas
6
2
Solution:
Method: reading differences, one position of the telescope;
The number of angles measured from a station: one;
Computational method:
= C 3 - C2
5th column).
75.
1
4
Aimed point
Station
Table 1.75
Horizontal
Horizontal
Remarks
directions
Means (M)
angles
Schemas
Position I (left)
Position II (right)
2
5
3
41 22 16
4
241 22 10+ncc
127 18 73-ng
327 18 75- ng
8
5
Solution:
Method: reading differences, two positions of the telescope;
The number of angles measured from a station: one;
Computational method:
22c16cc + 22c10cc
58
Station
Table 1.76
Aimed
point
2
8
7
Solution:
Readings on the
bearing circle (c)
3
00 00 00
64 17 30 +n
Horizontal
Remarks
angles
Code
4
Schemas
6
8
59
2
= M12 - M11 = 121g64c20cc (column 7).
Aimed point
Station
Table 1.77
Horizontal directions
Horizontal
Horizontal
Remarks
directions
angles
Schemas
circle) (c)
Position I (left) Position II
Means (M)
(right)
1
11
00 00 00
200 00 00
7
11
10
12
121 64 17+ng
321 64 23
10
12
78. Determine the vertical angles corresponding to the measured values presented in the
following tables. The method used, the characteristics of the measured angle and the field
operation method will be specified.
Table 1.78
Station
Aimed
Readings on the
Vertical angle
Remarks
point
clinometer (zenithal
(V or )
Schemas
angle) (Z)
g | c | cc
3
Code
4
21 i=1,32
22 i=1,32
98 17 00 +nc
21.22
| c | cc
5
Solution:
Method: determining a single vertical angle, from a station, using one position of the
telescope;
Measured angle: the declivity angle of the terrain (because i STATION = i AIM).
Computational method:
= 100g00c00cc Z;
Thus, = 100g00c00cc - 98g17c00cc = 1g83c00cc (column 5).
60
79.
2
24 i = 1,43
Vertical angle
Remarks
(Z)
(V or )
Schemas
Position I
Position II
(ZI)
(ZII)
g c cc
3
86 28 50
4
313 72 00
+n
Code
Aimed point
1
23 i = 1,43
Station
Table 1.79
c cc
c cc
-n
6
23.24
8
The schema is exactly
the same as the one in
the previous case.
Solution:
Method: determining a vertical angle using two positions of the telescope;
Measured angle: the declivity of the terrain (because i STATION = i AIM).
Computational method:
I = 100g00c00cc - Z I = 13g71c50cc
II = Z II - 300g00c00cc = 13g72c00cc
I + II
= ----------- = 13g71c75cc (column 6).
2
80.
Solution:
Method: determining a vertical angle using one position of the telescope;
Measured angle: vertical angle;
Computational method:
V = 100g Z
Therefore V = 100g00c00cc 64g12c00cc = 35g88c00cc (column 5).
61
Table 1.80
Station
Aimed
Readings on the
I = (m)
point
clinometer (zenithal
S = (m)
angle) (Z)
g | c | cc
3
64 12 00
+ng
2
26 i=2,02
25 i=1,62
Vertical angle
(V or )
Code
4
V25..26
| c | cc
5
Remarks
Schemas
Aimed
Readings on the
point
clinometer (Z)
Position I
Position II
(ZII)
Remarks
(V)
Schemas
Code
9/ S = 6,21
(ZI)
Vertical angle
8/ i = 1,46
Station
43 21 16
356 78 90
V8.9
82. Data obtained in the field using the method of the horizon tour are presented in the
following table. Compute the horizontal angles , , and and the vertical angles
corresponding to each direction. Explain the method of operating in the field and the
computational steps.
62
Solution:
The working steps are the following:
Computing the values MI
(1.82)
63
12c00cc +13c00cc
Mi1= 21g(---------------------)
2
= 21g12c50cc (column 5)
Computing the closing discrepancy error
e = Mf1 - Mi1
Thus
(2.82)
e = 21g14c00cc - 21g12c50cc
= 1c50cc
(3.82)
(4.82)
(5.82)
C3 = 2 x Cu = - 0c60cc;
The directions Mi are determined as follows:
M i = M i + Ci
(6.82)
(7.82)
For example:
M02 = M2 M1;
The horizontal and vertical angles are computed as in the case of the previous problems
(74-81).
d. SURVEY OF THE DETAILS
83. Topographically describe the position of the topographic points represented in figure
1.83, using the graphical method.
64
Nr.8
Nr.10
Nr.12
16
.1
Nr
.2
Nr
Nr.14
Str. Alba
11
13,
10
12
Nr.11
Nr.13
Nr.16
13
Nr.15
17
10
14
15
Nr.17
Solution:
The topographic description of the benchmark no.9 is presented in the next figure. The
distances between the topographic benchmark and characteristic points (building
corners, different installations, etc.) are specified.
These distances are taken, depending on the case, from the field or from the available
documentation.
84. The method of direct intersection was used to determine the coordinates of the point
A with respect to the topographic benchmarks 1 and 2.
Given the following data:
The coordinates of the bearing points
X1 = 316.47 m + n(m);
Y1 = 125.48 m;
P12 = = 24g17c53cc
X2 = 323.21 m + n(m);
P21 = = 61g43c28cc + nc
65
Y2 = 392.54 m n(m).
Compute (XA, YA)
N
P
1P
12
2P
2
21
1
Figure 1.84 The direct angular
intersection with two bearing points
Solution:
Basic orientation:
Y12 Y2 -Y1
tg12 = ------- = --------X12
X2 -X1
tg12 = 39.623145
Therefore:
12 = 98g39c37cc
and
21 = 298g39c37cc = 12 + 200g
66
(2.84)
Y2A YA Y2
tg2A = ------- = --------- = (XA X2) tg2A = YA Y2;
X2A XA X2
(3.84)
(4.84)
(5.84)
(6.84)
YA = 332.59 m.
85. The horizontal angles formed by the directions towards the points 3, 4, and 5 were
measured from the point B of unknown coordinates, using resection (the indirect method
or retrointersection, the map problem, Pothnot problem). The measurement data are
given:
The coordinates of the bearing points
X1 = 675.43 m + n(cm);
Y1 = 125.51 m;
X2 = 712.37 m n (cm);
700Y2 = 272.38 m + n(cm);
X3 = 525.82 m;
N
N
X
4
3
X
Y3 =
321.57 m n(cm).
Compute
500 1: (1.85)
X:400
0
Y
Y
8
67
4Y
200
300
Figure 1.85 Re se ction
Y:100
and tg2 = ..
3= 1 +
and tg3 = ..
Y2 Y1 + X1tg1 X2tg2
X = ---------------------------------tg1 - tg2
(2.85)
Y = Y1 + (X X1) tg1 or
(3.85)
Y = Y2 + (X X2) tg2
(4.85)
Y = Y3 + (X X3) tg3
(5.85)
86. Compute the absolute coordinates of the points 21 and 22, using the compensation of
the planimetric traverse supported at the ends, presented in table 1.86.
68
Solution:
69
cos12..21 = 0.9916958
are written
cos21..22 = 0.9870361
in column 6
cos22..14 = 0.9937838
2. Compute the horizontal distances using the relation: DiJ = LiJ cosiJ;
D12..21 = 54.20 x 0.9916958 = 53.750 m;
D21.22 = 52.10 x 0.9870361 = 51.425 m;
column 10
70
(1.86)
C = - e = - 5c19cc
(4.86);
C
- 5c19cc
Cu = ------ = ---------- = - 1c30cc
N
4
(3.86);
(5.86);
C12.21 = 1 x Cu = - 1c30cc
C21.22 = 2 x Cu = - 2c60cc
(6.86);
C22.14 = 3 x Cu = - 3c90cc
C14.15 = 4 x Cu = - 5c19cc
c. Correcting the orientations:
12.21 = 12.21 + C 12.21 = 63g65c96cc - 1c30cc = 63g64c66cc;
21.22 = 21.22 + C .21.22 = 128g92c16cc - 2c60cc = 128g89c56cc; (7.86)
22.14 = 22.14 + C 22.14 = 48g18c26cc - 3c90cc = 43g14c36cc;
Verification: 14.15 = 14.15 + C14.15 = 59g79c66cc - 5c19cc = 59g74c47cc = 14.15 GIVEN.
5. Determine the trigonometric function (the natural values) sin and cos for the
corrected orientations: (column 9)
sin12.21 = 0.8413404;
cos12.21 = 0.5405055;
sin21.22 = 0.8987478;
cos21.22 = - 0.4384658;
sin22.14 = 0.6270014;
cos22.14 = 0.7790180;
sin14.15 = 0.8066533;
cos14.15 = 0.5010249.
(8.86)
(9.86)
(10.86)
CX = - eX = - 28 mm;
(11.86)
CY = - eY = 99 mm;
(12.86)
CX
- 28 mm
- 28 mm
CuX = ------- = ---------------------------- = ---------- = - 0.214 mm/1m;
DiJ
D12.21 + D21.22 + D22.24 130.934m
CY
99 mm
CuY = ------- = ------------- = 0.756 mm / 1 m TRAVERSE
DiJ 130.934 m
CORRECTION
(13.86)
(14.86).
(15.86)
(16.86)
(17.86)
(18.86)
(18.86)
(19.86)
Verification:
Verification:
87. In order to measure a planimetric detail in the field through its characteristic points
(117 and 118), 21.22 was used as bearing side (traverse side). The survey was performed
using the method of polar coordinates.
If the coordinates of the bearing points 21 and 22 and the elements measured in the field
(angles and distances) are known, then determine the coordinates of the characteristic
points.
Te coordinates of the bearing points
Y21 = 290.473 m;
X22 = 627.211 m;
22.117
10
m
117
21
22
22.21
73
118
Solution:
290.473 336.730
- 46.257
tg22.21 = ------------------------ = ------------= - 2.0504898
649.70 627.211
22.559
=>22.21 = 328g88c66cc.
Determine the orientations of the new sides (towards the radiated points):
22.117 = 22.21 + 1 - 400g = 41g 39c66cc;
(2.87)
(3.87)
(4.87)
(5.87)
(6.87)
74
88. The data obtained using the method of Cartesian-square coordinates for measuring
some planimetric details are presented in table 1.88. Compute the coordinates of the
measured points.
Solution:
In this case, the support side is parallel to the abscissa of the used local coordinate
system. The coordinates of the new points will be computed in the following way:
(m)
6.27
6.27
12.17
12.17
21.58 n(m)
21.58 n(m)
10.52 +n(m)
18.64
21.73
37.84
43.28
61.74
+ X
1
28
2
Y3
X3
5
4
29
8m
(m)
Remarks
Schemas
Initial Data
6m
1
2
3
4
5
6
Measured elements
X
Y
11m
28
Measured point
Origin
28-29
Side
Table 1.88
+ Y
75
support basis. The elements measured in the field (table 1.89) will be used to compute the
absolute coordinates of the radiated points.
Solution:
In the case of tacheometric radiation, the distances are indirectly (tacheometrically)
obtained. The other elements, concerning the field and office operations, are similar to
those performed during planimetric radiation.
14
12
21
12
13
15
22
i= 1.53 m
22
Determine the horizontal angle i = Ci C27 (1.89) where Ci = the reading on the
bearing circle towards some point i;
(2.89)
76
(3.89)
(4.89)
Knowing the horizontal angle and the horizontal distance, the absolute
coordinates of the radiated points will be obtained through the computations
described at planimetric radiation.
e. REPEATING DETAILS
90. Repeat the control network (planimetric traverse) of known coordinates (table 1.90)
on the 1:1000 scale, through Cartesian coordinates.
12
13
21
22
14
15
X (m)
620.730
677.900
649.770
627.211
647.270 + n
678.270
Y (m)
245.210
209.600
290.473
336.730 - n
352.900
395.210 n
Solution:
The repeating steps are the following:
-
Trace the graticule of the plan on a sheet of paper (tracing paper, millimetric
paper);
Trace, for each point, the corresponding axes (the abscissa, the ordinate)
(figure 1.90)
Compute the coordinate differences, scaled down (x, y) with respect to the
coordinate axes that is the closest in value to the coordinates of the repeated
point;
77
12
X12 = 620.730
620.730 - 600.000
1000
mm
Y = 200 m
Y 12 =645.21
X = 600 m
91. The points 12 and 13 were used as benchmarks for determining the coordinates of the
point 68 through direct intersection. Knowing the coordinates of the bearing points (table
1.90) and of the new point (X68 = 652.432 m + n(m), Y68 = 248.516 m), repeat this point
through Cartesian coordinates.
Solution:
The repeating is performed on the plan drafted in problem 90.
The repeating steps are the ones specified in the solution of that problem (no. 90).
After positioning the point on the plan, check with the protractor the angular elements
( and ) that were used for determining the absolute Cartesian coordinates of the
point obtained through direct intersection.
92. The coordinates of the point 72 were obtained using resection, having as bearing
points the points 12, 13 and 21. [X72 = 675.430 m, Y72 = 238.472 m + n (m)].
Repeat the point 72, using absolute Cartesian coordinates, on the topographic plan drafted
in problem 90.
Remark: the same specification as in the previous problem.
78
93. The coordinates of the point 117 (see problem 87) were determined through
planimetric radiation. Repeat this point through Cartesian coordinates on the topographic
plan drafted in the previous problems.
Remark: see problem no. 91.
94. Repeat the points 1-6 through Cartesian coordinates, computed in problem no. 88.
95. Repeat the points 12-15 through Cartesian coordinates, computed in problem no 89.
Remark: From the solution of problems 90-95 it can be seen that the repeating on the plan
is performed in a similar manner, regardless of the method used for computing the
absolute Cartesian coordinates of the points, regardless of the nature of the plan, and of
the scale of the plan. But there exists the possibility to verify the computation of the
coordinates and the repeating of the point on the plan, using initial data (angles,
distances).
96. The topographic point 96 was measured through angular intersection. Repeat it on the
topographic plan without computing its coordinates.
The coordinates of the bearing points 12 and 21 (see problem no. 86) and the angles
measured in the field are given:
96 = 21.12.96 = 31g46c + ng;
96 = 12.12.96 = 46g12c - ng;
Solution:
Figure 1.95 presents the centralized method for solving the problems no. 96-100. The
scale of the plan is 1:1000.
97. The point 97 was planimetrically measured through linear intersection. The
coordinates of the bearing points 21 and 22 were specified in the previous problems. The
distances D1 and D2 are given, being measured in the field:
D1 = D21.97 = 36.41 m;
D2 = D22.97 = 30.16 m + (n/4) m.
Repeat the points 97 on the topographic plan without computing its coordinates.
79
98. Repeat the points 117 and 118 on the 1:1000 plan using polar coordinates. The polar
elements needed for repeating were presented in the tutorial no. 87.
99. Problem 88 offers the data needed for repeating on the topographic plan some
objectives surveyed through square coordinates. Repeat these points on the 1:1000 plan
presented in figure 1.95 without computing their absolute Cartesian coordinates.
100. Repeat using the method of polar coordinates the points 12, 13, 14, and 15,
measured through the method of tacheometric radiation (problem no. 89). The
topographic plan presented in figure 1.95 will be used as repeating support.
G. LEVELING PROBLEMS
a. GEOMETRIC LEVELING
101. The absolute height of the point A is known and the elements needed for
determining the absolute height of the point B were measured through middle geometric
leveling.
Processing the data presented in table 1.101, determine the height ZB.
a. By the use of the altitude difference ZAB.
b. By the use of the height of the instrument horizon Zi.
Table 2.101
Station
Aimed
point
Rod readings
a
b
(mm)
Altitude
differences
ZAB
(m)
1
S1
The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
(m)
5
Absolute
heights
Z
(m)
Point
2
3
4
6
A
1621 + n (mm)
350.375
B
0751
Figure 1.101 Determining the relative heights (Z AB) or an absolute height
7
A
B
(ZB)
80
a.
ZAB = a b
(1.101)
ZAB = ZB - ZA
(2.101)
In this case:
ZAB = 1.621 0.751 = 0.870 m;
(2.101)
ZB = ZA + ZAB = 350.473 +
0.870
351.343 m
b.
Zi = ZA + a
(3.101)
Zi = ZB + b
Hence
Zi = 350.473 + 1.621 = 352.094 m
ZB = 352.094 0.751 = 351.343 m.
102. The method of end geometric leveling was used in order to determine the height of
the point C. Point A was taken into consideration as benchmark of know height. Based on
the data presented in table 1.102, determine the height of the point C:
a. By the use of the altitude difference ZAC;
b. By the use of the height of the instrument horizon Zi.
Table 1.102
Station
i=
1
A
i = 1.572
m
3
1572
0945 + n (m)
The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
(m)
5
Absolute
heights
Z
(m)
Point
6
350.473
7
A
C
Solution:
It can be seen that the previous relations do not change.
The height i of the instrument (level) in this station is considered instead of the rod
reading a in the point A.
Figure 1.102. End geometric leveling
81
a.
ZAc = i b
(1.102)
ZAc = ZA ZC
(2.102)
(2.102)
ZC = ZA + ZAc = 350.473 +
0.627
351.100 m
c.
Zi = ZA + I
d.
Zi = ZC + b
(3.102)
Station
i=
Aimed
point
Rod readings
Altitude
The height of
a=i
differences the instrument
b1
ZAC
horizon
b2
(m)
Zi
(mm)
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
S2
A
1547
11
2063
12
0942
Figure 1.103. Middle geometric leveling radiation
Absolute
heights Z
Point
(m)
6
350.473
7
A
11
12
82
Table 1.104
Station Aimed
point
Rod readings
(mm)
(1.104)
ZI = ZA + a
(2.104)
Z14 = Zi b14
(3.104)
Z14 = Zi b14
Z14 + Z14
Z14 = -------------2
(4.104)
(1.105)
Zi = ZF + a
The absolute heights of the radiated points will result from the following relation:
ZK = Zi bK
(2.105)
83
Table 1.105
Station
Aimed
point
Rod readings
a
bi
a
(mm)
1
S4
2
E
16
17
F
3
1842
2076
1243
2092
The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
Zi
Zi
(m)
4
Absolute
heights
Z
(m)
Point
5
352.763
6
E
16
17
F
352.510
106. In order to determine the absolute heights of some radiated points we could use the
methods of end geometric leveling, too. Of course, in this case the precision is smaller,
because the measurements are influenced by a series of errors, which are removed in the
case of middle leveling. There are situations when only the end leveling can be applied.
This is the reason why, in what fallows, we shall present some of the methods of this type
of geometric leveling.
Thus, stationing in the point 43 of known height, the values needed to compute the
radiated points 44 and 45 were determined (table 1.106). Compute these heights.
Table 1.106
Station
Aimed
point
i=
1
43
1.632
Solution:
2
43
44
45
Rod readings
a=i
b44
b45
(mm)
3
1632
0751
2072
The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
(m)
4
Absolute
heights
Z
(m)
Point
6
361.273
7
43
44
45
Zi = Z43 + i
(1.106)
Z44 = Zi b44
(2.106)
Z45 = Zi b45
Therefore, there will be obtained:
Zi = 362.905 m;
84
Z44 = 362.154 m;
Z45 = 360.833 m.
Figure 1.106 End geometric leveling radiation
107. The method of end geometric leveling with two horizons of the instrument, was
used in order to determine the heights of the points 74 and 75. Compute Z 74 and Z75
processing the data from table 1.107.
Table 1.107
Station
i =
i =
(m)
1
S5
i = 1.264
S5
i = 1.373
Solution:
Aimed
point
2
M
74
75
Rod readings
(mm)
Zi = ZM + I;
Point
8
M
74
75
(1.107)
Zi = ZM + I;
Figure 1.107. End geometric leveling radiation with two horizons of the instrument
Hence Zi = 362.172 +1.264
Zi = 362.172+ 1.373
=>Zi = 363.436 m;
Zi = 363.545 m.
Z74 = Zi - b74 = 360.780 m;
(2.107)
(3.107)
85
108. Compute the heights of the points 61 and 62, measured through middle geometric
leveling (table 1.108).
1
S1
2
RN1
61
S2
61
62
S3
62
RN2
1751
Altitude differences
Coarse Corrections Corrected
ZiJ
CDiJ
ZiJ
(m)
(mm)
(m)
Absolute heights
Aimed
Rod readings
point
(mm)
Forward
Backward Backward
Forward
Z (m)
Station
Table 1.108
1343 + n (mm)
54.43
2437
0975
121.72
14
1875
1947
76.43
15
Solution:
Figure 1.108. Middle geometric leveling traverse a. Section schema; b. Plan schema.
The computational steps are:
1. Determine the coarse altitude differences ZiJ (column 5):
ZRN1.61 = a1 b1 = 1.751 1.343 = + 0.408 m;
Z61.62 = a2 b2 = 2.437 0.975 = + 1.462 m;
(1.108)
(2.108)
CZ = - eZ = 6 mm
(3.108)
(total correction)
86
(4.108)
ZiJ
RN1
The corrections on relative spatial coordinates (altitude differences) CZiJ (column 6):
CZRN1.61 = CuZ x DRN1.61 = 0.024 mm / 1 m x 54.43 1 mm;
CZ61.62 = CuZ x D61.62 = 0.024 mm / 1 m x 121.72 m 3 mm;
(5.108)
(6.108)
RN1
ZiJ = ZRN1.RN2
(7.108)
RN1
(8.108)
(9.108)
109. Usually, the horizontal distances (DiJ) necessary to adjust the middle geometric
leveling traverse are determined indirectly (tacheometrically). In what follows, there will
be presented the operation procedure for this case. The unknowns of the problem are the
absolute heights of the points 86 and 87.
Table 1.109 offers the necessary data for determining these heights.
Solution:
Except the horizontal distances (columns), which are determined using the relation:
DiJ = K H + 100 (CiS- CiJ)
(1.109)
the other elements the plan section schema, the computational steps, etc. are similar to
those from the previous case.
87
It should be specified that, for a given leveling, the distance that represents the weight in
adjustment results as sum of the distances DiJ (device backward point) and DiJ (device
forward point).
Thus: DiJ = DiJ + DiJ.
(2.109)
2
RN7
S1
Backward
CS
CM = a
CJ
Forward
CS
CM = b
CJ
3
1942
1582
1220
Altitude differences
Point
Rod readings
(mm)
Aimed
point
Station
Table 1.109
10
RN7
2651
86
86
2345
2040
1652
86
86
1500
S2
1348
2062 + n
1902 + n
1742 + n
87
87
0970
87
87
0694
S3
0420
1872
RN8
1646
RN8
1420
110. A possibility to increase the precision of middle geometric leveling traverse is to use
the double horizon of the instrument. This method was used to collect the necessary data
for determining the absolute heights of the points 112 and 113 (table 1.110). Process the
data from the mentioned table and determine Z112 and Z113.
88
2
RN9
112
S2
112
113
S3
113
RN10
3
1651
0972
2647
0960
+n
1751
3043
4
1843
1166
2839
1162 +
n
1941
3236
8
112.43
9
354.752
78.17
72.63
355.830
Solution:
Figure 1.110. Middle geometric leveling traverse with two horizons of the
instrument. a. Section schema; b. Plan view.
The working steps are the same as in the case of using only one horizon (problem 108).
The particularity of the method consists in the computation of coarse altitude differences.
For example:
ZRN9.112 = a1 b1 = 1.651 0.972 = + 0.679 m
(1.110)
(2.110)
111. In the case of middle geometric leveling traverse with two horizons, too, it is
efficient to determine tacheometrically the distances necessary for the adjustment (see
problem 109). The data needed to compute the horizontal distance DiJ can be collected for
89
Point
1
S1
Aimed
Rod readings
Altitude differences
point
Horizon Horizon
Coarse
Corrections Corrected
Forward
I
II
Z + Z
Backward
a
a
CZiJ
ZiJ
Z
iJ = ------------b
b
2
(mm) (mm)
(m)
(m)
(m)
Station
Table 1.110
10
RN9
112
112
113
113
RN10
one horizon or for both. It is taken into account that the precision required for the values
DiJ is small ( 1 m). Table 1.111 contains the data required to compute the absolute
heights of the points 127 and 128.
Hint: As it can be seen, there are no fundamental differences between the values of the
horizontal distances for the two horizons. Thus, we can work with the stadimetric data
(CS, CJ) given by the first horizon. The horizontal distances will be computed similarly to
those determined in problem 109, and the absolute heights will be deduced by the
indications from problems 110 and 108.
RN22
S1
127
127
S2
128
128
S3
RN23
Backward
CS
CM = a
b
CJ
3
1621
1470
1319
1872
1700
1530
2076
1754 + n
1432
1940
1620
1300
1857
1580
1302
0976
0701
0424
Altitude differences
90
Point
Rod readings
(mm)
Aimed
point
Station
Table 1.11
10
351.637
n (mm)
352.430
112. For determining the heights of the points 261, 262 and 263, there was only one
benchmark of known height in the area. The necessary data for determining the absolute
heights Z261, Z262 and Z263 (table 1.112) were collected through a geometric leveling
traverse in closed circuit, using the benchmark RN27 as start and end point. Compute
these heights.
Remark: The computational steps are the same as in the case of middle geometric
leveling, supported at the ends (problem 108). The only difference consists in the
computation of the error:
RN27
eZ = ZiJ
(1.112)
RN27
S2
S3
S4
2
RN27
261
261
262
262
263
263
RN27
3
1961 n
(mm)
0751
Altitude differences
Coarse
ZiJ
(m)
Corrections
Corrected
CZiJ
ZiJ
(m)
(m)
Absolute heights
Z(m)
1
S1
Aimed
Rod readings
point
Backward Forward
Forward
ai =
bi =
Backward
(mm)
(mm)
Horizontal
DiJ (m)
distances
Station
Table 1.112
8
121.43
9
367.122
2874
71.15
1242
1681
83.43
1047
2052
367.122
1277
143.17
Figure 1.112. Middle geometric leveling traverse in closed circuit. a. Section schema;
b. Plan schema
113. In order to place an arena in a given area, there were performed a series of
measurements needed for location studies. The leveling survey of the aimed area was
performed through the method of small squares, with corners radiated through middle
geometric leveling (figure 1.113).
91
One leveling station (with two horizons) was enough for determining the required
heights. Only one leveling benchmark RN43 was in the area. The terrain not being rough,
there were used squares with 25 m sides. The readings performed in horizon I station can
be found at the numerator of the ratio from the corner of each square, and the horizon II
readings are at the denominator.
Figure 1.113. Surface leveling through small squares. The method of middle
geometric leveling radiation. Z43 = 360.270 m.
Solution:
The solving steps for this case are the following:
1. Compute the average of the readings for each point:
For example:
2042
point RN43 -------- = 1831.5 1832 mm;
1621
1871
point 1 --------- = 1660.5 1661 mm.
1450
etc.
2. Determine the average height of the aiming plan Zi:
Zi = Z43 + a43
(1.113)
(2.113)
92
114. The method of large squares middle geometric leveling is used for the leveling
survey of large surfaces. Therefore, measure a surface of around 8 ha, for placing some
industrial objectives.
Figure 1.114 presents the elements measured in the field, which should be processed in
order to obtain the embankment volume (digging filling up) in order to bring the terrain
to the specified foundation height.
Figure 1.114 Surface leveling through large squares
The following are given:
Solution:
Consider the main traverse in closed circuit:
A1.A2.A3.A4.B4.C4.D4.D3.D2.D1.C1.B1.A1, which is computed and adjusted through
the known method (problem 112).
After determining the corrected absolute heights of the mentioned points, compute the
heights of the intermediary points (B2, B3; C2, C3). For that, consider the secondary
routes B1 B4 and C1 C4 or A2 D2 and A3 D3, which, as it results from the
schema, are traverses supported at the ends. The computation of these traverses is
performed by the model presented in problem 108.
Taking into account the purpose of such works, we consider that the step of heights
adjusting is not indispensable.
In the next step, draft a schema that contains the heights of the corners of the squares
(similar to the one presented in figure 2.113). Based on this schema, compute the
embankment volume.
115. Based on the data presented in table 1.115 draw the longitudinal profile of the
measured area, between the points 46 and 47, on the distance scale 1:1000 and height
scale 1:100.
93
The heights of the points from the profile were obtained through middle geometric
leveling traverse (problem 108), and the distances between the points were measured
directly.
Hint: the longitudinal profile will be drawn by the model presented in problem 39.
Table 1.115
Point
1
46
Absolute height
Z(m)
2
351.472
121
352.163
122
350.075
123
349.117 + n (m)
124
352.106
47
353.272
Horizontal distances
DiJ (m)
3
Section
38.76
46.121
24.73 + n
121.122
31.64
122.123
37.15
123.124
32.43
124.47
Figure 1.115. The leveling survey of a surface through the longitudinal profile
combined with transversal profiles. a. Section schema; b. Plan schema.
116. From the stations S1 S5 there were performed the necessary measurements for
drafting the transversal profiles. Based on the data presented in table 1.115, draft the
transversal profile 121 (PT.121), by the model presented in problem 40. The distance and
height scale is equal to 1:250.
1 (m)
n * = ---------- n
5
Solution:
For each station there are two aims towards points of known heights (computed by
traversing). In this case:
Zi = ZBENCHMARK46 + a
(1.116)
94
Zi = ZBENCHMARK121 + a
Zi + Zi
Zi = ------------2
(2.116)
The heights of the radiated points, from the transversal profile will be:
Z1= Zi b1
Point
(3.116)
1
1
Absolute height
Z(m)
2
351.763
350.875
121
352.163
350.425 + n*
351.621
352.017
Horizontal distances
DiJ (m)
3
Section
8.63
1.2
10.72
2.121
7.57
121.3
4.22 + n*
3.4
6.17
4.5
Hint: the transversal profile will be drafted by the model from figure 1.40.
117. The absolute plan coordinates of the points A and B are:
XA = 785.21 m + n (m);
XB = 851.36 m;
YA = 572.43 m n (m);
YB = 675.26 m.
(2.117)
h
tg = -------- (3.117) => h = DAB tg => ZAB = h + i s
DAB
Will result:
In the end:
ZB = ZA + ZAB = 375.393 m.
(2.117)
(3.117)
XB = 521.26 m;
= - 8g43c27cc nc;
ZA = 357.21 m.
Solution:
In this case:
h + s = i + ZAB
(1.118)
ZAB = h + s i
(1.118).
DAB = 161.23 m.
Solution:
Proceed as in the case of problem 117, this time the horizontal distance D AB being known
(through direct or indirect measurement).
120. Aiming, in point B, the sign that marks on the range pole the height of the
instrument from station A, the declivity angle of the terrain between this two points =
10g58c19cc ncc was measured. There were also measured i = 1.63 m, D AB = 143.15 m + n
(m). Compute ZAB, given ZA = 364.172 m.
Solution:
In this case s = i (the aiming height is equal to the height of the instrument in the station.
Replacing that, the relation from problem 1.117 can be used).
96
121. If = - 6g61c23cc + ncc and the other data are presented in problem 119, which is the
absolute height of point B?
Solution:
Use the schema and relations presented in problem 118.
122. If = - 8g12c61cc ng and the other data are presented in problem 120, which is the
absolute height of point B?
Solution:
In this case s = i; thus, with this change, the relations presented in problem 118 can be
used.
123. Compute the height of point B through the method of tacheometric leveling,
knowing the following elements: ZA = 343.262 m + n (m); = 8g61c27cc, the rod readings
CS =1971 mm, CM = 1752 mm, CJ = 1533 mm, K = 100, i = 1.752m.
From the figure it results:
Thus
ZAB
tg = ---------- => ZAB = DAB tg
DAB
(1.123)
L = KH
(2.123)
cos = H/H
(3.123)
=> H = H cos
(3.123)
L = KH cos
(2.123)
(4.123)
(1.123)
ZB = ZA + ZAB = 349.116m
(5.123)
Solution:
i = i 23 = i;
i = 100g Vi;
(1.124)
DiJ = KHcos2;
(2.124)
H = CS CJ;
(3.124)
K = 100;
Zi = Z22 + Zi22.
It can be seen that, having the side 22.23 as basis, the radiated points are determined both
planimetrically and by leveling.
gc
4
-
27
37g12c
92g76c
28
42g63c
112g31c
29
61g17c
124g71c
23
00.02
(mm)
5
1751
1590
1439
1648
1432
1216
1682
1432
1181
-
6
-
sin
cos
8
-
(m)
10
-
Point
(m)
9
47.61
Absolute heights Z
Vertical angle i
7
-
cos2
2
23
gc
3
00.00
Horizontal angle i
Readings Readings
Rod
on the
on the readings
bearing clinometer CS
circle
Vi
CM
i
Position I CJ
Position
I
I = 1.432 m, k = 100 22
Aiming point
Station
Table 1.124.
(m)
11
12
350.437 22
27
28
29
125. Interpolate the contours on the height plane presented in figure 1.125.
Solution:
98
350.617 23
The simplest interpolation method uses the isograph as working instrument (figure
2.125).
The isograph consists of a piece of tracing paper (30 x 10 cm), on which parallel lines are
drawn. These are numbered increasingly starting from the base line.
Figure 1.125. Height plan (without parametric details)
Scale 1:1000
Using the isograph, the interpolation is done in the following way (figure 3.125):
-
Put the isograph with the corresponding gradation on the first point (1);
Rotate the isograph around this point (fixed with a pin), until it reaches in
front of the next point (2) with the corresponding gradation;
Intersect the ruling of the isograph with the alignment 12, obtaining the
intermediary height points.
99