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GHEORGHE M. T.

RADULESCU

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY
WORKBOOK OF PROBLEMS

FOREWORD

This workbook of problems is punctually presenting all the aspects that a user of
topographic methods and instruments could meet during his current practical
applications.
The first edition of the book, published in 1985, was considered extremely useful by
those who have studied it, the current edition being completed with other practical
applications, problems given to be solved.
I think that this workbook can represent the basis for testing the knowledge of those who
have studied this subject during some specialization programs (such as undergraduate
with attendance, without attendance or distance learning, post high school, or
postgraduate), this being, as far as I know, the first book that was published in this form
at national level.
The Author

II

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD II
TABLE OF CONTENTS

III

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY 1
A. NOTIONS OF GENERAL TRIGONOMETRY
B. THE TOPOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS OF THE TERRAIN
a. LINEAR ELEMENTS
b. ANGULAR ELEMENTS
C. THE RELATION BETWEEN COORDINATES AND ORIENTATIONS
a. COORDINATES ORIENTATIONS
b. ORIENTATIONS COORDINATES
D. PROBLEMS SOLVED ON PLANS AND MAPS
a. PLANIMETRY PROBLEMS
E. THE STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS
a. THE THEODOLITE
b. THE TOPOGRAPHIC LEVEL
F. PLANIMETRY PROBLEMS
a. THE DIRECT MEASURING OF DISTANCES
b. THE INDIRECT MEASURING OF DISTANCES
c. MEASURING ANGLES
d. SURVEY OF THE DETAILS
e. REPEATING DETAILS
G. LEVELING PROBLEMS
a. GEOMETRIC LEVELING

III

1
7
7
9
11
11
14
15
15
31
31
36
45
45
50
58
65
77
80
80

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY
A. NOTIONS OF GENERAL TRIGONOMETRY
1. Transform the following angular values into centesimal units:
a) 2141 34; b) 1283742 + n; c) 2164212 + n; d) 2945643 n.

n represents the half-group order number

the solutions are presented for n=0.

Solution:
41
34

214134 = 21 + -------- + ---------- = 21.692777


60
60 60

(1.1)

From the transformation rule it results that


10 g

g
a(RAD)
------=
---------=
--------------- g = ---------- . (1.1)

180
200 g
9
10 g
g
Thus, = ------- 21.692777 = 24g.103086 = 24 g 10 c 30 cc.86
9

(2.1)

In what follows there is presented the solution of this exercise on a calculator (CASIO fx
120 type). There are indicated the keys (

) of the calculator that intervene in the

solution.
2

21.692777

0,,,
X

1
1

0,,,
0

0,,,

= display

= display

24g.103086

21.692777

Thus, the solution is 24 g10 c30 cc.86.


2. Transform the following angular values into sexagesimal units:
a) 16g 43c 66cc; b) 142g 52c 46cc + ncc; c) 221g 54c 68cc + ng; d) 316g 52c 16cc nc
Solution:
16 g 43 c 66 cc = 16. g 4366.

According to the relation (A.1) = 0,9 g


We have = 0.9 g x 16.4366 = 14.79294
Transform 0.79294 in minutes: x = 60 x 0.79294 = 47.5764
Transform 0.57640 in seconds: x1 = 60 x 0.57640 = 34.58
Thus, the solution is 14.4734.58.
Solving the exercise on a calculator:
1

14.79294

INV

solution display

0,,,

display

14.79294

14.473458

3. Find the trigonometric functions of the angles from the first quadrant corresponding to
the following angular values:
a) 941621 + n; b) 1982816 + n; c) 2981843 + n; d) 116g 62c 18cc + 2ng;
e) 222g 83c 24cc + ng; f) 384g 61c 22cc ng.
Solution:
Table 1.3

a.

b.

c.

sin 941621 =

sin 1982816 =

sin 2981843 =

+cos41621

-sin 182816

-cos 281843

cos

= - sin

cos

= - cos

cos

= + sin

tg

= - ctg

tg

= + tg

tg

= - ctg

ctg
d.

= - tg

ctg
e.

= + ctg

ctg
f.

= - tg

sin 116g 62c18cc=

sin 222g 83c24cc=

sin 384g 61c228cc=

+cos 16g 62c18cc

-sin 22g 83c24cc

-cos 84g 61c22cc

cos

= - sin

cos

= - cos

cos

= + sin

tg

= - ctg

tg

= + tg

tg

= - ctg

ctg

= - tg

ctg

= + ctg

ctg

= - tg

4. Compute the natural values corresponding to the trigonometric functions sin , cos ,
tg , ctg for the following angular values:
a) 282418 + n; b) 961626 + n; c) 1941643 n; d) 2845118 n;
e) 46g51c83cc n cc; f) 121g62c47cc + n g; g) 214g51c83 cc ncc; h) 373g43c16cc ng.
a) sin 282418 = + 0.47570097

f) sin 121g62c47cc = + 0.94286134

cos

= + 0.87960706

cos

= - 0.33318539

tg

= + 0.54081077

tg

= - 2.82984000

ctg

= + 1.84907560

ctg

= - 0.35337687

The solution of the exercise on a calculator:


a)
DEG

RAD

GRA

0,,,

0,,,

0,,,

sin display

0.47570
097

0,,,

0,,,

0,,,

cos display

0.87960
706

0,,,

0,,,

0,,,

tg display 0.54081
077

In order to obtain the natural value for ctg, press the key

1/x

after the value for tg

DEG

DEG

RAD

RAD

GRA

GRA

was displayed => ctg.282418 = display

1.84907560

f)
DEG

DEG

DEG

RAD

RAD

RAD

GRA

sin

display

0.94286134

cos

display -0.33318539

tg

display -2.82984000

GRA

GRA

=> ctg 121g 62c47cc = display

1/x

-0.353337687

5. Which are the arguments iy of the specified trigonometric functions corresponding tp


the following natural values:
a. sin12 = 0.432116 + n (QUADRANT I)

b. sin13 = 0.161722 n (QUADRANT II)

c. sin14 = - 0.832217 + n (QUADRANT III) d. sin15 = - 0.732218 n (QUADRANT IV)


e. cos22 = 0.221742 + n (QUADRANT I)

f. cos23 = - 0.175263 + n (QUADRANT II)

g. cos24 = - 0.661722 n (QUADRANT III)h. cos25 = 0.512215 + n (QUADRANT IV)


i. tg32 = 0.611542 + n (QUADRANT I)

j. tg33 = - 0.935124 n (QUADRANT II)

k. tg34 = 0.667315 n (QUADRANT III)

l. tg35 = - 0.721752 + n (QUADRANT IV)

m. ctg42 = 0.172243 + n (QUADRANT I)

n. ctg43 = - 0.170450 n (QUADRANT II)

o. ctg44 = 0.552117 n (QUADRANT III) p. ctg45 = - 0.291060 + n (QUADRANT IV)


Solution:
Remark: iy will be expressed in centesimal units, and n will be applied to the last two
digits of the natural value.
a. arcsin 0.432116 = 28g 44c65cc.8 = 12
b. sin 13 = cos (13 -100g) = cos = 0.161722, = arcos 0.161722 =
89g65c90cc.4 => 13 = + 100g = 189g65c90cc.4
c. sin 14

= - sin (14 -200g) = - sin = - 0.832217, = arcsin 0.832217 =

62g58c57cc.3 => 14
d. sin 15

= + 200g = 262g58c57cc.3.

= - cos (15 - 300g) = - cos = -0.732218, = arccos 0.732218 =

47g69c70cc.4 =>

= + 300g = 347g69c70cc.4

The other exercises can be solved in a similar way.


The solution of the exercises on a calculator:
It is taken into consideration to compute the value corresponding to the first quadrant,

Ex. a. = arcos 0.161722


0

INV

cos display 89.65904

6. Represent the trigonometric circle, emphasizing the trigonometric lines in the four
quadrants. Specify the formulas for reducing to the first quadrant.

Solution
Y
tg

II

90

ctg

cos

ctg

tg

I =

cos
II

sin

sin

III

180

360
III

sin

IV

sin

tg

IV

cos
tg

cos
270

Figure 1.6. The trigonometric circle


Quadrant

II

III

IV

Angle

II
+ 100g

III
+ 200g

IV
+ 300g

+ sin
+ cos
+ tg
+ ctg

+ cos
- sin
- ctg
- tg

- sin
- cos
+ tg
+ ctg

- cos
+ sin
- ctg
- tg

Function
sini
cosi
tgi
ctgi

7. Present the variation graphs on the interval (0, 2) and the associated table
corresponding to the trigonometric functions sin, cos, tg and ctg.

f(x)
sin x
ctg
x x
tg

3
2

2 x

cos
x

-1

3
3

3
3

1
2

2 3
2 2

-3 -1 -3 0
2

0 -3 -1 -3 + -3 1 -3 0 -3 -1 -3
3
3
3

Monotony (interval)

-3 -1 -3 0
3

360

ctg + 3

-1 -2 -3 -1 -3 -2 -1
2 2 2
2 2 2

330

-1 -2 -3 -1 -3 -3 -1 0
2 2 2
2 2 2

315

3 2
2 2

300

3
3

1
2

270

240

tg

225

1
2

210

3 2
2 2

7 5 4 3 5 7 11 2
6 4 3 2 3 4 3

180

150

cos

2 3
2 2

135

1
2

2 3 5
3 4 6
120

60

Function
sin

2
90

30

45

RAD

Figure 1.7. Variation graphs

8. Represent the topographic circle, emphasizing the trigonometric lines in the four
quadrants. Specify the formulas for reducing to the first quadrant.

Solution
Y

IVtg

400 0

tg
tg

sin
I =

ctg

sin
ctg

cos

cos

IV

0
300

100
cos

III

III

II

cos

ctg

II

sin
sin
tg

ctg

200

tg

Re mark: T he reducing
formulas from table 2 are
still valid

Figure 1.8. The topographic circle

B. THE TOPOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS OF THE TERRAIN


a. LINEAR ELEMENTS
9. Given LAB = 175.43 m+n (m), AB = 8g51c + nc, compute DAB.
DAB = LAB cos AB (1.9)
= 175.3 cos 8g51c
= 173.86 m.
According to figure 1.9 we shall determine:

LAB

ZAB
ZB

AB

ZA

DAB

Vertical datum

Figure 1.19
It can be seen that in the triangle ABB the following relations can be stated:
ZAB
DAB
ZAB
DAB
sin AB = ----------, cos AB = ------- , tgAB = ---------, ctgAB = -------LAB
LAB
DAB
ZAB

(2.9)

LAB = DAB + ZAB and ZAB = ZB - ZA. The needed elements can be determined using
these relations, depending on the known (measured) elements.
10. Compute DAB ,ZAB, ZB, given the following:
LAB = 217,47 m + n (cm), AB = 12g17c + nc, ZA = 348.21 m.
Solution:
DAB = LAB cos AB = 217.47 m cos 12g17c = 213.51 m;

(1.10)

ZAB = LAB sin AB = 217.47 m sin 12g17c = 41.32 m;

(2.10)

ZB

= ZA + ZAB = 348.21 m + 41.32 m

= 389.53 m.

(3.10)

11. Given: ZA = 361.14 m + n (cm), ZB = 363.22, AB = 5g42c + ng , compute: LAB, DAB.


Solution:
ZAB = ZB - ZA = 363.22 361.14 = 2.08 m;

DAB = ZABctgAB = 2.08 m ctg 5g42c = 24.37 m;


LAB = DAB / cosAB = 24,37 / cos 5g42c = 24.46 m.

b. ANGULAR ELEMENTS
12. Which is the horizontal angle corresponding to the following gradations on the
horizontal circle of the theodolite:
CA = 117g51c + ng; CB = 247g58c.

Graduated horizontal
circle

400g 0g
300g
CB

Range
pole

100g
CA

Range
pole

200g
B
Aim

Aim
A

Figure 1.12 Measuring horizontal angles


A, B, S: topographic points materialized in the field
= CB - CA = 247g58c - 117g51c = 130g07c (B.2)
13. Compute the value of the slope angle , when the values registered on the vertical
graduated circle on direction AB are:
a) VI = 83g51c + nc; b) VI = 112g63c - nc; VII = 307g43c - nc; c) VII = 283g82c + nc;
ionc
d) VI = Solut
88g62
+ nc; VII = 311g39c; e) VI = 111g21c - nc; VII = 288g79c.
VI

vert ical graduated


circle
I

II

VII
i

trivet
I
A

II

A
a
b
Me asuring vertical angl e s: a) i n position I, b) in position II

14. LAB=184.52 m + n(m), I =1.47 m, s = 2.03, VI = 88g54c + nc; VII = 311g46c are given.
Determine the vertical angle () corresponding to the aim B and the slope angle of the
terrain ().

h
B

A
Figure 1.14 Measuring vertical angles, the case when the
aim is at a different height (S) than the instrument (i)

h + i = S + ZAB

(1.14)

ZAB
sin = ------LAB

(2.14)

h
sin=--------

(3.14)
10

Z AB

LAB
LAB sin + i - S
Thus: LAB sin + i = LAB sin + S => sin =------------------------LAB
The angle will be determined according to the principle that was used in the previous
problem:
100g00c - 88g54c + 311g46c - 300g00c
= -------------------------------------------------- = 11g46c
2
184.52m sin11g46c + 1.46m 2.03 m
sin = -------------------------------------------------- = 0.17600772
184,52 m
= arcsin 0.17600772 = 11g26c36cc.7

C. THE RELATION BETWEEN COORDINATES AND


ORIENTATIONS
a. COORDINATES ORIENTATIONS
15. Determine the values of the orientations ABI, ABII, ABIII, ABIV, corresponding to the
directions formed by the point A of known coordinates [X A = 116.43 m, YA = 124.55 m
+n(m)] with the points:
Y = 200 m

= 243.15 m + n(m), YBI = 185.43 m];


Y = 100 m

a. BI [XBI

X BII = 91.17 m - n(m), YBII = 175.43 m];


b. BII [X
I

B BIII = 61.24 m ,
c. BIIIX[X
IV
B IV
d. BIVX[X
B = 223.51 m ,

B IV

YBIV = I 85.22 m];


AB

a. We start from the relation:


YAB
Xtg
A
AB = --------II
XB
XAB

AB

X = 200 m
ABI

ABII

IV

(1.15)
X = 100 m
ABIII

XBIII
YB IV
0

BI

YBIII = 100.00 m n(m)];

B III III
B
III
YB

B II

YBII YBI

11

Figure 1.15. Determining the coordinates when the coordinates of the


points are known

Depending on the sign of the components YAB, and XAB, respectively, we can
determine the quadrant in which the orientation AB is found.
Then, the angle corresponding to the first quadrant is determined.
Adding 100g, 200g or 300g depending on the quadrant, the value of the orientation AB is
determined:
a.

YABI = YBI -YA = 185.43 m 124.55 m = 60.88 m;


XABI = XBI -XA = 243.15 m 116.43 m = 126.73 m;
YABI + 60.88
tgABI .= --------- = ----------- = + 0.4802929
XABI + 126.72
ABI .= arctg 0.48042929 = 28g51c22cc.1

b.

YABII = YBII -YA = 175.43 m 124.55 m = 50.88 m;


XABII = XBII -XA = 91.17 m 116.43 m = - 25.26 m;
YABII +50.88
tgABII .= --------- = ----------- = - 2.01425178
XABII -25.26
tgABII .= - ctg (ABII .- 100g ) = - ctg = - 2.01425178;
1
12

tg = ---------------- = 0.49646226 => = arctg 0.49646226


2.01425178
Thus = 29g33c62cc.9 => ABII .= + 100g= 129g33c62cc.9

c.

YABIII = YBIII -YA = 100.00 m 124.55 m = - 24.55 m;


XABIII = XBIII -XA =

61.24 m 116.43 m = - 55.19 m;

YABIII - 24.55 m
tgABIII .= --------- = ------------ = 0.44482696
XABIII -55.19 m
= arctg 0.44482696 = 26g64c53cc.2 => ABIII = + 200g = 226g64c53cc.2.
d.

YABIV = YBIV -YA = 85.22 m 124.55 m = - 39.33 m;


XABIV = XBIV -XA = 223.51m 116.43 m = 107.08 m;
YABIV - 39.33 m
tgABIV .= --------- = ------------ = - 0.36729548
XABIV 107.08 m
tgABIV .= - ctg(ABIV 300g ) = - ctg = - 0.36739548
1
tg = ----------------- = 2.72260361 => = arctg 2.72260361,
0,36729548
Thus = 77g59c10cc.5 => ABIV .= + 300g = 377g59c10cc.5.

Establishing the quadrant in which the orientation is found was performed based on the
data presented in table 1.15.
Table 1.15

The components of
the natural value

The orientation quadrant iJ


I

II

III

IV

YAB

XAB

The distances DABi are computed using the relation:

13

DABi = XABi + YABi

(2.15).

b. ORIENTATIONS COORDINATES
16. The coordinates of the point A are [XA = 212.52 m n(m), YA = 257.43 m], and the
distances between this point and the points CI, CII, CIII, and CIV are a. DACI = 112.51 m; b.
DACII = 81.32 m + n(m); c. D ACIII = 125.45 m; and d. DACIV

= 61.52 m n(m);

respectively. The orientations are also known: a. ACI = 61g51c + ng; b. ACII = 112g43c +
nc; c. ACIII = 217g51c; d. ACIV = 343g61c - ng. Determine the coordinates of the points Ci.
a. In order to determine the coordinates (XCi, YCi), the following relations will be applied:
XACi = DACi cosACi ;

(1.16)

YACi = DACi sinACi ;


XCi = XA + XACi ;

(2.16)

XC
XC IV
XA
XC II

y = 300 m

y = 200 m

y = 100 m

YCi = YA + YACi ;

AC I

AC IV

AC II

IV

AC III

x = 300 m

CI

x = 200 m

II

x = 100 m
XC

III

III

Y CY YA

IV

III

Y CY

II

Figure 1.16. Determining the coordinates when the distances and


the orientations of the directions are known
Thus

XACI = 112.51 m cos 61g51c = 63.95 m;


YACI = 112.51 m sin 61g51c = 92.57 m;

14

XCI = 212.52 m + 63.95 m = 276.47 m;


YCI = 257.43 m + 92.57 m = 350.00 m;
b.

XACII = 81.32 m cos 112g43c = -15.78 m;


YACII = 81.32 m sin 112g43c = 79.77 m;
XCII = 212.52 m - 15.78 m = 196.74 m;
YCII = 257.43 m + 79.77 m = 337.20 m;

c.

XACIII = 125.45 m cos 217g51c = -120.73 m;


YACIII = 125.45 m sin 217g51c = - 34.07 m;
XCIII = 212.52 m 120.73 m = 91.79 m;
YCIII = 257.43 m - 3407 m = 223.36 m;

d.

XACIV = 61.52 m cos 343g61c = 38.92 m;


YACIV = 61.52 m sin 343g61c = - 34.07 m;
XCIV = 212.52 m + 38.92 m = 251.44 m;
YCIV = 257.43 m - 47.64 m = 209.79 m.

D. PROBLEMS SOLVED ON PLANS AND MAPS


a. PLANIMETRY PROBLEMS
Figure 1.17 represents a topographic plan, on the 1:1000 scale, on which, besides the
contours, there also appear the points A, B, C, and D, with respect to which numerous
problems with planimetric or altimetric (leveling) character will be solved.

15

17. The distance DAB will be determined using the graphical method.
Solution:
DAB = dAB N (1.17) where:
dAB is the distance measured on the plan;
N: the scale denominator of the plan.
DAB = 97.4 mm x 1000 = 97400 = 97.40 m.
Remark: the precision of measuring a distance on the plan will be of 0.1 0.2mm.

X=200 m

D
B

X=150 m

C
X=100 m

Figure1.17. Topographic plan


18. Determine the coordinates of the points A and B in the X0Y rectangular system.

From the point whose coordinates we want to determine, we draw the


perpendiculars towards the closest graticule corner (the point M in this case);

We measure the graphical values XMA , and YMA;

We compute the values corresponding to the situation in the terrain:

XMA = XMA N

(1.18)
16

YMA = YMA N;

Determine the absolute coordinates of the point A, which the method of contours
was used for representing the relief.
XA = XM + XMA

(2.18)

YA = YM + YMA

YMA A
X MA
M

Y = 200m

X = 100m

Figure 1.18

Thus: we measure
We compute

XMA = 8.9 mm; YMA = 7.8 mm;

XMA = 8.9 x 1000 = 8900 mm = 8.9 m;


YMA = 7.8 x 1000 = 7800 mm = 7.8 m;

The absolute coordinates of the point A will be:


XA = 100 m + 8.9 m = 108.9 m;
YA = 200 m + 7.8 m = 207.8 m.
19. On the part of a topographic map, which is represented in figure 1.19, determine the
geographic and rectangular coordinates of the point F.
a. Determining the geographic coordinates.
Latitude F = 462030 + = 462052.
Longitude F = 2359 + = 235944.

17

Finding the values , by means of linear interpolation, with respect to 30 (),


and 60 (), respectively, the linear correspondents of the arcs of 30 on the meridian and
of 60 on the parallel, respectively.
82

81

462030

88

2359

89

Scale 1:25.00
0
Figure 1.19. The SW corner of the geographic and rectangular
graticule for a map sheet

82

F
y
81

)
(

30

462030

88

2359

89
Scale 1:25.000

60 ( )

Figure 1.19. Determining the geographic ( ) and Cartesian


coordinates of the points situated on the map
18

b. Determining the rectangular coordinates by repeating the point F to the nearest


graticule corner [N in this case (XN = 81,000 m; YN = 88,000m)].
In a similar manner as in the case presented in problem 18 we can obtain the values:
XF = XN + XNF = XN + XNF + N = 81,000 + 16.7 mm x 25,000 = 81,417.5 m;
YF = YN + YNF = YN + YNF + N = 88,000 + 12.8 mm x 25,000 = 88,320 m.
20. Compute the distance DAB using the analytical method.
Solution:
According to the relation (2.15): DAB = XAB + YAB
XAB =XB - XA = 180.8 108.9 = 71.9 m;
YAB =YB - YA = 273.6 207.8 = 65.8 m;
DAB = 97.46 m.
It can be seen that the following condition is fulfilled D ABGRAPHIC - DABANALYTICAL T
(1.20), where, in this case, T = 0.2 mm x N = 0.2 m. (2.20)
21. Determine the orientation of the direction AB = AB using the graphical method.
Solution:
AB is measured using the centesimal protractor, obtaining:
AB = 47g20c.
22. Determine the value of the orientation AB using the analytical method.
Solution:
YAB
65.8
tgAB = -------- = ---------- = 0.91515994
XAB
71.9
AB = arctg 0.91515994 = 47g18c17cc.
The solutions of the problems 21 and 22 fulfill the following condition:

19

AB GRAFIC - ABANALITIC = T

(1.12), where T = 10c.

23. Determine the size of the surface ABCD using the analytical computation method.
Solution:
The coordinates of the points A, B, C, and D are known.
XA = 108.9 m

XB = 180.8 m

XC = 130.2 m

XD = 196.0 m

YA = 207.8 m

YB = 273.6 m

YC = 292.8 m

YD = 213.1 m

Apply the following relations:


D

2S = Xi (Yi +1 - Yi 1)

(1.23)

i=A
D

2S = Yi (Xi -1 - Xi +1)

(2.23)

i=A

Applying (D.6) we have to compute:


XA(YD YC) + XD(YB YA) + XB(YC YD) + XC(YA - YB)
S=------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1.23)
2
We shall obtain S = 5030.035 m;
The verification is performed applying (2.23) expanded:
YA(XC XD) + YD(XA XB) + YB(XD XC) + YC(XB XA)
S=------------------------------------------------------------------------= 5030.035 m
2
24. Determine SABCD using a trigonometric method.
Solution:
SABCD = SADB + SABC = SI + SII
AD AB sin DAB

AB AC sin BAC

SABCD = ------------------- + ----------------2

(1.24)
(2.24)

20

The sides and angles involved in the relation (2.24) can be determined based on the
coordinates of the points A, B, C, and D.
AD = XAD + YAD = 87.26 m;
AB = XAB + YAB = 97.46 m;
AC = XAC + YAC = 87.63 m;
DAB = AB - AD = 47g18c17cc - 3g86c90cc = 43g31c27cc;
BAC = AC - AB = 84g36c89cc - 47g18c17cc = 37g18c72cc;

Solution

SI
S II

Y
Figure 1.24. Determining surfaces using the
trigonometric method

87.26m 97.46m sin43g31c27cc 97.46m 87.63m sin37g18c72cc


SABCD = ---------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------2
2
SABCD = 2674.91 m + 2354.93 m = 5029.84 m.
25. Determine the surface SABCD using the following geometric methods:
a. The numerical method;
b. The graphical method.
Solution:

21

a. Based on the coordinates, compute the sides of the two triangles that compose the
surface ABCD.
Thus:
DB = XDB + YDB = 62.38 m;
BC = XBC + YBC = 54.12 m;
Apply the relation S = p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)

(1.25)

a+b+c
Where p = -------------2
Thus SABCD =123.55(123.55-87.26)(123.55-62.38)(123.55-97.46)
+119.61(119.61-97.46)(119.61-54.12)(119.61-87.63)
SABCD =2674.98 + 2354.99 = 5029.97 m
b. Divide the polygon ABCD into two triangles: ADB and ABC, whose dimensions are
graphically determined:
AB HADB
AB HABC
SABCD = SADB + SABC = ----------------- + ------------------ (2.25)
2
2
97.40 54.90
97.40 48.40
SABCD = ------------------ + ------------------- = 2673.63 + 2357.08 =>
2
2
SABCD = 5030.71 m.

26. Applying the graphical method of equidistant parallels, determineBthe surface ABCD.

bn

S2
XC

b1

S1

b2

b3

bn - 1

A X
a

22

0
Fi gure 1.26

Solution:
-

On a transparent material (tracing paper) parallel and equidistant lines (a = 1cm)


were drawn;

Overlap the tracing paper on figure ABCD, thus obtaining a series of geometrical
shapes (trapezes) whose are is determined using the well-known relations;

In the end:
n

SABCD = A x Bi + Si

(1.26)

i=1

Where: A = a n
n

(2.26)

Bi = bi N
i=1

(3.26)

i=1

The last relation (3.26) determines the areas from the ends, which will be added to the
obtained value.
For the case being presented:
SABCD = 1.0 cm x 1000 x [ (b1+b2+ .bn )N] + 8 m + 43 m = 5030.43 m
a
Bi
S1
S2
D

B
a
27. Determine the area of the surface SABCD using the method of the network of equal
a
1
2
3 4
squares.
a
5
6
7 8
a
9
10 11 12 13 14
a
15 16 17
18 19 20
a
21 22 23
24 25 26
a
a
27 28 29 30
C
a
a
A

Figure 1.27

a23

Solution:
SABCD = A(n1 + n2)

(1.27)

A = a N = 1 cm 1000 = 10 m;
n1 = 30 (the number of entire squares);
n2 = 20,3 (the number of approximate squares)
Thus, SABCD = 100 m x 50.3 = 5030 m.
Remark: Problems 23-27 have the purpose to use practical example in order to concretize
some methods applied to determine the surfaces of plans and maps.
In practice, of course, the adequate method will be used for each case, depending on the
known elements, on the extent of the surface, on the plan scale, and on the surface
contour (sinuous, polygonal, etc.).
In the figures 1.28-1.33 the enumerated relief forms are geometrically presented. For
each case, trace the corresponding contours, at the specified interval (E).
28. The relief forms from figure 1.28, for E = 10m;
29. The relief forms from figure 1.29, for E = 10m;
30. The relief forms from figure 1.30, for E = 5m;
31. The relief forms from figure 1.31, for E = 5m;
32. The relief forms from figure 1.32, for E = 2m;
33. The relief forms from figure 1.33, for E = 10m;
The solutions are presented in the figures 2.28 2.33.

24

104
3

38
2

69
3
66
3

35
0

99
2
a.

67
1

65
6

b.

Figure 1.28 a.The mamelon b.The peak


54
3

52
7

43
7

Figure 1.29 The saddle


67
3
The mountain
brook
65
9

42
2
Figure 1.30 The hill Figure 1.31 The hollow Figure 1.32 The valley
39
0V2
V1
39
2

37
1

32
8

37
V3 0

24
0

38
7
Figure 1.33 The representation of the hydrographic basin

25

380
370

680
670
660
650
640

1000

360
350

Figure2.28
540

535

a)

b)

530

V2

V1

Figure 2.29
440
435
430
425

540
535

670

660

530

Figure 2.30

Figure 2.31

Figure 2.32

371
390

392

328
370
240

387

Figure 2.33. Representing the hydrographic basin using contours

34. Determine the heights of the points A, B, C, and D on the topographic plan from
figure 1.17.
Solution:
Figure 1.34
The height of the point A is obviously equal to the height of the contour on which the
point is situated (ZA = 347 m).
The height of the point B can be obtained through linear interpolation
ZB = ZM + h (m) = 340 m + h (m); (1.34)

26

ZB = ZN h1 (m) = 341 m h1 (m);


d
h (m) = ----- (m)
d
d d
h1 (m) = ------- (m)
d
12
We shall obtain: ZB = 340 + ---- (m) = 340.67 m.
18

341
m

340
m

N
Figure 2.34
35. Which is the value of the slope of the terrain between the points A and B?
Solution:
ZAB
ZB ZA
PAB = tg = ------- = ----------DAB
DAB

(1.35)

340.67 347.00
Thus PAB = -------------------- = - 0.0650
97.40
or PAB % = 100 PAB = -6.50%

(2.35)

27

36. Which is the average of the slope in the area of the points A, B, C, and D?
Solution:
In the area of point D, we shall consider the contours situated on both sides of the point
(3-6 contours). EF represents the line from area D with the highest slope.
ZEF ZF ZE
PD = ------- = ----------DEF
dEF N

(1.36)

350 345
5
Thus PD = --------------- = -------- = 0.125 (or 12.5%)
0.04 x 1000
40 m

350
F
xD
345

E
Figure 1.36

37. Determine the maximal and minimal slopes on the AB alignment.

345

340

A
x

XB
1

Figure 1.37 Finding the maximal (minimal) slope


on a given28alignment

Solution:
E
E
Pmax = ---------- = -----------Dmin
dmin x N

(1.37)

E
E
Pmin = ---------- = -----------Dmax
dmax x N

(2.37)

In the presented case:


1m
1m
Pmin = P56 = ---------------- = -------- = 0.0476 or Pmin % = 4.76%
0.021 x 1000
21 m
1m
1m
Pmax = P23 = ---------------- = -------- = 0.0909 or Pmax % = 9.09%
0.011 x 1000
11m
38. Trace a line of specified slope P0% = 5% + 0,n% between the points A and B.
340

345

xB

x
A

350
Y

Figure 1.38 Drawing a line of given slope

Solution:
100 x 100 cm
P0% = ---------------29

d0 x 1000
10 cm
P0% = -------d0
10 cm
d0 = -------- = 2 cm.
5%
With the computed value (d0) in the compass, starting from the point A, step by step, trace
one or more variants of the line P0%.
39. Trace the longitudinal profile of the AB alignment on the scale of distances 1:500 and
of heights 1:100.
Remark: according to the topographic plan from figure 1.17 and the notations from figure
1.37
Solution

Z (n)

Longitudinal profile AB

348
347

Distance scale

1:500

Height scale

1:100

346
345
344
343
342
340

341

Point number

34
7

Height
Distances

D (n)

19

partial
cumulated

34 34
6 5

8
19

12
27

34
4

17
39

34
3

14
56

34
2

21
70

pAB % = - 6.5%

T he slope

Figure 1.39 Topographic longitudinal profile

30

B34

34 0.6
1 7

6.4
91 97.4

40. Trace the topographic transversal profile, corresponding to the CD direction, on the
scale of distances and heights 1:500.
Note: the transversal profile was performed for the distance of 25m, towards left and
right respectively, from the AB alignment, on the CD direction.

Transversal profile

Z (n)

Ax

350

Distances scale

1:500

Heights scale

340
D (n)

330
P oint number

1 2 3
345
345 344
,3

Height

Distances

I4 I5 I

345

5 E
341
342 ,8

343
I

I 1I

6
342

343 344

I 4

345

Figure 1.40 Transversal topographic plan

8
7

a. on the topographic location plan


340

b. in section

xB

3
2
1

E. THE STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS


a. THE THEODOLITE
40. The design of a theodolite-tacheometer Theo 080 Carl-Zeiss Jena ex. RDG is
presented in figure 1.41.
Indicate the name of each axis and main and secondary parts and specify the role of each
part.

31

Solution:
The constructive axes of the theodolite are:
VV: main rotation axis (vertical);
HH: secondary rotation axis (horizontal);
0: (reticule - lens) is the aiming axis of the telescope;
Cv: is the point of intersection of the three axes, named aiming center.

20
0

6
8

1
10

9
5

Figure 1.41 The theodolite tacheometer Theo 080

The main parts of the theodolite are:


1. The telescope;
2. The horizontal graduated circle (the bearing circle);
3. The vertical graduated circle (the clinometer);
4. The alidade;
5. The base.
The secondary parts (the accessories) are the following:
1: device for approximate aiming;
1: screw for clarifying (focusing) the aimed image;

32

4
2
5
5

1: screw for clarifying the reticule image;


5: foot screws (three);
5: screw for locking the device (the bearing circle) to the base;
6: level air bubble;
7: device (microscope) for centralized reading of the bearing circle and clinometer
gradations;
8: locking screw of the clinometer circle (and of the telescope);
8: device for refined motion around the HH axis;
9: locking screw of the bearing circle;
9: device for refined motion around the VV axis;
10: flap for locking the bearing circle on the alidade.
42. Draw the topographic telescope with internal focusing, specifying the name of the
composing parts.
1

x 01

x 02

a (variable)
p (constant)

Figure 1.42 The topographic telescope

Solution: (figure 1.42)


1: the lens tube;
2: the eyepiece tube;
3: the lens;

33

4: the eyepiece;
5: the reticule;
6: focusing lens;
7: focusing button;
8: the rack device;
9: reticule adjusting screws;
10: image forming when b is missing;
O1: optical center of the lens;
O2: optical center of the eyepiece;
: the center of the reticule;
XX: the geometric axis of the telescope;
0102: the optical axis of the telescope;
01: the aiming axis.
43. Determine the readings on the bearing circle and the clinometer, based on the image
from the field of the microscope with lines presented in figure 1.43.

V
109
91

114
86

107
92

115
85

Hz
Figure 1.43 The microscope with lines

Solution:
V (reading on the clinometer): 91g74c;
Hz (reading on the bearing circle): 114g94c

34

108
93

116
84

44. Present the schema of the microscope with lines (the image field) for the following
readings:
V:

394g28c - ngnc;

Hz:

217g51c + nc.

Solution:
The field of the microscope corresponding to the readings will be drawn similarly to the
image presented in figure 1.43.
Remark: the numbers written upside-down will be ignored.
45. Determine the readings on the bearing circle and the clinometer based on the image of
the scale microscope presented in figure 1.45.
V

85

84
0 1 2
10

0
10

218

3 4 5 6 7

8 9

Hz

217

Figure 1.45 The scale microscope

Solution:
V: 84g86c90cc;
Hz: 218g13c70cc.
Remark: The field of the scale microscope allows estimating tens of seconds.
46. Present the schema of the image of the scale microscope for the following readings:
V: 372g51c20cc + ngnc;
Hz: 246g77c40cc + nc;
Solution:

35

Present the image corresponding to the specified readings similarly to the schema of the
scale microscope from figure 1.45.
47. Using schemas and explanations specify the steps for performing a measuring with
the theodolite. Emphasize the role and the importance of each step.
The solution of the problem will be drafted using the bibliography specified at the end of
the workbook.
48. Which are the verifications and adjustments of the theodolite, which are performed
before usage, and what do they consist of?
Remark: the same specification as in the previous problem.
b. THE TOPOGRAPHIC LEVEL
49. Specify the name, role and importance of each part that composes the rigid level NI
030 Carl Zeiss Jena (figure 1.49).
1

IV

2
3
2

Figure 1.49 The rigid level - NI 030 C.Z. Jena

Solution:

36

1: the telescope of the level;


1: the lens of the telescope;
1: the eyepiece of the telescope;
1: capsulated reticule;
1iv: focusing screw;
2: air bubble level;
2: refined foot screw;
2: spherical level;
3: horizontal graduated circle (bearing circle);
3: locking clamp for the motion around the vertical axis (VV);
3: screw for refined motion around the vertical axis (VV);
3: the microscope for reading the angular values on the bearing circle;
4: the base of the level;
4: three foot screws.
VV: the main rotation axis (vertical);
HH: the horizontal axis;
0: the aiming axis (with the condition 0 = HH);
NN: the directrix of the level air bubble.
50. The semiautomatic level NI 025 Carl Zeiss Jena is schematically presented in figure
1.50. Specify the name, role and importance of the parts enumerated in the schema.
1 1 V

IV
1

37

Figure 1.50 The semiautomatic level Ni 025 C.Z. Jena

Solution:
The name of the parts presented in figure 1.50 is similar to that from the previous case.
51. In figure 1.51 is presented the image obtained using a telescope-leveling device, a
centimetric measuring staff. Determine the readings corresponding to the three
stadimetric lines.
19

S
18

17

M
16

Figure 1.51 The image of a centimetric


measuring staff aimed with a
topographic tele scope -level

Solution:
The reading on the upper stadimetric line:
CS = 1879 (mm)
The reading on the level line:
CM = 1751 (mm);
The reading on the stadimetric line:
CJ = 1622 (mm)

38

Remark: the following verification must be performed:


CS + C J
CM = --------2.
52. Sketch the image of the measuring staff corresponding to the following readings on
the measuring staff, based on the data presented in the previous problem:
CS = 2461 + n (mm);
CM = 2325 (mm);
CJ = 2189 n (mm).
53. The measuring staff located on a leveling benchmark was aimed from a geometric
leveling station. The measurement was performed using a Ni 004 VEB Carl Zeiss Jena
device on a measuring staff with 3m invar (figure 1.53). Determine the corresponding
reading on the measuring staff and the micrometer.
Solution:
The reading consists in two parts:
a: reading on the measuring staff

= 755;

b: reading on the micrometer

= 56;

TOTAL:

75556

In order to determine the value expressed in meters:


-

Subtract the constant K = 60650 from the total reading;

Divide the previous value by 20.

Thus, there will be obtained a = 0.74530 m.


Remark: in the case when the reading is performed on the gradation on the left of the
75
measuring staff, the constant K is not subtracted.
5

16

76
6

17
b
a

Fi gu re 1.53 Re adi n g on th e i n var me as u ri n g


s taff (a) an d on th e mi crome te r (b)

39

54. Sketch the image of the invar measuring staff and of the micrometric drum
corresponding to the following reading: 69848 + n.
55. How are the verifications and adjustments of the rigid level performed? What about
the semiautomatic level?
The solution of this problem will be presented based on data obtained from the field
specialty literature.
56. Present the design of a self-reducing tacheometer DAHLTA 020 Carl Zeiss Jena,
specifying its components and main axis.
Solution:
T he prism for observing the
level of the vertical circle

V
T he lens of the telescope

T he level of the
vertical circle

Screw for the refined


motion of the telescope

Screw for the refined


motion of the vertical
circle index

Screw for the refined


motion of the alidade

T he mirror for
lighting the graduated
circles
T ension plate
Base plate

Screw for fixing the


pivot
Foot screw

Clamp for locking the


alidade

Support
T he platform of the trivet

V
Figure 1.56 Se lf-reducing tacheome ter DAHLTA 020 C.Z. Jena

40

The building axes of this kind of device are the same as in the case of the theodolite
(figure 1.41).
The characteristics of this device are:
-

The image of the telescope is upright;

The scale microscope (similar with the microscope of the Theo 020
theodolite) ensures a precision of 1C;

A special board can be attached to the device, allowing tracing on scale the
planimetry and the contours, which the relief of the measured terrain is
represented by;

The reticular plan is composed of a mobile part (which is used for measuring
the altitude differences) and a fixed part (needed to aim and to determine the
distances).

57. How are the readings on the Dahlta measuring staff recorded, in the case of
determining the altitude differences and the distances?
Solution: figure 1.57.
7
6
5
4

Distance line
Altitude
lines

3
2
+1
Aim with the base line
at the origin of the
measuring staff (+1.40m
from the base of the
measuring staff)

Base line

-1

Figure 1.57

41

1.40 m = V

Readings:
-

at the distance line Cd = 0.420;

at the altitude line with constant K1 = + 10: CZ1 = 0.278;

at the altitude line with constant K2 = + 20: CZ2 = 0.139.

58. If the measuring staff located in the point 48 was aimed from the station point 47 (Z 47
= 321.432 m) and there were recorded the values presented in figure 1.57, then compute
the horizontal distance between the two points and the absolute height of the benchmark
48.
Solution:

DAHLT A measuring staff

V = 1.40

48

i = 1.53 m

Z47.4

Z48

47

Z47
Vertical datum
Figure 1.58

The horizontal distance: D47.48 = Cd 100

42

(1.58)

Thus D47.48 = 40.20 m;


The altitude difference: Z47.48 = (i v) + hm

(2.58)

h1 = CZ1 x 10 = 2.78 m

(3.58)

h2 = CZ2 x 20 = 2.78 m
h1 + h2
hm = ------------ = 2.78 m
2

(4.58)

Thus, D47.48 = + 2.91 m;


The absolute height will be: Z48 = D47 + Z47.48;

(5.58)

Z48 = 324.342 M.
59. Draft the design of the BRT 006 Carl Zeiss Jena tacheometer. Present the main and
secondary parts.
Correction scale
Distance scale
The frame of the fixed pentagonal
Fixed
Magnifying glass
prism + the lever of the scaling
pentagonal Pentagonal prism
Reading index on
system
prism
the distance scale
Macrometric screw
Collimator
Brake Micrometric
of the telescope
screw
Button for fixing
Air-bubble
Pin
the origins on the
level
horizontal circle + Spherical level + the
the safety washer
macrometric screw of
of the button
Focusing mallet
the alidade
Micrometric screw
The ocular of
of the alidade
the telescope
Foot screw
The mirror for
Tension plate
lighting the circles
Base plate
Microscope
Trivet platform
Foot bar
Figure 1.59
The device automatically reduces the distances at the horizon, allowing the direct
recording of horizontal distances.
43

60. Which are the procedures that a horizontal distance is recorded by, using the BRT 006
tacheometer-telemeter?

4.

Operating

b. coincidence

a. non-coincidence
Figure 1.60
Solution:

1. Center and set horizontally the device in the station point;


2. In the aimed point fix a range pole or, depending on the case, a signal or an
aiming measuring staff;
3. (Figure 1.60 a): aim the signal;
4. On the distance scale record the value b (the variable basis);
5. Compute the horizontal distance.
61. The following values were recorded by aiming the range pole from the benchmark 61
in the station point 28 (Z28 = 328.561 m): L = 43.21 m, D = 1.24 m (the scaling
correction at the horizon). There was established the slope angle of the terrain = 15g
57c. Compute the horizontal distance and the height of the point 61.
Solution:
D = L - D (1.61)
Thus
D = 43.21 1.24 = 41.97 m.
Z28.61 = L - D

(2.61)

44

or
Z28.61 = Dtg

(3.61)

Will result:
Z28.61 = 10.277 m;
Z28.61 = 10.474 m
Z28.61

Z + Z
= -------------- (4.61)
2

thus, Z28.61 = 10.376 m.

L
D

61

D
L

Z61
Z28.61

28
Z28
Vert ical dat um
Fi gure 1.61

The height of the point 61:


Z61 = Z28 + Z28.61 (5.61)
Z61 = 338.937 m.

F. PLANIMETRY PROBLEMS

45

a. THE DIRECT MEASURING OF DISTANCES


62. During a topographic work the horizontal distance between two points A and B was
measured, using the direct measuring method. Compute this distance, given the following
data of the measurement:
l0 = 50 m (the nominal length of the used tape);
l1 = 28.43 m (the distance recorded on the last tape);
n = 4 (the number of tapes applied);
The terrain is horizontal ( 5g).
Draft the schema corresponding to the measurement.
From the presented figure (figure 1,62) it results:
DAB = n l0 + l1 (1.62)
In this case: DAB = 4 x 50 + 28.43 = 228.43 m.
Range pole

T ape
Dynamometer
A

0m

Steel picket
Nail

50 m

l0

Stake

T ensioner

l0

l0

l0

l0

l1

D AB

Figure 1.62 The direct measuring of distances on horizontal terrain

63. The topographic points C and C are situated on a tilted terrain, with a known declivity
(). Knowing the measurement data, compute DCD and draft the corresponding schema.
Are given:

l0 = 25 m;
l1 = 14.71 m;
n = 3;

46

= 9g21c.
Remark: the instruments used are the same as in the previous case.
From the schema:

LAB = n l0 + l1

(1.63)

DAB = LAB cos

(2.63)

l1
l0
l0
l0

B
LAB

A
DAB

Figure 1.63 The direct measuring of distances on tilted


terrain

Replacing the problem data:


LAB = 3 x 25 + 14.71 = 89.71 m;
DAB = 89.71cos9g21c = 88.77 m.
64. Determine the horizontal distance between the points 21 and 22 situated on an
alignment, with the following successive declivities 1, 2 and 3, which are known. The
following are given:
l0 = 50 m;
n1 = 2;

n2 = 1;

n3 = 3;

l1 = 12.36 m;

l2 = 16.52 m;

l3 = 21.53 m;

1 = 16g31c.

2 = 12g52c.

3 = 7g67c.

Solution:
Compute the slanted distances:
L1 = n1 l0 + l1 = 2 50 + 12.36 = 112.36 m;
L2 = n2 l0 + l2 = 1 50 + 16.52 = 66.52 m;
47

L3 = n3 l0 + l3 = 3 50 + 21.53 = 171.53 m.
The corresponding horizontal distances will be:
D1 = L1 cos1 = 112.36 cos 16g31c = 108.69 m;
D2 = L2 cos2 = 66.52 cos 12g52c = 65.24 m;
D3 = L3 cos3 = 171.53 cos 7g67c = 170.29 m.
l3
Solution

l0

l0

l0
22

L3

l2
b

D3

l0

l0

l1

l0
L1

L2
2

D2

1 D1

21

Figure 1.64 The dire ct measuring of distances on a tilted terrain, with multiple declivities

The total distance D21.22 will be the sum of partial distances:


D21.22 = D1 + D2 + D3 = 108.69 = 65.24 + 170.29 = 344.22 m.
65. When measuring a distance using the correct method, the following values were
obtained:
l0 = 50 m;
l1 = 12.47 m;
n = 7;
3 = 12g51c;
lr = 50.007 m (the real length of the tape);
Fet = 3 daN/ mm (the elongation force during calibration);
Fr = 3 daN/ mm (the elongation force during measurements);
t0 = 20C (the temperature during tape calibration);
t1 = 28C (the temperature during measurements);
48

Asect = 10 mm (the area of the cross section of the tape).


Compute the horizontal distance, applying the necessary corrections.
Solution:
The computation of the horizontal length consists in the following steps:
-

Determine the slanted distance L:


L = n l0 + l1 = 7 50 + 12.471 = 362.471 m

(1.65);

Compute the calibration correction, according to the following relation:


L
Ce = (lr - l0) -----l0

(2.65)

362.471
Ce = (50.007 50) ----------- = 0.051 m
50
-

Apply the calibration correction to the length L:


L = L + Ce

(3.65);

L = 362.471 + 0.051 = 362.522 m;


-

Determine the temperature correction:


L
Ct = lt -----l0

(4.65)

lt = l0 (t1 t0)

(5.65)

lt = 50 0.0115 (28 20) = 4.5 mm;

Thus:

362.522
Ct = 4.6 ------------ = 33.4 mm = 0.033 m
50
-

Then, correct the length L:


L = L + Ct ;

(6.65)

L = 362.522 + 0.033 = 362.555 m;


-

The computation of correction is performed using the relation:


L(Fr - Fet )
Cp = ----------------E Asect (cm)

(7.65)

362.555 (4-3)
In the case of our problem Cp = ----------------- = 0.002 m
2100000 0.1
49

The correct slanted length will be:


L = L + Cp

(8.65)

L = 362.555 + 0.002 = 362.557 m.


The corresponding horizontal distance will be computed, as it is already known, from the
following relation:
D = L cos

(9.65)

Thus, in the end D = 362.557 cos 12g51c = 355.579 m.


b. THE INDIRECT MEASURING OF DISTANCES
66. Determine the horizontal distance between the points 43 and 44, given that the
following values were recorded using indirect tacheometric measuring:
CS = 1951 + n (m)

i = 1,472 m (the height of the instrument);

CM= 1472

= 0g (the declivity angle);

CJ = 0993 n (mm)

K = 50 (the stadimetric constant).

Solution

P lumb bob wire


CJ

Nail

43

Topographic
benchmark

44
D

4 3.4 4

Figure 1.66

Verify the readings on the measuring staff:


CS + C J
CM = ------------- (13) mm
2

(1.66)

For this case:


1951 + 993
50

CM = i

Measuring staff

Theodolite-tacheometer

CS

1472 = --------------- = 1472 (mm)


2
-

Note that the horizontal distance is directly recorded ( = 0g).

Compute the horizontal distance: d = K H = K (CS - CJ) (2.66);

Thus, D = 50 (1.951 0.993) = 47.900 m.

67. The points 61 and 62 are situated on a tilted terrain. The following values were
obtained during the measuring of the distance between these points using the
tacheometric method:
CS = 2652 n (mm)

i = 1.537 m;

CM = 1537 (mm)

= 9g61c + nc

CJ = 0422 (mm)

K = 100

Compute the horizontal distance D61.62:

CS
CM
CJ

62

61

D43.44
Figure 1.67

Verify the readings:


2652 + 0422
--------------- = 1537 (mm)
2
Compute the horizontal distance:
D = KHcos

(1.67)

In this case:
51

D = 100 (2,652 0,422) cos29g61c = 217.957 m


68. Using the parallactic method with basis at the end, a horizontal parallactic angle
was recorded having the value 7g31c + nc = (the difference between the horizontal
directions corresponding to the ends of the basis). If the aim on the basis was performed
at the height of the instrument and the measured declivity angle is zero which is the
value of the horizontal distance between the device and the basis?
Solution:

32

33

2m = b

Precision theodolite

Basis (BALA
measuring staff)

32

33
D

b
Figure 1.68 The indire ct measuring of distances using the parallactic method, on
horiz ontal terrain: a. plan sche ma; b. the aim in section

From figure 1.68 it can be seen that:

D
ctg----- = -------2
b
---2

and (b = 2m)

From where D = ctg ----- (m)


2

52

7g31c
Thus D = ctg ---------- = 17.399 m
2
69. Which is the horizontal distance between the points 76 and 77, if = 14g31c + nc and
the declivity angle of the aim is = 6g14c - nc?

b=2m

LAB

77

76

D76.77

Figure 1.69 The parallactic method, with the basis at the end on tilted terrain

In this case:

L
ctg ----- = -------2
b
---2

and

(1.69)

Thus L = ctg ----- (m)


2
14g31c
L = ctg ---------- = 8.86 m
2
And D = L cos (2.69)

53

From where D = 8.86 cos 6g14c => D = 8.82 m.


70. In figure 1.70 there is presented the method of measuring the horizontal distance
between the points A and B, using the parallactic method with basis in the middle. Being
given the data of the measurement, determine DAB.
1 = 4g17c, 2 = 4g21c, 1 = 0g; 2 = 0g; b = 2m are given.
From the figure:

b
A

D2

D1
DAB

Figure 1.70 The parallactic measurement of distances with


basis in the middle (horizontal terrain) plan schema

1
D1 = ctg----2

(1.70)

2
D2 = ctg----2

(2.70)

DAB = D1 + D2

(3.70)

Thus:
4g17c
4g21c
DAB = ctg -------- + ctg --------2
2
DAB = 30.522 + 30.232 = 60.754 m
54

71. If the terrain is slanted, and the values recorded in the field are 1 = 2g17c, 2 = 2g22c,
1 = 12g43c +nc, 2 = 8g16c, b = 2 m, then determine the value of the horizontal distance
between the measured points 26 and 27.
b
L2
L1

B
D1

D2
DAB

Figu re 1.71 The parall actic me asuring of distances, with middle basis, (slanted
te rrai n) se ction sche ma

As in the previous case, the horizontal distance consists of the two partial distances D 1
and D2.
The aims towards the basis being slanted, D 1 and D2 will be determined by the means of
the values L1 and L2 (the slanted distances).
1
L1 = ctg ---2

(1.71)

2g17c
L1 = ctg -------- = 58.670 m;
2

2
L2 = ctg ---2

(2.71)

2g22c
L2 = ctg ------- = 57.347 m;
2

D1 = L1cos1

(3.71)

D1 = 58.670 cos12g43c = 57.555 m;

D2 = L2cos2

(4.71)

D2 = 57.347 cos8g 16c = 56.877 m;

D26.27 = D1 + D2

(5.71)

D26.27 = 57.555 + 56.877 = 114.432 m.

55

72. Using a helping basis CD, the elements needed for computing the horizontal distance
DAB were determined through the parallactic method. Based on the values of these
elements presented in what follows, compute the distance DAB.
C

DAB
DC

D
B

Figure 1.72 The parallactic measuring of


distances with helping basis (horizontal
terrain). Plan schema
1 = 2g62c , 2 = 7g16c + nc , b = 2 m, 1 = 0, 2 = 0.
Solution:
Compute DCB:
2
DCB = ctg ----- = 17.76 m
2

(1.72)

1
DAB
ctg ----- = ---------- =>
2
DCD
------2
DCD
1
DAB = ------- ctg ----2
2

(2.72)

17.76
2g62c
DAB = --------- ctg --------2
2
56

DAB = 431.577 m.
73. The values needed to determine the distance D41.42 were taken using the method
presented before. They are:
1 = 2g84c + nc , 2 = 8g61c - nc , b = 2 m, 1 = 12g62c , 2 = 10g18c.
Solution: (see figure 1.73)
Range pole
Theodolite

DCD
2

BALA
measuring
staff

L2
b

Theodolite

L1
A

D AB

Figure 1.73 The parallactic measuring of distances with auxiliary basis (tilted
terrain) perspective schema

Remark: The plan image of the measurement appears in figure 1.72.


The computational steps are the following:
2
L2 = ctg ----2

(1.73) L2 = 14.765 m;

DCD = L2 cos2

(2.73) DCD = 14.765 cos10g18c=14.577 m;

DCD
1
L1 = -------- ctg ----- = 17.76 m
2
2

14.577
2g84c
(3.73) L1 = --------.ctg -------- =326.707 m;
2
2

DAB = L1 cos1

(4.73) DAB =326.707 cos12g62c= 320.309m.

57

c. MEASURING ANGLES
74. Compute the horizontal angles specified in the schema of each problem. The
measuring method used in each case and the field operation method will be specified.
Station

Aimed

Readings on the

point

bearing circle (c)

1
S1

2
2

3
(173 + n) 41 26

285 52 17

Horizontal
angles
Code
4

Remarks
Schemas

6
2

Solution:
Method: reading differences, one position of the telescope;
The number of angles measured from a station: one;
Computational method:
= C 3 - C2

= 285g52c17cc - 173g41c26cc = 112g10c91cc (the value to be written in the

5th column).
75.

1
4

Aimed point

Station

Table 1.75

Horizontal directions (readings

Horizontal

Horizontal

Remarks

on the bearing circle) (c)

directions
Means (M)

angles

Schemas

Position I (left)

Position II (right)

2
5

3
41 22 16

4
241 22 10+ncc

127 18 73-ng

327 18 75- ng

8
5

Solution:
Method: reading differences, two positions of the telescope;
The number of angles measured from a station: one;
Computational method:
22c16cc + 22c10cc
58

M5 = 41g (------------------------) = 41g22c13cc (column 5, the first line);


2
18c 73cc + 18c75cc
M6 = 127 (-----------------------) = 127g18c74cc (column 5, the second line);
2
g

= M6 M5 = 127g18c74cc - 41g22c13cc = 85g96c61cc (column 7)


76.

Station

Table 1.76

Aimed
point

2
8

7
Solution:

Readings on the
bearing circle (c)

3
00 00 00
64 17 30 +n

Horizontal

Remarks

angles
Code
4

Schemas

6
8

Method: zero in coincidence, one position of the telescope;


The number of angles measured from a station: one;
Computational method:
= C 9 C8
= 64g17c30cc - 00g00c00cc = 64g17c30cc (column 5).
Therefore, the horizontal angle is directly measured.
77.
Solution:
Method: zero in coincidence, two positions of the telescope;
The number of angles measured from a station: one;
Computational method:
M11 = 00g00c00cc (column 5);
64c17cc + 64c23cc
M12 = 121g(-------------------------) =121g64c20cc (column 5);

59

2
= M12 - M11 = 121g64c20cc (column 7).

Aimed point

Station

Table 1.77

Horizontal directions

Horizontal

Horizontal

Remarks

(readings on the bearing

directions

angles

Schemas

circle) (c)
Position I (left) Position II

Means (M)

(right)
1

11

00 00 00

200 00 00

7
11

10
12

121 64 17+ng

321 64 23

10
12

78. Determine the vertical angles corresponding to the measured values presented in the
following tables. The method used, the characteristics of the measured angle and the field
operation method will be specified.
Table 1.78

Station

Aimed

Readings on the

Vertical angle

Remarks

point

clinometer (zenithal

(V or )

Schemas

angle) (Z)
g | c | cc
3

Code
4

21 i=1,32

22 i=1,32

98 17 00 +nc

21.22

| c | cc
5

Solution:
Method: determining a single vertical angle, from a station, using one position of the
telescope;
Measured angle: the declivity angle of the terrain (because i STATION = i AIM).
Computational method:
= 100g00c00cc Z;
Thus, = 100g00c00cc - 98g17c00cc = 1g83c00cc (column 5).

60

79.

2
24 i = 1,43

Readings on the clinometer

Vertical angle

Remarks

(Z)

(V or )

Schemas

Position I

Position II

(ZI)

(ZII)

g c cc

3
86 28 50

4
313 72 00

+n

Code

Aimed point

1
23 i = 1,43

Station

Table 1.79

c cc

c cc

-n

6
23.24

8
The schema is exactly
the same as the one in
the previous case.

Solution:
Method: determining a vertical angle using two positions of the telescope;
Measured angle: the declivity of the terrain (because i STATION = i AIM).
Computational method:
I = 100g00c00cc - Z I = 13g71c50cc
II = Z II - 300g00c00cc = 13g72c00cc
I + II
= ----------- = 13g71c75cc (column 6).
2
80.
Solution:
Method: determining a vertical angle using one position of the telescope;
Measured angle: vertical angle;
Computational method:
V = 100g Z
Therefore V = 100g00c00cc 64g12c00cc = 35g88c00cc (column 5).

61

Table 1.80

Station

Aimed

Readings on the

I = (m)

point

clinometer (zenithal

S = (m)

angle) (Z)
g | c | cc
3
64 12 00
+ng

2
26 i=2,02

25 i=1,62

Vertical angle
(V or )
Code
4
V25..26

| c | cc
5

Remarks
Schemas

81. The solution is the same as in the case of problem 79.


Table 1.81

Aimed

Readings on the

point

clinometer (Z)
Position I
Position II
(ZII)

Remarks

(V)

Schemas

Code

9/ S = 6,21

(ZI)

Vertical angle

8/ i = 1,46

Station

43 21 16

356 78 90

V8.9

82. Data obtained in the field using the method of the horizon tour are presented in the
following table. Compute the horizontal angles , , and and the vertical angles
corresponding to each direction. Explain the method of operating in the field and the
computational steps.

62

Solution:
The working steps are the following:
Computing the values MI

(1.82)

63

12c00cc +13c00cc
Mi1= 21g(---------------------)
2
= 21g12c50cc (column 5)
Computing the closing discrepancy error
e = Mf1 - Mi1
Thus

(2.82)

e = 21g14c00cc - 21g12c50cc
= 1c50cc

Computing the total correction C


C = - e = -1c50cc

(3.82)

Determining the unitary correction Cu


C
1c50cc
Cu = ----- = --------- = - 30cc
n
5

(4.82)

n = the number of measured points


The corrections on directions will be:
C1 = 0 x Cu = 0c00cc;
C2 = 1 x Cu = - 0c30cc;

(5.82)

C3 = 2 x Cu = - 0c60cc;
The directions Mi are determined as follows:
M i = M i + Ci

(6.82)

For example M2 = 68g57c00cc + (- 0c30cc) = 68g56c70cc;


The directions reduced to zero: M0i = Mi M1;

(7.82)

For example:
M02 = M2 M1;
The horizontal and vertical angles are computed as in the case of the previous problems
(74-81).
d. SURVEY OF THE DETAILS
83. Topographically describe the position of the topographic points represented in figure
1.83, using the graphical method.
64

Nr.8

Nr.10

Nr.12

16

.1
Nr

Str. Al. Vlahuta

.2
Nr

Nr.14

Str. Alba

11

13,
10
12

Nr.11

Nr.13

Nr.16

13

Nr.15

17

10

14

15

Nr.17

Figure 1.83 The topographic description of benchmarks


Scale 1:500

Solution:
The topographic description of the benchmark no.9 is presented in the next figure. The
distances between the topographic benchmark and characteristic points (building
corners, different installations, etc.) are specified.
These distances are taken, depending on the case, from the field or from the available
documentation.
84. The method of direct intersection was used to determine the coordinates of the point
A with respect to the topographic benchmarks 1 and 2.
Given the following data:
The coordinates of the bearing points

The elements measured in the field

X1 = 316.47 m + n(m);
Y1 = 125.48 m;

P12 = = 24g17c53cc

X2 = 323.21 m + n(m);

P21 = = 61g43c28cc + nc

65

Y2 = 392.54 m n(m).
Compute (XA, YA)

N
P

1P
12

2P

2
21

1
Figure 1.84 The direct angular
intersection with two bearing points

Solution:
Basic orientation:
Y12 Y2 -Y1
tg12 = ------- = --------X12
X2 -X1
tg12 = 39.623145
Therefore:
12 = 98g39c37cc
and

21 = 298g39c37cc = 12 + 200g

The orientations of the new sides:


1A = 12 - = 98g39c37cc - 24g17c53cc = 74g21c84cc;
2A = 21 - = 298g39c37cc + 61g43c28cc = 359g82c65cc;
Y1A YA -Y1
tg1A = ------- = --------- = (XA -X1) tg1A = YA -Y1;
X1A XA -X1

66

(2.84)

Y2A YA Y2
tg2A = ------- = --------- = (XA X2) tg2A = YA Y2;
X2A XA X2

(3.84)

Subtracting the second equation from the first one:


YA -Y1 -YA + Y2 = XA tg1A - X1 tg1A XA tg2A + X2 tg2A
Y2 Y1 + X1 tg1A - X2 tg2A
Thus: XA = -------------------------------------tg1A tg2A

(4.84)

And: YA = Y1 + (XA X1) tg1A;

(5.84)

Or: YA = Y2 + (XA X2) tg2A;

(6.84)

Replacing the problem data the following values are obtained:


XA = 450.25 m;

YA = 332.59 m.

85. The horizontal angles formed by the directions towards the points 3, 4, and 5 were
measured from the point B of unknown coordinates, using resection (the indirect method
or retrointersection, the map problem, Pothnot problem). The measurement data are
given:
The coordinates of the bearing points

The elements measured in the field

X1 = 675.43 m + n(cm);

Y1 = 125.51 m;
X2 = 712.37 m n (cm);
700Y2 = 272.38 m + n(cm);

X3 = 525.82 m;

1B2 = = 53g13c21cc + ncc;

N
N

X
4

1B3 = = 4123g61c87cc + ncc;

3
X
Y3 =
321.57 m n(cm).

Compute the coordinates of the point B(XB,YB).


600

The specialty literature offers more than one


solution to determine the coordinates of the
N

point P (Dlambre, the Collins trigonometric method,


etc.) We shall shortly present one
B
X
of these possibilities:
5
X

Compute
500 1: (1.85)

X:400

0
Y

Y
8

67

4Y

200
300
Figure 1.85 Re se ction
Y:100

(Y2 Y1)ctg + (Y1 Y3)ctg + X3 X2


1= --------------------------------------------------(X2 X1)ctg + (X1 X3)ctg + Y2 Y3
In what follows parse the following steps:
2= 1 +

and tg2 = ..

3= 1 +

and tg3 = ..

Y2 Y1 + X1tg1 X2tg2
X = ---------------------------------tg1 - tg2

(2.85)

Y = Y1 + (X X1) tg1 or

(3.85)

Y = Y2 + (X X2) tg2

(4.85)

Y = Y3 + (X X3) tg3

(5.85)

86. Compute the absolute coordinates of the points 21 and 22, using the compensation of
the planimetric traverse supported at the ends, presented in table 1.86.

68

Solution:

69

Solving the traverse is done in the following steps:


1. Determine cosiJ:

cos12..21 = 0.9916958

are written

cos21..22 = 0.9870361

in column 6

cos22..14 = 0.9937838
2. Compute the horizontal distances using the relation: DiJ = LiJ cosiJ;
D12..21 = 54.20 x 0.9916958 = 53.750 m;
D21.22 = 52.10 x 0.9870361 = 51.425 m;

column 10

D22.14 = 25.92 x 0.9937838 = 25.759 m.


3. The bearing orientations will be: (2.86)
Y12.13 Y13 Y12
209.60-245.21
-35.61
tg12.13 = --------- = ----------- = tg12.13 = ------------------- = --------X12.13 X13 X12
677.90-620.73 + 57.17
tg12.13 = - 0.6228791, the angle 12.13 is in the IVth quadrant (-Y / +X);
Thus tg12.13 = - ctg = - 0.6228791 (where = tg12.13 300g);
1
tg = ------ = 1.6054479 => arctg 1.6054479 = 64g53c56cc;
ctg
From where 12.13 = + 300g = 364g53c56cc (The starting orientation)
Y14.15 Y15 Y14
395.210 352.900
42.31
tg14.15 = ---------- = ----------- => tg14.15 = ----------------------- = -------X14.15 X15 Y14
687.270 647.270
31.00
tg14.15 = 1.3648387, the angle 14.15 is in the Ist quadrant (+Y / +X);
Thus, 14.15 = arctg1.3648387 = 59g74c47cc (The closing orientation).
4. Determine the orientations of the sides of the traverse: (column 8).
a. Temporary orientations:
12.21 = 12.13 + 1 - 400g = 364g53c56cc + 99g12c40cc - 400g = 63g65c96cc;
21.12 = 12.21 + 200g = 263g65c96cc;
21.22 = 21.12 + 2 - 400g = 263g65c96cc + 265g26c20cc - 400g = 128g92c16cc;
22.21 = 21.22 + 200g = 328g92c16cc;
22.14 = 22.21 + 3 - 400g = 328g92c16cc + 114g26c10cc - 400g = 43g18c26cc;

70

(1.86)

14.22 = 22.14 + 200g = 243g18c26cc;


14.15 = 14.22 + 4 - 400g = 243g18c26cc + 216g61c40cc - 400g = 59g79c66cc;
b. Computing the corrections:

The closing discrepancy error on the orientation e:

e = 14.15 COMPUTED - 14.15 GIVEN = 59g79c66cc - 59g74c47cc =5c19cc

The total correction C:

C = - e = - 5c19cc

(4.86);

The unitary correction Cu:

C
- 5c19cc
Cu = ------ = ---------- = - 1c30cc
N
4

(3.86);

(5.86);

The corrections on the orientations:

C12.21 = 1 x Cu = - 1c30cc
C21.22 = 2 x Cu = - 2c60cc

(6.86);

C22.14 = 3 x Cu = - 3c90cc
C14.15 = 4 x Cu = - 5c19cc
c. Correcting the orientations:
12.21 = 12.21 + C 12.21 = 63g65c96cc - 1c30cc = 63g64c66cc;
21.22 = 21.22 + C .21.22 = 128g92c16cc - 2c60cc = 128g89c56cc; (7.86)
22.14 = 22.14 + C 22.14 = 48g18c26cc - 3c90cc = 43g14c36cc;
Verification: 14.15 = 14.15 + C14.15 = 59g79c66cc - 5c19cc = 59g74c47cc = 14.15 GIVEN.
5. Determine the trigonometric function (the natural values) sin and cos for the
corrected orientations: (column 9)
sin12.21 = 0.8413404;

cos12.21 = 0.5405055;

sin21.22 = 0.8987478;

cos21.22 = - 0.4384658;

sin22.14 = 0.6270014;

cos22.14 = 0.7790180;

sin14.15 = 0.8066533;

cos14.15 = 0.5010249.

6. Computing the relative coordinates: (columns 11 and 12)


a. The relative raw coordinates XiJ ,YiJ
71

X12.21 = D12.21 cos12.21 = 53.750 x 0.5405055 = 29.052 m;

(8.86)

Y12.21 = D12.21 sin12.21 = 53.750 x 0.8413404 = 45.222 m;


X21.22 = D21.22 cos21.22 = 51.425 x (- 0.4384658) = - 22.548 m;
Y21.22 = D21.22 sin21.22 = 51.425 x 0.8987478 = 46.218 m;
X22.14 = D22.14 cos22.14 = 25.759 x 0.7790180 = 20.064 m;
Y22.14 = D22.14 sin22.14 = 25.759 x 0.6270014 = 16.151 m;
b. Corrections of relative coordinates:

The closing discrepancy error on the coordinates eX, eY:

eX = XiJ - X12.14 = 26.568 m 26.540 m = 28 mm;

(9.86)

eY = YiJ - Y12.14 = 107.591 m 107.690 m = - 99 mm;

(10.86)

The total corrections CX, CY:

CX = - eX = - 28 mm;

(11.86)

CY = - eY = 99 mm;

(12.86)

The unitary corrections CuX, CuY:

CX
- 28 mm
- 28 mm
CuX = ------- = ---------------------------- = ---------- = - 0.214 mm/1m;
DiJ
D12.21 + D21.22 + D22.24 130.934m
CY
99 mm
CuY = ------- = ------------- = 0.756 mm / 1 m TRAVERSE
DiJ 130.934 m
CORRECTION

(13.86)

(14.86).

The correction on relative coordinates:

CX 12.21 = CuX x D12.21 = - 0.214 mm/m x 53.75 m = - 12 mm;


CY 12.21 = CuY x D12.21 = 0.756 mm/m x 53.75 m = 41 mm;
CX 21.22 = CuX x D21.22 = - 0.214 mm/m x 51.425 m = - 11 mm;
CY 21.22 = CuY x D21.22 = 0.756 mm/m x 51.425 m = 39 mm;
CX 22.14 = CuX x D22.14 = - 0.214 mm/m x 25.759 m = - 5 mm;
CY 22.14 = CuY x D22.14 = 0.756 mm/m x 25.759 m = 19mm;
c. The correction of relative coordinates:
72

(15.86)
(16.86)

X12.21 = X12.21 + CX 12.21 = 29.052 0.012 = 29.040 m;

(17.86)

Y12.21 = Y12.21 + CY 12.21 = 45.222 + 0.041 = 45.263 m;

(18.86)

X21.22 = X21.22 + CX 21.22 = - 22.548 0.011 = - 22.559;


Y21.22 = Y21.22 + CY 21.22 = 46.218 + 0.039 = 46.257 m;
X22.14 = X22.14 + CX 22.14 = 20.064 0.005 = 20.059 m;
Y22.14 = Y22.14 + CY 22.14 = 16.151 + 0.019 = 16.170 m.
7. Determining the absolute coordinates: (columns 13 and 14)
X21 = X12 + X12.21 = 649.770 m;

(18.86)

Y21 = Y12 + Y12.21 = 290.473 m;

X22 = X21 + X21.22 = 627.211 m;

(19.86)

Y22 = Y21 + Y21.22 = 336.730 m;

Verification:

Verification:

X14 = X22 + X22.14 = 647.27m.

Y14 = Y22 + Y22.14 = 352.90m.

87. In order to measure a planimetric detail in the field through its characteristic points
(117 and 118), 21.22 was used as bearing side (traverse side). The survey was performed
using the method of polar coordinates.
If the coordinates of the bearing points 21 and 22 and the elements measured in the field
(angles and distances) are known, then determine the coordinates of the characteristic
points.
Te coordinates of the bearing points

The elements measured in the field

X21 = 649.770 m + n (cm);

22.21.117 = 1= 128g51c + ng;

Y21 = 290.473 m;

22.21.118 = 1= 128g51c + ng;

X22 = 627.211 m;

D22.117 = 46.52 m = D1;

Y22 = 336.730 m n(cm).

D22.118 = 61.27 m = D2.

22.117

10
m
117

21

22
22.21

73

Figure 1.87 Radiating the parametric details

118

Solution:

Compute the basic (bearing) orientation 22.21:


tg22.21

Y22.21 Y21 -Y22


= ---------- = ---------X22.21
X21 -X22

290.473 336.730
- 46.257
tg22.21 = ------------------------ = ------------= - 2.0504898
649.70 627.211
22.559
=>22.21 = 328g88c66cc.

Determine the orientations of the new sides (towards the radiated points):
22.117 = 22.21 + 1 - 400g = 41g 39c66cc;

(2.87)

22.118 = 22.21 + 2 - 400g = 50g 03c66cc;

Compute the relative coordinates:


X22.117 = D1 cos22.117 = 37.027 m;

(3.87)

Y22.117 = D1 sin22.117 = 28.163 m;

(4.87)

X22.118 = D2 cos22.118 = 43.300 m;


Y22.118 = D2 sin22.118 = 43.349 m;

The absolute coordinates of the radiated points will be:


X117 = X22 + X22.117 = 627.221 + 37.027 = 664.238 m;

(5.87)

Y117 = Y22 + Y22.117 = 336.730 + 28.163 = 364.893 m;

(6.87)

X118 = X22 + X22.118 = 627.221 + 43.300 = 670.511 m;


Y118 = X22 + Y22.118 = 336.730 + 43.349 = 380.079 m.
Remark: Polar elements are enough in order to repeat the radiated points on topographic
plans (see the next problem).

74

88. The data obtained using the method of Cartesian-square coordinates for measuring
some planimetric details are presented in table 1.88. Compute the coordinates of the
measured points.
Solution:
In this case, the support side is parallel to the abscissa of the used local coordinate
system. The coordinates of the new points will be computed in the following way:

(m)

6.27
6.27
12.17
12.17
21.58 n(m)
21.58 n(m)

10.52 +n(m)
18.64
21.73
37.84
43.28
61.74

+ X

1
28

2
Y3

X3

5
4

29

8m

(m)

Remarks
Schemas
Initial Data

6m

1
2
3
4
5
6

Measured elements
X
Y

11m

28

Measured point

Origin

28-29

Side

Table 1.88

+ Y

The coordinates of the bearing points


X(m)
Y(m)
28
682.272
273.622
29
682.272
343.657
Xi = X28 Xi (1.88)
Depending on the position of the detail with respect to the support side.
Yi = Y28 + Yi (2.88)
If the support side is not parallel to one of the coordinate axes the square radiation is
computed in the same way as the polar radiation.
89. A series of details from the area were measured using the method of tacheometric
radiation from the station point 22 (figure 1.89). The traverse side 22.21 was used as

75

support basis. The elements measured in the field (table 1.89) will be used to compute the
absolute coordinates of the radiated points.
Solution:
In the case of tacheometric radiation, the distances are indirectly (tacheometrically)
obtained. The other elements, concerning the field and office operations, are similar to
those performed during planimetric radiation.

14

12

21

12

13
15
22

Figure 1.89 Tache ome tric radiation


Table 1.89

i= 1.53 m

22

Station Aim Bearing Clinometer Measuring staff Horizontal Vertical D Point


circle
(mm)
angle angle (m)
CS
CM
CJ
21 00 00 00
12 71 27 00 100 00 00 1826 1520 1214
12
13 94 12 00 117 21 00 1641 1520 1400
13
14 101 16 00 81 16 00 1976 1530 1084
14
15 137 52 00 92 17 00 1715 1530 1312
15
21 00 01 00
The working steps are the following:

Determine the horizontal angle i = Ci C27 (1.89) where Ci = the reading on the
bearing circle towards some point i;

The vertical angle i: i = 100g - Vi

(2.89)

Vi = the reading on the clinometer towards some point i;

76

The horizontal distance D26.i: D26.i = KHcos .i

(3.89)

K = 100 (the stadimetric constant)


Hi= (CS - CJ )i

(4.89)

Knowing the horizontal angle and the horizontal distance, the absolute
coordinates of the radiated points will be obtained through the computations
described at planimetric radiation.

e. REPEATING DETAILS
90. Repeat the control network (planimetric traverse) of known coordinates (table 1.90)
on the 1:1000 scale, through Cartesian coordinates.
12
13
21
22
14
15

X (m)
620.730
677.900
649.770
627.211
647.270 + n
678.270

Y (m)
245.210
209.600
290.473
336.730 - n
352.900
395.210 n

Solution:
The repeating steps are the following:
-

Trace the graticule of the plan on a sheet of paper (tracing paper, millimetric
paper);

Trace, for each point, the corresponding axes (the abscissa, the ordinate)
(figure 1.90)

Compute the coordinate differences, scaled down (x, y) with respect to the
coordinate axes that is the closest in value to the coordinates of the repeated
point;

Mark by a chosen symbol (depending on the importance of the point) the


position on the plan, also writing down the number of the point (12, 13, etc.)

77

12

X12 = 620.730

620.730 - 600.000

X= ----------------------- = 0.020730 m = 20.73


Y = 45.21

1000

mm

Y = 200 m

Y 12 =645.21

X = 600 m

Figure 1.90 Repeating points through Cartesian coordinates

91. The points 12 and 13 were used as benchmarks for determining the coordinates of the
point 68 through direct intersection. Knowing the coordinates of the bearing points (table
1.90) and of the new point (X68 = 652.432 m + n(m), Y68 = 248.516 m), repeat this point
through Cartesian coordinates.
Solution:
The repeating is performed on the plan drafted in problem 90.
The repeating steps are the ones specified in the solution of that problem (no. 90).
After positioning the point on the plan, check with the protractor the angular elements
( and ) that were used for determining the absolute Cartesian coordinates of the
point obtained through direct intersection.
92. The coordinates of the point 72 were obtained using resection, having as bearing
points the points 12, 13 and 21. [X72 = 675.430 m, Y72 = 238.472 m + n (m)].
Repeat the point 72, using absolute Cartesian coordinates, on the topographic plan drafted
in problem 90.
Remark: the same specification as in the previous problem.

78

93. The coordinates of the point 117 (see problem 87) were determined through
planimetric radiation. Repeat this point through Cartesian coordinates on the topographic
plan drafted in the previous problems.
Remark: see problem no. 91.
94. Repeat the points 1-6 through Cartesian coordinates, computed in problem no. 88.
95. Repeat the points 12-15 through Cartesian coordinates, computed in problem no 89.
Remark: From the solution of problems 90-95 it can be seen that the repeating on the plan
is performed in a similar manner, regardless of the method used for computing the
absolute Cartesian coordinates of the points, regardless of the nature of the plan, and of
the scale of the plan. But there exists the possibility to verify the computation of the
coordinates and the repeating of the point on the plan, using initial data (angles,
distances).
96. The topographic point 96 was measured through angular intersection. Repeat it on the
topographic plan without computing its coordinates.
The coordinates of the bearing points 12 and 21 (see problem no. 86) and the angles
measured in the field are given:
96 = 21.12.96 = 31g46c + ng;
96 = 12.12.96 = 46g12c - ng;
Solution:
Figure 1.95 presents the centralized method for solving the problems no. 96-100. The
scale of the plan is 1:1000.
97. The point 97 was planimetrically measured through linear intersection. The
coordinates of the bearing points 21 and 22 were specified in the previous problems. The
distances D1 and D2 are given, being measured in the field:
D1 = D21.97 = 36.41 m;
D2 = D22.97 = 30.16 m + (n/4) m.
Repeat the points 97 on the topographic plan without computing its coordinates.

79

98. Repeat the points 117 and 118 on the 1:1000 plan using polar coordinates. The polar
elements needed for repeating were presented in the tutorial no. 87.
99. Problem 88 offers the data needed for repeating on the topographic plan some
objectives surveyed through square coordinates. Repeat these points on the 1:1000 plan
presented in figure 1.95 without computing their absolute Cartesian coordinates.
100. Repeat using the method of polar coordinates the points 12, 13, 14, and 15,
measured through the method of tacheometric radiation (problem no. 89). The
topographic plan presented in figure 1.95 will be used as repeating support.

G. LEVELING PROBLEMS
a. GEOMETRIC LEVELING
101. The absolute height of the point A is known and the elements needed for
determining the absolute height of the point B were measured through middle geometric
leveling.
Processing the data presented in table 1.101, determine the height ZB.
a. By the use of the altitude difference ZAB.
b. By the use of the height of the instrument horizon Zi.
Table 2.101

Station

Aimed
point

Rod readings
a
b
(mm)

Altitude
differences
ZAB
(m)

1
S1

The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
(m)
5

Absolute
heights
Z
(m)

Point

2
3
4
6
A
1621 + n (mm)
350.375
B
0751
Figure 1.101 Determining the relative heights (Z AB) or an absolute height

7
A
B
(ZB)

through middle geometric leveling.


Solution, measuring staff, topographic level, measuring staff, vertical datum (N.M.N.)

80

a.

ZAB = a b

(1.101)

ZAB = ZB - ZA

(2.101)

In this case:
ZAB = 1.621 0.751 = 0.870 m;

(2.101)

ZB = ZA + ZAB = 350.473 +
0.870
351.343 m
b.

Zi = ZA + a

(3.101)

Zi = ZB + b
Hence
Zi = 350.473 + 1.621 = 352.094 m
ZB = 352.094 0.751 = 351.343 m.
102. The method of end geometric leveling was used in order to determine the height of
the point C. Point A was taken into consideration as benchmark of know height. Based on
the data presented in table 1.102, determine the height of the point C:
a. By the use of the altitude difference ZAC;
b. By the use of the height of the instrument horizon Zi.
Table 1.102

Station
i=

1
A
i = 1.572
m

Aimed Rod readings


Altitude
point
a=i
differences
b
ZAC
(mm)
(m)
2
C

3
1572
0945 + n (m)

The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
(m)
5

Absolute
heights
Z
(m)

Point

6
350.473

7
A
C

Solution:
It can be seen that the previous relations do not change.
The height i of the instrument (level) in this station is considered instead of the rod
reading a in the point A.
Figure 1.102. End geometric leveling

81

a.

ZAc = i b

(1.102)

ZAc = ZA ZC

(2.102)

ZAc = 1.572 0.945 = 0.627 m

(2.102)

ZC = ZA + ZAc = 350.473 +
0.627
351.100 m
c.

Zi = ZA + I

d.

Zi = ZC + b

(3.102)

Zi = 350.473 + 1.572 = 352.045 m;


ZC = 352.045 0.945 = 351.100 m.
103. The method of middle geometric leveling radiation with one horizon of the
instrument, was used in order to determine the absolute heights of the points 11 and 12.
Processing the data from table 1.103, compute Z11 and Z12.
Table 1.103

Station
i=

Aimed
point

Rod readings
Altitude
The height of
a=i
differences the instrument
b1
ZAC
horizon
b2
(m)
Zi
(mm)
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
S2
A
1547
11
2063
12
0942
Figure 1.103. Middle geometric leveling radiation

Absolute
heights Z

Point

(m)
6
350.473

7
A
11
12

Zi = ZA + a = 350.473 + 1.547 =>


Zi = 352.020 m;
Z11 = Zi b11 = 352.020 2.063 = 349.957 m;
Z12 = Zi b12 = 352.020 0.942 = 351.078 m.
104. The absolute heights of the points 14 and 15 were determined applying the method
of middle geometric leveling, with two horizons of the instrument (table 1.104). What
values do these heights have and how were they measured?

82

Table 1.104

Station Aimed
point

Rod readings
(mm)

The height of Absolute Point


the
heights
instrument
Z
horizon
(m)
Horizon Horizon
ZIi
ZIIi
I
II
(m)
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
S3
A
1624
1410
350.473
A
S3
14
1976
1762
14
15
0604
0390
15
Figure 1.104 Middle geometric leveling radiation with two horizons of the
instrument.
Solution:
Zi = ZA + a

(1.104)

ZI = ZA + a

(2.104)

Z14 = Zi b14

(3.104)

Z14 = Zi b14
Z14 + Z14
Z14 = -------------2

(4.104)

The height of point 15 is determined similarly.


105. The data needed for computing the heights Z16 and Z17 were collected in the field
using the method of middle geometric leveling radiation with two horizons of the
instrument. Determine these heights by processing the data given in table 1.105.
Figure 1.105. Middle geometric leveling radiation with aims towards two bearing
points (of know heights)
Solution:
Zi = ZE + a
Zi + Zi
Zi = --------------- (average horizon)
2

(1.105)

Zi = ZF + a
The absolute heights of the radiated points will result from the following relation:
ZK = Zi bK

(2.105)
83

Table 1.105

Station

Aimed
point

Rod readings
a
bi
a
(mm)

1
S4

2
E
16
17
F

3
1842
2076
1243
2092

The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
Zi
Zi
(m)
4

Absolute
heights
Z
(m)

Point

5
352.763

6
E
16
17
F

352.510

106. In order to determine the absolute heights of some radiated points we could use the
methods of end geometric leveling, too. Of course, in this case the precision is smaller,
because the measurements are influenced by a series of errors, which are removed in the
case of middle leveling. There are situations when only the end leveling can be applied.
This is the reason why, in what fallows, we shall present some of the methods of this type
of geometric leveling.
Thus, stationing in the point 43 of known height, the values needed to compute the
radiated points 44 and 45 were determined (table 1.106). Compute these heights.
Table 1.106

Station

Aimed
point

i=
1
43
1.632
Solution:

2
43
44
45

Rod readings
a=i
b44
b45
(mm)
3
1632
0751
2072

The height of
the instrument
horizon
Zi
(m)
4

Absolute
heights
Z
(m)

Point

6
361.273

7
43
44
45

Zi = Z43 + i

(1.106)

Z44 = Zi b44

(2.106)

Z45 = Zi b45
Therefore, there will be obtained:
Zi = 362.905 m;
84

Z44 = 362.154 m;
Z45 = 360.833 m.
Figure 1.106 End geometric leveling radiation
107. The method of end geometric leveling with two horizons of the instrument, was
used in order to determine the heights of the points 74 and 75. Compute Z 74 and Z75
processing the data from table 1.107.
Table 1.107

Station
i =
i =
(m)
1
S5
i = 1.264
S5
i = 1.373
Solution:

Aimed
point

2
M
74
75

Rod readings
(mm)

The height of Absolute


the
heights
instrument
Z
horizon
(m)
Horizon Horizon
ZIi
ZIIi
I
II
(m)
(m)
3
4
5
6
7
1264
1373
362.172
2656
2767
0932
1040

Zi = ZM + I;

Point

8
M
74
75

(1.107)

Zi = ZM + I;
Figure 1.107. End geometric leveling radiation with two horizons of the instrument
Hence Zi = 362.172 +1.264
Zi = 362.172+ 1.373
=>Zi = 363.436 m;
Zi = 363.545 m.
Z74 = Zi - b74 = 360.780 m;

(2.107)

Z74 = Zi - b74 = 360.778 m.


Z74 + Z74
Z74 = -----------------2

(3.107)

Z75 = 362.505 m is obtained analogously.

85

108. Compute the heights of the points 61 and 62, measured through middle geometric
leveling (table 1.108).

1
S1

2
RN1
61

S2

61
62

S3

62
RN2

1751

Altitude differences
Coarse Corrections Corrected
ZiJ
CDiJ
ZiJ
(m)
(mm)
(m)

Absolute heights

Aimed
Rod readings
point
(mm)
Forward
Backward Backward
Forward

Z (m)

Station

DiJ (m)Horizontal distances

Table 1.108

1343 + n (mm)

54.43

2437

0975

121.72

14

1875

1947

76.43

15

Solution:
Figure 1.108. Middle geometric leveling traverse a. Section schema; b. Plan schema.
The computational steps are:
1. Determine the coarse altitude differences ZiJ (column 5):
ZRN1.61 = a1 b1 = 1.751 1.343 = + 0.408 m;
Z61.62 = a2 b2 = 2.437 0.975 = + 1.462 m;

(1.108)

Z62.RN2 = a3 b3 = 1.875 1.947 = - 0.072 m


2. Compute the closing discrepancy error of the corrections:
RN2

eAZ = ZiJ - ZRN1.RN2 = (ZRN1.61 + Z61.62 + Z62.RN2) (ZRN2 ZRN1) =


RN1

= + 1.798 m 1.804 m = - 0.006 m = - 6 mm.

(2.108)

CZ = - eZ = 6 mm

(3.108)

(total correction)

The unitary correction will be:


CZ
6 mm
CuZ = --------- = -------------- = 0.024 mm / 1 mm
RN2
252.58 m

86

(4.108)

ZiJ
RN1

The corrections on relative spatial coordinates (altitude differences) CZiJ (column 6):
CZRN1.61 = CuZ x DRN1.61 = 0.024 mm / 1 m x 54.43 1 mm;
CZ61.62 = CuZ x D61.62 = 0.024 mm / 1 m x 121.72 m 3 mm;

(5.108)

CZ62. RN2 = CuZ x D62. RN2 = 0.024 mm / 1 m x 76.43 2 mm.


Perform the verification:
RN2

CuZ = ZiJ CZiJ

(6.108)

RN1

3. The corrected altitude differences ZiJ (column 7):


ZRN1.61 = ZRN1.61 + CZRN1.61 = 0.408 + 0.001 = + 0.409 m;
Z61.62 = Z61.62 + CZ61.62 = 1.462 +0.003 = + 1.465 m;
Z62.RN2 = Z62.RN2 + CZ62.RN2 = - 0.072 + 0.002 = - 0.070 m.
Verifying this step is done in the following way:
RN2

ZiJ = ZRN1.RN2

(7.108)

RN1

The absolute heights of the points 61 and 62 will be:


Z61 = ZRN1 + ZRN1.61 = 354.231 + 0.409 = 354.640 m;

(8.108)

Z62 = Z61 + Z61.62 = 354.640 + 1.465 = 356.105 m.


Final verification:

ZRN2 = Z62 + Z62.RN2.

(9.108)

109. Usually, the horizontal distances (DiJ) necessary to adjust the middle geometric
leveling traverse are determined indirectly (tacheometrically). In what follows, there will
be presented the operation procedure for this case. The unknowns of the problem are the
absolute heights of the points 86 and 87.
Table 1.109 offers the necessary data for determining these heights.
Solution:
Except the horizontal distances (columns), which are determined using the relation:
DiJ = K H + 100 (CiS- CiJ)

(1.109)

the other elements the plan section schema, the computational steps, etc. are similar to
those from the previous case.

87

It should be specified that, for a given leveling, the distance that represents the weight in
adjustment results as sum of the distances DiJ (device backward point) and DiJ (device
forward point).
Thus: DiJ = DiJ + DiJ.

(2.109)

2
RN7

S1

Backward
CS
CM = a
CJ

Forward
CS
CM = b
CJ

3
1942
1582
1220

Altitude differences

Coarse Corrections Corrected


ZiJ
CZiJ (mm)
ZiJ (m)
(m)
5

Point

Rod readings
(mm)

Absolute heights Z(mm)

Aimed
point

DiJ (m)Horizontal distances

Station

Table 1.109

10
RN7

2651
86

86

2345
2040
1652

86

86

1500

S2

1348
2062 + n
1902 + n
1742 + n

87

87

0970
87

87

0694

S3

0420
1872
RN8

1646
RN8

1420

110. A possibility to increase the precision of middle geometric leveling traverse is to use
the double horizon of the instrument. This method was used to collect the necessary data
for determining the absolute heights of the points 112 and 113 (table 1.110). Process the
data from the mentioned table and determine Z112 and Z113.

88

2
RN9
112

S2

112
113

S3

113
RN10

3
1651
0972
2647
0960
+n
1751
3043

4
1843
1166
2839
1162 +
n
1941
3236

8
112.43

9
354.752

78.17
72.63
355.830

Solution:
Figure 1.110. Middle geometric leveling traverse with two horizons of the
instrument. a. Section schema; b. Plan view.
The working steps are the same as in the case of using only one horizon (problem 108).
The particularity of the method consists in the computation of coarse altitude differences.
For example:
ZRN9.112 = a1 b1 = 1.651 0.972 = + 0.679 m

(1.110)

ZRN9.112 = a1 b1 = 1.843 1.166 = + 0.677 m;


Z + Z
0.679 + 0.677
ZRN9.112 = --------------- = ------------------- = 0.678 m
2
2

(2.110)

111. In the case of middle geometric leveling traverse with two horizons, too, it is
efficient to determine tacheometrically the distances necessary for the adjustment (see
problem 109). The data needed to compute the horizontal distance DiJ can be collected for
89

Point

Absolute heights Z(mm)

1
S1

Aimed
Rod readings
Altitude differences
point
Horizon Horizon
Coarse
Corrections Corrected
Forward
I
II
Z + Z
Backward
a
a
CZiJ
ZiJ
Z
iJ = ------------b
b
2
(mm) (mm)
(m)
(m)
(m)

DiJ (m)Horizontal distances

Station

Table 1.110

10
RN9
112
112
113
113
RN10

one horizon or for both. It is taken into account that the precision required for the values
DiJ is small ( 1 m). Table 1.111 contains the data required to compute the absolute
heights of the points 127 and 128.
Hint: As it can be seen, there are no fundamental differences between the values of the
horizontal distances for the two horizons. Thus, we can work with the stadimetric data
(CS, CJ) given by the first horizon. The horizontal distances will be computed similarly to
those determined in problem 109, and the absolute heights will be deduced by the
indications from problems 110 and 108.

RN22
S1
127
127
S2
128
128
S3
RN23

Backward
CS
CM = a
b
CJ
3
1621
1470
1319
1872
1700
1530
2076
1754 + n
1432
1940
1620
1300
1857
1580
1302
0976
0701
0424

Altitude differences

Forward Coarse Corrections Corrected


CS
ZiJ
CZiJ (mm) ZiJ (m)
(m)
CM = a
b
CJ
4
5
6
7
1616
1465
1314
1865
1695
1525
2066
1744 + n
1422
1929
1609
1290
1900
1624
1345
1019
0744
0467

90

Point

Rod readings
(mm)

Absolute heights Z(m)

Aimed
point

DiJ (m)Horizontal distances

Station

Table 1.11

10
351.637
n (mm)

352.430

112. For determining the heights of the points 261, 262 and 263, there was only one
benchmark of known height in the area. The necessary data for determining the absolute
heights Z261, Z262 and Z263 (table 1.112) were collected through a geometric leveling
traverse in closed circuit, using the benchmark RN27 as start and end point. Compute
these heights.
Remark: The computational steps are the same as in the case of middle geometric
leveling, supported at the ends (problem 108). The only difference consists in the
computation of the error:
RN27

eZ = ZiJ

(1.112)

RN27

S2
S3
S4

2
RN27
261
261
262
262
263
263
RN27

3
1961 n
(mm)
0751

Altitude differences
Coarse
ZiJ

(m)

Corrections

Corrected

CZiJ

ZiJ

(m)

(m)

Absolute heights
Z(m)

1
S1

Aimed
Rod readings
point
Backward Forward
Forward
ai =
bi =
Backward
(mm)
(mm)

Horizontal
DiJ (m)
distances

Station

Table 1.112

8
121.43

9
367.122

2874
71.15
1242

1681

83.43
1047

2052

367.122
1277

143.17

Figure 1.112. Middle geometric leveling traverse in closed circuit. a. Section schema;
b. Plan schema
113. In order to place an arena in a given area, there were performed a series of
measurements needed for location studies. The leveling survey of the aimed area was
performed through the method of small squares, with corners radiated through middle
geometric leveling (figure 1.113).

91

One leveling station (with two horizons) was enough for determining the required
heights. Only one leveling benchmark RN43 was in the area. The terrain not being rough,
there were used squares with 25 m sides. The readings performed in horizon I station can
be found at the numerator of the ratio from the corner of each square, and the horizon II
readings are at the denominator.
Figure 1.113. Surface leveling through small squares. The method of middle
geometric leveling radiation. Z43 = 360.270 m.
Solution:
The solving steps for this case are the following:
1. Compute the average of the readings for each point:
For example:
2042
point RN43 -------- = 1831.5 1832 mm;
1621
1871
point 1 --------- = 1660.5 1661 mm.
1450
etc.
2. Determine the average height of the aiming plan Zi:
Zi = Z43 + a43

(1.113)

Where Z43 = 360.270 m;


a43 = the average reading (1832mm);
Hence Zi = 362.102 m.
3. Compute the heights of the radiated points:
Z1 = Zi b1

(2.113)

b1= the average reading (1661 mm) => Z1 = 360.441 m


The other heights are determined similarly.
4. Draft a new schema (figure 2.113) in which the heights of the measured points are
specified.
Figure 2.113. The heights of the corners of the small squares.
The schema transformed in this way has mainly two purposes:
-

Tracing the contours (which are dealt with in problem 125);

92

Determining the embankment volume (problem 161).

114. The method of large squares middle geometric leveling is used for the leveling
survey of large surfaces. Therefore, measure a surface of around 8 ha, for placing some
industrial objectives.
Figure 1.114 presents the elements measured in the field, which should be processed in
order to obtain the embankment volume (digging filling up) in order to bring the terrain
to the specified foundation height.
Figure 1.114 Surface leveling through large squares
The following are given:

Benchmark of known height: ZA1 = 350.000;

Foundation height: ZF = - 2.50 m + n (cm);

0.00 height: Z + 0.00 = 350.500 m.

Solution:
Consider the main traverse in closed circuit:
A1.A2.A3.A4.B4.C4.D4.D3.D2.D1.C1.B1.A1, which is computed and adjusted through
the known method (problem 112).
After determining the corrected absolute heights of the mentioned points, compute the
heights of the intermediary points (B2, B3; C2, C3). For that, consider the secondary
routes B1 B4 and C1 C4 or A2 D2 and A3 D3, which, as it results from the
schema, are traverses supported at the ends. The computation of these traverses is
performed by the model presented in problem 108.
Taking into account the purpose of such works, we consider that the step of heights
adjusting is not indispensable.
In the next step, draft a schema that contains the heights of the corners of the squares
(similar to the one presented in figure 2.113). Based on this schema, compute the
embankment volume.
115. Based on the data presented in table 1.115 draw the longitudinal profile of the
measured area, between the points 46 and 47, on the distance scale 1:1000 and height
scale 1:100.
93

The heights of the points from the profile were obtained through middle geometric
leveling traverse (problem 108), and the distances between the points were measured
directly.
Hint: the longitudinal profile will be drawn by the model presented in problem 39.

Table 1.115

Point
1
46

Absolute height
Z(m)
2
351.472

121

352.163

122

350.075

123

349.117 + n (m)

124

352.106

47

353.272

Horizontal distances
DiJ (m)
3

Section

38.76

46.121

24.73 + n

121.122

31.64

122.123

37.15

123.124

32.43

124.47

Figure 1.115. The leveling survey of a surface through the longitudinal profile
combined with transversal profiles. a. Section schema; b. Plan schema.
116. From the stations S1 S5 there were performed the necessary measurements for
drafting the transversal profiles. Based on the data presented in table 1.115, draft the
transversal profile 121 (PT.121), by the model presented in problem 40. The distance and
height scale is equal to 1:250.
1 (m)
n * = ---------- n
5
Solution:
For each station there are two aims towards points of known heights (computed by
traversing). In this case:
Zi = ZBENCHMARK46 + a

(1.116)

94

Zi = ZBENCHMARK121 + a
Zi + Zi
Zi = ------------2

(2.116)

The heights of the radiated points, from the transversal profile will be:
Z1= Zi b1
Point

(3.116)

1
1

Absolute height
Z(m)
2
351.763

350.875

121

352.163

350.425 + n*

351.621

352.017

Horizontal distances
DiJ (m)
3

Section

8.63

1.2

10.72

2.121

7.57

121.3

4.22 + n*

3.4

6.17

4.5

Hint: the transversal profile will be drafted by the model from figure 1.40.
117. The absolute plan coordinates of the points A and B are:
XA = 785.21 m + n (m);

XB = 851.36 m;

YA = 572.43 m n (m);

YB = 675.26 m.

Determine the height of point B, through trigonometric leveling, knowing that:


i = 1.63 m + n (cm); S = 3.05 m n (cm);
ZA = 352.47 m; = 12g51c12cc + ncc
Solution:
DAB = X2AB + Y2AB
DAB = (XB - XA)2 + (YB -YA)2
DAB = 122.27 m.
Figure 1.117. Trigonometric leveling on large distances
Theodolite, butterfly signal beacon
From figure 1.117 there results the equality:
95

h + i = s + ZAB => ZAB = h + i s;


But

(2.117)

h
tg = -------- (3.117) => h = DAB tg => ZAB = h + i s
DAB

Will result:

h = 24.343 m and ZAB = 22.923 m.

In the end:

ZB = ZA + ZAB = 375.393 m.

(2.117)

(3.117)

118. Determine the height of point B, given that:


XA = 621.58 m;

XB = 521.26 m;

i = 1.27 m + n (cm); S = 2.72 m;

= - 8g43c27cc nc;
ZA = 357.21 m.

Solution:
In this case:
h + s = i + ZAB

(1.118)

ZAB = h + s i

(1.118).

The other values are determined similarly to the previous case.


Figure 1.118. Trigonometric leveling on large distances with descending aim.
119. Which is the value of the absolute height of the point B, given that the absolute
height of the point A is ZA = 347.21 m and the following values were measured in the
field, through trigonometric leveling:
i = 1.46 m,

s = 4.52 m n (cm), = 8g61c + nc,

DAB = 161.23 m.

Solution:
Proceed as in the case of problem 117, this time the horizontal distance D AB being known
(through direct or indirect measurement).
120. Aiming, in point B, the sign that marks on the range pole the height of the
instrument from station A, the declivity angle of the terrain between this two points =
10g58c19cc ncc was measured. There were also measured i = 1.63 m, D AB = 143.15 m + n
(m). Compute ZAB, given ZA = 364.172 m.
Solution:
In this case s = i (the aiming height is equal to the height of the instrument in the station.
Replacing that, the relation from problem 1.117 can be used).
96

121. If = - 6g61c23cc + ncc and the other data are presented in problem 119, which is the
absolute height of point B?
Solution:
Use the schema and relations presented in problem 118.
122. If = - 8g12c61cc ng and the other data are presented in problem 120, which is the
absolute height of point B?
Solution:
In this case s = i; thus, with this change, the relations presented in problem 118 can be
used.
123. Compute the height of point B through the method of tacheometric leveling,
knowing the following elements: ZA = 343.262 m + n (m); = 8g61c27cc, the rod readings
CS =1971 mm, CM = 1752 mm, CJ = 1533 mm, K = 100, i = 1.752m.
From the figure it results:

Thus

ZAB
tg = ---------- => ZAB = DAB tg
DAB

(1.123)

L = KH

(2.123)

cos = H/H

(3.123)

=> H = H cos

(3.123)

L = KH cos

(2.123)

Since DAB = L cos

(4.123)

=> DAB = KH cos2 and replacing it in the relation


=> ZAB = KH sin cos

(1.123)

Figure 1.123. Tacheometric leveling


For the problem data: ZAB = 100 (1.971 1.5330 sin8g61c27cc cos8g61c27cc) = 5.854
m.
In the end, it will result

ZB = ZA + ZAB = 349.116m

124. Fill in the following table of tacheometric measurements:


97

(5.123)

Solution:
i = i 23 = i;
i = 100g Vi;

(1.124)

DiJ = KHcos2;

(2.124)

H = CS CJ;

(3.124)

K = 100;
Zi = Z22 + Zi22.
It can be seen that, having the side 22.23 as basis, the radiated points are determined both
planimetrically and by leveling.

gc
4
-

27

37g12c

92g76c

28

42g63c

112g31c

29

61g17c

124g71c

23

00.02

(mm)
5
1751
1590
1439
1648
1432
1216
1682
1432
1181
-

6
-

sin
cos

8
-

(m)
10
-

Point

(m)
9
47.61

Absolute heights Z

Vertical angle i
7
-

cos2

Altitude differences ZiJ

2
23

gc
3
00.00

Horizontal angle i

Readings Readings
Rod
on the
on the readings
bearing clinometer CS
circle
Vi
CM
i
Position I CJ
Position
I

DiJ (m)Horizontal distances

I = 1.432 m, k = 100 22

Aiming point

Station

Table 1.124.

(m)
11
12
350.437 22
27
28
29

125. Interpolate the contours on the height plane presented in figure 1.125.
Solution:

98

350.617 23

The simplest interpolation method uses the isograph as working instrument (figure
2.125).
The isograph consists of a piece of tracing paper (30 x 10 cm), on which parallel lines are
drawn. These are numbered increasingly starting from the base line.
Figure 1.125. Height plan (without parametric details)
Scale 1:1000
Using the isograph, the interpolation is done in the following way (figure 3.125):
-

Put the isograph with the corresponding gradation on the first point (1);

Rotate the isograph around this point (fixed with a pin), until it reaches in
front of the next point (2) with the corresponding gradation;

Intersect the ruling of the isograph with the alignment 12, obtaining the
intermediary height points.

Proceed similarly for the other pairs of points.


Attention: perform interpolation between the pairs 12, 23, 34, 56, but not between 15,
26, 16, etc.!
Then, unite the points with equal heights through contours.
Figure 3.125. Contour plan derived from the height plan.

99

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