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the micronutrients/trace minerals: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn),
copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni)
'
Plant nutrition is a dicult subject to understand completely, partly because of the variation between dierent plants and even between dierent species or individuals of a given clone. An element present at a low
level may cause deciency symptoms, while the same element at a higher level may cause toxicity. Further, de1. in its absence the plant is unable to complete a norciency of one element may present as symptoms of toxicmal life cycle; or
ity from another element. An abundance of one nutrient
2. that the element is part of some essential plant con- may cause a deciency of another nutrient. For example, lower availability of a given nutrient such as SO4 2
stituent or metabolite.
can aect the uptake of another nutrient, such as NO3 .
As another example, K+ uptake can be inuenced by the
This is in accordance with Liebigs law of the miniamount of NH4 + available.[4]
mum.[1] There are 14 essential plant nutrients. Carbon
and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutri- The root, especially the root hair, is the most essential orents including water are typically obtained from the soil gan for the uptake of nutrients. The structure and archi(exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). tecture of the root can alter the rate of nutrient uptake.
Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from Nutrient ions are transported to the center of the root,
the stele in order for the nutrients to reach the conductthe growing media:[2]
ing tissues, xylem and phloem.[4] The Casparian strip, a
the primary macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phospho- cell wall outside the stele but within the root, prevents
passive ow of water and nutrients, helping to regulate
rus (P), potassium (K)
the uptake of nutrients and water.[4] Xylem moves wa the three secondary macronutrients: calcium (Ca), ter and inorganic molecules within the plant and phloem
sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg)
accounts for organic molecule transportation. Water po1
2 FUNCTIONS OF NUTRIENTS
Hydroponics, is a method for growing plants in a waternutrient solution without the use of nutrient-rich soil.
It allows researchers and home gardeners to grow their
plants in a controlled environment. The most common
solution, is the Hoagland solution, developed by D. R.
Hoagland in 1933, the solution consists of all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions necessary for most
plant growth.[4] An aerator is used to prevent an anoxic
event or hypoxia. Hypoxia can aect nutrient uptake of
a plant because without oxygen present, respiration becomes inhibited within the root cells. The Nutrient lm
technique is a variation of hydroponic technique. The
roots are not fully submerged, which allows for adequate
aeration of the roots, while a lm thin layer of nutrient rich water is pumped through the system to provide
nutrients and water to the plant.
2.2
Macronutrients (primary)
version of atmospheric nitrogen to a biologically useful both organic and inorganic forms, both of which are readform). Most plants therefore require nitrogen compounds ily translocated. All energy transfers in the cell are critito be present in the soil in which they grow.
cally dependent on phosphorus. As a component of ATP,
Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other phosphorus is needed for the conversion of light energy
nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Green plants obtain to chemical energy (ATP) during photosynthesis. Phostheir carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the phorus can also be used to modify the activity of variair by the process of photosynthesis. Each of these nutri- ous enzymes by phosphorylation, and can be used for cell
ents is used in a dierent place for a dierent essential signaling. Since ATP can be used for the biosynthesis
of many plant biomolecules, phosphorus is important for
function.[5]
plant growth and ower/seed formation. Phosphate esters make up DNA, RNA, and phospholipids. Most com2.1 Macronutrients (derived from air and mon in the form of polyprotic phosphoric acid (H3 PO4 )
in soil, but it is taken up most readily in the form of
water)
H2 PO4 . Phosphorus is limited in most soils because it
is
released very slowly from insoluble phosphates. Under
2.1.1 Carbon
most environmental conditions it is the limiting element
Carbon forms the backbone of many plants biomolecules, because of its small concentration in soil and high deincluding starches and cellulose. Carbon is xed through mand by plants and microorganisms. Plants can increase
[4]
photosynthesis from the carbon dioxide in the air and is a phosphorus uptake by a mutualism with mycorrhiza. A
Phosphorus deciency in plants is characterized by an inpart of the carbohydrates that store energy in the plant.
tense green coloration in leaves. If the plant is experiencing high phosphorus deciencies the leaves may become denatured and show signs of necrosis. Occasion2.1.2 Hydrogen
ally the leaves may appear purple from an accumulation
Hydrogen also is necessary for building sugars and build- of anthocyanin. Because phosphorus is a mobile nutrient,
ing the plant. It is obtained almost entirely from water. older leaves will show the rst signs of deciency.
Hydrogen ions are imperative for a proton gradient to On some soils, the phosphorus nutrition of some
help drive the electron transport chain in photosynthesis conifers, including the spruces, depends on the ability
and for respiration.[4]
of mycorrhizae to take up, and make soil phosphorus
2.1.3
Oxygen
available to the tree, hitherto unobtainable to the nonmycorrhizal root. Seedling white spruce, greenhousegrown in sand testing negative for phosphorus, were very
small and purple for many months until spontaneous mycorrhizal inoculation, the eect of which was manifested
by greening of foliage and the development of vigorous
shoot growth.
2 FUNCTIONS OF NUTRIENTS
root formation.[4]
2.2.2
Potassium
2.3
2.3
2.3.1
5
tems (Russell 1961).[7] Roots are usually aected before
above-ground parts (Chapman 1966).[18]
Calcium deciency appears to have 2 main eects on
plants: (1) stunting of the root system, and (2) a
fairly characteristic eect on the visual appearance of
leaves (Russell 1961).[7] Roots are usually aected before
above-ground parts (Chapman 1966).[18]
2.3.3 Magnesium
Main article: Magnesium in biological systems
The outstanding role of magnesium in plant nutrition is
as a constituent of the chlorophyll molecule. As a carrier,
it is also concerned in numerous enzyme reactions as an
eective activator, in which it is closely associated with
energy-supplying phosphorus compounds. Magnesium is
very mobile in plants, and, like potassium, when decient
is translocated from older to younger tissues, so that signs
of deciency appear rst on the oldest needles and then
spread progressively to younger and younger tissues and
is also a very important part of our body.
2.3.4 Silicon
Silicon is not considered an essential element for plant
growth and development.
Calcium in plants occurs chiey in the leaves, with lower tent they can be divided into three major groups:
concentrations in seeds, fruits, and roots. A main function is as a constituent of cell walls. When coupled with
Wetland graminae-wetland rice, horsetail (1015%)
certain acidic compounds of the jelly-like pectins of the
middle lamella, calcium forms an insoluble salt. It is also
Dryland graminae-sugar cane, most of the cereal
intimately involved in meristems, and is particularly imspecies and few dicotyledons species (13%)
portant in root development, with roles in cell division,
cell elongation, and the detoxication of hydrogen ions.
Most of dicotyledons especially legumes (<0.5%)
Other functions attributed to calcium are: the neutral The long distance transport of Si in plants is conned
ization of organic acids; inhibition of some potassiumto the xylem. Its distribution within the shoot organ
activated ions; and a role in nitrogen absorption. A nois therefore determined by transpiration rate in the
table feature of calcium-decient plants is a defective root
organs
system. Calcium deciency causes stunting of root sys-
2 FUNCTIONS OF NUTRIENTS
2.4.6
Sodium
2.4.1
Iron
2.4.2
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a cofactor to enzymes important in building amino acids. Involved in Nitrogen metabolism. Mo
is part of Nitrate reductase enzyme.
2.4.3
Boron
Boron is important for binding of pectins in the RGII region of the primary cell wall, secondary roles may be in
sugar transport, cell division, and synthesizing certain enzymes. Boron deciency causes necrosis in young leaves
and stunting. Boron is required for the uptake and utilization of calcium, membrane functioning, pollen germination, cell elongation, cell dierentiation and carbohydrate
metabolism.
2.5
Nutrient deciency
2. Stomatal function
2.4.11 Aluminium
3. Photosynthesis
4. Counteraction in long distance transport
5. Enzyme activation
Improves the crop quality e.g. improve the taste of
carrots by increasing sucrose
Zinc
2.4.8
Nickel
3 See also
Horticulture
4
Photosynthesis
Plant physiology
Phytochemistry
Soil pH
4
4.1
References
Notes
REFERENCES
[17] (2012).
New Light Shined on Photosynthesis.
http://www.newswise.com/articles/
new-light-shined-on-photosynthesis
University
of
Arizona
[18] Chapman, H.D. (Ed.) 1966. Diagnostic Criteria for
Plants and Soils. Univ. California, Oce of Agric. Publ.
794 p.
[3] http://aesl.ces.uga.edu/publications/plant/Nutrient.htm
Retrieved Jan. 2010
[20] Prakash, Dr. N. B. (2007). Evaluation of the calcium silicate as a source of silicon in aerobic and wet rice. University of Agricultural Science Bangalore. p. 1.
[4] Norman P. A. Huner; William Hopkins. 3 & 4. Introduction to Plant Physiology 4th Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-24766-2.
[5] Pages 68 and 69 Taiz and Zeiger Plant Physiology 3rd Edition 2002 ISBN 0-87893-823-0
[6] Black, C.A. 1957. Soil-plant relationships. New York,
Wiley and Sons. 332 p.
[7] Russell, E.W. 1961. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth,
9th ed. Longmans Green, London, U.K.. 688 p.
[8] Benzian, B. 1965. Experiments on nutrition problems
in forest nurseries. U.K. Forestry Commission, London,
U.K., Bull. 37. 251 p. (Vol. I) and 265 p. (Vol II).
[9] Swan, H.S.D. 1960b. The mineral nutrition of Canadian
pulpwood species. Phase II. Fertilizer pellet eld trials.
Progress Rep. 1. Pulp Pap. Res. Instit. Can., Montreal
QC, Woodlands Res. Index No. 115, Inst. Project IRW133, Res. Note No. 10. 6 p.
[11] Swan, H.S.D. 1971a. Relationships between nutrient supply, growth and nutrient concentrations in the foliage of
white and red spruce. Pulp Pap. Res. Inst. Can., Woodlands Pap. WR/34. 27 p.
[27] Baxter, I. 2015. Should we treat the ionome as a combination of individual elements, or should we be deriving novel combined traits? J. Exp. Bot. 66, 21272131.
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv040
[28] Bittsanszky, A. et al. 2015. Overcoming ammonium toxicity. Plant Sci. Int. J. Exp. Plant Biol. 231C, 184190.
doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.005
[13] Sato, Y.; Muto, K. 1951. (Factors aecting cold resistance of tree seedlings. II. On the eect of potassium
salts.) Hokkaido Univ., Coll. Agric., Coll. Exp. Forests,
Res. Bull. 15:8196.
4.2 Sources
[14] Lowenfels, Lewis, Je, Wayne (2011). Teaming with microbes. pp. 49, 110. ISBN 978-1-60469-113-9.
External links
Journal of Plant Nutrition
International Fertilizer Industry Association
Principles of Plant Nutrition
Soil and Plant Nutrients
10
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