The First Philippine Republic: The Malolos Republic

Short background:
Called the Malolos Republic because it was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on
January 23, 1899, the first Philippine Republic was led by General Emilio Aguinaldo
as president. The ceremony was held at the Barasoain Church. The Malolos
Constitution was drafted by the members of the congress. Although this republic
achieved much success, being called the first ever republic in Asia, it was
immediately dissolved after Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans on March of
1901.

Pros:

During the first republic, the draft for the first constitution of the country was
made.
A law was declared wherein the country was allowed to borrow 20 million
pesos from banks for government expenses
Schools were established one of which would be the Universidad Literatura de
Filipinas
The Philippine National Anthem was also composed during this era

Cons:

Because of the war with the US, the government was in a difficult situation
Only lasted for a few years due to the surrender of Aguinaldo

The Second Philippine Republic: Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic

Formally known as the Republic of the Philippines, this was established during
the Japanese occupation in October 14, 1943. President Manuel Quezon declared
the city of Manila an open-city and was under the rule of Mayor Jorge B. Vargas.
Philippine Executive Commission was established which is a caretaker government
and was in exchange of the Commonwealth government. Political parties were
banned and in exchange was the KALIBAPI which stands for Kapisanan sa
Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas led by Benigno Aquino. On October 15, 1943, Jose P.
Laurel was elected as president of the republic and Benigno Aquino as speaker. In
1945, the second Philippine Republic was dissolved.
Pros:

Cons:

Laurel defended Filipino rights and interests and turned down the draft of
Filipinos to military service
Establishment of the 1943 constitution which focused more on the duties and
obligations of the Filipinos which Laurel thought to be more important at that
time due to war

Abolished all political parties

Brutal and inhumane treatment towards Filipinos by Japanese invaders
48 provinces were controlled by the Japanese

Sources:

http://msc.edu.ph/centennial/republic.html
http://kahimyang.info/kauswagan/articles/895/today-in-philippine-historyjanuary-23-1899-the-malolos-republic-was-inaugurated-in-malolos-bulacan
http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7844234-malolos
http://www.philippine-history.org/malolos-congress.htm
http://countrystudies.us/philippines/21.htm
http://malacanang.gov.ph/5237-dr-jose-p-laurel-as-president-of-the-secondphilippine-republic/
http://www.watawat.net/the_second_republic_of_the_philippines.html