Introduction to Aerospace Engineering

Lecture slides

Challenge the future

15-12-2012

Intro to Aerospace Engineering

AE1101 Intro, Ballooning
Prof.dr.ir. Jacco Hoekstra
Delft
University of
Technology

Challenge the future

Set-up of course AE1101/AE1102

Intro to AE
AE1101 ab Intro Aeronautics
First Semester

AE1101 e Aerodynamics
AE1101 f

Flight Dynamics

Period I & II
Theme Exploration

AE1102 cd Intro Space

Exam AE1101
Oct

AE1102 f Orbital Mechanics

AE1102 g Materials & Structures
Exam AE1102
Jan

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 Books:
Introduction to Flight John D. Anderson, 6th edition, McGraw Hill
international edition, 6ht or 7th

Hand-outs:
Blackboard: http://studenten.tudelft.nl > blackboard > login > Enroll
AE1101
Sometimes printed at lectures

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Role of Aviation for society

(numbers for 2007)

2.5 billion passengers annually (average nr of km flown per

person is about 320 km per year globally)
50 million tonnes of freight
15 million jobs (excl. tourism 16 million jobs, etc.)
Turnover aviation 1 US$ trillion (=million million 1012; biljoen),
145% growth between 2007 and 2026 expected
35% of value of trade of manufactured goods was transported by
air
R&D spending in aerospace generates 170% benefit for GDP
Source: Aviation, The Real World Wide Web Oxford Economics

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Principles of flight?
Three ways to counter gravity do you any other?

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Principles of flight?
Three ways to counter gravity do you any other?
Floating by
being lighter

Push air downwards

Push something
else downwards

He /
Hot Air

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KongMing Lantern

Zhuge Liang (Kong Ming)

China: 200 300 AD
First hot air balloons
Used for military communications
and/or surveillance

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Principle of floating exploited with hot air

(although they thought it was a special gas)

After duck, rooster

and sheep

First manned
flight on Nov 21,
1783 by a young
physician, JeanFranois Piltre de
Rozier and an army
officer, Franois
Laurent d'Arlandes

21 Nov 1783
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Todays balloons: essentially the same

Pro:

Con:

- Very efficient lift

- Can go very high
- slow
- high drag (not so green?)

Rigid airship
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Ballooning/aerostatics
Which type provides more lift? Helium or hot air? Why?
How many helium-filled party balloons can you safely carry
before you become airborne? 50-100-1000-10,000?
What altitude can you reach with a balloon?
How does the balloon know whats up if there is an equilibrium of
forces inside and outside across the surface?

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Two laws (blackboard):

Gas law => equation of state
Archimedes law
Lift formulae balloons

1 party balloon = 0.0141 m3 according to spec supplier

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Ideal Gas Law

p V n R T
p Rair T

p RT

R = 8.3145 J/mol K
Mair = 28.97 g/mol
= 0.02897 kg/mol
Rair = 8.3145/0.02897
= 287.0 J/kg K

R = 287.0
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Aerostatics

(N.B. not in Anderson!)

With air there was equilibrium, hence force on body with volume Q:
Netto lift:

Typical V hot air balloon = 2500 m3

Hot air balloon:

Gas balloon:

MHe = 4.00 g/mol

MH2 = 2.02 g/mol

Mair = 28.97 g/mol

atm = 1.225 kg/m3

Tatm = 150C= 288.15 K

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Effects of atmospheric
conditions

Priest Adelir Antonio di Carli, April 2008

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 www.hollandshoogte.nl by Tim Zaman

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 www.hollandshoogte.nl by Tim Zaman

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Homework
Exercises in balloon hand-out problem 1-6

Anderson exercises (page 102-103):

2.1 (only density)

2.7
2.11 (Note: 1 slug/ft3 = 515.4 kg/m3)
Optional: 2.12, 2.13, 2.14

Read sections 3.1 3.4

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