7 3814 AX SG 000002 IS05 Structural Steel Specification

Document Identification Code
STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION

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STEEL & R.C. STRUCTURES
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Client: CDEEE - Corporacin Dominicana de Empresas Elctricas

Estatales
Plant: 2x360 MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
Location: Punta Catalina, Ban Repblica Dominicana

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OWNER DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION CODE

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FI FOR INFORMATION ONLY
FA FOR OWNERS REVIEW AND APPROVAL
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FC FOR CONSTRUCTION OR FOR PURCHASE

FR FOR RECORDS
05
05.Mar.2015
FINAL ISSUE - revised where marked
V.Manerba
A.Guarino
M.Martoglio
04
03.Feb.2015
FINAL ISSUE
V.Manerba
A.Guarino
M.Martoglio
03
10.Nov.2014
FINAL ISSUE (revised where marked )
V.Manerba
A.Guarino
M.Martoglio
02
23.Jul.2014
FINAL ISSUE (revised where marked )
V.Manerba
A.Guarino
M.Martoglio
01
14.Apr.2014
FOR COMMENTS
V. Manerba
A. Guarino
M. Martoglio
Issue
Date
Prepared
Checked
Approved
05
Reason for Issue Revision Description
This document is CDEEEs property, and cannot be used by others for any purpose, without prior written consent

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CONTENTS
1
SCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 4
CODES, STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................ 4

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
LOCAL REGULATIONS ............................................................................................................. 4

PROJECT SPECIFICATION AND DRAWINGS ................................................................................ 4
INTERNATIONAL CODES .......................................................................................................... 5
TECNIMONTS STANDARDS ..................................................................................................... 6
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................. 7
3.1
3.2
3.3
4
LANGUAGE ............................................................................................................................ 7
SITE CONDITIONS................................................................................................................... 7
SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS ................................................................ 7
DESIGN LOADS ................................................................................................................. 7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
5
DEAD LOADS (DL).................................................................................................................. 8

LIVE LOADS (LL) .................................................................................................................... 9
EQUIPMENT LOADS (EE, ET, EO) ......................................................................................... 10
THERMAL LOADS.................................................................................................................. 11
WIND LOAD (WL) ................................................................................................................. 12
EARTHQUAKE (EL)............................................................................................................... 12
TEST LOAD (TEL) ................................................................................................................ 12
FLUID LOAD (FL).................................................................................................................. 12
EARTH LOAD (HL) ................................................................................................................ 12
IMPACT LOAD (IL) ................................................................................................................ 12
LOADS FROM VIBRATION (VL) ............................................................................................... 13
CONSTRUCTION LOAD (CL) .................................................................................................. 13
LOADS DUE TO PULLING TUBE BUNDLES ................................................................................ 14
ELEVATORS......................................................................................................................... 14
FORKLIFT ............................................................................................................................ 14
PAVING, TRENCH COVERS, CULVERTS AND BRIDGE LOADS (VEHICLE LOADS) ........................... 14
PIPE RACK MINIMUM LOADS ................................................................................................. 15
LOADS COMBINATIONS ................................................................................................. 15
5.1
5.2
5.3
6
BASINS ............................................................................................................................... 16
COMBINING NOMINAL LOADS USING ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN ......................... 16
COMBINING FACTORED LOADS USING STRENGTH DESIGN ...................................... 17
SERVICEABILITY ............................................................................................................. 19
6.1
6.2
6.3
7
CRACK LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................ 19

ALLOWABLE DEFLECTIONS ................................................................................................... 20
ALLOWABLE DRIFT LIMITS .................................................................................................... 21
MATERIALS ...................................................................................................................... 21
7.1
CONCRETE .......................................................................................................................... 21

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7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
8
REINFORCING STEEL ............................................................................................................ 22

REINFORCEMENT COVER ...................................................................................................... 22
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT SPACING .............................................................. 22
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT .................................................................................................. 22
ANCHOR BOLTS ................................................................................................................... 23
JOINTS ................................................................................................................................ 23
GROUTING .......................................................................................................................... 23
METAL DECKING .................................................................................................................. 23
GRATING ............................................................................................................................. 24
STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS ................................................................ 24
FOUNDATION DESIGN .................................................................................................... 25
8.1
8.2
8.3
STABILITY ........................................................................................................................... 25
BUOYANCY .......................................................................................................................... 26
FOUNDATION SUPPORTING HEAVY VIBRATING EQUIPMENT ...................................................... 26

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SCOPE
This specification contains the general criteria and methods of calculation to be applied for the design
of CONCRETE and STEEL structures for the 2x360 MW Coal-Fired Power Plant, PUNTA CATALINA,
BANI, in DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
CODES, STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Design, materials, erection works and test shall be made in accordance with the latest edition of the
following Codes, Standards and Specifications.
In case of conflict amongst them, the most stringent requirement shall be applied and the following
order of precedence shall be considered:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
2.1
Local Regulations
Project Specification and drawings
International Codes
Tecnimont standards
Local regulations
R-001 Reglamento sismico
R-028 Reglamento acero
M-009 Especificaciones generals
2.2
Project specification and drawings

3814-YZ-SG-000001 Design basis and site conditions
3814-AX-SG-000003 Seismic load calculation procedure
3814-AX-SG-000004 Wind load calculation procedure
3814-AI-SG-000002 Project specification for anchor bolts
3814-AI-SG-000003 Project specification for embedded plates
3814-AA-DC-000002 STD details for Anchor Bolts
3814-AA-DC-000003 General note for RC Structures
3814-AI-SG-000001 General Specification for Steel Works
3814-AA-SG-000001 General specification for concrete works
3814-VW-SG-000001 Coating specification and systems
3814-AI-DU-000001 STD for steel work general notes & materials
3814-AI-DU-000002 STD for steel work, stair, grating and chequered plates
3814-AI-DU-000003 STD details for ladders

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3814-AI-DU-000004 STD for steel work details for stairs

2.3
International codes
The work shall comply with all Codes and Standards mentioned in this specification. The latest
revision of Codes and Standards shall be used.
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
ACI 224R-01 Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures;
ACI 301/301R Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings;
ACI 318/318R Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and Commentary with
supplements;
ACI 350/350R Code requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures &
commentary;
ACI 530/530R Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.
ACI 351.4R
Foundations for Dynamic Equipment
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures;
ASCE Anchorage Design for Petrochemical Facilities;
ASCE Guidelines for the Seismic Evaluation and Design of petrochemical facilities;
ASCE Wind Loads Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Industries.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
AISC 360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (LRFD Method);
AISC 341-05 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings;
AISC 358-05 Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for
Seismic Applications;
AISC 303-05 Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges;
05
American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM)

ASTM A36
Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A1064 Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement,
Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
ASTM A307
Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi Tensile Strength
ASTM A325
Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
ASTM A490
Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat-Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
ASTM A615
Deformed and Plain Billet Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A992
Standard Specification for structural steel shapes
ASTM F1554 Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55 and 105-ksi Yield Strength
ASTM C90
Specification for Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units
ASTM C270
Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
American Welding Society (AWS)
AWS D1.1/ D1.1M
Structural Welding Code Steel

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AWS D1.3/ D1.3M

AWS D14.1/D14.1M
Structural Welding Code Steel Sheet

Specification for Welding of Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other Material
Handling Equipment
Steel Deck Institute (SDI)

Design Manual for Composite Decks, Form Decks and Roof Decks No. 31
Steel Joist Institute (SJI)
Standard Specifications and Load Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders
Tecnimonts Standards
Reference Literature
S. Prakash & V.K.Pury - Foundations for machines: analysis and design. Wiley and son, 1988;
J.E. Bowles - Foundation analysis and design. Mc Graw-Hill 1996;
PIP STC01015 - Structural Design Criteria;
PIP REIE 686 - Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation and Installation Design
DIN: 4024 (Part - 1), 1988: Machine foundations Flexible structures that support machines with
rotating elements
2.4
Tecnimonts Standards
TM902.14
TM902.1
TM902.2
TM902.3
TM902.4
TM902.5
TM902.11
TM903.8
TM903.10
TM903.16
TM 905.4
TM914.3
TM 914.4
TM914.5
TM914.10
TM914.13
TM914.14
TM922.1
TM922.2
TM904.40
Loads on pipe rack

Rotary Machines Data required to foundation designer
Rotary machines
Vibrating machines
Reciprocating machines
Vibrations caused by machines
Bridge Cranes
Foundation on piles
Anchor Bolts
Sleepers
Grouting, leveling and anchoring
Checkered and buckle plates
Gratings
Detail of pedestrian grating bearing
Gangways and Gangways supports
Checkered or buckle Plates for manholes
Checkered or buckle Plates for light duct covering
Heavy-duty precast concrete covering slabs
Light-duty precast concrete covering slabs
R.c. basins Design criteria Details

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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
3.1
Language
All design documentation will be in English.
3.2
Site conditions
Design of foundations, steel and concrete structures shall be carried out on the base of the site general
data applicable to the project such as:
Basic wind speed;
Seismic zone;
Design thermal loads due to temperature variation;
Site data shall be in accordance with 3814-YZ-SG-000001 Design basis and site conditions.
3.3
Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Conditions
Design of foundations, structures, earthworks and other concrete works shall be carried out in
accordance with the prescriptions included in the final soil report related to:
Foundations level;
Allowable bearing capacity of soil related to settlements, dimensions and depth of foundations;
Piles vertical and horizontal bearing capacity;
Expected settlements (short term and long term);
Specific weight of soil (dry and wet);
Cohesion and friction angle ();
Elastic modulus E;
Dynamic modulus G;
Westergaard modulus;
Poisson coefficient;
Water table elevation (min. and max);
Permeability;
Soil chemical characteristics;
Shear velocities of each stratum.
DESIGN LOADS
In general, different design conditions have to be considered for the design of buildings and
structures:
- erection/construction;
- test condition;
- operating;

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The following loads shall be considered in the design of the plant:

- Dead Load (DL)
- Live Load (LL)
- Equipment Erection Load (EE)
- Equipment Test Load (ET)
- Equipment Operating Load (EO)
- Thermal Loads (ThL, TeL, TaL, FrL)
- Wind Load (WL)
- Earthquake Load (EL)
- Impact Load (IL)
- Vibration Load (VL)
- Fluid Load (FL)
- Earth Load (HL)
- Construction Load
- Loads due to pulling tube bundles
- Elevators
- Forklift
- Moving Loads (Vehicle Loads)
- Load Pipe Rack Minimum Loads
4.1
Dead loads (DL)

Dead load is the self weight of structures and the weight of all materials permanently fastened
thereto or supported thereby, such as pipes, insulations and walkways, weight of empty
equipments and vessels.
The following density of materials shall be considered as dead load:
- reinforced concrete: c = 25.0 kN/m3
- lean concrete:
lc = 23.0 kN/m3
- structural steel:
s = 78.5 kN/m3
- soil:
soil =18.5 kN/m3
Use the following uniformly distributed dead loads in addition to the self-weight of the structure:
Structural element
Steel platform framing and flooring

On process structure floors & roof
where applicable to cover weight of
small piping and other miscellaneous
permanent loads
Loading kN/m2
1.0
1.0

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On compressor building operating floors

to cover piping and miscellaneous loads
1.5
On floors in office buildings to
cover movable and future partitions
1.0
On roof members of offices,
laboratories, to cover lighting fixtures,
suspended ceiling, air conditioning ducting
and small piping loads
0.40
On roof members or elevated floors of control
and switchgear buildings in designated areas to
account for cable trays and cable dead loads
1.0
Pipe loads on racks: 40% of the loads indicated
in TM902.14
0.8
All pipes larger than 12" in diameter shall be considered as concentrated loads at their point
of support.
High pressure pipes and fitting of all sizes shall be adequately considered.
The dead load for all the secondary steel element, grating, handrail and etc. is estimated equal to
qsec,St = 0.75 kN/m2
4.2
Live loads (LL)

Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy and consists
of the following movable loads:
persons, portable machinery, tools and, for buildings furniture, business machines and
active materials
materials temporarily stored during maintenance such as exchanger parts, pipes and
fittings, valves
materials normally stored during operation such as tools, maintenance equipment,
catalysts and chemicals
passing or staying vehicles, trucks and operating machines
Live loads shall be uniformly distributed over the horizontal projection of the specified areas.
They shall be arranged in such a way as to produce the maximum actions both at the supports
and in the span.
They have the following minimum values: distributed live loads on floors:
Structural element
Loading kN/m2

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Offices
3.0
Control Room, change rooms,
compressor building and laboratory
5.0
Mechanical equipment areas
10.0
Substations, Electrical equipment battery rooms
10.0
Operating floors in process structures
5.0
Stairs (or moving concentrate load 4.5 kN)
5.0
Ladders moving concentrate load
2.5 kN
Roofs areas for maintenance only
0.75
Purlin on roof (local check)
1.0
Roof used as platform around apparatus
2.5
Cable trays in racks (each tray level)
1.0
Checkered Plate or Grating (All Locations)
5.0
Walkway, platforms (1200mm wide or less)
3.0
Warehouse and Storage areas: to be determined considering
the intended use of the area, but never less than
7.5
Handrails: 0.75 kN/m linear load or concentrate 1 kN in all directions
Pipe loads on racks: 60% of the loads indicated
in TM902.14
1.2
In areas of a lesser amount of piping
0.7
Roving non accumulating point load applied to mid-span of beams to account for
disproportionate concentration of hanging loads: based on rational analysis of hanging
loads, but not less than (2,000 lb) 9.07kN
All content of pipes larger than 12" in diameter shall be considered as concentrated loads at
their point of support.
For the STG top floor, for maintenance, shall be considered as minimum 28.73kN/m2
Uniform and concentrated loads do not occur simultaneously. Concentrated loads shall be placed
upon a space of 1' x 1' (300 mm x 300 mm).
4.3
Equipment Loads (EE, ET, EO)

Equipment erection (EE)
This load includes the weight of equipment. It is to be considered as a dead load.
Equipment test (ET)

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Equipment test load is the weight of the equipment plus the weight of water necessary to perform
the hydraulic test. In static calculation the weight of water shall be considered as a live load.
Equipment operation (EO)
This load includes the weight of equipment (including platforms and ladders attached to the
equipment), solids e/o liquids normally inside the equipment, connected pipes. In static calculation
this load shall be considered as a dead load.
4.4
Thermal loads
Thermal loads are those forces caused by temperature variations.
The following three different types of thermal loads shall be considered in design of structures and
foundations:
ThT = Loads due to the variation of ambient temperature. Loads caused by the variation of
ambient temperature. It shall be limited by adopting expansion joints at proper distance. A
minimum differential temperature T = 15C shall be considered; it shall not be combined
with other instantaneous loads such as wind, earthquake or impact.
Steel structures have to be designed with expansion joints at a maximum distance of 200 ft
(60m), in which case the thermal load need not be included in the structural design.
For Reinforced Concrete regular structures, the maximum spacing between expansion joints
shall be 165 ft (50m) if temperature differences and the influence of expansion shrinkage and
creep are not considered in the design.
The spacing can be increased if temperature differences and the influence of expansion
shrinkage and creep shall be accounted for in the design.
TeL = Loads caused by the thermal expansion of vessel & exchangers. This load shall be
combined with other instantaneous loads such as wind or earthquake.
TaL = Pipe anchor & guide forces. This load shall be combined with other instantaneous loads
such as wind or earthquake.
FrL = Friction load caused by thermal expansion (hot/cold lines sliding across the pipe rack or
supports). In order to take into account friction forces due to thermal expansion/contraction of
equipment, the following static friction coefficient f shall be used, in absence of any input
from equipment supplier.
-
stainless steel on teflon

0.10
steel on steel
0.30
steel on concrete
0.45
on pipe racks loaded with more than 4 pipes, a friction coefficient of 0.1 (applied to total
pipe weight) should be used in the design of support beams.

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Estimated pipe friction loads shall not be combined with wind or seismic loads on pipe racks and
their foundations. Only anchor and guide loads, excluding their friction component, shall be
considered with wind and seismic loads.
Pipe anchorage forces from stress analysis shall be dealt in the same way as friction forces in the
load combinations.
4.5
Wind load (WL)

Site conditions are described in document 3814-YZ-SG-000001 Design basis and site conditions.
For wind load calculation procedure refers to specification n. 3814-AX-SG-000004.
4.6
Earthquake (EL)
Site conditions are described in document 3814-YZ-SG-000001 Design basis and site conditions.
For Seismic load calculation procedure refers to specification n.3814-AX-SG-000003.
4.7
Test load (TEL)

Test load is the weight of water inside the equipments during their hydro-test.
During the test, wind has to be considered 25% of its nominal load.
For each test condition, only one equipment at a time need be considered full of water, unless
otherwise requested by other disciplines.
4.8
Fluid load (FL)

Fluid loads are those forces due to weight and pressure of fluids (1)
4.9
Earth load (HL)

Earth loads are those loads due to soil pressure against structure, retaining walls and
foundations.
4.10
Impact load (IL)

An impact load shall be defined as an equivalent static load that conservatively approximates the
dynamic effect of reciprocating machinery, rotating machinery, or a moving load. Impact and hoist
loads shall be considered to be live loads. Impact loads shall be per SEI/ASCE 7, and as shown
in paragraphs a) through d).
The crane live load shall be the rated capacity of the crane. Design loads for the runway beams,
including connections and support brackets, of moving bridge cranes and monorail cranes shall
Dead load of vessels plus fluid load is sometime named as operating load.

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include the maximum wheel loads of the crane and the vertical impact, lateral, and longitudinal
forces induced by the moving crane.
Note:
Impact factors shall be in accordance with SEI/ASCE 7 crane load, or vendor provided criteria.
a) Crane beams, support brackets and connections shall be designed for impact load. Impact
factors shall be as listed below or in vendor provided criteria, whichever is greater:
- To account for impact, the maximum vertical wheel load shall be increased as follows:
- Gantry and bridge crane supports 25%
- Monorail supports and under-hung cranes 25%
- Davits, jib cranes 25%
- Transverse impact shall be as follows:
- Craneway 20% of the lifted load, hoist and trolley. The lateral force shall be assumed to
act horizontally at the traction surface of the runway beam, in either direction
perpendicular to the beam, and shall be distributed with due regard to the lateral
stiffness of the runway beam and supporting structure.
- Davits 20% of the lifted loads
- Longitudinal impact load shall be as follows:
- Craneways 10% of the maximum wheel load applied at the top of the runway
- Monorails 10% of the lifted load, hoist and trolley
- Davits 10% of the lifted load
b) Lifting lugs or pad eyes and internal members (included both end connections) framing into the
joint where the lifting lug or pad eye is located shall be designed for 100% impact.
c) All other structural members transmitting lifting forces shall be designed for 15% impact.
Allowable stresses shall not be increased when combining impact with dead load.
4.11
Loads from vibration (VL)

These are the loads resulting from rotating & reciprocating equipment, vibration and resonance.
Apply these loads for the design of compressors and pumps foundations in accordance with TM
902.1 to 902.5.
4.12
Construction load (CL)

Construction loads are temporary forces due to the erection of structures or equipment.
In case of multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings, the phase of construction has to be carefully
analyzed and the relevant temporary loads on the supporting floors, like scaffolding and propping,
have to be accounted.
In certain cases, structural steel members and vertical bracing are temporarily removed to allow
for the installation of equipment. In this case, the actual structural steel configuration needs to be
checked for the construction condition.

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4.13
Loads due to pulling tube bundles

When the local truck machine is not available to extract bundles, on exchanger saddles the
bundle pulling force shall be assumed as 100% of bundle weight for bundles weighing less than
22 kN, 22kN for bundles with a weight between 22 and 44 kN., and 50% of bundle weight for
bundles weighing over 44 kN. The pulling force is assumed to be resisted by exchanger fixed
saddle pier.
Bundles over 100 kN require special analysis.
4.14
Elevators
All elevator loads shall be increased by 100% for impact and the structural supports shall be
designed within the limits of deflection prescribed by the elevators vendor.
4.15
Forklift
Where Forklift is to be foreseen it shall be accounted as a live load.
A concentrated load of 60 kN to be distributed on two squares with 20 cm side, 1.2m from each
other. This load shall also be amplified with the impact factor of 1.4. Concentrated loads do not
occur simultaneously with uniform live loads.
4.16
Paving, trench covers, culverts and bridge loads (Vehicle Loads)

Concrete paving and trench covers in roadways and paved areas subject to truck traffic shall be
designed for 150kN axle load (HS20-44 truck load); contact area of wheel on paving or cover shall
be 320mmx320 mm.
Concrete paving and trench covers in other areas with vehicular access shall be designed for a
minimum of 60kN wheel concentrated load (2). Wheel contact area on paving shall be
250mmx250mm.
Trench covers in unpaved areas with no vehicular access shall be designed for a uniform loading
of 5.6 kN/m2 (3).
Special load requirements for specific duties, including construction requirements shall be
considered separately.
In line pumps with motor drives not exceeding 55kW may be supported on concrete pedestals
directly on the pavement. The pump vendor shall supply a base flange for bolting to the pedestal.
Chemical bolts shall be maximized.
2
3
See TM 922.1
See TM 922.2

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4.17
Pipe Rack Minimum Loads

Loads on pipe racks shall be as per TM 902.14: Loads on pipe rack, unless other load
informations from stress/piping department are available.
LOADS COMBINATIONS
Allowable Stress Design method will be used for displacement checks, and foundation
geotechnical & stability checks. The load combinations will be according to the ASCE 7-05.
Strength Design Method will be used for the design of reinforced concrete structures reinforced
concrete foundations and steel structures. The load combinations will be according to the ACI
318-08 and AISC 360-05 (LRFD Method).
The loads shown in the following table shall be considered to determine the critical loading
condition for the design of the structural elements (columns, beams, slabs, bracings, anchor bolts,
foundations) and to check the stability of the structure.
When inclusion of fluid loads or live loads results in a less critical loading condition, these loads
shall be excluded. However safety of persons and structures shall be assured during all transient
phases of construction.
Erection
1. Dead loads of structure less: fireproofing (except when the fireproofing is installed at shop) and
piping.
2. Equipment load
3. Temporary loads and forces caused by erection
4. Wind load or Earthquake load whichever is greater
If construction is known to occur during hurricane season and a basic wind speed of 149mph
(240km/h) is used in determining Wp, then temporary wind bracing must be provided.
Test
1. Dead loads of structure plus fireproofing
2. Equipment load
3. Dead load of piping plus insulation
4. Live load from platforms and walkways
5. Wind load (50% of wind pressure)
Operation
2. Equipment load
3. Dead load of piping plus insulation
5. Thermal loads
6. Impact loads
7. Wind load or Earthquake Load (whichever is grater)
Maintenance

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2. Equipment load (EE)
4. Maintenance load
5. Wind load (1/3 of maximum wind load)
5.1
Basins
Basins shall be designed in accordance with requirement and prescriptions included in ACI 350-06.
The loads shown in the following table shall be considered to determine the critical loading condition for
the design of the structural elements (i.e. design of reinforcement, cracking check etc.) and to check the
stability of the structure. When inclusion of earth passive pressure results in a less critical loading
condition, this load shall be excluded.
Construction
Dead loads of structure
Earth load
Construction Loads
Earthquake load
Operation
Dead loads of structure
Equipment load
Live load from platforms and walkways
Thermal loads
Earth load
Earthquake Load
5.2
COMBINING NOMINAL LOADS USING ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
The loading combinations shown in the following table shall be considered to determine displacement
checks, and foundation geotechnical & stability checks of the pipe racks and the process structures:
Erection
DL+EE+ThL
DL+EEWLX
DL+EEWLZ
DL+EE 0.7(ELX0.3ELZ)
DL+EE 0.7(0.3ELXELZ)
0.9DL+0.9EEWLX
0.9DL+0.9EEWLZ
0.9DL+0.9EE 0.7(ELX0.3ELZ)
0.9DL+0.9EE 0.7(0.3ELXELZ)
Test

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DL+ET+0.5LL
DL+ET0.25WLX
DL+ET0.25WLZ
DL+ET0.75(0.5WLX+0.5LL)
DL+ET0.75(0.5WLZ+0.5LL)
0.9DL+0.9ET0.5WLX
0.9DL+0.9ET0.5WLZ
Operation
DL+EO+LL+ThL+TaS+FrL
DL+EO+TLSWLX
DL+EO+TLSWLZ
DL+EO+TLS 0.7(ELX0.3ELZ)
DL+EO+TLS0.7(0.3ELX ELZ)
DL+EO+TLS0.75WLX+0.75LL
DL+EO+TLS0.75WLZ+0.75LL
DL+EO+TLS0.75*0.7(ELX+0.3 ELZ)+0.75LL
DL+EO+TLS0.75*0.7(0.3ELXELZ)+0.75LL
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TLSWLX
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TLSWLZ
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TLS 0.7(ELX0.3 ELZ)
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TLS 0.7(0.3ELXELZ)
5.3
COMBINING FACTORED LOADS USING STRENGTH DESIGN
The loading combinations shown in the following table shall be considered to determine the critical
loading condition for the design of the structural elements:
Erection
1.4DL+1.4EE
1.2DL+1.2EE+1.2ThL
1.2DL+1.2EE1.6WLX
1.2DL+1.2EE1.6WLZ
1.2DL+1.2EE(ELX0.3ELZ)
1.2DL+1.2EE(0.3ELXELZ)
0.9DL+0.9EE1.6WLX
0.9DL+0.9EE1.6WLZ
0.9DL+0.9EE(ELX0.3ELZ)
0.9DL+0.9EE(0.3ELXELZ)
TEST
1.4DL+1.4ET
1.2DL+1.2ET+1.6(0.5LL)
1.2DL+1.2ET0.65WLX+0.5LL
05

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1.2DL+1.2ET0.65WLZ+0.5LL
0.9DL+0.9ET0.65WLX
0.9DL+0.9ET0.65WLZ
OPERATION
1.4DL+1.4EO
1.2DL+1.2EO+1.2ThL+1.2TaL+1.2FrL+1.6LL+1.6IL
1.2DL+1.2EO+1.2 TaL 1.6WLX+ f1LL
1.2DL+1.2EO+1.2TaL1.6WLZ+ f1LL
1.2DL+1.2EO+1.2TaL(ELX0.3ELZ)+f1LL
1.2DL+1.2EO+1.2TaL(0.3ELXELZ)+f1LL
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TaL1.6WLX
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TaL1.6WLZ
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TaL(ELX0.3ELZ)
0.9DL+0.9EO+0.9TaL(0.3ELXELZ)
Where:
WLX = wind load in 1st principal direction;
WLZ = wind load in 2nd principal direction;
ELX = Earthquake load in 1st principal direction;
ELZ = Earthquake load in 2nd principal direction.
f1 = 0.5 if L<100 psf (4.8 kN/m); If L>100 psf or areas occupied as places of public assembly then f 1 =
1.0
Use of a 1/3 stress increase for allowable stress load combinations involving wind loads should not be
used.
According to "PIP STC0101015" and to "ASCE Guidelines for seismic evaluation and design of
petrochemical facilities", since the dead loads of non-building structures are known to a higher degree
of accuracy than are the corresponding dead loads of buildings, the dead load factor used for the
seismic uplift in the loadings combinations for displacement checks and foundation checks will be taken
as 0.9 instead of 0.6.
The seismic load on the structure, E, is made up of two components: Eh, horizontal seismic effect,
calculated from the base shear and amplified by redundancy factor , and Ev, vertical seismic effect,
calculated from a percentage of the design spectral response acceleration parameter, SDS, time the
effective seismic weight of the structure.
Response effect due to vertical components of ground motion are not required to be calculated where
SDS is 0.125. Vice versa the vertical earthquake forces are to be considered explicitly in the design or
analysis of the structure:
E = Eh Ev = QE 0.2 SDS DL

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QE = Effect of the horizontal earthquake ground motions
SERVICEABILITY
6.1
Crack Limitations
Crack limitation to RCC structures shall be as per ACI 224R-01, Reasonable average crack
widths per Table 4.1 of ACI 224R-01:
Crack width
Exposure condition
Dry air or protective membrane
Humidity, moist air, soil
Deicing chemicals
Seawater and seawater spray, wetting and drying
Water-retaining structures
in
mm
0.016
0.012
0.007
0.006
0.004
0.41
0.30
0.18
0.15
0.10
The prescription of ACI 318 section 10.6.4 shall be carefully applied with service loads to limit the
crack width.
For water retaining structures, maximum tensile stress in reinforcement at service loads, due to
water pressure shall be limited to:
for normal environmental exposure:
for severe environmental exposure:
Where:
fs, max = tensile stress in reinforcement at service loads (Mpa) (not less than 120Mpa)
s = center-to-center spacing of deformed bars (mm)
db = nominal diameter of bar (mm)
= 1.25 if thickness of member > 400 mm
= 1.35 if thickness of member < 400 mm

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6.2
Allowable deflections
Design deflections of structural steel members (DL+LL) shall not exceed the following values:
For steel structures:
Purlins and roof girders
L/200
Floor beams without equipment
L/300
Floor beams supporting equipment
- Operating state
L/400
- Hydraulic test
L/250
Pipe rack beams
L/300
Girders and joists under masonry walls
L/500
Cantilevers
L/250
Grating: more stringent between resistance at 5 kPa, maximum vertical deflection L/200
but not more than 5mm.
Crane Supports
- Vertical deflection of support runway girders shall not exceed the following limits when loaded
with the maximum wheel load(s), without impact:
Monorails and Under-Running CMAA Class A, B, and C Cranes
L/450
Top-running CMAA Class A, B, and C Cranes
L/600
Top-running CMAA Class D Cranes
L/800
Under-running CMAA Class E and F Cranes
L/1000
- Vertical deflection of jib crane support beams shall not exceed L/225 (where L = the maximum
distance from the support column to load location along the length of the jib beam when loaded
with the maximum lifted plus hoist load(s), without impact.
- Lateral deflection of support runway girders for cranes with lateral moving trolleys shall not
exceed L/400 when loaded with a total crane lateral force not less than 20 percent of the sum
of the weights of the lifted load (without impact) and the crane trolley. The lateral force shall be
distributed to each runway girder with due regard for the lateral stiffness of the runway girders
and the structure supporting the runway girders.
- Building frame lateral deflection at runway beam level from unfactored crane loads or from the
unfactored 1-in-10-yr wind load:
H/100 (pendantoperated crane for CMAA class A, B, C & D)
H/240 (caboperated crane for CMAA class A, B & C)
Where L=theoretical span of beam (for cantilever its twice the projection of beam length)

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6.3
Allowable Drift Limits

Maximum horizontal displacements of steel frame structures, in accordance with ASCE7-05,
AISC-Steel Design Guide 3, 2nd edition / serviceability design considerations for steel buildings,
and process industry practice PIP STC01015, shall not exceed the following values:
Allowable drift limits for pipe racks shall not exceed H/150 (where H = pipe rack height) for
50 yr wind.
Allowable wind drift limits for process structures and personnel access platforms shall not
exceed H/200 (where H = structure height) for 50 yr wind.
Allowable wind drift limits for buildings shall not exceed H/400 for 10 yr wind.
Allowable drift limits for buildings with bridge cranes (pendantoperated crane for CMAA
class A, B, C & D) shall not exceed H/150, for crane lateral load OR 10 yr wind.
Allowable drift limits for buildings with bridge cranes (caboperated crane for CMAA class
A, B & C) shall not exceed H/240, for crane lateral load OR 10 yr wind.
Allowable seismic drift limits shall be in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7.

For concrete structures:
See ACI 318, chapter 9.
MATERIALS
7.1
Concrete
Material quality for reinforced concrete shall be in accordance with ACI 318/318R "Building Code ,
Concrete design for liquid-containing structures shall also be designed in accordance with ACI
350/350R Requirements for reinforced concrete". Reinforcement details not shown on standard
drawings shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ACI SP-66 "ACI Detailing
Manual".
Concrete shall have the Minimum Cylinder Strength listed below:
05
Mix A: Screed, lean concrete, duct banks

Mix B: Foundations, structures, chimney, paving,
pipe sleepers, pits slabs, walls, slabs on grade;
Mix C: Water retaining structures, exposed to wastewater
Mix D: Marine concrete and precast seawater structures
(As per letter CTPC-CDEEE-0294-14)
2500 psi (17.5 N/mm2)

5000 psi (35 N/mm2)
5000 psi (35 N/mm2)
5802 psi (40 N/mm2)

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7.2
Reinforcing steel
Deformed reinforcing steel bars shall conform to ASTM A615/A615M, Grade 60, with specified
yield strength fy=60000 psi (414 N/mm2).
Fusion-bonded epoxy coated steel reinforcement (FBECR), of the same steel material as above,
shall be used, below and above ground, for all structures in contact with sea water.
FBECR shall be conforming to ASTM A775/A775M or ASTM A934/A934M grade 60. Coating
thickness shall be between 180 and 300 m.
05
Welded wire fabric shall conform to ASTM A1064 for plain fabric and to ASTM A497 for deformed
fabric with specified yield strength fy=65000 psi (450 N/mm2).
Bar diameters shall be as per dwg. n. 3814-AA-DC-000003 General notes for RC structures.
7.3
Reinforcement cover
The minimum concrete cover shall be as per dwg. n. 3814-AA-DC-000003 General notes for RC
structures.
7.4
Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Spacing

Minimum distance between individual reinforcing bars shall be in accordance with ACI 318.
Maximum center to center spacing of individual reinforcing bars shall be as follows:
-
Not more than 6 in (150 mm) for main bars in beams.
Not more than 10 in (250 mm) for bars perpendicular to main bars in slabs, minimum shrinkage
and temperature reinforcing in slabs, and bars in walls.
Not more than 7 in (180 mm) for longitudinal bars in columns
Not more than 12 in (300 mm) for stirrups in beams.
Not more than 16 in (400 mm) for any other bars not mentioned above.
In walls and floors with a thickness of 10 in (250 mm) or more, reinforcing bars shall be placed on
both sides, over the full section.
In footings and foundations with a thickness of 10 in (250 mm) or more, reinforcing bars shall be
placed on both the top and bottom, over the full section.
7.5
Minimum Reinforcement
The minimum reinforcement for flexural members shall be in accordance with ACI 318 Chapter
10.5 but shall not be less than 0.0035 of the gross concrete area.

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7.6
Anchor Bolts
The design requirements for anchors in concrete used to transmit structural loads by means of
tension, shear, or a combination of tension and shear shall be in accordance with ACI 318-08
Appendix D and 3814-AI-SG-000001 General Specification for Steel Works.
05
Shear-keys shall be provided under columns which transfer important shear loads (such as braced
frames, shelters with bridge-crane and pipe rack braced bays). Shear-key consists of steel profile
welded under column base plate.
Shear can be transferred to foundation by friction for minor structures, such as walkways, shelters
without bridge-crane, pipe-racks, etc. In these cases the effective compressed area shall be
calculated based on actual vertical load and moment. If the effective shear load exceeds the
maximum shear transferred by friction, shear-key shall be foreseen.
7.7
Joints
Expansion joints, contraction joints, and construction joints shall be detailed in accordance with
ACI 301, ACI 302.1R, and ACI 504R. For detail see specification 3814-AASG-000001.
7.8
Grouting
Grouting shall be in accordance to 3814-AA-SG-000001 General specification for concrete
works.
7.9
Metal Decking
Metal deck shall be designed in accordance with Design Manual for Composite Decks, Form
Decks and Roof Decks No. 31.
When roof or floor metal decking is used as a diaphragm to carry lateral forces, both the metal
deck and the deck attachments to the structural frame shall be designed to transfer the lateral
forces in accordance with the requirements of SDI.
In areas where steel deck is used as form for concrete slab, and in order for the steel decking to
provide lateral bracing to the top flange of beams in a corrosive environments, shear connectors
shall be installed on the top flange at positions providing the desired unbraced length (say at
spacing = lc or lu). The connectors function is to engage the slab providing a positive lateral
brace point at the beam flange. Connector strength shall provide a shear strength equal to or
greater than 2% of the compression strength of the compression element being braced (the
beam).
In a corrosive environment, the decking can corrode away negating the assumption of bracing of
the compression flange by the decking. In areas where corrosion of the deck is not a concern,
deck can be tack welded to the beams.

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Light equipment and pipe supports with a concentrated load less than 10kN or a distributed load
under 2.5 kN/m2 may be supported directly on the deck.
7.10
Grating
Grating shall be in accordance to 3814-AI-SG-000001 General Specification for Steel Works
7.11
Structural steel members and connections

Steel structures shall be designed in agreement with Specification for Structural steel Buildings
ANSI/AISC 360-05, Seismic Provision for Structural Steel Buildings ANSI/AISC 341-05 and
AISC 358-10 Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for
Seismic Applications;
Seismic prevision for structural steel buildings shall govern the design, fabrication and erection of
structural steel members and connections in the seismic force resisting system (SFRS).
Materials shall be in accordance to 3814-AI-SG-000001 General Specification for Steel Works

Compression flanges of floor beams, not supporting equipment, may be considered braced by
decking (concrete or floor plate) if positively connected thereto.
Grating shall not be considered as lateral bracing for support beams;
All column base plates shall be designed with a minimum of four anchor bolts. Posts (which
weigh less than 300 lb [136 kg]) are distinguished from columns and are excluded from the four
anchor bolt requirement.
Slip-critical-type connections shall be used in connections subject to vibration or repeated stress

reversal. Slip-critical (friction-type) connections shall also be used for crane girders and crane girder
supports connections.
Connections, Joints and Fasteners:
Connections, joints and fasteners that are part of the seismic load resisting system (SLRS) shall
comply with the AISC Specification Chapter J, and with the additional requirements in this section.
Connections in the SLRS shall be configured such that a ductile limit state in either the connection
or in the connected member controls the design.
Requirements for bolted joints:
All bolts must be high strength
Bolted joints may be designed as bearing type connections, but must be constructed as slip
critical
o bolts must be pretensioned
o faying surfaces must satisfy Class A surface requirements

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Holes: standard size or short-slots perpendicular to load (exception: oversize holes are
permitted for diagonal brace connections, but the connection must be designed as slip-critical
and the oversize hole is permitted in one ply only)
Nominal bearing strength at bolt holes cannot exceed 2.4 d t Fu
Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force in a joint, or the same force component in
a connection.
FOUNDATION DESIGN
Soil bearing foundations shall be designed to conform to the final soil report and to the following
minimum safety factor requirements under the most critical loading conditions.
Stability checks shall be performed for non-piled structures.
Friction coefficient between soil and concrete foundation may be taken as tan(2/3*).
Over excavation below the specified level shall be filled with mass concrete.
Backfilling shall be as indicated in final soil investigation report.
8.1
Stability
The stability of the structure shall be checked for the non-factored load combinations.
A.
Stability against overturning, defined as the ratio of stabilizing moment to overturning

moment:
o
o
B.
C.
Square or rectangular footings, about the longer side:

F.S. = 1.5 for erection F.S. = 1.7 for operation and test
Octagonal or round footings, about side of octagon:
F.S. = 1.7 for erection F.S. = 1.9 for operation and test
The above safety factors provide for a minimum area of footing under compression of 50%
for erection and 67% for operation and test.
For chimneys, stacks and other similar construction area of footing compression shall be
80%.
The factor of safety against uplift shall be calculated as the minimum downward column
load plus weight of foundation divided by the total uplift force. Factor of safety against uplift
shall be not less than 1.5 for operating plus wind or earthquake and not less than 1.2 for
erection plus wind. The resistance to uplift due to cohesion or friction shall normally be
ignored.
Factor of safety against sliding for retaining walls and similar structures shall be 1.5
minimum.

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8.2
Buoyancy
The effect of buoyancy shall be considered only when ground water level is expected above the
bottom of the foundation or basin. If ground water level changes with season, maximum
compression (bearing stress) on soil shall be calculated with the water level at the lowest point;
tensions with the water table at the highest point.
Factor of safety against buoyancy shall be 1.2 for operation (without live loads) and 1.1 for
erection.
8.3
Foundation supporting heavy vibrating equipment

Reciprocating Machinery: Heavy machinery with reciprocating masses as the major moving parts.
This machinery should be supported directly on a rigid foundation at grade.
Rotary Machinery: heavy machinery with rotating masses as the major moving parts. This
machinery should be supported on a rigid foundation at grade or on an elevated structure.
It is considered as heavy vibrant machine any reciprocating or rotating (such as compressing,
pumps, turbines, etc.) equipment with a projected total area in plant greater than 2,5 m 2 or with a
gross weight greater than 25 kN.
It is considered as light vibrant machine any reciprocating or rotating (such as compressing,
pumps, turbines, etc.) equipment with a projected total area in plant less than 2,5 m 2 or with a
gross weight small than 25 kN.
Dynamic analysis is not required for foundations of limited power machineries [less than 150 kW
(200horsepower) for alternative machine and less than 370 Kw (500 horsepower) for rotating
machine].
For foundation with power less than above specified, or if are not indicated dynamic forces, the
design can be done according to static method (as shown in next points).
A.
General Recommendations for Design

1.
Foundation design shall be as follows:
a. Foundation shall consist of clean simple lines.
b. Pockets where vapours could accumulate shall not be permitted.
c. In the absence of a detailed dynamic analysis (i.e. for small machinery or limited
power only) the foundation weight shall be at least three times the weight of the
rotating machinery and five times the weight of the reciprocating machinery.
d. For both types of foundations, the height of support above grade shall be kept as
low as possible.
e. Beams and columns of tabletop foundations shall be of uniform rectangular shape,
except haunches beams are permitted.

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f.
g.
h.
The foundation shall be designed so that the centroid of mass of machine and
foundation systems coincides with the centroid of the base contact area. In any
case, horizontal eccentricity shall not exceed 5% of the corresponding base
dimension.
For both types of foundations, the thickness of the foundation slab shall not be
generally less than 0.6 + L/30 [m] where L is the longest horizontal dimension of the
foundation slab. Moreover the minimum depth of foundation below ground level
shall not be less than 500 mm and, for alternative machine, not less than thk / 2;
The allowable soil-bearing or allowable pile capacity for foundations for equipment
designed for dynamic loads shall be a maximum of half of the normal allowable for
static loads.
2.
Design of Drilled Shafts:

a.
Minimum vertical reinforcement shall be 0.50% of the pier gross area or as
required to resist axial loads and bending moments.
b.
The minimum clear spacing of vertical bars shall not be less than three times the
maximum coarse aggregate size nor less than three times the bar diameter.
c.
Reinforcing steel shall allow a minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) of concrete cover on
piers without casing and 4 inches (100 mm) of concrete cover on piers in which
the casing will be withdrawn.
3.
For tabletop construction, the sizing of structure and foundation shall usually conform to
the following:
a.
Beams and slabs shall have spans as short as possible.
b.
The minimum depth of beams shall be 1/4 of the clear span between faces of
columns (disregarding any haunches).
c.
The minimum width of beams shall be 1/5 of the clear span between faces of
columns (disregarding any haunches) or equal to the width of the smaller
column, whichever is less.
d.
Columns shall be dimensioned to carry at least 6 times the vertical load from
beams or slab.
e.
All columns shall have approximately the same ratios of direct load to
cross-sectional area.
f.
The combined centre of gravity of machine and structure shall coincide with the
centre of resistance of all columns. For this purpose, only that portion of the
structure that is above the foundation slab shall be considered.
g.
The weight of the foundation slab shall not be less than the combined weight of
the structure and machine. Only that portion of the structure that is above the
mid-height of columns shall be considered to contribute to the weight of the
structure.

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h.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The weight of the machine shall include the weights of Turbine, Gear Box, Motor,
sole plates and frame, and any other parts supported by the upper slab and
beams.
Cantilevered construction in the form of overhanging brackets or free-standing columns
shall be avoided where possible. If cantilevered elements must be used the length to
depth ratio shall be less than or equal to unit.
All parts of machine supports shall be independent from adjacent foundations and
buildings to prevent transmission of vibration. Concrete floor slabs adjacent to the
machine foundation shall be spaced a minimum of 25 mm from the foundation. The
space between the two structural elements shall be filled with a flexible joint filler and
sealer.
High strength, cement based non-shrinking grout shall be utilized for machines and
drivers. Epoxy, non-shrinking grout shall be utilized only when required by Vendors or by
contract.
The geometric layout of the structure shall be basically symmetrical with reference to the
vertical plane passing through the rotational axis of the machine.
Axes of columns and transverse frame beams shall lie in the same vertical plane
perpendicular to the rotational axis of the machine.
Foundations for low speed machines shall be low and wide to provide a foundation
machine system with a high natural frequency.
Groups of reciprocating machinery foundations can be tied together with a common
foundation slab whenever practical.
Pulsation bottles shall have their supports integrated with the compressor foundation.
All reinforcing shall be according to the American Concrete Institute Code, ACI 318,
unless as noted below, and as per OWNER requirements and/or local Codes, whichever
is more stringent.
a.
Minimum vertical reinforcement in columns shall be 0.5 percent of the gross
concrete area.
b.
Ties in columns shall be of 10mm dia. bars minimum. They shall be spaced at 16
longitudinal bar diameters, but not more than 300 mm apart.
c.
Minimum top and bottom reinforcement in beams shall be each 0.25 percent of
the gross concrete area.
d.
Side rebars in beams shall be for each side a minimum of 0.10 percent of gross
concrete area.
They shall not be spaced at more than 350 mm apart.
e.
At least one 10 mm dia. bar shall be used on each side of beams having a depth
of 300 mm or more.
f.
Stirrups in beams shall be of 8 mm dia. bars min. and they shall not be spaced
more than 300 mm.
g.
Open type stirrups shall not be used in beams.

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h.
i.
l.
m.
n.
13.
Minimum top and bottom steel in mats shall be each 0.125 percent of gross
concrete area each way.
Minimum skin reinforcement: 16mm bar diameter every 300mm (both direction).
Minimum internal/volume reinforcement: 16 mm bar diameter every 600mm (triaxial directions).
Minimum total reinforcement: 50kg/mc.
Adequate pocket reinforcement around anchor bolts of machine.
Rectangular Block Foundations:

a.
The required reinforcing steel necessary to resist the internal forces and
moments is relatively small in the majority of block foundations because of their
massive size. Therefore, the minimum quantity of steel will likely be controlled by
the amount of steel necessary to meet temperature and shrinkage requirements.
Although ACI 318 does not specifically address the required steel in a block
foundation, the requirement of 0.18% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete
may be used as guidance for the amount of temperature reinforcing steel in a
foundation using grade 60 reinforcing. In the event that a foundation size greater
than 1.20 meters (48 inches) thick is required for stability, rigidity, or damping,
the minimum reinforcing steel may be as suggested in ACI 207.2R, Effect of
Restraint, Volume Change, and Reinforcement on Cracking of Massive
Concrete, with a suggested minimum reinforcement of 22.2-millimeter (#7) bars
at 30 centimeters (12 inches) on center.
b.
Block foundations for reciprocating machines (compressors, and so forth) should
have a minimum of 50 percent of the block thickness embedded in the soil,
unless otherwise specified by the equipment user. Note: It is desirable to have at
least 50 percent of the total depth of the foundation embedded in the soil to
increase the lateral restraint and the damping ratios for all modes of vibration.

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Typical rectangular Block Foundations Detail (ref. PIP REIE 686)
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Typical anchor Bolt Detail for Rectangular Block Foundations (ref. PIP REIE 686)
B.
Static Condition
1.
For rotary machinery static design shall include loads due to the weight of the
machinery, auxiliary equipment, other applied loads and the following:
a.
50 percent of the dead weight of the machine and base plate considered as
vertical impact.
b.
Lateral forces representing 25% of the weight of each machine, including its
base plate, applied normal to its shaft at a point midway between the end
bearings.
c.
Longitudinal forces representing 25% of the weight of each machine, including its
base plate, applied along the shaft axis.

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d.
2.
C.
The total lateral and total longitudinal forces per Section b and c above, shall not
be considered to act concurrently.
For reciprocating machinery static design shall include all loads due to the weight of
the machinery, auxiliary equipment, piping and the following:
a.
Unbalanced forces, couples and moments obtained from the machine
manufacturer.
b.
Individual piston forces
Dynamic Condition
1.
Dynamic design for all type of foundations shall be as follows:
a.
b.
c.
2.
Generally, as far as practicable, the natural frequencies of any component part

as well as those of the whole supporting foundation or structure shall be clear of
the following existing frequencies of machinery, in order of importance, to avoid
resonance:
At operating speed range, clear by 30%.
In particular for reciprocating machinery, which generates vibrating forces at low
operating frequencies, the operating frequencies may lie close to the natural
frequencies of the foundations (ratios of natural frequencies to operating
frequencies in the range of 0.8 to 1.2). In this case, the magnitude of vibration
amplitudes becomes the controlling criterion.
Amplitude shall be determined through dynamic analysis by using exciting
dynamic forces from data supplied by manufacturer.
For rotating machinery in the absence of specific manufacturer's
recommendations, the dynamic forces shall be calculated as follows:
K = L Q 2.5
where:
Q = balance quality grade (6.3mm/sec)
= velocity (rad/sec) of the machine in operation
L = rotor weight
K = dynamic exciting force
The single amplitude of vibration of the foundation in any direction at any point in the
foundation mat or machine supporting block shall be such that it will fall below the zone
"troublesome to persons" for the specific exciting frequency, as given in figure 1. Where
second-order unbalanced forces are present, total amplitude to be considered at the
primary frequency shall be the sum of the primary and the secondary amplitudes.
Moreover it shall be demonstrated that the vibration amplitudes are lower than the
allowable ones given by the Machine Vendor.

FOR
3814-AX-SG-000002
Sheet
33/34
Issue
05

Estatales
In any case the following requirement shall be respected:

For reciprocating machine:
1) 0.05 mm (peak to peak) for machines with power < 150 CB (112 kW)
2) 0.10 mm (peak to peak) for machines with power > 150 CB (112 kW)
For Rotating machine:
The amplitude will be determined using the dynamic forces of each rotor given by
manufacturer or, if missing, calculated as follows:
Fd= 0,001 x rotor weight x (speed of rotor (r.p.m)/1000) 1.5
SI units
The total amplitude peak to peak of the structure supporting machine or foundation shall
be in any direction not higher than:
Rotor Speed (r.p.m)
< 999
1000-1149
1150-1299
1300-1499
> 1500
3.
D.
Total admissible amplitude (mm)

0,023
0,020
0,018
0,015
0,013
Foundations for equipment composed of machines having different speeds shall be

designed for all potential combinations of vibration frequencies.
Dynamic Elastic Modules

Dynamic Elastic Modulus of (E') of concrete, to be uses for dynamic analysis will be calculated
as per following formula:
E= 6500 xs (fc) ;
where both Eand fc are expressed in N/mm
Or as per following table (DIN 1045):

f'c
25
30
35
45
55
E' (N/mm2)
30.000
32.000
34.000
37.000
39.000
Note: values higher than f'c=35 N/mm2 will only be considered for prefabricated concrete.

FOR
3814-AX-SG-000002
Sheet
34/34
Issue

Estatales
Figure 1 General limits of displacement amplitude for a particular frequency of vibration (from Richart, 1962)
General limits of displacement amplitude for a particular frequency of vibration (from Richart, 1962).
05

7 3814 AX SG 000002 IS05 Structural Steel Specification

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7 3814 AX SG 000002 IS05 Structural Steel Specification

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION

Client: CDEEE - Corporacin Dominicana de Empresas Elctricas

STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION

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FC FOR CONSTRUCTION OR FOR PURCHASE

FINAL ISSUE - revised where marked

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION

Client: CDEEE - Corporacin Dominicana de Empresas Elctricas

CODES, STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................ 4

LOCAL REGULATIONS ............................................................................................................. 4

DEAD LOADS (DL).................................................................................................................. 8

CRACK LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................ 19

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION

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REINFORCING STEEL ............................................................................................................ 22

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CODES, STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Project specification and drawings

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American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM)

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Dead loads (DL)

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Live loads (LL)

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stainless steel on teflon

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