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Prehistoric Calculus: Discovering Pi

by Kalid Azad 111 comments
Pi is mysterious. Sure, you know its about 3.14159 because you read it in some book. But what if you had no textbooks,
no computers, and no calculus (egads!) just your brain and a piece of paper. Could you find pi?

Archimedes found pi to 99.9% accuracy 2000 years ago without decimal points or even the number zero! Even better,
he devised techniques that became the foundations of calculus. I wish I learned his discovery of pi in school it helps us
understand what makes calculus tick.

How do we find pi?

Pi is the circumference of a circle with diameter 1. How do we get that number?
Say pi = 3 and call it a day.
Draw a circle with a steady hand, wrap it with string, and measure with your finest ruler.
Use door #3
Whats behind door #3? Math!

How did Archimedes do it?

Archimedes didnt know the circumference of a circle. But he didnt fret, and started with what he did know: the perimeter
of a square. (He actually used hexagons, but squares are easier to work with and draw, so lets go with that, ok?).
We dont know a circles circumference, but for kicks lets draw it between two squares:
Neat its like a
racetrack with inner and
outer edges. Whatever
the circumference is,
itssomewhere between
the perimeters of the
squares: more than the
inside, less than the
outside.
And since squares are,
well, square, we find
their perimeters easily:
Outside square
(easy): side = 1,
therefore perimeter
=4
Inside square (not

so easy): The diagonal is 1 (top-to-bottom). Using the Pythagorean theorem , side2 + side2 = 1, therefore side =
sqrt(1/2) or side = .7. The perimeter is then .7 * 4 = 2.8.
We may not know where pi is, but that critter is scurrying between 2.8 and 4. Lets say its halfway between, or pi = 3.4.

Squares drool, octagons rule

We estimated pi = 3.4, but honestly wed be better off with the ruler and string. What makes our guess so bad?
Squares are clunky. They dont match the circle well, and the gaps make for a loose, error-filled calculation. But,
increasing the sides (using the mythical octagon, perhaps) might give us a tighter fit and a better guess ( image credit ):
Cool! As we yank up the
sides, we get closer to
the shape of a circle.
So, whats the perimeter
of an octagon? Im not
sure if I learned that
formula . While were at
it, we could use a 16side-a-gon and a 32-dodecker for better
guesses. What are their
perimeters again?
Crickey, those are tough
questions. Luckily, Archimedes used creative trigonometry to devise formulas for the perimeter of shape when you double
the number of sides:
Inside perimeter: One segment of the inside (such as the side of a square) is sin(x/2), where x is the angle spanning a
side. For example, one side of the inside square is sin(90/2) = sin(45) ~ .7. The full perimeter is then 4 * .7 = 2.8, as we
had before.
Outside perimeter: One segment of the outside is tan(x/2), where x is the angle spanning one side. So, one segment of
the outside perimeter is tan(45) = 1, for a total perimeter of 4.
Neat we have a simple formula! Adding more sides makes the angle smaller:
Squares have an inside perimeter of 4 * sin(90/2).
Octogons have eight 45-degree angles, for an inside perimeter of 8 * sin(45/2).
Try it out a square (sides=4) has 91% accuracy, and with an octagon (sides=8) we jump to 98%!

But theres a problem: Archimedes didnt have a calculator with a sin button! Instead, he used trig identities to rewrite
sin and tan in terms of their previous values:
New outside perimeter
[harmonic mean]

New inside perimeter

[geometric mean]
These formulas just use arithmetic no trig required. Since we started with known numbers like sqrt(2) and 1, we can
repeatedly apply this formula to increase the number of sides and get a better guess for pi.
By the way, those special means show up in strange places, dont they? I dont have a niceintuitive grasp of the trig
identities involved, so well save that battle for another day.

Cranking the formula

Starting with 4 sides (a square), we make our way to a better pi ( download the spreadsheet ):
Every round, we double
the sides (4, 8, 16, 32,
64) and shrink the range
where pi could be
hiding. Lets assume pi
is halfway between the
inside and outside
boundaries.
After 3 steps (32 sides)
we already have 99.9%
accuracy. After 7 steps
(512 sides) we have the
lauded five nines. And
after 17 steps, or half a
million sides, our guess
for pi reaches Excels
accuracy limit. Not a

bad technique, Archimedes!

Unfortunately, decimals hadnt been invented in 250 BC, let alone spreadsheets. So Archimedes had to slave away with
these formulas using fractions. He began with hexagons (6 sides) and continued 12, 24, 48, 96 until hed had enough
(ever try to take a square root using fractions alone?). His final estimate for pi, using a shape with 96 sides, was:
The midpoint puts pi at 3.14185, which is
over 99.9% accurate. Not too shabby!
If you enjoy fractions, the mysteriously
symmetrical 355/113 is an extremely
accurate (99.99999%) estimate of pi and was the best humanity had for nearly a millennium.
Some people use 22/7 for pi, but now you can chuckle Good grief, 22/7 is merely the upper bound found by Archimedes
2000 years ago! while adjusting your monocle. Theres evenbetter formulas out there too.

Wheres the Calculus?

Archimedes wasnt doing calculus but he laid the groundwork for its development: start with a crude model (square
mimicking a circle) and refine it.
Calculus revolves around these themes:
We dont know the answer, but weve got a guess. We had a guess for pi: somewhere between 2.8 and 4.
Calculus has many concepts such as Taylor Series to build a guess with varying degrees of accuracy.
Lets make our guess better. Archimedes discovered that adding sides made a better estimate. There are
numerical methods to refine a formula again and again. For example, computers can start with a rough guess for the
square root and make it better (faster than finding the closest answer from the outset).
You can run but not hide. We didnt know exactly where pi was, but trapped it between two boundaries. As we
tightened up the outside limits (pun intended), we knew pi was hiding somewhere inside. This is formally known as the
Squeeze Theorem .
Pi is an unreachable ideal. Finding pi is a process that never ends. When we see it really means You want
perfection? Thats nice everyone wants something. Just start cranking away and stop when pi is good enough..
Ill say it again: Good enough is good enough. A shape with 96 sides was accurate enough for anything Archimedes
needed to build.
The idea that close counts is weird shouldnt math be precise? Math is a model to describe the world . Our equations
dont need to be razor-sharp if the universe and our instruments are fuzzy.

Life Lessons

Even math can have life lessons hidden inside. Sometimes the best is the enemy of the good. Perfectionism (I need
the exact value of pi!) can impede finding good, usable results.
Whether making estimates or writing software, perhaps you can start with a rough version and improve it over
time, without fretting about the perfect model (it worked for Archimedes!). Most of the accuracy may come from the
initial stages, and future refinements may be a lot of work for little gain (the Pareto Principle in action).
Ironically, the crude techniques seen here led to calculus, which in turn led to better formulas for pi.

Math Lessons
Calculus often lacks an intuitive grounding we can count apples to test arithmetic, but its hard to think about abstract
equations that are repeatedly refined.
Archimedes discovery of pi is a vivid, concrete example for our toolbox. Just like geometry refines our intuition about lines
and angles, calculus defines the rules about equations that get better over time. Examples like this help use intuition as a
starting point, instead of learning new ideas in a vacuum.
Later, well discuss what it means for numbers to be close enough. Just remember that 96 sides was good enough for
Archimedes, and half a million sides is good enough for Excel. Weve all got our limits.

Other Posts In This Series

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

A Gentle Introduction To Learning Calculus

How To Understand Derivatives: The Product, Power & Chain Rules
How To Understand Derivatives: The Quotient Rule, Exponents, and Logarithms
An Intuitive Introduction To Limits
Why Do We Need Limits and Infinitesimals?
Learning Calculus: Overcoming Our Artificial Need for Precision
Prehistoric Calculus: Discovering Pi

A Calculus Analogy: Integrals as Multiplication

Calculus: Building Intuition for the Derivative
Understanding Calculus With A Bank Account Metaphor
A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999... = 1
Posted in Calculus , Math Join Over 250k Monthly Readers

Hi! I'm Kalid, author, programmer, and

ever-curious learner. I want to give you a
lasting, intuitive understanding of math.
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Questions & Contributions

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Have feedback? Just enter it above. I'm making a curated set of questions and insights for the article. Thanks!
111 comments
Matthew Bardoe says:

Great post. I really liked the formatting too, and the calculator at the end. Worthwhile talk about how you might estimate
pi in other ways, such as estimating the number co-prime numbers, or the Buffon Needle problem.
Just some ideas.
Again, great post.
Matt
12

Chad Groft says:

I like the article, and will definitely use the ideas in my classes, but first there is a minor problem to solve. You have the
inside perimeter as the geometric mean of the previous estimates, and the outside perimeter as the harmonic mean. The
problem is, the harmonic mean is always /smaller/ than the geometric mean. Maybe they just switch, but I dont see how
yet.
The page to which you link contains the same mistake. I have no idea where that guy got the trig identities he cites, but
Ill keep working on it.
13
Chad Groft says:
Update: Okay, I now see I was reading the formulae incorrectly (one refers to newIn rather than Inside), but the formulae
themselves are wrong as well (on your page; the page you link to gets them right). They should be
newOut = harmonicMean(Inside, Outside)
and
newIn = geometric(Inside, newOut)
which is what you use in the spreadsheet.
14
Zac says:
In my email to you about writing a guest article, I had one that this article just destroys. I talked (a lot) about Archimedes
discovery that 223/71
15
Zac says:
The comment form just ate my last comment; I have no idea why that is.
I continued on from there:
223/71
16
Zac says:
Okay, I figured it out. It misinterpreted what I typed as html.
In my email to you about writing a guest article, I had one that this article just destroys. I talked (a lot) about Archimedes
discovery that 223/71 is less than pi which is less than 22/7, though I focused more on the concept than the mathematics
behind it.

Although, your square root comment made me think: I have a better explanation for Newtons method than you had in
the Quake Square Root article, so maybe I should write about that
17
Kalid says:
@Matt: Thanks, glad you enjoyed it! Those are great suggestions, I think itd be great for a follow-up. I didnt want to
distract from the calculus roots too much in this post, but the needle approach is a fun way to look at probability.
@Chad: Sorry about the confusion there! Yes, I made a major flub and miswrote the equations (just corrected it), the
spreadsheet should have the correct ones.
@Zac: No worries I should probably install a live preview plugin so people will know when their comment is getting
eaten / mistaken for HTML. Sure, if you have ideas for the square root method feel free to write them down once the
contribution wiki is up Im sure itll be a nice addition :).
18
Brijesh Tripathi says:
hey nice one there for a quick look , although we know the value of pi after all those yrs of forced insertion of the value
into our heads, but this gives a better insight to the derivation in a way,
appreciate the effort!
19
Kalid says:
Thanks Brijesh! Yep, we know pi because weve seen it before, but its nice to see how we came to that result.
20
tekumse says:
Please explain this:
>Whatever the circumference is, its somewhere between the perimeters of the squares: more than the inside, less than
the outside.
Why is it obvious that the outside square and futhermore 512-sided-thingy has bigger perimeter?
21
Zac says:
Reading a little more into pi and the ways of calculuating it seem to always lead me to Taylor Series. It would be nice to
really understand whats going on there.

Pi is a fun number. For some reason, I decided to memorize it to 50 decimal places. The fact that its impossible to
calculate exactly just makes it even more fun to try and find more.
22

Miguel Martinez says:

Well,Im from Lima,Per.And I never going to understand the way americans do math.For us PIis=3.1416.And if Im not
wrong 22/7 is not a correct anwser.not even that 223/71.Also I found and america you guys solve math problems outside
down.My favorite subject is MATH,and II want tobe a math teacher.
I wish I dont make mad noone with my comments.
23
Anonymous says:
this guy says pi is 3.154700 http://www.dinbali.com
24
cheeese burger says:
Dude the chinese made a much better version than Archimedes sooner. They made ones with roughly 30-100 sides
according to my research.
25

Kalid says:

@tekumse: Thats an interesting question, sometimes its good to break down these assumptions. The formal name for
the inside shape is inscribed and the formal name for the outside shape is circumscribed.
The area of the inscribed shape is less than or equal to the area of the circle, since all points are inside the boundary.
The area of the circumscribed shape is greater than or equal to the area of the circle, since all points are outside the
boundary. Therefore, the area of the inscribed polygon is less than or equal to the area of the circumscribed shape.
For similar shapes, the greater area corresponds to a greater side length (see the Pythagorean theorem for more details).
Since we are using similar shapes (squares, octagons, 16-gons, etc.) the circumscribed shape will have a larger side
length (and perimeter) than the inscribed one. Hope this helps.
@Zac: Yep, the Taylor series will be fun. I want to think about it more to see if I can find some insights that link it to
everyday analogies :). And 50 digits of pi is pretty precise, enough to estimate the size of the universe to 1 atoms
precision, I think.
@Miguel: Thanks for the comment, glad you like math. I think most students know 22/7 (or 3.1416) is just an estimate for

pi, not an exact value.

@Anonymous: Dont believe everything you read!
@Cheeseburger: Thats interesting, Archimedes made this technique famous but others may have used it as well.
26
Ashwin Mudigonda says:
I have a question at the very first assumption in the two squares case:
How did you make the assumption (assuming precalculus and calculator days and all that) that
2.8
27
Kalid says:
Hi Ashwin, the comment form may have eaten your comment.
1/sqrt(2) comes from the Pythagorean theorem its actually sqrt(2)/2 (which is the same thing), and sqrt(2) can be
approximated using various algorithms: its more than 1, less than 2. Its more than 5/4 (5/4 squared = 25/16 which is less
than 2), and less than 6/4 (6/4 squared is 36/16 which is more than 2).
Not sure if that was the question but feel free to ask again, sorry about the form.
28
phyu says:
in your spreadsheet pi = 355/133 , u can knock this down to 22/7
29
Kalid says:
Hi phyu, 22/7 is an approximation for pi, but it isnt as accurate as 355/113. Check out the Cranking the Formula section
for more details.
30
Holy says:
@ phyu
355/113 actually simplifies to 22/~7.0028169014084507042253521126761
the higher up in the fractions you go the farther from 7 the bottom number becomes, which falls right in line with the
numeration given in Kalids chart.
Also @ Kalid very nice job in the compilation, always nice to see some interesting math facts!

31
anna says:
such a great article! i was really happy that you included that little bit of life lesson at the end there. i have a tattoo of pi
to remind myself that life doesnt always make perfect sense :]
32
Kalid says:
@Holy: Thanks for the comment and additional details!
@Anna: Glad you enjoyed it! Dont think Ive ever met anyone with a pi tattoo but thats pretty intriguing :). Yep, I think
math (or any subject) should enhance your outlook, not just teach facts.
33
Jo says:
Quite an enlightening article. The basics are all so clearly explained. Thank you very much.
34
Karl says:
Hi there. First of all, thanks for the article. I think Ive got a silly question., but its driving me nuts!
My intuition keeps telling me that the inside perimeter (sin(x/2) above) and outside perimeter (tan(x/2) above) should be
the same equation its the same shape, just bigger, so the formula should be the same with larger values for x.
Can you tell me what Im missing?
35
Kalid says:
Hi Karl, thats a great question! I had to think about it a bit.
Youre right, the two shapes (large and small square, large and small octagon) should have the same formula, scaled by
some amount. The tricky thing is to realize that x/2 (the angle) should be *the same* in both cases; the angles dont
change no matter what size square you have.
You want to start with a formula (call it f(x) ) and scale it by some amount, called C: f(x) and C * f(x).
Looking closer, this is whats happening: sin(x/2) is the basic formula, and tan(x/2) is really sin(x/2) / cos(x/2).
Since cosine is between 0-1, the division will actually be a multiplication or scaling. So tan(x/2) is always larger than
sin(x/2), giving us the scaling factor we need.
Again, great question sin(x/2) and tan(x/2) are really the same formula, but scaled by 1/cos(x/2). Phew :).

36
Kalid says:
@Jo: Thanks, glad it was helpful.
37
enki says:
Great articles Kalid, any similar insights or an intuitive approach you could share on eulers identity ? This explanation for
pi is the one we were actually thought in school, and we were thought about e through continuous growth. (as in the
article on e on this site). Both make perfect sense to me but Im still blown away by eulers identity ( e(i.pi)+1 = 0 ). What
is the meaning of this relation between e, i and pi .. is there anintuitive way to look at this you are aware of ?
38

Kalid says:

@enki: Whoops, sorry about the late response, think I missed this. There is an intuitive way to approach Eulers identity
that Id like to write about (the book Visual Complex Analysis has a take on it, which I highly recommend). Basically, you
can view it as a linkage between growth and rotation but Ill be writing about this topic in the future.
39
Geo says:
The minimum number of side to get 100% accuracy is 4070364
40

Kalid says:

@Geo: Yep, thats the point at which the calculator cant tell the difference :).
41
Jef says:
Great article. This is one of the reasons why I have heard the circle referred to as an infinigon.
42
Kalid says:
@Jeff: Hah, I like it!

43
balakrishnan says:
i have derived a formula for pi which approximates the value of pi.
pi = lim n*cos((180/n) 90)
n->infinity
higher the value of n, more accurate the value of pi.
i have derived it based on inscribing a polygon in circle. variable n represents number of sides of polygon.
44
rishi says:
I dont understand why pi is an irrational number. Cant you just measure the circumference accurately and then divide by
the diameter there you have a rational fraction. I cant see how a constant derived by real division can be an irrational
number.
45
Kalid says:
@rishi: Great question. The problem with drawing and measuring a circle is that theres no such thing as a perfect circle.
Anything you draw is just a collection of points (each drop of ink, or each molecule of ink!) and is therefore a very large
polygon, maybe with billions of sides.
We can measure the circumference of this polygon, but it wont be pi, just a very close guess. After all, we could have
added more sides and got a better guess.
One way to see the irrational, neverending decimal is to consider pi the result of an infinite process (adding more and
more sides to a polygon to approximate a circle), one we can approximate but never write out completely. Hope this
helps!
46
Eric says:
I like the write-up very much, but find the title a little misleading.
You give a good description of applying Archimedes method of calculating the numerical value of pi. In fact, this type of
successive approximation is useful for computing many other interesting values as well.
To many, however, the discovery of pi is the realization that the ratio of circumference to diameter is the same for ALL
circles. Without that, we wouldnt be talking about the circumference of a unit circle, nor would that value have a special
name (pi).

Adding an intuitive description of that discovery to your write-up would really make it shine.
47

Kalid says:

@Eric: Great question! I think another article would be warranted for that general idea of proving that all circles are
similar (proportional to each other).
There is an ancient proof here:

http://school.maths.uwa.edu.au/~schultz/3M3/L6Euclid.html
but yes, itd be a great topic. Thanks for the suggestion.
48

Sapan says:
The idea that the newOutside is the harmonic mean and the newInside is the geometric mean is not very intuitive. Why is
newOut being derived from the perimeter of the previous inside and previous outside, similarly with geometric mean?
49
Simon says:
Thanks for the great write up. Im returning to calculus after 20 years and your article is helping me finally internalize
something Ive never grasped before.
50

Kalid says:

@Simon: Awesome, glad it was helpful for you!

@Sapan: Yes, I struggle with that too I dont have an intuitive understanding of why it would be the geometric and
harmonic mean to figure out those ratios. Right now my understanding is at the level of the math works :).
51
Dedic says:
I actually came up with Archimedes method on my own but I started with a triangle and kept going with more polygons
(basically each side of the triangle got another triangle, and so on). Basic geometry got me from the perimeter of one
poly to the next. Using my PC i was able to calculate pi to a million decimal places rather quickly (i did a text-compare
with one i found online and it was right). I thought i may have stumbled on something new but later i found out it was not
so.

The only interesting thing was that it was recursive and used only basic geometry (right triangles).
52

Kalid says:

@Dedic: Thats a cool story theres always something to be said for the joy of discovery, even if you werent the first to
do so :).
53
Shankar says:
Hi Kalid, Wonderful post
Im actually a young guy and new to complex stuff but u make it look easy..
A question :
Is a straight line a part of a large circle ???
54
Kalid says:
@Shankar: Glad you liked it! Hrm, Im not sure what you mean i.e., is a circle made up of straight line segments? A
perfect circle seems never has two points on a perfect line (i.e. if you rotate the circle only one of the points will be
rightmost, you cant have both vertically above each other) but reality is quite different :).
55
Shankar says:
Hi Kalid.What i meant was that a road seems perfectly straight to us..however its just a part of a large circle called
earth
So if we keep on extending a straight line on both sides infinitely, will we get a large circle ????
56
Shankar says:
And one more thing
How can we be sure that pi is an irrational number.??.
Maybe after the 100 billionth number after the decimal point, it may repeat itself, thus making it a rational number.
57

Ali Adams says:

Dear Khalid,
Grate article and will look out for other article by you.
Regarding: PI ~= 335/113
On PI day (3.14) a french lady emailed me a gift that further to my Quran and Prime Numbers reseach, the 355 days in a
Hijri leap year divided by the chapters of The Message (113 chapters) is a very close approximation to PI.
PI ~= days in a year cycle (circumference) divide by the number of chapters of the message (stright path, diameter)
Here is a summary for all your readers about the prime numbers in the Quran.
Quran = Key + Message
114 chapters = 1 (Al-Fatiha) + 113 (Remaining chapters)
6236 verses = 7 of The Key + 6229 of The Message
The Key has 7 verses, 29 words, 139 letters) all are primes, with prime digit sums (7=7, 2+9=11, 1+3+9=13) and
amazingly concatnating them left-to-right (729139) and right-to-left (139297) also primes with primes digit sums
(7+2+9+1+3+9=31)
The rest can be found at http://www.heliwave.com pr http://www.primalogy.com .
Make sure not to miss the 355 days of chapter The
Merciful that map to the leap Hijri year 1433AH = 2012
I suspect the Hijir year becomes leap evey PI years a
PI in the Sky if you like
Ali Adams
God > infinity
58
G. W. Carlisle says:
Great article very informative and helpful, the only think I could see needing some furthre explainging this quote
faster than finding the closest answer from the outset
What is outset?
59
Kalid says:
@GW: Ah, I just meant rather than finding the closest answer immediately, from the very beginning.
60
Joe says:

Great article. I think one of my face-palming moments was when I realized that pi was the result of infinitely improving the
number. (This also helped me to understand transcendental numbers, since you need an infinite series of algebraic
formulas to reach it.)
What I think is particularly interesting is how something infinitely complex can make formulas so simple. Instead of
picking an approximation (since, a lot of the time, we dont know ahead of time what this should be), we use the pure
number pi to allow somebody else to approximate later. Not only that, but it makes the formula easier to read as well by
encapsulating the complexity in a single constant. Truly beautiful.
(Side note: working with image processing and other forms of computer graphics, I sometimes wish pi was initially
measured with the radius instead of the diameter. That way, we could use the constant itself instead of writing 2*pi
everywhere. The constant really only represents half of the shape of a circle.)
61
Matthew Heardy says:
I really enjoyed this article, and it makes complete sense why Archimedes used this method, although i would have never
thought of it on my own. I liked the style of the writing too, very easy to understand. The one thing is didnt understand
was the formula for perimeter of the inside and outside shapes. I dont understand why we use sin. Other than that great
article
62
Joe says:
Why was this never explained like this in high school?
63
Kalid says:
@Joe: Thanks for the comment! Yeah, one of the weird things about pi is that its never done i.e., when does a shape
with infinite sides become a circle? It raises all sorts of interesting philosophical questions too i.e., we use pi for
calculations but will never encounter a perfect circle in the real world. But the beauty, as you say, is that we encapsulate
this whole concept into a symbol which is use the best approximation of the perfect circle that you can...
I agree on the pi vs. 2*pi thing have you seen http://tauday.com/?
@Matthew: Thanks! Great question on the formula theres an explanation on why sine is used here:

http://personal.bgsu.edu/~carother/pi/Pi3b.html

but Id like to cover it in more depth myself. Thanks again for the note!
64

eczeno says:
this is a wonderful article. thank you.
there is only one place where i disagree. I would say that pi can hide but not run instead of the other way around.
cheers
65
Kalid says:
@eczeno: Thanks! Yep, to each their favorite phrasing :).
66
David says:
Wow!great information on pi this has really widen my view abt maths.maths is becoming interesting to me.thanks 4
making it interesting.ill love 2b a mathematician.
67

mel says:

funny, i just only understood the point of taylor series while reading your article on intro to calculus. and its right on this
page! thanks for giving me a wonderful Aha! moment. love your site.
if you ever watched the movie 3 idiots, you remind me
of one character, Rancho. I hope that turned out as a
compliment. more success on this and other ideas of
yours!
68
Kalid says:
@mel: Thanks for the kind words! Really happy the site is helping with those ahas. I havent seen the movie but have
heard much about it!
69
Chao says:
Sides = 4037146 is the first here to show up as 100% Accuracy
Just so you dont keep trying
LIKE I DID.
70

Danylla Alencar says:

eu amo estudar sobre o numero pi!!!!!!!!!!!!1

71
brooke says:
Is there another article after this? Im probably not looking properly, but I want to read on!!
72
kalid says:
@brooke: Check out the Calculus category for more on this theme!

http://betterexplained.com/articles/category/math/calculus/
I need to add related posts after each one, thanks for helping me realize :).
73
Soulreader says:
I appologize at start if my english is not perfect it is not my native language, so I express myself on english not as I
want, but as I can. I will try to express my opinion on the best possible way. It is a true that our science becomes
materialistic and I studied electrical engineering on that way, never thinking about spiritual way of what I learned untill
one day, when I figured out something about the numbers and I find the open book in front of myself that never ends.
Squering the circle means to know how to generate number pi, how to generate its next digit, and not only that. Squering
the circle means also to be able to measure how long some curve line is. To measure curve line it means you have to
compare it with some streight line, but it is hard to fit them, isnt it?
So, squering the circle is the same as comparing curve line and streight line and finding their corelation as comparing
soul and body and find the corelation as comparing man and woman and find the corelationas comparering good and
evel and find the corelation.
Please watch the numbers 012345678910 but only as a forms.curve- 0, streight line 1, combination 2, only curves
3, only streight lines 4, combination 5, combination 6, streight lines 7, curves 8, combination 9, streight line -1,
curve 0.Some of them are extremes (only curve or only streight lines) some of them are balance (combination). Each
number has its own pair 01, 25, 34, 69, 78, 10 complicated as much as it is, but on some way opposite.
Now place them in the number pias you go more and more discovering number pi as a multiform you actualy know
more about each its digit, about extremes and about balance.
As long you go from digit to digit of the number pi you will find out at start was circle, at the end is circle conection
between these two is long, narrow and unsecure path very few people are following on the right way these days, holding
faith in their souls as a small light of the candel.

74
frank kerry says:
the equation above is wrong dipshit, the inner squares side doesnt equal .7, it equals the square root of .5 . pythagoras
states in the above equation that a+b^2=c^2 .5^2 + .5^2=c^2 .5=c^2 c= (.5) not .7 as stated above. just
thought id let you know
75
Valentin Radu says:
@Kalid, great blog, great insights, makes you think beyond the figures, thank you!
76
Geof Alford says:
Dear Kalid,
I am now in my 60s, but majored in Mathematics and the History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University
(Australia) some 30 years ago. The latter major a fascinating study focused on the development of several different
sciences, including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, etc. from times BC to the 20th century.
Motivations underlying early mathematical development in different areas BC (Eastern Europe/Middle East, India, China)
included fascination in number theory and algebra, astronomy (understanding the movements of the planets or
heavens), religion or belief in divinities (predicting or setting auspicious dates for appeasing the gods or for festivities),
agriculture (predicting the seasons), and taxation (calculating approximate land areas under plot, based on shapes and
dimensions).
It therefore should come as no surprise that I appreciated your paper on estimating a best value for PI (Discovering PI,
2008). However, to avoid confusion and unhelpful feedback, it may be worthwhile clarifying the dimensions of the inner
square, especially for busy teachers and students.
The inner square has a diameter or hypotenuse of 1, as is obvious from the diagram of the inner square within the circle
and within the outer square. Based on elementary geometry for right-angle triangles in a square, we can calculate a^2 +
a^2 =1, where a is the length of a side of the inner square.
Simplifying and transposing, we get:
x) 2a^2=1,
y)a^2 =1/2 =0.5, whence
z)a=1/SQRT(2) or a=SQRT(0.5)
It may be stating the obvious to record these arithmetic identities, but even chess Grand Masters can make blunders, let
alone hasty readers!

PS: My 3 sons have all been strong in Mathematics, and my youngest (now aged 16) is excelling in the subject and is
currently doing early-entry University study. He combines Mathematical study with Musical study (playing piano and
percussion, and conducting his school orchestra).
77
kalid says:
Hi Geoff, thanks for the note! Completely agree, that computation is not obvious, Ive clarified the post. Appreciate the
feedback!
78
Ali says:
Hi!
Great site! You have really put a lot of effort into it and I am loving it!
Quick question: I understand how you arrive at 1/sqrt(2) for inner square and 1 for outer square(by diamater=1) and I
know that sin(45) = 1/sqrt(2) and tan(45) = 1 but how do you take the leap where for any inside shape one can claim side
= sin(x/2) and for outside shape side = tan(x/2)?
Thanks!
79
ali says:
Sorry for jumping the gun My question got answered following the link you have already referred here:

http://personal.bgsu.edu/~carother/pi/Pi3b.html#geometry
Thanks again!
80

kalid says:
Hi Ali, no problem! Glad you enjoyed the article. I might like to do a follow-up to really understand how those formulas
came about.
81

Miochael Anguelo says:

I like to find out why we use Pi 180 and sometimes we have to use 3.1416 as Pi.
I enjoyed your article.

Thanks
Manguelo
82

Michael Anguelo says:

I think that a mistake was taking spelling my name (Michael Anguelo) and Email(anguelomike@gmail.com). Can you
correct
83

Miochael Anguelo says:

My name was misspelled (Michael Anguelo) and my Email (anguelomike@gmail.com, please correct it so y may log in
84
Giuseppe Stagno says:
I am the author that prove the circle is a binary polygon with 2^55 sides.
You have done great work and I am letting you know to inquire wikipedia.org
User: Stagno sand box and You will have more information on the subject.
Thanks
Giuseppe
85

Mark Cohen says:

I thought pi was the area of a circle with a RADIUS of one rather than diameter as you have written. Have I been wrong or
is it just a typo? Thank You
86
Giuseppe Stagno says:
I the author of Giuseppe Stagno theorem state (dx)^2+(dy)^2=1^2;
dx=[(1+x)/2]^(1/2) and dy=[(1-x)/2]^(1/2).
Thank you
Giuseppe
My email gstagno31@gmail.com
87

pi says:
no noooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
88
Giuseppe Stagno says:
I started with the method of exhaustion and the computer calculator could not handle it;
Therefore, I used the new half angle formula to complete the pi=2^54*sin(90/2^54)*2.
To know better look at Bryson of Heraclea(ca. 450 BCE ca. 390 BCE)
Pi is a constant.
Thank you,
Giuseppe
89
Giuseppe Stagno says:
I Giuseppe Stagno the author of pi.
Thank you,
Giuseppe
90
Mike says:
I love your explanations.
91
Harish Dobhal says:
Lovely! just lovely!
Most of us knew this already Archimedes used this polygon method to find this incredible ratio, pi, but your article puts
us in a VR box and we can see it happening right in front of our eyes!
Just lovely!
92
Giuseppe Stagno says:
I started with the method of exhaustion and the computer calculator could not handle it
The formula of pi=2^53*(2-I53)^(1/2)*2= 2^54*sin(90/2^54)*2.
To understand better send an email and I email my work.

Thank you,
Giuseppe
93
roger ivan vargas says:
reading your explanations is happiness to my mind.
94
Giuseppe Stagno says:
I the author of the circle theory ask anything.
Thank you,
Giuseppe Stagno
95
David Heintz says:
I just discovered your site through a google search. I read several things about PI around PI day but could hardly figure
what question to ask next. All fascinating. I wanted to be an architect, assumed I needed some advanced math. I was
good through trig and differential equations (though I cant remember what they are or why important). My high school
offer an evening workshop in calculus. I got lost on lesson one. Did not go to architecture school. This was way better. I
ended up as a multi-disciplinary artist (loved diagramming the center of gravity / radius / curve / center for a rocking chair
design) and teacher. So I really appreciate things better explained. Thanks. A lot.
96
kalid says:
@Roger: Thank you!
@David: Really glad it helped.
97
Giuseppe Stagno says:
Giuseppe say:
@Mike: Thank you!
@Harish: Thank you!
If you send an email I email my work to know better; free of charge.
Thank you,

Giuseppe
98
Giuseppe Stagno says:
Giuseppe say:
I have a polygon with 10000 sides and the length of each side=0.015 cm.
find the radius and the apothem of the polygon.
Thank you,
99
Giuseppe Stagno says:
This the way I have solved the polygon with 10000 sides.
Each side=0.015 cm S=0.015 cm
360/10000=0.036 degree
cos(0.036)=0.9999998
s=(2-2*cos(0.036))^(1/2)=0.00062831852038 for the radius=1cm.
Therefore, S/s=radius=23.873241cm=r
dx=apothem=(r^2-(S/2)^2)^(1/2)=23.87324077cm.
Thank you,
Giuseppe
100
haakondahl says:
In comment #34, rishi says:

I dont understand why pi is an irrational number. Cant you just measure the circumference accurately and then divide by the
diameter there you have a rational fraction. I cant see how a constant derived by real division can be an irrational number.
Your process is valid, but it cannot be carried out.
Imagine doing the measurement you describe in your comment. You may use a very precise ruler and a very large
cylinder. As you say, we measure the circumference accurately and then divide by the diameter. In order to do this, we
must use the same ruler (or the two rulers must be marked in exactly the same units. So, in order to measure the
circumference accurately, let us first measure the diameter. We can skip some of the math if we find a cylinder with a
diameter of exactly 1 meter.
So using this ruler now to accuratey measure the circumference, we find that we cannot. Where the ruler wraps around,
you can zoom in at the measurement somewhere in the neighborhood of 3.14~, and the point you seek is not quite on

any of the lines you can see it is between 3.141 and 3.142.
So you zoom in further and (through the miracle of science!) more lines appear on your high-tech ruler. Now you can see
that the point you need to measure is between 3.1415 and 3.1416. Zoom in, and it is between 3.14159 and 3.14160.
Eventually you get to a place where it seems to line up at a zero. You zoom in just to make sure, but it is a little off. You
zoom in quite far, and see that it is slightly to one side of a line, and so on.
You will never get any measurement line on your ruler to line up exactly with the right point on the cylinder. You can get
arbitrarily close, but not exact. So your process is valid, but not possible to carry out.
This is how a physical thing can be irrational. We cannot get the ratio of the two things in the same terms we cannot
measure one in terms of the other. The other side of this problem would be to use a ruler marked off in units of the
circumference, and see how long the diameter is on that ruler same problem. This is HOW it is irrational. As for WHY it
is irrational, thats a different question.
101
Giuseppe Stagno says:
Hi Haakondahl,
Your comment is good.
Why is it irrational?
We have to go back to the origin of math.
The first process is plus or minus and that operation is perfect.
The second process is multiply and divide the operation is near perfect, therefore:
Is irrational.
Thanks,
Giuseppe Stagno
102

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In This Series
103 A Gentle Introduction To Learning Calculus
104 How To Understand Derivatives: The Product, Power & Chain Rules
105 How To Understand Derivatives: The Quotient Rule, Exponents, and Logarithms
106 An Intuitive Introduction To Limits
107 Why Do We Need Limits and Infinitesimals?
108 Learning Calculus: Overcoming Our Artificial Need for Precision
109 Prehistoric Calculus: Discovering Pi
110 A Calculus Analogy: Integrals as Multiplication
111 Calculus: Building Intuition for the Derivative
112 Understanding Calculus With A Bank Account Metaphor
113 A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999... = 1

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