Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Lpez, C. y Martin Peris, E. (2013). Conectores y marcadores (pp. 77-97). En Textos y
aprendizaje
de
lenguas.
Madrid:
Sgel.
Disponible
en:
http://ele.sgel.es/ficheros/material_didactico/downloads/Textos_y_Aprendizaje
%20CapituloV_521.pdf
La manera de funcionar que tienen los marcadores del discurso es contribuir a la
interpretacin del texto en que se encuentran. Son expresiones procedentes de categoras
muy diversas (algunas conjunciones como y, o, pero; adverbios, interjecciones, sintagmas,
etc.) que han perdido su significado conceptual para adquirir un valor de procesamiento de
la informacin. 79
os conectores y marcadores del discurso, como consecuencia de este proceso de
gramaticalizacin, proceden de unidades lingsticas de distinta naturaleza, fruto de un
proceso de evolucin muy avanzado de la lengua. Han dejado de funcionar como
esperaramos de acuerdo con su forma: ven modificado su significado literal, con
frecuencia composicional suma del significado separado de sus componentes, y toman
un significado unitario, ms general y abstracto, de carcter procedimental. 79
Podemos establecer, pues, un continuo en los elementos que pueden desempear la funcin
de conector textual: desde elementos sin autonoma sintctica, escaso valor semntico y
poco peso fontico (son palabras tonas), las preposiciones y conjunciones (como y o pero
a inicio de oracin), a elementos con mayor valor lxico y mayor autonoma sintctica
(Concluyendo). 83
Se entiende por conexin la relacin semntico-pragmtica que se establece entre dos
miembros de un discurso (palabras, frases, prrafos, enunciados, pero tambin elementos
implcitos como las conclusiones de un argumento,...), asegurando de este modo su
cohesin. Especifica la relacin semntica o pragmtica que media entre una proposicin y
la precedente o las precedentes (explicitadas o no en el texto, lingsticas o no). 84
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Portols, J. (1993). La distincin entre los conectores y otros marcadores del discurso en
espaol.
Verba,
20,
141-170.
Disponible
en:
https://dspace.usc.es/bitstream/10347/3204/1/pg_146-175_verba20.pdf
El conector es una unidad que vincula un enunciado con otro elemento anterior, ya sea
realmente proferido o simplemente accesible en el contexto. La significacin del conector
proporciona una serie de instrucciones que guan las inferencias que se han de obtener de
los dos miembros relacionados. De este modo, se llega con mayor facilidad a contextos
particulares que no seran evidentes, se refuerzan unas inferencias o se eliminan otras que
equivocadamente pudieran suponerse. 144
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Taboada, M. (2006). Discourse markers as signals (or not) of rhetorical relations. Journal of
pragmatics,
38,
567-562.
Disponible
en:
http://www.sfu.ca/~mtaboada/docs/Taboada_J_of_Pragmatics.pdf
They are paratactic or hypotactic relations that hold across two or more text spans. When
building a text (just as when building a sentence), speakers choose among a set of
alternatives that relate portions of the text (or sentence). The two parts of the text that have
been thus linked can then enter, as a unit, into another relation, making the process
recursive throughout the text.1 Rhetorical relations have been proposed as an explanation
for the construction of coherence in discourse. 568
Semantically, verb meaning can point to certain relations: cause, trigger, provoke, or effect
can all indicate a causal relation. Pragmatically, phenomena such as implicature establish
relations between propositions that are not explicitly present in the text, but are constructed
in the minds of the speakers. 568
Rhetorical Structure Theory is an approach to textual coherence and organization. RST
addresses text organization by means of relations that hold between parts of a text. It
explains coherence by postulating a hierarchical, connected textual structure in which every
part of a text has a role to play, a function to fulfil, with respect to the other parts of the text.
The notion of text coherence through text relations is widely accepted; the relations have
also been called coherence relations, discourse relations, or conjunctive relations in the
literatura 570
The diagram is equivalent to a set of judgments that the analyst has made, all of which can
be explicitly identified, using the relations and their definitions. Every relation is defined in
terms of intentions that lead authors to use that particular relation. Thus, an RST diagram
provides a view of some of the authors purposes or intentions for including each part. 571
Spans of texts can be related recursively by using relations. Relations are defined in terms
of four fields: 1. Constraints on the nucleus; 2. Constraints on the satellite; 3. Constraints
on the combination of nucleus and satellite; 4. Effect (achieved on the text receiver). 571
One set of RST relations 571
For Blakemore (1987, 1992, 2002), who works within the framework of Relevance Theory
(Sperber and Wilson, 1995), these markers impose constraints on the implicatures the
hearer can draw from the discourse: discourse without connectives is open to more than one
type of implicature. 572
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Mann, W. C., Thompson, S. A. (1988). Rhetorical Structure Theory: toward a functional
theory of text organization. Text, 8 (3), 243281.
Rhetorical Structure Theory provides a combination of features that has turned out to be
useful in several kinds of discourse studies. It identifies hierarchic structure in text. It
describes the relations between text parts in functional terms, identifying Both the transition
point of a relation and the extent of the tems related. It provides comprehensive analyses
rather tan selective commentary. 243
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Relations.
are defined to hold between two non-overlapping text spans, here called the
nucleus and the satellite, denoted by N and S 245
Given the nature of text analysis, these are judgments of plausability rather
tan certainty. 245
In this view of analysis, the analyst has Access to the text, has knowledge of
the context in which it was written, and shares the cultural conventions of
the writer and the expected readers, but has no direct Access to either the
writer or other readers. 245-246
all judgments of the readers comprehension of the text ar made on the basis
of the text rather than the analysts direct knowledge of the reader, and thus
are from the writers perspective. These, too, are plausibility judgments. 246
Schemas
define the structural constituency arragements of text. They abstract patters
consisting of a small number of constituent text spans, a specification of the
relations bewteen them, and a specification of how certain spans (nuclei) ar
related to the whole collection. They are thus loosely analogous to
grammatical rules. 246-247
RTS is an abstract set of conventions. 247
RST recognizes five kinds of schemas, represented by the five examples
diagrammed in Figure 1. (1, circumstance; 2, contrast; 3, joint; 4, motivation
enablement; 5, sequence|sequence). 247
Schema applications: 1. unordered speans: the schemas not constrain the
order of nucleus or satellites in the text span in which the schema is applied.
2. Optional relations. For multi-relation schemas, all individual relations are
optional, but least one of the relations must hold.; 3. Repeated relations. A
relation that is part of schema can be applied any number of times in the
application of the schema. 248
Structural analyses and structure diagrams. Unit size is arbitrary but the
division of the tex tinto units should be base don some theory-neutral
classificationIn our analyses, unites are essentially clauses, except that
clausal subjects and complements and restrictive relative clauses ar
considered as parts of their host clause units rather than as separate units.
248
relations), or one fact may be a link with other possible worlds. The connectives of natural language are
largely used as expressions for these connection relations between propositions. 53
facts are usually related with respect to one course of events, one situation, one possible world, and so on. 53
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Knott, A. y Sanders, T. (1997). The Classification of Coherence Relations and their Linguistic Markers: An
Exploration of Two Languages. Manuscrito. Pp. 1-46.
determining the coherence relations in a text is part of the process of understanding it. 4
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Jimnez Fernndez, R. (1998). Sobre Sintaxis Del Discurso: Los Nexos De Subordinacin Oracional.
Lenguaje y textos, 11-112, 85-98.
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