Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
- Cast-in-place concrete piles
- Railway tunnels
- Underground mine tunnels
Measuring
device
Transmission
Sensing element
Clad
Bending
Optical fiber
Bragg grating
Measuring
device
Core
Sensing element
Optical fiber
- Filter
sensor
- Strain/temperature measurement based
on frequency shift reflected from FBG
Measuring
device
Sensing
element
Displacement
Incident light
Rayleigh scattering
(loss measurement)
Brillouin scattering
(strain and temperature measurement)
Raman scattering
(temperature measurement)
Intensity
change
11 GHz
Frequency shift
13 THz
Optical frequency
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
10
11
Light
source
Receiver
Str
ain
0
BOTDR
0
Strained section
Power spectrum at each distance strain
Peak power frequency: B(), B(0)
z1
Dis
tan z2
ce
y
B()
c
n
e
u
B(0)
q
re
O
f
l
a
c
pti
B() = B(0) + Cs
Cs: Coefficient
(strain frequency shift)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
12
Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type (jointly with Institute of Technology and Shimizu Corporation)
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
- Cast-in-place concrete piles
- Railway tunnels
- Underground mine tunnels
13
Steel wire
14
Mounting bracket
Optical fiber sensor
Divided plastic bolt
Cross-section A-A
A
Nut with notch
0.25 mm
Resin coat
Resin coat
26 mm
15
Optical fiber
(UV coat)
Merits
ar
b
l
e
e
St
r
e
b
i
f
ng
sensi
in a
r
t
s
ded
d
e
b
Em
Fixing fiber to steel bars
- Easy installation
- High reliability
(fixed without glue)
- High sensitivity
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
16
Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
1m
3m
17
BOTDR
Embedded optical fiber sensor
Load
Concrete
beam
Load
Embedded
sensor
Concrete beam
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
18
3
2
Lower
Strain gauge
Upper
0
19
Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
Steel
cage
20
Concrete
Shovel
Steel
tube
knocking-in of
steel pipe
Bedrock
Removal of
inside soil
Installation of
steel cage
Concrete pouring
Load
21
Test
pile
BOTDR
Ground level
Hydraulic jacks
Depth: 11 m
Diameter:
1.2 m
Test pile
Reaction pile
Optical fiber
sensor
Additional
steel bar
Bonding agent
16 mm
5 mm
Groove
Steel bar
Optical fiber sensor
(diameter: 0.9 mm)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
22
Strain (x10-4)
-4
-2
0
-6
Load
Theoretical
2
1200
4
6
8
1600
tons
BOTDR
400
800
11 m
Sensing
optical fiber
Measured
10
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
23
Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
24
Loading point
0
3.5
2.3 m
Ordinary
nylon-coated
optical fiber
Concrete pipe
3m
Load-bearing point
(-180, +180)
25
Strain (x10-4)
15
10
5
0A
-5
D
C
41 tons
10
5
0
B
A
-5
-180
D
C
E
51 tons
-90
0
90
Angle (degrees)
180
Strain (x10-4)
Strain (x10-4)
15
-0.5
Theoretical strain distribution
-1
-180
-90
0
90
Angle (degrees)
180
26
Steel support
8m
Construction method
BOTDR system applied to subway tunnel construction
Dug out
- Displacement measurement of soil above tunnel
- Circumferential stress measurement of tunnel wall
Tunnel cross-section
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
27
Aluminum pipe
Cross-section
12 m
Sensor appearance
Steel material
Tunnel wall
circumferential stress
measurement by
Displacement sensor installation embedded sensor
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
28
Deformation (mm)
Tunnel
Compression
Stress meter
-4
Tension
0
Ordinary
Fiber
-5 0 5
8
0
10
12
5 0 -5
Stress (MPa)
29
Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)
30
31
Drift
LHD
Ore pass
Pre-undercut panel
caving method
Undercut zone
Undercutting face
Preparation zone
Undercut level
Production level
Crusher
Ventilation
Belt conveyer
shaft
Transport level
Ventilation level
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
32
El Teniente mine
Personal
computer
Japan
Telecommunication network
Telecommunication optical
fiber cable (1.3 km)
Chile
Optical switch
Undercut level
Destroyed
Production and
transport levels
Risk of
accidents
BOTDR
Personal
computer
33
Imbalance zone
of stress distribution
Excavation
Changes
- Undercutting face passing
- Large-scale ore extraction
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
34
Ceiling
Sensor on sidewall
Rock surface
Fixing unit
4.6 m
Sidewall
5.2 m
Rock
Lateral direction
Longitudinal direction
35
A
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
36
Optical switch
Rockbolt
Adapter
Reinforcement
Optical fiber
from tunnel
Steel pipe
BOTDR
Screen monitor
Personal
computer
37
12
Elongation/contraction [mm]
Sidewall
4
0
-4
Span A
-8
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
38
System installation
6
Field trial
4
Start of large-scale extraction
Passing of undercutting face
2
Approaching
0
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov. /2005
39
Summary
40
Configuration
Optical fiber
BOTDR
Measuring device
BOTDA
BOCDA
Optical fiber
Measuring device
Distance measurement
OTDR
(pulsed light)
OTDR
(pulsed and continuous lights)
Optical correlation
(frequency and phase modulated
continuous wave lights)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan
41
BOTDR configuration
Optical fiber sensor
Continuous
Pulsed light 0
Laser wave light Pulse
light
modulation
Probe unit
source
Brillouin scattered light
light
0
0-B
Reference light
Optical heterodyne
0: Incident light frequency
0 receiver
0-B
B Electrical signal conversion B: Brillouin frequency shift
(11 GHz)
Electrical
heterodyne receiver
Digital
processor
BOTDR
42
Continuous
Pulsed light
Laser wave light Pulse modulation &
0+B
light
frequency translation
Probe unit
source
Brillouin scattered light
light
0
0 (=0+B-B)
Reference light
0
Optical heterodyne
0 receiver & O/E
0
0-0 0 Electrical signal conversion 0: Incident light frequency
B: Brillouin frequency shift
Digital
(11 GHz)
BOTDR
processor
0 : Almost the same
frequency as 0
B : Almost the same
frequency as B
43
Plant
Tunnel
Bridge
River levee
Building
Pile
Ship
Telecommunication tunnel
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan