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Overview of fiber optic sensing system:


BOTDR and its applications
Hiroshi Naruse
Mie University
June 12, 2008 in Santiago, Chile

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Introduction of Mie University


There are about 70 national universities in Japan.
Mie University is one of them and a middle scale university.
Five Graduate Schools and Undergraduate Faculties
- Humanities and Social Sciences
- Education
- Medicine
- Engineering
-Bioresources
Number of students
Undergraduate : 6212
Postgraduate : 1182
Total
: 7394
Location of Mie University.
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Air view of Mie University


My office

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
- Cast-in-place concrete piles
- Railway tunnels
- Underground mine tunnels

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Configuration of fiber optic sensing system

Fiber optic sensing system

Optical fiber sensor

Measuring
device

Optical fiber itself


Sensing element processed optically or mechanically
so that it is sensitive to various physical quantities

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Classification of fiber optic sensing systems


1. Discrete-point sensing systems
(Only part of the optical fiber acts as a sensing element; the rest is used as a
signal transmission line.)
Optical fiber
Measuring device

Transmission

Sensing element

Only information from sensing elements


2. Distributed sensing systems
(Entire optical fiber acts as both sensing element and signal transmission line.)
Optical fiber
Measuring device

Transmission and sensing


Information from everywhere along the fiber
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Typical discrete-point sensing systems


Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) system

Optical loss conversion sensing system

Clad

Bending

Optical fiber
Bragg grating

Measuring
device

Core

Sensing element
Optical fiber

- Filter
sensor
- Strain/temperature measurement based
on frequency shift reflected from FBG

Measuring
device
Sensing
element

Displacement

- Displacement measurement based on


attenuation in this part of the optical
fiber
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Distributed sensing system


Distributed sensing system
- information at effectively continuous points along the fiber
- some variations depending on the combination of
(i) physical phenomenon used for measurement and
(ii) method used for determining measurement position in the optical fiber.
Some distributed strain/temperature measuring devices are commercially
available.

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Physical phenomena used to measure strain/temperature

Scattered light power

Incident light

Rayleigh scattering
(loss measurement)
Brillouin scattering
(strain and temperature measurement)

Raman scattering
(temperature measurement)
Intensity
change
11 GHz
Frequency shift
13 THz
Optical frequency
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Method of determining observed position in optical fiber


- Scattered light power spectrum & position where it is produced
- OTDR: Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
Core

Clad Optical fiber

Pulsed light launched


Backscattered light
t
t

Pulsed light position


(position where light is scattered)

- Light scattering position is determined from light velocity and


elapsed time from launch to detection
- By sampling elapsed time at short intervals, we can obtain distributed
measurement of scattered light power spectrum every few centimeters.
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Power spectrum along optical fiber obtained by BOTDR


Pulsed light
z

Brillouin backscattered light power

Pulsed light launching


Optical fiber

Light
source

Brillouin backscattered light

Receiver

Str
ain
0

BOTDR
0
Strained section
Power spectrum at each distance strain
Peak power frequency: B(), B(0)

z1

Dis
tan z2
ce

y
B()
c
n
e
u
B(0)
q
re
O

f
l
a
c
pti

B() = B(0) + Cs
Cs: Coefficient
(strain frequency shift)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type (jointly with Institute of Technology and Shimizu Corporation)
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
- Cast-in-place concrete piles
- Railway tunnels
- Underground mine tunnels

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Attached optical fiber sensor for sensing strain

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Steel wire

Ordinary 4-fiber ribbon


telecommunication optical fiber
Plastic sheath
Attenuation: 0.25 dB/km

Structure of optical fiber sensor

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Structure of sensor fixing unit


A
Notches

Mounting bracket
Optical fiber sensor
Divided plastic bolt
Cross-section A-A

A
Nut with notch

Optical fiber sensor attached to inner surface of tunnel by fixing unit


Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Embedded optical fiber sensor for sensing strain


Fiber reinforced plastic
(FRP)

0.25 mm

Resin coat

Fiber reinforced plastic


Optical fiber

Resin coat

26 mm

15

Optical fiber
(UV coat)
Merits

ar
b
l
e
e
St
r
e
b
i
f
ng
sensi

in a
r
t
s
ded
d
e
b
Em
Fixing fiber to steel bars

- Easy installation
- High reliability
(fixed without glue)
- High sensitivity
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Cast-in-place concrete piles


(jointly with Hokkaido Development Bureau, Civil Engineering Research Institute)

- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Underground mine tunnels


(jointly with CODELCO, Chile)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Concrete beam bending-strain measurement by embedded sensor


Load
0.4 m
0.5 m

1m
3m

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Strain gauge (0.3 m interval)


Steel bar

BOTDR
Embedded optical fiber sensor

Load
Concrete
beam
Load

Embedded
sensor

Concrete beam
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Concrete beam bending-strain measurement results

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Theoretical strain distribution


(Trapezoid)
Load points
Beam
Measured strain (x10-3)

3
2

Lower
Strain gauge

Embedded optical fiber sensor


0
-1

Upper
0

Position along concrete beam (m)


Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Cast-in-place concrete piles


(jointly with Hokkaido Development Bureau, Civil Engineering Research Institute)

- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Underground mine tunnels


(jointly with CODELCO, Chile)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Construction of cast-in-place concrete pile by all-casing method


Hammer grab
Steel
pipe

Steel
cage

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Concrete

Shovel
Steel
tube

knocking-in of
steel pipe

Bedrock
Removal of
inside soil

Installation of
steel cage

Concrete pouring

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Application to load-testing of cast-in-place concrete piles


Reinforced steel bar
Concrete

Load

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Test
pile
BOTDR

Ground level
Hydraulic jacks

Depth: 11 m
Diameter:
1.2 m

Test pile
Reaction pile

Optical fiber sensor

Appearance of the test

Optical fiber
sensor
Additional
steel bar
Bonding agent
16 mm
5 mm
Groove
Steel bar
Optical fiber sensor
(diameter: 0.9 mm)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Measured and theoretical strains

Depth from top of pile (m)

Strain (x10-4)
-4
-2
0

-6

Load
Theoretical

2
1200
4
6
8

1600
tons

BOTDR

400
800

11 m

Sensing
optical fiber

Measured

10
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Cast-in-place concrete piles


(jointly with Hokkaido Development Bureau, Civil Engineering Research Institute)

- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Underground mine tunnels


(jointly with CODELCO, Chile)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Concrete pipe strain measurement


Hydraulic jack

Loading point
0
3.5

2.3 m

Ordinary
nylon-coated
optical fiber

Concrete pipe

3m

Load-bearing point
(-180, +180)

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Measured strain distribution


Loading point
Concrete pipe0
EA
Optical fiber
D
B

Strain (x10-4)

15
10
5
0A
-5

D
C

41 tons

Load-bearing point (180)


1

10
5
0

B
A

-5
-180

D
C

E
51 tons

-90
0
90
Angle (degrees)

180

Strain (x10-4)

Strain (x10-4)

15

Load: 20.4 tons


0.5
0

-0.5
Theoretical strain distribution
-1
-180

-90
0
90
Angle (degrees)

180

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Monitoring a railway tunnel under construction

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Pipes to support soil


above tunnel
Tunnel entrance

Steel support
8m
Construction method
BOTDR system applied to subway tunnel construction

Dug out
- Displacement measurement of soil above tunnel
- Circumferential stress measurement of tunnel wall

Tunnel cross-section
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Two types of optical fiber sensors installed in the tunnel

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(i) Displacement sensor


Optical fiber Two pairs
Steel pipe

(ii) Embedded sensor

Aluminum pipe
Cross-section
12 m

Sensor appearance

Steel material
Tunnel wall
circumferential stress
measurement by
Displacement sensor installation embedded sensor
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Measured tunnel displacement and circumferential stress


Pipe

Optical fiber sensor

Deformation (mm)

Tunnel

Compression

Stress meter

-4
Tension

0
Ordinary

Fiber
-5 0 5

8
0

10

12

Distance from the pipe edge (m)


Results for displacement sensor

5 0 -5
Stress (MPa)

Concrete stress of tunnel wall


calculated from the measured strain

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Contents
1. Outline of fiber optic sensing system
2. Optical fiber sensors
- Embedded type
- Attached type
3. Applications to the monitoring of practical civil structures
- Concrete beams
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Cast-in-place concrete piles


(jointly with Hokkaido Development Bureau, Civil Engineering Research Institute)

- Railway tunnels
(jointly with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki R&D Center)

- Underground mine tunnels


(jointly with CODELCO, Chile)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Field trial conducted in El Teniente underground mine


- In cooperation with NTT (Japan) and CODELCO (Chile)
- Purpose: investigate the possibility of using BOTDR to detect changes in the
state of the mine caused by mining activities such as blasting and excavation

Diablo Regimiento area


(installation of monitoring system)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Vertical cross-section of Diablo Regimiento area


Excavation direction
Broken
rock
Drawbell

Drift

LHD
Ore pass

Pre-undercut panel
caving method

Undercut zone
Undercutting face
Preparation zone
Undercut level
Production level
Crusher

Ventilation
Belt conveyer
shaft

Transport level

Ventilation level
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Outline of underground mine monitoring system


Operation office

El Teniente mine

Optical fiber sensor


Ventilation tunnel

Personal
computer

Japan

Telecommunication network

Telecommunication optical
fiber cable (1.3 km)
Chile

Optical switch
Undercut level

Destroyed

Production and
transport levels

Risk of
accidents

BOTDR

Personal
computer

Office in mine (monitoring station)


Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Relative positions of undercut level and ventilation tunnel


Undercutting face
Expansion

Imbalance zone
of stress distribution

Excavation

Optical fiber sensors


Ventilation tunnel

Changes
- Undercutting face passing
- Large-scale ore extraction
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Cross-sections of ventilation tunnel


Span: 3 m
Rockbolt
Rock
Sensor on ceiling

Ceiling

Sensor on sidewall
Rock surface

Fixing unit

4.6 m
Sidewall

Monitored tunnel length: 210 m


(total sensor length: 420 m)

5.2 m

Rock
Lateral direction

Longitudinal direction

- Deformation of changes in the state of underground mine from


elongation/contraction of each span
- Two lines of sensors
Changes in horizontal and vertical directions

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Appearance of ventilation tunnel after sensors were installed

Optical fiber sensor


on ceiling
Optical fiber sensor
on sidewall

A
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Optical fiber sensor attached to tunnel and cabinet in mine office


Sidewall
Optical fiber sensor
Mounting Split bolts
and nuts
bracket

Optical switch

Rockbolt
Adapter
Reinforcement

Optical fiber
from tunnel

Steel pipe

Optical fiber sensor attached to tunnel

BOTDR
Screen monitor
Personal
computer

Cabinet installed in mine office


Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

Length change at respective spans

37

12
Elongation/contraction [mm]

Nov. 10, 2005


8
Ceiling

Sidewall
4
0
-4

Span A

-8
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

Distance from the first rockbolt position [m]


Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Length change in span of A


8
Elongation in span A [mm]

System installation
6

Field trial

Undercutting and drawbell construction


Partially underway Continued
Excavation area expansion

4
Start of large-scale extraction
Passing of undercutting face
2
Approaching
0
May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov. /2005

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Summary

-Overviewed a fiber optic sensing system based on the BOTDR system


and its applications.
- Distributed fiber optic sensing systems are a promising technology and
useful for various industrial applications such as ones in the civil
engineering and mining fields.

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Distributed fiber optic sensing systems based on Brillouin scattering


System

Configuration
Optical fiber

BOTDR
Measuring device
BOTDA

BOCDA

Optical fiber

Measuring device

Distance measurement
OTDR
(pulsed light)
OTDR
(pulsed and continuous lights)
Optical correlation
(frequency and phase modulated
continuous wave lights)
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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BOTDR configuration
Optical fiber sensor

Continuous
Pulsed light 0
Laser wave light Pulse
light
modulation
Probe unit
source
Brillouin scattered light
light
0
0-B
Reference light
Optical heterodyne
0: Incident light frequency
0 receiver
0-B
B Electrical signal conversion B: Brillouin frequency shift
(11 GHz)
Electrical
heterodyne receiver
Digital
processor

BOTDR

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Another BOTDR configuration


Optical fiber sensor

Continuous
Pulsed light
Laser wave light Pulse modulation &
0+B
light
frequency translation
Probe unit
source
Brillouin scattered light
light
0
0 (=0+B-B)
Reference light
0
Optical heterodyne
0 receiver & O/E
0
0-0 0 Electrical signal conversion 0: Incident light frequency
B: Brillouin frequency shift
Digital
(11 GHz)
BOTDR
processor
0 : Almost the same
frequency as 0
B : Almost the same
frequency as B

Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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Typical applications of distributed fiber optic strain sensing system


Concrete beam bending-strain measurement
Central office
Dam
Underground mine
Soil slope

Plant

Tunnel
Bridge

River levee

Building

Pile

Ship
Telecommunication tunnel
Hiroshi Naruse, Mie University Japan

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