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Praise to the Lord the Almighty, because on his gift, I can finish this
paper with the good. This paper was made to fulfill the task of English Class XI
SMA Negeri 1 Dolok Stone Nanggar.
This paper is presented in simple language and easy to understand, is
expected to assist and facilitate the study material on "Metamorphosis on frog"
and a few other things that accompany it.
Not to forget, I would like to thank friends, brothers, sisters who have helped me
finish this paper. Thanks also to the Mam Suyanti as an English teacher in class
XI SMA Negeri 1 Dolok Stone Nanggar
I realize that in the preparation of this paper is far from perfect.
Therefore, I accept criticism and suggestions that are built, in order to perfect
this paper.
Serbelawan,30th of
November 2014
writer
Table of Contents
Chapter I Introduction
1.1 Background ............................................... .................................. 03
1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................... ............................
03
1.3 Purpose ................................................ .............................................. 03
CHAPTER II Discussion
Metamorphosis 2.1 ................................................ .................................. 04
2.2 Process Metamorfosi At Frogs ............................................. ........ 05
PART I
Preliminary
1.1 Background
All living things undergo a process of change in the form of growth and
development. Growth is the increase in the size, number and volume of cells that
make up the body of the organism. These changes are irrevesibel (can not go
back to the original size). Examples of the increasing growth in height, weight,
and body shape changes into the adult form. Growth can be measured or called
quantitative.
While development is a process of change in which the organism grows
toward maturity or maturity. This stage of development can not be measured or
are qualitative.
Growth and development in animals is divided into two phases which
embryonic and post-embryonic. Embryonic phase begins when there has been a
conception (fertilization) between females and sperm cells. The results of this
conception is the zygote begins, the zygote will develop into an embryo.
This phase includes several stages, including a phase morulation,
blastulation, gastrulation and organogenetion.
1.3 Purpose
Knowing the sense of metamorphosis in animals.
Knowing the process of metamorphosis in frogs.
CHAPTER II
Discussion
2.1 Metamorphosis
Some animals undergo shape changes in growth and development. The
process is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is the change in a graduated
form of youth into adult animals.
Metamorphosis is divided into two types, they are perfect methamorposis
and imperfect methamorphosis.
Pefect Methamorposis
Metamorphosis is the perfect body shape changes from egg to adult
animals that every phase change shape very different. Stages of growth and
development of animals that undergo perfect methamorphosis are eggs, the
eggs turn into larvae, the larvae turn into pupae, pupae develop into adults, and
so on. Examples are mosquitoes, flies, butterflies, and frogs.
Imperfect Methamorphosis
Animals who have incomplete metamorphosis ae different from animals
that undergo perfect methamorphosis. Imperfect methamorphosis is a change in
the shape of animals that are not too different.
Animals who have incomplete metamorphosis not experienced of larvae
and pupa phase. Stages of growth and development that is eggs, into nymphs,
then into adult animals. For example, the dragonflies, grasshoppers, cockroaches
and crickets.
The frog is a group of amphibi, ie animals that have two phases where
animals that live in two worlds the water and on land. Frog's body is divided into
head and body (no neck). Mouth is very wide. Each hand has four fingers, five
fingers rudimentary. Each foot has five pieces of finger with a membrane
between the fingers .Frogs have a closed and doubled blood circulation. And the
frog is an ovivar animal (spawn). Frogs are cold-blooded animals, so frogs require
heat to sustain life, and metabolism. And the frog plays a very important as an
indicator of environmental pollution.
Toads and frogs mating at certain times, for example when the moon is
off or on when to rain. At that time the male frogs will beep-sound to call
females, from edge or middle of the waters. Some species, such as the moor frog
(Fejervarya limnocharis) and bullfrog closely a.k.a Kaloula baleata (Kaloula
baleata), often forming 'singing group', where some male animals gathered near
and singing one another. Loud noise produced by the frog sound sac located
around the neck, which would be a big bulge when used.
Frog females and males do not have external genitalia. Frog fertilization
also occurs outside the body. At the time of mating, the female and male frogs
will do amplekcsus, ie males will stick to the back of the female frog and toad
stomach pressing females. Then the female frog will release the ovum into the
water or humid places. Like some kind of frog eggs are saved between wet moss
on the trees. While other types of forest frogs deposit their eggs on the backs of
male frogs damp, which will always keep and bring it to hatch even up into small
frogs. Each ovum issued covered by female frog egg membrane or membrane
vitelin. Previously, ova mature frogs and numbered pair accommodated by a
funnel. Ova journey continued through the oviducts or oviduct. Near the base of
the oviduct in adult female frogs, there is a channel called the egg sac bulging or
uterus. Separate female frog oviduct with ureter (urinary tract). Oviduct winding
and empties into the cloaca.
Immediately after issuing the female frog ovum, males release sperm will
also be following. Sperm produced by the testes which amounts to a pair and
channeled into the vas deferens (vas deferens). Vas deferens male frogs united
with the ureter (urinary tract). Of the vas deferens sperm empties into the
cloaca. After the external fertilization, ovum will be covered by a viscous fluid, so
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that the egg-shaped blob group of eggs. They lay eggs as much as 5,000 to
20,000 eggs and generally takes place three times a year.
Phase eggs
Frog eggs covered with a gelatinous capsule that expands when it hits the water.
This development makes the volume is enlarged and protected the fetus. These
eggs are stacked in a pile so that survival is more awake and heat are also more
able to survive. Consequently tadpole can hatch within a short time. Many frogs
and toads put on lakes or rivers are drying up at a certain time, because it
prevents the animals come eat their eggs and tadpoles.
Figure Tadpole age of 10 days ie enlargement of body size, has a long tail.
Gills closed outer skin of the body and replaced by internal gills. They feed on
algae. The hind legs appear like a tadpole-legged.
Tadpole begins to look like a small frog with a long tail. They swim in the river
bank in groups. The tail is then shortened and began shaped like a boomerang.
At the same time, begin to form nostrils and lungs. As well as the cracks begin to
closed gill and gill cracks replaced with a front limb.
Adult frogs gathered on the banks of the river before leaving the water for the
first time. They do this as a group. And respiratory used are the lungs and skin.
Frog skin is always wet in order to function as a respirator when the frog is in the
water or on land. Frog skin is very thin, it contains blood capillaries and is
equipped with a mucus-producing glands in the dermis and subcutaneous.
eggs. Gelatin layer also protects the eggs from other predators. Some types of
frogs even maintain their children to make their own backs as a nest. Examples
of such toads are frogs Suriname.
CHAPTER III
cover
3.1 Conclusions
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3.2 Suggestions
With this paper, readers can learn and get to know about the process of
metamorphosis, especially metamorphosis in frogs.
It is expected that this paper is able to be used as reading material that is
closely related to nature and the life of a living being that can not be separated
from human life.
Bibliography
www.google.com
www.blogger.com
id.wikipedia.org
www.e-dukasi.net
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