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Planet Earth
Part I
Planet Earth
1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter
Fundamentals of Chemistry
The atmosphere
The ocean
Rocks and minerals
Chapter
Fundamentals of Chemistry
1.1 What is Chemistry about?
1.2 How is Chemistry related to daily life?
1.3 Observations, analyses and interpretations in Chemistry
1.4 Laboratory safety
1.5 Common apparatus in the chemistry laboratory
Learning goal
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Chapter
Fundamentals of Chemistry
Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. In recent years, light pollution
problems have aroused the governments concern.
An urban scene of Hong Kong where light pollution problems are serious.
In 2010, some Taiwanese researchers had an idea of replacing streetlights with trees. They found
that placing gold nanoparticles within the tree leaves would cause the leaves to give off red light.
Hence, the road could be lightened without the need of electricity. Besides, the light given off is softer
and far less polluting than traditional light bulbs and even LEDs.
The study of new materials like gold nanoparticles is a branch in Chemistry. Chemistry plays an
important role in changing the world we live in.
Think about...
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions, structures, properties and the changes among them.
Many new substances can be made by applying the knowledge of Chemistry. Hence, Chemistry helps provide us with a good standard of living
What are the basic skills required for studying Chemistry? and is important for our survival.
We have to observe carefully and fully when doing experiment, report experimental results clearly and accurately, analyse the results and
try to interpret them, draw conclusions for the experiment.
After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.
light pollution
nanoparticle
Fundamentals of chemistry
What is matter?
The world around us is made up of matter. Matter is anything that
occupies space and has mass. One particular type of matter is called
substance. Iron, water and air are examples of substances.
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions,
Note 1
Structures of substances will be
further discussed in chapter 9 of
Book 1.
N1
Key point
Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions,
structures, properties and the changes among them.
XTRA
E
Historical note
change
Chemistry
composition
matter
property
structure
substance
alchemist
alchemy
Planet Earth
life?
Many inventions in Chemistry were made, one after the other, starting in
th
Food
Clothing
Transport
Housing
Building houses requires cement, steel, glass,
plastics, paints, etc. All of them come from the
chemical industry.
Medical care
Note 3
The common fuels for modern transport include
petrol, kerosene, diesel oil and fuel oil. They are
obtained from refining of petroleum.
Note 4
The active ingredient of aspirin is acetylsalicylic
acid with the formula of C9H8O4.
cement
chemical industry
essential
food additive
petrochemical industry
petroleum industry
steel
synthetic fibre
Fundamentals of chemistry
N5
The photograph below shows some items commonly found in the kitchen.
Which one(s) do you think is/are related to Chemistry? Circle them out.
Note 5
1. Fertilizers provide important nutrients to
enhance plant and fruit growth.
Insecticides help reduce the amount of
plants destroyed by pests.
2. Window frames are made of anodized
aluminium.
3. Tap water is sterilized by chlorine.
4. Detergents improve the cleansing ability
of water.
5. The outer layer of plastic gloves in the
picture is made of latex.
6. Town gas is produced from naphtha,
which comes from the petroleum industry.
7. Preservatives increase the shelf life of
instant cup noodles.
8. Baking powder is used in making bread.
9. Food container in the picture is made of
polypropene.
10. Food wrap is made of low-density
polyethene.
11. The bowl and dish in the picture are made
of ceramic and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).
12. etc.
A1.1
1
3
5
11
7
8
10
9
interpretations in Chemistry
Observations in Chemistry
Learning tip
Tasting with the
tongue is also one
way of observation,
but it is NOT allowed
in the laboratory.
observation
Planet Earth
Note 6
Observations:
1. There is a flame with the shape of a water drop.
H20
Example 1.1
your teacher.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Making observations
3
Add an effervescent vitamin C tablet to a glass containing 200 cm of water (Figure 1.3). Record your
15. If listened very carefully, the hot molten wax right below the flame may give a faint hissing sound.
observations.
16. Some of the molten wax may flow down along the shank of the candle.
17. The molten wax flowing down the shank of the candle soon becomes viscous and then solidifies again.
18. etc.
Solution
Note 7
Some students have the misconception that they need not mention the colour of a substance if it is colourless or white.
Another misconception is that when no observable change is noticed, no reaction is written as answer. However, no observable change does
NOT mean no reaction.
Experiment 1.1
PowerPoint
Experiment
Video
Experiment Workbook 1
Note 8
This question asks for observations. Thus, it is wrong to write Carbon dioxide evolves from the tablet.. Further test is needed to identify the gas
evolved.
effervescence /
vitamin C
evolve
hissing sound
patient
Fundamentals of chemistry
Key point
(1) observe and record the experimental results carefully and fully.
(2) analyse the experimental results and interpret them.
(3) draw conclusions for the experiment.
laboratory safety
analyse
interpret
Planet Earth
Note 9
For example, never heat strongly when only gentle heating is required; never use concentrated acid/alkali when only a dilute one
is needed; never use excessive amounts of chemicals; never do any experiment not allowed/instructed by teachers.
Learning tip
For more details on the
safety precautions in
the Chemistry
laboratory, refer to the
Laboratory Handbook.
We must follow all the basic laboratory safety rules when doing
Note 10
In case students are working in groups, it is a good practice to appoint a group leader, by
rotation each time. He/she is the only person allowed to get and return apparatus and
chemicals. In so doing, movement in the laboratory can be minimized.
experiments.
A1.2
Student A should not run in the
laboratory as she may knock on the
other students who are doing
experiments and cause accidents.
Besides, she should wear safety
spectacles.
Student B should not smell the gas
directly as the gas may be poisonous.
Student C should wear safety
spectacles when doing experiment as
the chemical may spill into her eyes. In
addition, the flammable chemical should
not be placed near the flame as it
catches fire easily.
Student E should not throw rubbish into
the sink as the solid waste may block
the drain of the sink. In addition, he
should wear safety spectacles.
Student F should not touch the hot
beaker with bare hands as she would
get heat burns.
Student G should not eat in the
laboratory as the food and drinks may
be contaminated with chemicals.
Besides, he should wear safety
spectacles.
(2)
(3)
ever run around or play in the laboratory. Do not leave your bench
N
unless it is necessary. N10
(4)
(5)
Dispose of solid waste (e.g. broken glass, filter paper, copper turnings,
etc.) in the waste bin, never in the sink.
(6)
Clean up all the spillage (on the floor or bench) at once. Clean up the
bench after experiment.
(7)
(8)
In case any chemical gets into eyes, flush the eyes with running water
immediately for at least three minutes.
(9)
For chemical burns on skin, place the affected area under slowly running
Note 11
water until the pain fades. N11
N9
Study the following picture. Some of the students in the laboratory have improper actions against the laboratory
safety rules. Point them out and explain your answers.
A
G
E
safety precaution
burn
spillage /
Hazardous chemicals
Note 12
Some household substances may
have potential risks. Take the
example of bleaching solution. It
liberates toxic chlorine gas when
mixed with acidic substance.
Fundamentals of chemistry
CE2005(II)18
N12
laboratory
(d)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(c)
(h)
(e)
Figure 1.7
(a) Test tube rack
(b) Rubber stopper
(c) Test tube
(d) Boiling tube
dropping bottle
filter funnel
hazard warning label
hazardous chemical
(g)
(f)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(f)
(h)
(g)
laboratory apparatus
measuring cylinder
reagent bottle
Figure 1.8
(a) Measuring cylinder
(b) Beaker
(c) Dropper
(d) Filter funnel
damage
injury
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Wash bottle
Watch glass
Thermometer
Glass rod
nature
property
Planet Earth
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(e)
(d)
(g)
(f)
(h)
Figure 1.9
(a) Stand and clamp
(b) Round-bottomed flask
Figure 1.10
(a) Crucible (with lid)
(b) Pipe-clay triangle
(c) Tripod
(d) Bunsen burner
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Evaporating dish
Heat-resistant mat
Crucible tongs
Wire gauze
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
Figure 1.11
(a) Desiccator
(b) Gas jar
Figure 1.12
(a) Weighing bottle
(b) Electronic balance
(c) Spatula
(c) Mortar
(d) Pestle
Note 13
Some advantages of microscale experiments:
1. The amounts of chemicals used and hence
the costs for chemicals can be reduced.
2. Reduce the wastage of chemicals.
3. Experiments can be completed in a shorter
period of time.
4. Reduce the space for storing the apparatus.
N13
10
heat-resistant mat
microscale experiment
microsyringe
micro-tip plastic pipette
mortar
pestle
pipe-clay triangle
spatula
tripod
weighing bottle
wire gauze
Fundamentals of chemistry
Beaker
Test
tube
Conical
flask
Filter
funnel
Table 1.1
Vertical section
diagrams of some common
laboratory apparatus.
vertical section diagram
11
Planet Earth
2.
Apparatus
Apparatus
Test tube
(a)
(b)
(Contd)
12
graduation
shade
Apparatus
Apparatus
Glass rod
(c)
(d)
Tripod
(e)
Wire gauze
(f)
Evaporating dish
(g)
Fundamentals of chemistry
Watch glass
(h)
13
Planet Earth
Key terms
PowerPoint
English term
Chinese translation
Page
1.
Chemistry
2.
3.
hazardous chemical
4.
laboratory apparatus
5.
laboratory safety
6.
matter/substance
7.
microscale experiment
10
8.
observation
9.
safety precaution
Progress check
PowerPoint
Can you answer the following questions? Put a in the box if you can. Otherwise, review the relevant
part on the page as shown.
Page
14
1.
What is matter?
2.
What is Chemistry?
3.
4.
5.
What are the necessary steps for drawing conclusions from experiments?
6.
What are the basic laboratory safety rules when doing experiments?
7.
8.
11
Fundamentals of chemistry
Summary
PowerPoint
Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions, structures, properties and
the changes among them.
Chemistry plays an essential role in clothing, food, housing, transport and medical care.
4.
Laboratory safety is of first importance in any experimental work. Refer to p.8 for basic
laboratory safety rules.
6.
Hazardous chemicals are substances which may cause injury to people or damage to property.
7.
azard warning labels are displayed on bottles containing hazardous chemicals. These
H
chemicals must be handled with great care.
9.
For convenience, vertical section diagrams are usually drawn to represent laboratory apparatus
and experimental set-ups.
15
Planet Earth
Concept map
PowerPoint
Science
clothing
food
housing
transport
medical care
a branch of
CHEMISTRY
study of substances
Structures
Compositions
Properties
studied by
Experiments
make
and record
Observations
need the
use of
Laboratory
apparatus
need to
consider
Laboratory safety
16
Changes
Fundamentals of chemistry
Chapter exercise
Fill in the blanks
Section 1.3
6.
Section 1.1
1.
The
world
matter
occupies
2.
around us is made up of
, which is anything that
space
mass
and has
.
Section 1.3
3.
substances
,
, structures,
among them.
Section 1.4
7.
feeling
smelling
with nose;
hearing
with ears.
with hands;
A.
B.
C.
D.
Multiple-choice questions
8.
Section 1.2
5.
statements
about
Section 1.4
4.
9.
(1) only
(2) only
(1) and (3) only
(2) and (3) only
Corrosive
Explosive
Flammable
Toxic
8. Hydrogen is flammable.
C.
B.
D.
D
9. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive.
17
Planet Earth
Structured questions
Section 1.4
10. Cathy heated a test tube containing ethanol in the laboratory as shown below.
10. Any FIVE:
She did not stopper the reagent bottles
after taking the chemicals out from them.
She did not tie up her long hair.
She did not wear safety spectacles (and
laboratory coat).
She should NOT have heated the ethanol
directly as ethanol is flammable.
She should not have pointed the test tube
to herself.
She should not have placed the bottle of
ethanol near the Bunsen flame as ethanol
is flammable.
11. (a)
IRRITANT
ethanol
Cathy made FIVE mistakes when conducting the experiment. List them out.
11. Peter wants to find the amount of calcium in an egg shell. In the experiment, the egg shell is first ground
into smaller pieces by using a mortar and a pestle. Then, a known amount of dilute hydrochloric acid is added
to the egg shell. Dilute hydrochloric acid is irritant and should be handled with care.
(a) Draw the hazard warning label that should be shown on a bottle of dilute hydrochloric acid.
(b) Suggest TWO safety precautions when handling dilute hydrochloric acid in the laboratory.
(c) State TWO observations when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the egg shell pieces.
Section 1.5
12. Below are some pieces of apparatus commonly used in the laboratory.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
12. (a) A.
B.
C.
D.
Beaker
Test tube/boiling tube
Bunsen burner
Wire gauze
E.
F.
G.
H.
Tripod
Heat-resistant mat
Test tube holder
Spatula
(b) Which piece(s) of apparatus would you use for each of the following purposes?
(i)
Transferring a small amount of solid sodium chloride from the reagent bottle to a test tube.
3
(ii) Studying the reaction between a few cm of dilute hydrochloric acid and an iron nail.
3
18
(b) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
H
B
B, C, F, G
A, C, D, E, F