Nonlocal Vibration and Instability Analysis of Embedded DWCNT PDF

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical

Engineering
Science
http://pic.sagepub.com/
Nonlocal vibration and instability analysis of embedded DWCNT conveying fluid under magnetic field
with slip conditions consideration
A Ghorbanpour Arani, E Haghparast, Z Khoddami Maraghi and S Amir
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science published
online 29 April 2014
DOI: 10.1177/0954406214533102
The online version of this article can be found at:
http://pic.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/04/28/0954406214533102
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Additional services and information for Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Science can be found at:
Email Alerts: http://pic.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts
Subscriptions: http://pic.sagepub.com/subscriptions
Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav
Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
Citations: http://pic.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/04/28/0954406214533102.refs.html
>> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Apr 29, 2014

What is This?
Downloaded from pic.sagepub.com at UNIV CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO on April 29, 2014
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
//blrnas3/cenpro/ApplicationFiles/Journals/SAGE/3B2/PICJ/Vol00000/140102/APPFile/SG-PICJ140102.3d
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Original Article
Nonlocal vibration and instability

analysis of embedded DWCNT
conveying fluid under magnetic field
with slip conditions consideration
Proc IMechE Part C:

J Mechanical Engineering Science
0(0) 115
! IMechE 2014
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0954406214533102
pic.sagepub.com
A Ghorbanpour Arani1,2, E Haghparast1, Z Khoddami Maraghi1

and S Amir1
Abstract
In this study, vibration of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) conveying fluid placed in uniform magnetic field is
carried out based on nonlocal elasticity theory. DWCNT is embedded in Pasternak foundation and is simulated as a
Timoshenko beam (TB) model which includes rotary inertia and transverse shear deformation in the formulation.
Considering slip boundary conditions and van der Waals (vdW) forces between inner and the outer nanotubes, the
governing equations of motion are discretized and differential quadrature method (DQM) is applied to obtain the
frequency of DWCNTs for clampedclamped boundary condition. The detailed parametric study is conducted, focusing
on the remarkable effects of small scale, Knudsen number, elastic medium, magnetic field, density, and velocity of
conveying fluid on the stability of DWCNT. Results indicate that considering slip boundary conditions has significant
effect on stability of DWCNTs. Also, it is found that trend of figures have good agreement with the previous researches.
Results of this investigation could be applied for optimum design of nano/micro mechanical devices for controlling
stability of DWCNTs conveying fluid under magnetic fields.
Keywords
Nonlocal vibration, DWCNTs, Timoshenko beam model, magnetic field, Knudsen number
Date received: 16 April 2013; accepted: 2 April 2014
Introduction
Nanotubes have received much attention because of
their great importance in the development of nanodevices. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have demonstrated
exceptional mechanical and thermal properties and
the most important features of CNTs are their extremely high stiness combined with excellent resilience.
CNTs are considered as one of the most promising
reinforcement materials for high performance structural and multi-functional composites with extremely
application potentials.1 Placing CNTs on the magnetic substrate or adding electrons or holes, the magnetic properties can be created for it.2 Nanotubes are
usually grown on nano-particles of magnetic metal
(Fe, Co), which facilitates production of electronic
devices.
In recent years, uid-conveying micro/nano structures have attracted a large number of studies in the
literature.36 The application of nanotubes as uid
transport, gas storage, and drug delivery devices are
considered recently. It is noted that most nanodevices
can be modeled as a beam.7 Therefore, investigating

the mechanical behaviors of these structures is
important in the design of the nanodevices. Wang
et al.8 investigated single- and multi-walled TB
models for free vibration of CNTs with various end
conditions. They showed that TB model should be
used for a better prediction of the frequencies. Lu
et al.9 used nonlocal beam elasticity theory for vibrational properties of CNTs and concluded that nonlocal parameter had a signicant eect on the dynamic
properties of the beams. Vibration of short CNTs
using cylindrical shell, EulerBernoulli beam (EBB)
and TB models was developed by Ghorbanpour
Arani et al.10 They studied the thermal eect on the
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Kashan,
Kashan, Iran
2
Corresponding author:
A Ghorbanpour Arani, University of Kashan, Bolvar-e-Ghotb Ravandi,
Kashan, 87317-5516, Iran, Republic of Islamic.
Email: aghorban@kashanu.ac.ir
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)
buckling of DWCNT resting on a Pasternak foundation using Eringens nonlocal elasticity theory and
concluded that the strength of a DWCNT was directly
related to the Winkler and shear modules. The exural vibration of the uid-conveying SWCNT was
studied by Chang and Lee11 who simulated SWCNT
as TB model. They showed that the real component of
a higher mode frequency is larger than of lower modes
for dierent ow velocities. Using DQM, Ke et al.12
studied nonlocal nonlinear free vibration of
embedded DWCNTs based on the TB theory. They
found that an increase in the spring constant of elastic
medium leads to higher linear and nonlinear frequencies but lower nonlinear frequency ratio. Using the
nonlocal elasticity theory, torsional buckling of a
DWCNT embedded on Winkler and Pasternak foundations was demonstrated by Mohammadimehr
et al.13 They studied the eects of the surrounding
elastic medium, the van der Waals forces between
the inner and the outer nanotubes on the critical torsional buckling load and showed that the shear constant of the Pasternak type increases the nonlocal
critical torsional buckling load. Yang et al.14 established a new analytically nonlocal TB model for analysis of the wave propagation in a DWCNTs beam
with the nonlocal eects. The results show that the
nonlocal eect on the wave propagations is more signicant. Based on the nonlocal TB theory and transfer function method, the transverse vibration of the
SWCNT-based micro-mass sensor is analyzed by
Shen et al.15 They proved that the nonlocal TB
model is more adequate than the nonlocal EBB
model for short SWCNT sensors. Murmu and
Pradhan16 investigated the thermal vibration of
SWCNT based on thermal elasticity mechanics and
nonlocal elasticity theory. They studied the inuence
of nonlocal small scale eects, temperature change,
Winkler constant, and vibration modes of CNT on
the natural frequency. In another study, Murmu
et al.17 reported an analytical approach to study the
eect of a longitudinal magnetic eld on the transverse vibration of DWCNT based on nonlocal elasticity theory. Results revealed that presence of a
longitudinal magnetic eld increases the natural frequencies of the DWCNT.
In recent decades, simulation and experimental tests
on CNT have attracted a large number of researchers.
The practical investigation of uid ow in nanoscale
channels has been facilitated by the availability of
tubular carbon structures with open central pore diameters in the range of one to several hundred nanometers.18 Two types of nanoscale carbon tubes with
distinct properties and methods of synthesis have
been used experimentally.19 In the rst type, single
and multi-walled CNTs with the fullerene molecular
structure were reported by Ijima.1 In the second
instance, carbon nanopipes were produced by chemical
vapor deposition (CVD) of amorphous carbon in alumina templates with honeycomb pore morphology.18
In 2006, Holt et al.19 achieved a milestone in measuring water ow through the central pores of
DWCNT. These tubes had inner diameters less than
2 nm with defect-free graphitic walls that are expected
from simulation to present a low friction surface to
transported uids. The practical challenges involved
in studying transport through very small CNTs are
formidable. The approach used by Holt et al. was to
use fabrication techniques adapted from the semiconductor industry. The resulting membranes had a
thickness in the range of 2.03.0 mm and pore densities
40.25 1012 cm2. Pore diameters, calibrated by
passage of gold nanoparticles, were in the range of
1.32.0 nm.
Majumder et al.20 published the results of further
experiments on uid transport through the
multi-walled CNT composite membranes. A simple
pressure-driven ow apparatus was used, with the
accumulated mass of transported uids including
water, ethanol and alkanes being measured after a
xed time period. Their results demonstrate dramatically enhanced ow about 7 nm diameter nanotube
cores compared with conventional uid ow theory.
Observed ow rates were four to ve orders of magnitude greater than predicted by hydrodynamics
based on macro-scale behavior. The authors conclude
that the implied slip lengths (3 to 70 mm), which are
much greater than the tube diameter, are consistent
with a nearly frictionless interface.
Heremans et al.21 carried out measurements of the
magnetic moment and susceptibility of CNTs. They
experimentally illustrated that magnetic moment and
susceptibility behavior is a function of magnetic eld
strength and temperature.
The comparatively small diameter of the inner tube
in typical DWCNT samples has led to a number of
Raman studies which attempted an assignment of the
inner tube chirality based on the radial breathing
mode (RBM) frequencies.2224 In these investigations,
the interaction between the tube walls is often modeled by adding a constant to the dependence of the
RBM frequency on the inverse tube diameter. In both
theoretical and experimental studies, the distance
between the tube walls is usually assumed the same
as the interlayer distance in graphite, i.e. 3:4 A0 .
Since the controlled experiments on nanoscale are difcult, mathematical simulations are commonly used
to investigate mechanical behaviors of the micro/
nanostructures.
However, to date, no report has been found in the
literature on the nonlocal vibration and stability of
DWCNT. Motivated by these considerations, this
study aims to develop the vibration analysis of
DWCNTs conveying uid subjected to magnetic
eld based on TB theory, where DWCNT placed in
Pasternak foundation. DQM is presented to solve the
motion equations and estimate frequency and critical
uid velocity of the DWCNTs. The inuences of nonlocal parameter, slip ow regime, magnetic eld,
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Ghorbanpour Arani et al.
Pasternak constants, density and velocity of uid on

vibration, and stability of DWCNTs are discussed
in detail. Results of this investigation could be applied
to design this kind of nanodevices.
Mathematical modeling
Fundamental formulations for TB-model
A schematic diagram of a uid-conveying embedded
DWCNT subjected to uniform longitudinal magnetic
eld is shown in Figure 1 in which geometrical parameters of inner radius R1 and outer radius R2 are
also indicated.
In TB theory, displacement elds are assumed as25
U~ i x, z, t Ui x, t z i x, t,
V~ i x, z, t 0,
~ i x, z, t Wi x, t,
W
1
~ i denote the longitudinal, circumwhere U~ i , V~ i , and W
ferential, and transverse displacements of the middle
surface, respectively. Also, i is the rotation of beam
cross-section and t is time. It is noted that i 1, 2
represent the inner and outer nanotubes. Using aforementioned equation, the strain displacement relation
can be written as
where xx , xz , and Ai represent normal stress, shear

stress, and the cross-sectional area of DWCNTs,
respectively.
DWCNT is conveying a fully developed isentropic,
incompressible, and irrotational uid ow. It is
assumed that the uid ow moves through the
DWCNT with constant velocity and it has no magnetic property (nonmagnetic uid); uid velocity is
not aected by the magnetic eld.2628 Fluid velocity
is not related to applied forces on DWCNT such as
the surrounding elastic medium, etc. In addition,
magneto-rheological eect of DWCNT has been
ignored.29 It is worth mentioning that this research
focused on nonmagnetic liquid water ow. Liquid
water molecules have diameter D of approximately
0.29 nm30 which is smaller in size than the inner
radius of DWCNT. Therefore, the assumption of continuity for conveying uid through the DWCNT is
correct.
The kinetic energies of the DWCNT and uid ow
are31
8 2
!2
!2 39
Z L <Z
=
~i
~i
@
U
@
W
4
5 dAi dx i 1,2
;
@t
@t
0 : Ai
(
"
#)

ZL Z
1
@W1
@W1 2 2
uf
uf dAf dx,
Kfluid f
2 0
@t
@x
Af
1
Ktube t
2
4
"xxi
xzi
@Ui
@ i
z
,
@x
@x
@Wi
i
@x
where t and f denote the density of DWCNT and

uid, respectively.
Lorentz force
Energy function
The total potential energy of DWCNT is dened as12
Z Z
1 L
Ui
xx "xx xz xz dAi dx,
3
2 0 Ai
In this section, Maxwells relations are presented. The

Maxwells relations according to Murmu et al.17 are
expressed as
@h~
J~ r h~ r e~ ,
@t
divh~ 0,
Figure 1. The schematic of DWCNT conveying fluid embedded in Pasternak medium under longitudinal magnetic field.
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]

!
@D~
~
H ,
e~
@t
~
h~ r D~ H:
into equation (9) yields

5
where D~ is the displacement vector as D~ U, V, W,

J~ as current density, h~ as distributing vector of the
magnetic eld, and e~ as strength vector of the electric
eld.
Applying a uniform longitudinal magnetic eld
~ Hx , 0, 0 on DWCNT, the Lorentz force
vector H
can be expressed as17
Fx 0
2

@ V @2 V @2 W
@x2 @y2 @y@z

2

@ W @2 W @2 V
Fz H2x
:
@x2
@y2
@y@z
Fy H2x
For the present vibrational analysis in DWCNTs,

assume that W Wx, t only, so that the Lorentz
force in the z direction is written as
Fzi H2x
@ 2 Wi
:
@x2
It should be noted that in the present study the eective Lorentz force is a function of magnetic permeability () and magnetic intensity (Hx ) also. It is worth
mentioning that the uid velocity is not aected by
the Lorentz force.
Elastic medium
Based on the Pasternak foundations, the eects of the
surrounding elastic medium on the nanotubes are
considered as follows10
FElastic medium kW W2 Gp r2 W2
where kw and Gp are spring and shear modulus,

respectively.
vdW interaction
The vdW force on the outer tube is written as12
q1 cW2 W1
where c is vdW interaction coecient and Wi i 1, 2

corresponds to the transverse displacement of layers.
Subscripts 1 and 2 denote the inner and outer tubes,
respectively. It is well known that the interaction
forces between the inner and outer tubes are equal
and in opposite directions
q1 R1 q2 R2
q2 c
R1
W2 W1 :
R2
10b
The work done due to magnetic eld, surrounding

elastic medium, and vdW forces can be written as31
Z
Z
1 L
1 L

Fz1 W1 dx
Fz2 W2 dx
2 0
2 0
Z
Z
1 L
1 L
q1 W1 dx
q2 W2 dx
2 0
2 0
ZL
1
FElastic medium W2 dx:
11
2 0
Knudsen number
In the molecular phase, uids are composed of discrete molecules that collide with one another and solid
objects. The continuum ow assumes uids to be continuous, not discrete molecules32 Properties such as
density, pressure, temperature, and velocity are
assumed to vary continuously from one point to
another. Therefore, Knudsen number is an important
parameter that must be used to modify ow velocity.
Flow regimes in uid structure interaction (FSI) are
identied by Knudsen number. Knudsen number is a
dimensionless parameter dened as the ratio of the
mean free path of the molecules to a characteristic
length scale which is used for identifying the various
ow regimes in FSI.33
The mean free path of liquid would be the distance
between neighboring molecules. Liquid water is held
together primarily with hydrogen bonds. On the other
hand, the molecules in liquid are loosely bound, so
they are in constant contact with each other.34 In addition, the length scale will depend on the problem
under consideration, for example, the radius of the
body in a uid, the diameter of a pipe or an object
immersed in a ow, or the thickness of a boundary
layer or a shock wave.35
For micro and nanotubes, the radius of the tube is
assumed as the characteristic length scale. For CNT
conveying uid, Knudsen number may be larger than
102. Therefore, the assumption of no-slip boundary
conditions is no longer credible, and a modied model
should be used.
So Vavg,slip is replaced by VCF Vavg,noslip in the
basic equations where it is determined as follows36
VCF
Vavg,slip
Vavg,noslip

2 v
Kn
1 aKn 1 4
12
1 Kn
v
10a
where R1 and R2 are the inner and outer radii of

DWCNT, respectively. Substituting equations (10a)
where Vavg,slip and Vavg,no slip are average ow velocities

through nanotube considering slip boundary condition and ignoring it. Also, v is dependent on
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
tangential momentum of molecules, and for most

practical applications v is chosen to be 0.7 and a
can be expressed as the following relation36
a a0

2 1
tan a1 KnB

13
in which a1 4 and B 0:04 are some experimental

parameters. The coecient a0 is formulated as36

4
lim a a0 64= 3 1
Kn!1
b
14
where b 1.
Therefore, average ow velocity of no-slip boundary conditions should be used instead of the average
ow velocity of slip boundary conditions through
applying velocity correction factor.
Nonlocal elasticity theory

According to the Eringens nonlocal elasticity model,
the stress state at a reference point in the body is
regarded to be dependent not only on the strain
state at this point but also on the strain states at all
of the points throughout the body. Thus, the wellknown relation of nonlocal stress tensor in terms
of classical stress is expressed as37
1 e0 a2 r2 ,
15
where the right hand of equation (15) denotes that classical stress of DWCNT contains mechanical, thermal,
and piezoelectric terms, e0 a is small-scale parameter,
and operator r2 for TB model is dened as @2 =@x2 .
The motion equations of embedded DWCNT conveying uid can be derived by Hamiltons principles as
follows31
Z t Z t1
U Ktube Kfluid dt 0:
16
t0
@ 2 u1
@2 u1
@4 u1
2

f

e
f
0
1
1
n
@2
@ 2
@2 @ 2
18a
W1
@2 w 1
@ 1
@2 w1

1 f1

1 1
2
@
@
@ 2
p
@2 w 1
@4 w1
2 2
e2n 1 f1
2 f1 uf
@ @
@ @
4
2
p
@ w1
@ w1
@4 w1
2e2n f1 uf 3 f1 u2f
e2n f1 u2f
2
@ @
@
@ 4
@2 w2
@2 w1
C 1 w2 C 1 w1 e2n C 1 2 e2n C 1 2
@
@
2
4

Hm @ w 1
Hm @ w1

en2
0,
1 @2
1 @4
1
18b
2 2
1 @ 1
1 @w1
1 1
1
1 @ 2
1 @
2 4
1
@ 1
2

en I1 If
1 @ 2 @ 2
2 2
1 @ 1
I1 If
0
1 @ 2
I1
18c
4
@ 2 u2 @ 2 u2
2 @ u2

e
0
n
@ 2
@ 2
@ 2 @ 2
18d
W2
@2 w 1
@ 2 @2 w2
@4 w2
2 e2n 2 2

2 2
2
@
@
@
@ @
2
2
@
w
@
w
2
2
K w w2 e2n K w 2 G p 2
@
@
@4 w2
@2 w1
e2n G p 4 C 2 w1 C 2 w2 e2n C 2 2
@
@
2
2
4

H
H
@
w
@
w
@
w
2
m
2
m
2
e2n C 2 2
e2n
0,
@
2 @2
2 @4
2
Integrating equation (16) by parts and setting the

coecient of mechanical to zero leads to the following
motion equations.
The dimensionless parameters are dened as follow

U2
Hamiltons principel
It should be noted that Ksi i 1; 2 is the shear correction factor. Using above equation, the dimensionless motion equations can be written as
U1
x
L
Wi , Ui
L
i
ri
ri
s
r
t E
f
Uf

uf
L t
E
wi , ui
Ii
Ii
Ai r2i

Gp
G p
EAi
en
f
t
Hx
H m
E
Ksi GAi
Cl2
C i
EAi
EAi
2
k
L
EA
w
f
K w
fi
EAi
EAi

e0 a
L
18e
2 2
1 @ 2
1 @w2
2 2
2
2
2 @
2 @
2 4
2 2
1
@ 2
1 @ 2
2

en I 2
I2
0:
2 @ 2 @ 2
2 @ 2
I2
17
18f
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Solution procedure
DQ approach is used to solve the higher order equations of motion. In this method, the partial derivative
of a function with respect to spatial variables at a
given discrete point is approximated as a weighted
linear sum of the function values at all discrete
points chosen in the solution domain.
According to this method, the partial derivatives of
a function f at a point xi are expressed as38
N
X
dn f
Cn
xx
i
ij f xj ,
dxn
j1
C1
ij
N
Q
xi xk
xj xk i 6 j
N
Q
k1,k6i,j
k1,k6j
>
>
>
:
N
P
k1,k6i
1
xi xk
i, j 1, 2, . . . . . . , N:
i j
20
The solution of the motion equations (equations (18a)

to (18f)) can be assumed as follow38
ui x, t ui xe! ,
21a
wi x, t wi xe! ,
21b
i x, t
i xe
!
21c
q

where ! l Ef is the dimensionless natural frequency and is the (Fundamental) natural frequency.
The DQM form of mechanical clamped boundary
conditions at both ends of nanotube may be written
in dimensionless form as
0
u1 w1
uN wN
at 0
0 at

Z_ AfZg
24
in which the state vector Z and state matrix A are

dened as

Z
dd
d_d

and A
0
I
M1 K M1 C
1:
22
Imposing the above boundary conditions into equations (18a) to (18f) leads to the following constitutive
matrix equation

db
K !C !2 M
0
dd
23
where the subscript b stands for the elements related

to the boundary points while subscript d is associated
with the remainder elements. The K, C, and M are
the stiness, damping, and mass matrixes, respectively. For solving equation (23) and reducing it to
the standard form of Eigen value problem, it is

25
19
where Cn
ij is the respective weighting coecients
matrix, N is the number of grid points and f can be
taken as U, W, and . In order to avoid the ill-conditioning, the Lagrange interpolation basis functions
are used as38
8
>
>
>
<
convenient to rewrite this equation as the following

rst-order variable as34
where 0 and I are the zero and unitary matrices,

respectively. However, the frequencies obtained from
the solution of equation (25) are complex due to the
damping. Hence, the results contain two real and
imaginary parts. The real part corresponds to the
system damping and the imaginary part represents
the system natural frequencies.
Numerical results and discussion

The results of this study are based on the following
geometric and mechanical data for DWCNT25
r1 0:77nm r2 1:11nm h r2 r1 e0 a 0:5109
L=r2 20 E 1TPa 2:3gr=cm3 Kn 0:03
0:34 kw 109 N=m3 GP 107 N=m
26
The variation of imaginary and real components of

dimensionless frequency versus dimensionless ow
velocity has been compared with two similar works
performed by Ke and Wang25 and Lee and Chang39
at the same conditions. Figure 2 shows good agreement between present work and Ke and Wang25
which have used TBT, while this trend has been followed in Lee and Chang39 with a little dierence due
to Euler-Bernoulli beam model. In order for better
comparison, the governing equations of every paper
have been dimensionless with the same groups. As can
be seen, this gure conrms the validity of the
obtained results.
In following gures, imaginary and real components (Im!andRe!) of dimensionless frequency
of DWCNT are shown and the eects of various parameters such as magnetic intensity (Hx ), Knudsen
number and elastic medium on them for clamped
clamped boundary conditions are discussed in detail.
It is noted that Im ! represents the resonance frequencies of the DWCNTs while Re ! denotes the
damping which results from the moving uid to the
inner wall of CNTs.
Figures 3 and 4 show the imaginary and real components (Im! and Re!) of dimensionless frequency
versus the dimensionless ow velocity (uf ) for two different modes. As already mentioned, Im! is the resonance frequency and Re! is related to the damping.
Generally, the system is stable when the real part of the
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
(b)
(a)
Figure 2. (a) Comparison natural frequency between present results with that investigated by Ke and Wang25 and Lee and Chang.39
(b) Comparison damping frequency between present results with that investigated by Ke and Wang25 and Lee and Chang.39
Figure 3. Imaginary part of frequency versus flow velocity for different vibration modes.
frequency remains zero and it is unstable when the real

and imaginary parts of the frequency become positive
and zero, respectively. As can be seen, Im! generally
decreases with increasing uf . For zero resonance frequency, DWCNT becomes unstable due to the divergence via a pitchfork bifurcation and the
corresponding uid velocity is called the critical ow
velocity. Therefore, with increasing ow velocity,
DWCNT stability decreases and becomes susceptible
to buckling. In addition, utilizing this gure and
dimensionless parameters which are dened in equation (17), actual uid velocity through the DWCNT is
obtained simplistically. For example, if Uf 0:01,

actual uid velocity is 208:51 m=s. Therefore, the
results of this research can be used in design and manufacturing of nano/micro mechanical devices.
The eect of various elastic medium on imaginary
and real parts of dimensionless frequency versus
dimensionless uid velocity is illustrated in Figures 5
and 6. It is obvious that existence of spring and shear
foundations enlarge the stability region of DWCNTs
and increase the resonance frequency. As can be seen,
Im! increases by increasing the elastic foundation
stiness and decreases as uf increases.
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Figure 4. Real part of frequency versus flow velocity for different vibration modes.
Figure 5. Effect of elastic medium on the natural frequency of DWCNT.
Figures 7 and 8 depict natural and damping dimensionless frequency versus ow velocity for dierent
values of small scale. It is obvious that the nonlocal
parameter is a signicant parameter in vibration of
DWCNT. As can be seen, increasing the nonlocal
parameter decreases the frequency and critical ow

velocity. It needs to be pointed out that the zero
value for nonlocal parameter (i.e. e0 a 0) denotes
the result obtained by the classical TB model which
has the highest frequency and critical uid velocity.
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
Figure 6. Effect of elastic medium on the damping frequency of DWCNT.
Figure 7. Natural frequency versus flow velocity for different values of nonlocal parameter.
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
10
Figure 8. Damping frequency versus flow velocity for different values of nonlocal parameter.
Figure 9. Effect of magnetic field on natural frequency of DWCNT.
The eect of magnetic eld on dimensionless frequency of DWCNT is shown in Figures 9 and 10. As
already mentioned, applying magnetic eld in axial
direction generates the force in radial direction call
Lorentz force. It is found that increasing magnetic
intensity (Hx ) increases frequency and critical
ow velocity. Regarding Lorentz force eect, it has

been concluded that the magnetic eld is basically
an eective factor on increasing resonance frequency
leading to stability of DWCNT.
Finally, the eect of Knudsen number on natural
and damping dimensionless frequency of DWCNT is
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
11
Figure 10. Effect of magnetic field on damping frequency of DWCNT.
Figure 11. The effect of Knudsen number on imaginary component of frequency.
illustrated in Figures 11 and 12. Knudsen number is

dened based on various ow regimes. Here, the slip
ow regime is considered. As shown in these gures,
continuum uid (Kn 0) predicts the highest frequency zone, and considering uid with higher
Knudsen number results in shifting the curves to the
lower frequency zone. Therefore, critical ow velocity

of DWCNT decreases with increasing Kn.
Figures 13 and 14 demonstrate the imaginary and
real components of frequency versus the ow velocity
for dierent values of aspect ratio. Since the ow uid
in slender pipe can be assumed as a steady state ow
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
12
Figure 12. The effect of Knudsen number on real component of frequency.
Figure 13. The effect of aspect ratio on imaginary component of frequency.
for l=r2 4 15,4 results have been obtained for the

values of aspect ratio more than 20. It is clear that
the frequency of the DWCNT increases with decreasing l=r2 and simultaneously the critical uid velocity
increases as aspect ratio decreases. It is worth noting
that the low aspect ratio is better for vibration of
DWCNT conveying uid for optimum design of

nano/micro devices.
Dierent values for inner and outer radii of
DWCNT were reported in the literature. Figure 15
illustrates natural frequency versus uid velocity for
dierent values of inner and outer radius of DWCNT
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
13
Figure 14. The effect of aspect ratio on real component of frequency.
Figure 15. Natural frequency for different values of inner and outer radius of DWCNT corresponding to the literatures.13,17,25,3942
corresponding to the literatures.13,17,25,3942 It is evident from this gure that the increasing uid velocity
causes to decrease the natural frequency. In addition,
critical uid velocity is dierent while trend of gure is
constant for all cases.
Conclusion
In this paper, nonlocal vibration analysis of
DWCNTs subjected to magnetic eld was investigated, where DWCNT embedded in Pasternak
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
14
medium is considering Winkler and shear constants.

Also, the eects of vdW forces between the inner and
outer nanotubes were taken into account. Based on
nonlocal TB theory, fundamental equations were
evaluated and solved by DQ approach. Regarding
slip boundary conditions for uid in DWCNT, it
can be observed that Knudsen number have signicant eects on the mechanical behavior of the
DWCNT. Also, it has been found that the magnitude
of fundamental frequency is strongly dependent on
the imposed magnetic eld so that increasing the magnetic intensity signicantly increases the critical ow
velocity. The ndings of the present study may be
used in advanced applications of this kind of nano/
micro mechanical devices.
Funding
This work was supported by University of Kashan [grant
number 65475/54]. Iranian Nanotechnology Development
Committee provided nancial support.
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their
comments and suggestions to improve the clarity of this
article.
References
1. Iijima S. Helical micro tubes of graphitic carbon.
Nature 1991; 354: 5658.
2. Saito S and Zettl A. Carbon nanotubes quantum cylinders of graphene. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.
3. Pa doussis MP, Chan SP and Misra AK. Dynamics and
stability of coaxial cylindrical shells containing flowing
fluid. J Sound Vib 1984; 97: 201235.
4. Pa doussis MP. Fluid structure interactions: slender structures and axial flow. 1st ed. USA: Academic Press, 1998.
5. Amabili M, Pellicano F and Paudoussis MP. Nonlinear
dynamics and stability of circular cylindrical shells containing flowing fluid. Comput Struct 2002; 80: 899906.
6. Amabili M, Karagiozis K and Pa doussis MP. Effect of
geometric imperfections on non-linear stability of circular cylindrical shells conveying fluid. Int J Nonlinear
Mech 2009; 44: 276289.
7. Yan Z and Jiang LY. The vibrational and buckling
behaviors of piezoelectric nanobeams with surface
effects. Nanotechnol 2011; 22: 2457032457010.
8. Wang CM, Tan VBC and Zhang YY. Timoshenko
beam model for vibration analysis of multi-walled
carbon nanotubes. J Sound Vib 2006; 294: 10601072.
9. Lu P, Lee HP, Lu C, et al. Application of nonlocal
beam models for carbon nanotubes. Int J Solids
Struct 2007; 44: 52895300.
10. Ghorbanpour Arani A, Mohammadimehr M,
Arefmanesh A, et al. Transverse vibration of short
carbon nanotube using cylindrical shell and beam
models. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechanical
Engineering Science 2010; 224: 745756.
11. Chang WJ and Lee HL. Free vibration of a singlewalled carbon nanotube containing a fluid flow using
the Timoshenko beam model. Phys Lett A 2009; 373:
982985.
12. Ke LL, Xiang Y, Yang J, et al. Nonlinear free vibration
of embedded double-walled carbon nanotubes based on
nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory. Comput Mat Sci
2009; 47: 409417.
13. Mohammadimehr M, Saidi AR, Ghorbanpour Arani
A, et al. Torsional buckling of a DWCNT embedded
on Winkler and Pasternak foundations using nonlocal
theory. J Mech Sci Technol 2010; 24: 12891299.
14. Yang Y, Zhang L and Lim CW. Wave propagation in
double-walled carbon nanotubes on a novel analytically
nonlocal Timoshenko beam model. J Sound Vib 2011;
330: 17041717.
15. Shen ZB, Li XF, Sheng LP, et al. Transverse vibration of
nanotubes based micro-mass sensor via nonlocal
Timoshenko beam theory. Comput Mater Sci 2012; 53:
340346.
16. Murmu T and Pradhan SC. Thermo-mechanical vibration of a single-walled carbon nanotube embedded in an
elastic medium based on nonlocal elasticity theory.
Comput Mater Sci 2009; 46: 854859.
17. Murmu T, McCarthy MA and Adhikari S. Vibration
response of double-walled carbon nanotubes subjected
to an externally applied longitudinal magnetic field: A
nonlocal elasticity approach. J Sound Vib 2012; 331:
50695086.
18. Whitby M and Quirke N. fluid flow in in carbon nanotubes and nanopipes. Nature Nanotechnol 2007; 2: 8794.
19. Holt JK. Fast mass transport through sub-2-nanometer
carbon nanotubes. Science 2006; 312: 10341037.
20. Majumder M, Chopra N, Andrews R, et al. Nanoscale
hydrodynamics: enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes.
Nature 2005; 438: 44.
21. Heremans J, Olk C and Morelli D. Magnetic-susceptibility of carbon structures. Physical Rev B 1994; 49:
1512215125.
22. Bandow S, Chen G, Sumanasekera GU, et al.
Diameter-selective resonant Raman scattering in
double-wall carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev B 2002; 66:
075416.
23. Bacsa RR, Peigney A, Laurent CH, et al. Chirality of
internal metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
Phys Rev B 2002; 65: 161404.
24. Kramberger C, Pfeiffer R, Kuzmany H, et al.
Assignment of chiral vectors in carbon nanotubes.
Phys Rev B 2003; 68: 235404.
25. Ke LL and Wang YS. Flow-induced vibration and
instability of embedded double-walled carbon nanotubes based on a modified couple stress theory.
Physica E 2011; 43: 10311039.
26. Wang H, Dong K, Men F, et al. Influences of longitudinal magnetic field on wave propagation in carbon
nanotubes embedded in elastic matrix. Appl Math
Model 2010; 34: 878889.
27. Narendar S, Gupta SS and Gopalakrishnan S. Wave
propagation in single-walled carbon nanotube under
longitudinal magnetic field using nonlocal Euler
Bernoulli beam theory. Appl Math Model 2012; 36:
45294538.
28. Keivan K. Transverse wave propagation in elastically
confined single-walled carbon nanotubes subjected to
XML Template (2014)

[24.4.20144:06pm]
(PIC)
[115]
[PREPRINTER stage]
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
15
longitudinal magnetic fields using nonlocal elasticity

models. Phys E: Low-dimension Syst Nanostruct 2012;
45: 8696.
Park BJ, Fang FF and Choi HJ. Magnetorheology:
materials and application. Soft Matter 2010; 6:
52465253.
Pa doussis MP. Fluid structure interactions: slender structures and axial flow. 1st ed. USA: Academic Press, 1998.
Ghorbanpour Arani A and Amir S. Electro-thermal
vibration of visco-elstically coupled BNNT systems
conveying fluid embedded on elastic foundation via
strain gradient theory. Phys B 2013; 419: 16.
Gobbart MT and Cale TS. The effect of knudsen
number on transient time during chemical vapor deposition. Int J Multiscale Comput Eng 2006; 4: 319335.
Kaviani F and Mirdamadi HR. Influence of Knudsen
number on fluid viscosity for analysis of divergence in
fluid conveying nano-tubes. Comput Mater Sci 2012; 61:
270277.
Herman IP. Physics of the human body. Heidelberg:
Springer, 2007.
Barber RW and Emerson DR. The influence of
Knudsen number on the hydrodynamic development
length
within
parallel
plate
micro-channels.
In: M Rahman, R Verhoeven and CA Brebbia (eds)
Advances in fluids mechanics IV. Southampton, UK:
WIT Press, 2002, pp.207216.
36. Mirramezani M and Mirdamadi HR. The effects of

Knudsen-dependent flow velocity on vibrations of a
nano-pipe conveying fluid. Arch Appl Mech 2012; 82:
879890.
37. Eringen AC. On differential equations of nonlocal elasticity and solutions of screw dislocation and surface
waves. J Appl Phys 1983; 54: 47034710.
38. Chang S. Differential quadrature and its applications in
engineering. Singapore: Springer, 1999.
39. Lee HL and Chang WJ. Vibration analysis of fluid conveying double-walled carbon nanotubes based on nonlocal elastic theory. J Phys: Condens Matter 2009; 21:
15.
40. Shen ZB, Tang GJ, Zhang L, et al. Vibration of doublewalled carbon nano-tube based nano-mechanical sensor
with initial axial stress. Comp Mater Sci 2012; 58:
5158.
41. Kiani K. Vibration analysis of elastically restrained
double-walled carbon nano-tubes on elastic foundation
subjected to axial load using nonlocal shear deformable
beam theories. Int J Mech Sci 2013; 68: 1634.
42. Lei XW, Natsuki T, Shi JX, et al. Vibration characteristics of embedded double walled carbon nano-tubes
subjected to an axial pressure. In: 18th international conference on composite materials, Jeju Island, South
Korea, 2011.

Nonlocal Vibration and Instability Analysis of Embedded DWCNT PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nonlocal Vibration and Instability Analysis of Embedded DWCNT PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical

Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical

Institution of Mechanical Engineers

>> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Apr 29, 2014

XML Template (2014)