Long Eaton Tender Submission

TENDER SUBMISSION FOR LONDON
OFFICE BUILDINGS GROUP

Report submitted as a part of K13IDM on 13/5/2015
4183047 | 4187823 | 4186893
Tender Submission | K13IDM
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Long Eaton Services Consultants have been tasked by London Office
of escape. The vertical transport system more than adequately serves
Buildings with designing the services for a new office block.
the building, obtaining an excellent service standard.
The
proposed building stands 10 storeys tall, with 9 floors of open plan
Installing triple glazing and additional insulation reduced energy
offices. Heating, cooling and ventilation systems were to be specified,
consumption and carbon emissions by 21%. Though environmentally
whilst considering potential enhancements to the buildings performance.
sound, they are not financially viable, as it would take 50 years to break
The buildings vertical transport systems and fire protection were to be
even.
assessed to ensure the building complies with Approved Document B and

Smaller savings of 1-2% could be attained by providing total solar shading
British Standards 5655-6.
and additional thermal mass. Due to their minimal capital costs, they
It was decided that a VAV Air Conditioning System would best suit the
provide immediate financial gains.
needs of the building. Peak heating and cooling requirements were

To achieve the greatest savings in energy consumption and carbon
determined as 482kW and 432kW respectively, with an annual energy
emissions, all proposed changes should be implemented simultaneously.
consumption of 1.16 GWh and carbon footprint of 305 tonnes p.a.
Not only will LOB see net financial benefits, but will also help minimise
Inspection of the buildings fire exits found breaches of regulation;
their impact on the environment.
appropriate solutions have been devised incorporating additional means

(249)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ii
iii
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol
Definition
Unit
Air Change Rate
h1
Heat Gains
Volume
m3
3 /
f3
Intermittence factor
[dimensionless]
W/K
HDD
Number of heat degree days
[dimensionless]
Also : Flow Rate (distinguished in text)
Thermal Conductance
Area
Mass flow rate
W/m K
Moisture content
kg/s
U-value
Lag
Mixing point
Hour of incidence
RH
Relative humidity
Decrement Factor
[dimensionless]
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
Also Correction factor (distinguished in text)
[dimensionless]
Contact factor of cooling coil
G-Value
[dimensionless]
Pressure
Pa
Temperature
K or
Fan efficiency
Mean solar cooling load at incident hour
W/m2
Time
Also Height
Velocity
Solar exposure ratio
Hueretic constant
Width
Throw
xs
Shadow x-component
Total lift flight
ys
Shadow y-component
Speed
Overhang
Lift capacity
[dimensionless]
Wall-solar azimuth angle
Number of lift cars
[dimensionless]
Altitude
RTT
Air density
kg/m3
Air specific heat capacity
W/kgK
Volume flow rate
NOMENCLATURE
m3 /s
iv
Round trip time

Component loss factor
Kg/kg
[dimensionless]
m/s
[dimensionless]
m/s
s
[dimensionless]
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 BUILDING INFORMATION
2.1 Zoning
2.2 Occupancy
2.3 Building Fabric
3 EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
5
7
8
10
10
11
12
13
4 EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON
16
5 BOILER PLANT
5.1 Sizing the Boiler
5.2 Annual Running Costs and Carbon Emissions
6 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)
6.1 Sizing System
6.2 Air conditioning system specification
6.3 Annual Running Costs
7 VENTILATION
Design Criteria
duct configuration
Fans
supply diffuser choice
8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
8.1 Potential Changes
8.2 Comparison of Changes
8.3 Reccommendations
10
Casual Heat Gains

Solar Heat Gains
Fabric Losses
Ventilation Losses
Local Enviornmental Conditions
4.1 Fabric Losses

4.2 Solar Gains
4.3 Ventilation Heat Transfer
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
9 FIRE PROTECTION
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
17
18
20
Horizontal Escape
Vertical Escape
Compartmentalisation of spaces
Protection of Ventilation Openings
Location of Fire-fighting servces
10 VERTICAL TRANSPORT
10.1System Mechanics
10.2Firefighting Lifts
10.3Quality of service assessment
22
22
24
26
26
28
31
42
42
43
44
46
46
48
48
49
50
52
53
55
55
11 CONCLUSIONS
58
12 BACK MATTER
12.1References
12.2Appendix A
12.3Appendix B
12.4Appendix C
34
34
34
37
39
I
I
VI
XII
FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Proposed Building
Figure 9-3: Entrance floor, not meeting maximum travel distances
47
Figure 2-2: Zoning arrangements
47
Figure 2-3: Exploded Building Iso
Figure 9-5: Compartment floor configuration, meeting approved
Figure 2-4: Occupancy Schedule
document Bs guidelines.
49
Figure 3-1: Fabric heat transfer
11
Figure 9-6: Pipe sleeving, taken from Approved Document B, [12]
49
Figure 3-2: Graph to show ventilation and infiltration losses
13
Figure 9-7: ground floor sprinkler system
50
Figure 4-1:Internal Gains Schedule
16
Figure 9-8: Office floor sprinkler system
50
Figure 4-2: Effect of lag and decrement on heat transfer
17
Figure 10-1: Exploded View of Building Showing Lifts
52
Figure 4-3: Overhang providing solar shading on glazed surfaces (orange) 19
Figure 10-2: Plan of Lift Showing Dimensions around Car as given in CIBSE
Figure 4-4: Range of Ventilation heat transfer for each Month
20
Guide D 0
Figure 5-1: Graph showing pre-heat times prior to occupancy, [6]
22
Figure 10-3: Comparison of Side Opening and Two-Speed Centre Opening
53
Figure 5-2: Graph to show number of heating degree-days, CIBSE Guide A 24
Doors
53
Figure 6-1: Monthly peak sensible heat gains
26
Figure 10-4: Single Wrap Pulley System
54
Figure 6-2: Air Conditioning complete Psychometric Process
27
Figure 6-3: Fan Assisted VAV system schematic
29
Figure 7-1: Duct Layout in Plan
35
Figure 7-2: Supply Duct layout in Section
35
Figure 7-3: Supply Index Run
36
Figure 8-1: Comparison of changes
44
Figure 9-1: Typical office floor, not meeting maximum travel distances
47
Figure 9-2: Typical office floor, meeting maximum travel distances
47
FIGURES
vi
TABLES
Table 2-1: Building Geometry
Table 5-3: Fuel Prices, taken from Table 12 SAP 2012, [4]
24
Table 2-2: Zone Dimensions Ground Floor
Table 6-1: Peak Cooling Loads
26
Table 2-3: Zone Dimensions Typical Floor
Table 6-2: Psychometric properties of air
27
Table 2-4: Zone Occupancy
Table 6-3: Factors to consider when specifying an ACS
28
Table 2-5: Fabric Properties
Table 6-4: VAV system components
29
Table 2-6: Wall and Glazing Areas
Table 6-5: Advantages and Disadvantages of a VAV system
30
Table 3-1: Casual Internal Heat Gains
10
Table 6-6: Three approaches to estimate ACS cooling load
31
11
Table 7-1: Ventilation Requirements
34
Table 3-3: Equation 1 parameters
11
Table 7-2: Total extract for each sanitary zone
36
12
Table 7-3: Pressure Drop over Index Run
37
Table 4-1: Internal Gains
16
Table 7-4: Equation Parameters
38
Table 4-2: Equation 4-1 parameters
17
Table 7-5: Fan and energy characteristics
38
Table 4-3: Material properties
17
Table 7-6: Supply Diffuser Sizing
39
18
Table 8-1: U-value comparison of Part L requirement and ACEB Gold
Table 4-5: Glazing parameters
18
Standard
42
Table 4-6: Peak solar cooling loads
18
Table 8-2: Comparing performance of double glazing vs triple glazing
42
Table 4-7: Equation 4-3 and 4-4 parameters
19
Table 8-3: Effect of increasing thermal mass
43
Table 4-8: Effect of Shading on Peak Solar Cooling loads
20
Table 8-4: Comparison of changes
43
20
Table 8-5: Recommendations
44
Table 5-1: Equation 5-1 Parameters
22
Table 9-1 Maximum travel distances, taken from Approved Document B,
Table 5-2: Building Specifications calculated in section 3.5
22
[12]
vii
46
Table 9-2: Number of routes required, taken from Approved Document B,
Table 12-6: Annual Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions, using
[12]
46
data from SAAP Building Regulations 2010, Table 12.
Table 9-3: Minimum exit widths, Approved document B, [12]
48
Table 12-7: South Wall heat transfer (W) Example of Quasi-Dynamic Heat
Table 9-4: Compartment regulations, Approved document B, [12]
48
transfer calculation
VI
Table 9-5: Maximum sprinkler distances, BSEN pg 77 , [13], [14]
50
Table 12-8: Total Fabric heat transfer (W)
VII
Table 10-1: Lift Shaft Dimensions
52
Table 12-9: Ventilation Heat transfer (W)
VIII
Table 10-2: Breakdown of Car Capacity
53
Table 12-10: West Glazing unshaded solar gain (W) Example of solar
Table 10-3: System specification
55
cooling load
Table 10-4: Lift Calculations for Quality of Service
55
Table 12-11: West glazing shaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling
Table 12-1: Weather data used for Heating Season Calculations, taken
IX
load
IX
from CIBSE Guide J, Table 5.36
Table 12-12: Total Solar Gains accounting for shading (W)
Table 12-2: Fabric gains/Losses (Wall, Roof, Glazing)
II
Table 12-13: Total Sensible Heat transfer (W)
XI
Table 12-3: Total fabric gains/losses. (Wall, roof, glazing, Floor)
III
Table 12-14: Total pressure drop along pipes and method
XII
Table 12-4: Plant Sizing
IV
Table 12-15: Total Pressure loss calculations
XIII
Table 12-5: Heating Degree Days, taken from CIBSE Guide A, Table 2.23
IV
TABLES
viii
INTRODUCTION
Long Eaton Services Consultants would like to thank London Office
The primary aims of this report are:
Buildings for the invitation to apply for tender for designing the services
of their newly proposed office block.
To evaluate the thermal performance of the building to

determine peak heating and cooling loads.
A requirement of the tender document was that consultants should

design the heating, cooling and ventilation systems for the 10-storey
To appropriately size the buildings boiler and air conditioning

systems capable of meeting these demands.
building.
To quantify a series of potential improvements to evaluate their

economical and environmental feasibility.
It was also requested that the plans should be examined to identify any
potential issues that exist. Areas of particular concern were the fire-safety
To ensure that the building conforms to Approved Document B of

the UK Building Regulations with regards to fire protection.
and vertical transportation systems that could potentially be in breach of
UK Building Regulations.
To ensure that the proposed vertical transport systems are

capable of meeting the buildings requirements.
(178)
INTRODUCTION
BUILDING INFORMATION
Table 2-1: Building Geometry
The building under investigation is a 10- storey office block that is

situated in London at the junction between City Road and King George
Street. Of the 10 storeys, floors one to nine are open plan offices, whilst
the ground floor serves as an entrance foyer. There is also a basement in
the building, and a services block on the roof. Since they both lie are
outside of the thermal envelope, neither and are considered in this
report.
Figure 2-1: Proposed Building
Parameter
Value
Unit
Height
37.8
Ground Floor to Ceiling
4.2
Typical Floor to Ceiling
3.6
Depth
19.7
Width
50.0
Volume
36674
Envelope Area
6450
Wall Area
5331
Roof Area
985
Ground Area
852
Exposed Floor
133
Surface Area: Volume
0.18
Usable Floor Space
9717
Floors
10
(dimensionless)
Ground Floors
(dimensionless)
Typical Floors
(dimensionless)
-1
2
2.1
ZONING
Each floor is subdivided into distinct thermal zones. The ground floor is
dominated by a large entrance zone; with facilities located in the central
core, see Table 2-2. There is a void in the rear of the building, which
provides service access.
The upper floors follow a similar pattern; with large occupied open plan
office space, surrounding services and amenities, see Figure 2-2and Table
2-3.
Figure 2-2: Zoning arrangements
Table 2-2: Zone Dimensions Ground Floor

2
Code
Zone
Width (m)
Depth (m)
Area (m )
Volume (m )
001
Entrance
50.0
19.7
689.8*
2897.2
002
Lobby
9.0
4.5
40.5
170.1
003
Male WC
3.0
4.5
13.5
56.7
004
Female WC
3.0
4.5
13.5
56.7
005
Circulation [W]
8.6
4.5
38.7
162.5
006
Circulation [E]
8.6
4.5
38.7
162.5
007
Lifts [W]
1.9
4.5
8.6
35.9
008
Lifts [E]
1.9
4.5
8.6
35.9
851.8
3577.6
Total
*Area defined as total floor area not accounted for in other zones inc. services void.
Table 2-3: Zone Dimensions Typical Floor
2
Code
Zone
Width (m)
Depth (m)
Area (m )
Volume (m )
101
Office
50.0
19.7
793.8*
2857.5
102
Lobby
9.0
4.5
40.5
145.8
103
Male WC
7.5
4.5
33.8
121.5
104
Female WC
5.0
4.5
22.5
81.0
105
Circulation [W]
8.6
4.5
38.7
139.3
106
Circulation [E]
8.6
4.5
38.7
139.3
107
Lifts [W]
1.9
4.5
8.6
30.8
108
Lifts [E]
1.9
4.5
8.6
30.8
985.0
3546.0
Total
*Area defined as total floor area not accounted for in other zones
Figure 2-3: Exploded Building Iso
2.2
Table 2-4: Zone Occupancy
OCCUPANCY
The occupancy for each zone in shown in Table 2 4. The total occupancy
for the building is 722 people, only 11 of whom are most in the office.
The occupancy profile is modelled on a typical 09:00 to 17:00 working
day, see Figure 2-4. To simulate gradual arrival and departure of
occupants it increases/decreases incrementally over the course of three
Proportion of peak Occupancy
hours. Occupancy also drops to have capacity during lunch hours.
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
Code
Zone
Area (m )
Occupancy Density
2
(m /person)
Occupancy
(people)
001
Entrance
689.8
0*
002
Lobby
40.5
11
003
Male WC
13.5
004
Female WC
13.5
005
Circulation [W]
38.7
006
Circulation [E]
38.7
007
Lifts [W]
8.6
008
Lifts [E]
8.6
101
Office
793.8
10
79
102
Lobby
40.5
103
Male WC
33.8
104
Female WC
22.5
105
Circulation [W]
38.7
106
Circulation [E]
38.7
107
Lifts [W]
8.6
108
Lifts [E]
8.6
*Occupancy specified as 0 as occupancy in entrance specified under lobby
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Occupancy Density specified using CIBSE guide A Table 6.2 for a Hotel Lobby [1]
Hour number (hours)
Figure 2-4: Occupancy Schedule
2.3
Table 2-6: Wall and Glazing Areas
BUILDING FABRIC
The building is assumed to be thermally lightweight. The dimensions and

U-values for each element of the building fabric are shown in Table 2-5.
The U-values comply to the limiting standards given in building
Wall
Glazing Ratios
Wall total area (m2)
Wall area (m2)
Glazing Area (m2)
Wall N
61%
1814
713
1101
Wall E
34%
745
488
256
Wall S
61%
1890
743
1147
Wall W
34%
745
488
256
regulations document L2 [2]. The wall and glazing areas for each faade
are shown in Table 2-6
Surface
Construction
Limiting U2
Value (W/m K)
INFILTRATION
Surface
Area
The infiltration rate is set at the standard value of 0.41 throughout
(m )
Roof
Waterproof roof covering, 35mm

polyurethane insulation, vapour control
layer, 19mm timber decking,
unventilated airspace, 12.5 mm
plasterboard
0.25
105mm brick, 50mm airspace, 19mm

plywood sheathing, 95mm studding,
12.5mm plasterboard.
0.35
10 m carpet, 19mm timber on100 mm

joists, 100mm mineral fibre insulation
between joists, 12mm cementitious
building board on underside.
0.25
Glazing
Double Glazing in aluminium frames
2.2
2762
Vehicle Access
Doors
Metal roller doors
1.5
138
Wall
Floor
the building [1]. The resulting air permeability is 2.173 //2 *. This
985
outperforms best practice guidelines, predominantly due to the large

surface are to volume ratio of the building. In reality, the air leakage
2432
would likely be higher, closer to 53 //2 .

985
(347)
EXTREME CONDITIONS: HEATING SEASON

Table 3-1: Casual Internal Heat Gains
The buildings thermal performance is analysed to determine its heating

load and size its boiler. Heat is lost via convection due to ventilation and
Zone
Floor Area
2
(m )
QOcc,
sensible
(W)
QLighting,
sensible
(W)
QEquip,
sensible
(W)
Entrance
Lobby
Sanitary
Accom.
Sanitary
Accom.
Circulation
[W]
Circulation
[E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Office
Lobby
Sanitary
Accom.
Sanitary
Accom.
Circulation
[W]
Circulation
[E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Total
689.8
40.5
13.5
825
-
10347
405
-
10347
405
-
Total
Sensible
Gains
(W)
10347
405
-
13.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
793.75
40.5
33.75
5530
-
7937
405
-
7937
405
-
7937
405
-
22.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
50595
85834
109181
245611
conduction from the buildings fabric.

3.1
CASUAL HEAT GAINS
People, lighting and equipment generate internal heat gains, calculated

using CIBSE Guide A [1] for each zone totalling 24.6 kW, see Table 3-1.
Though not accounted for in plant sizing, casual heat gains effectively
reduce the heating requirement of the building and boiler.
3.2
SOLAR HEAT GAINS
Solar gains are not considered when assessing the buildings heating load.
This is because the peak-heating load is calculated for the worst-case
scenario, no solar exposure. Building form and orientation could be
considered to optimise the influence of solar gains.
10
3.3
Table 3-3: Equation 1 parameters
FABRIC LOSSES
Symbol
A
U
The performance of the buildings thermal envelope determines the rate

of fabric heat lost/gained. The rate of heat lost per unit of temperature
Parameter
Thermal Conductance
Area
U-Value
Unit
W/K
2
m
2
W/m K
difference through each surface is calculated using equation 3-1.

= [3-1]
Example calculation: Total thermal conductance

= (0.25 985) + (0.35 2432) + (0.25 985) + (2.2 762) +
(1.5138) = 7626 W/K

Surface
Limiting U-Value
2
(W/m K)
Floor Area
Roof
0.25
985
246
Wall
0.35
2432
851
Floor
0.25
985
246
Glazing
2.2
2762
6075
Vehicle Access Doors
1.5
138
207
Total
Thermal Conductance (W/K)
(m )
Figure 3-1: Fabric heat transfer
7626
11
3.4
VENTILATION LOSSES
Ventilation requirements for each zone were approximated using table

Example Calculation: Ventilation requirements for the Office
1.5, CIBSE Guide A [1], seen in Table 3-4. Ventilation provides fresh air to
Ventilation: 79 people x 10 L/s = 790 L/s = 0.79 m3 /s
the occupants, removing pollutants. Infiltration, via adventitious
Infiltration: 0.4 a1 x 2857.5 m3 = 1143 m3 /h = 0.3175 m3 /s
openings, has also been considered.

Zone
Floor
Area
( )
Volume ( )
Entrance
689.8
2897.16
Lobby
40.5
170.1
11
Male WC
13.5
56.7
Female WC
13.5
56.7
Circulation [W]
38.7
162.54
Circulation [E]
38.7
162.54
Lifts [W]
8.55
Lifts [E]
8.55
Office
Lobby
Total
ventilation
rate per
zone (L/s)
Total
ventilation
rate per
zone ( /s)
Infiltration
(a )
Infiltration
rate ( /h)
Infiltration rate
( /s)
0.4
1158.864
0.321906667
110
0.11
0.4
68.04
0.0189
0.4
22.68
0.0063
0.4
22.68
0.0063
0.4
65.016
0.01806
0.4
65.016
0.01806
35.91
0.4
14.364
0.00399
35.91
0.4
14.364
0.00399
793.75
2857.5
79
0.79
0.4
1143
0.3175
40.5
145.8
0.4
58.32
0.0162
Male WC
33.75
121.5
0.4
48.6
0.0135
Female WC
22.5
81
0.4
32.4
0.009
Circulation [W]
38.7
139.32
0.4
55.728
0.01548
Circulation [E]
38.7
139.32
0.4
55.728
0.01548
Lifts [W]
8.55
30.78
0.4
12.312
0.00342
Lifts [E]
8.55
30.78
0.4
12.312
0.00342
Total
Occupancy
(people)
Ventilatio
n Rate
Required
per person
(L/s)
Total
ventilation rate
per person per
zone (L/s)
10
110
10
790
35491
790
7220
12
7.22
3.94
Ventilation requirements state that 7.22 3/s of air is needed for the
Example Calculation: Total Air Change Rate for whole building
building. With infiltration set at 0.4 a1 per zone, it results in a net loss
7.22 3 /s + 3.93 /s = 11.2 3 /s x 3600 = 40188.6 3 /h
of 3.93 /s of air. Figure 3-2 shows infiltration making up 35% of the
40188.6 3 /h / 35491 40188.6 3 = 1.13
ventilation losses.
3.5
LOCAL ENVIORNMENTAL CONDITIONS
The annual external temperatures in London for each hour of the day,
each month of the year are used to calculate the buildings peak-heating
35%
Ventilation
load.
Appendix B details the weather data. The internal design
Infiltration
temperatures for winter and summer, were 22 and 23 respectively,
65%
taken from CIBSE Guide A, table 1.5.

(272)
Figure 3-2: Graph to show ventilation and infiltration losses
13
14
15
EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON
Casual Heat Gains

(kW)
The internal gains are estimated using heat gain densities specific to a
zones function (Table 6.3, CIBSE Guide A [1]) and are compiled in Table
4-1.
The gains operate proportionally to the occupancy schedule.
300
Sensible
Latent
200
100
0
Hour
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Table 4-1: Internal Gains
Zone
Entrance
Lobby
Sanitary Accom.
Sanitary Accom.
Circulation [W]
Circulation [E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Office
Lobby
Sanitary Accom.
Sanitary Accom.
Circulation [W]
Circulation [E]
Lifts [W]
Lifts [E]
Floor
2
Area (m )
Occupancy
(persons)
689.8
40.5
13.5
13.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
793.75
40.5
33.75
22.5
38.7
38.7
8.55
8.55
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
79
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sensible heat
gains per
person (W)
75
70
-
Latent heat
gains per
person (W)
55
45
-
Figure 4-1:Internal Gains Schedule
Lighting gain,
Area Weighted
2
(W/m )
15
10
10
10
-
Total
16
Equipment gains,
Area Weighted
2
(W/m )
5
15
5
-
QOcc,
sensible
(W)
825
5530
-
QOcc,
latent
(W)
605
3555
-
QLighting,
sensible
(W)
10347
405
7937
405
-
QEquip,
sensible
(W)
0
202
0
0
0
0
0
0
11906
202
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
Sensible
Gains (W)
10347
1432
0
0
0
0
0
0
25374
608
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
Latent
Gains (W)
0
605
0
0
0
0
0
0
3555
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50595
50595
85834
109181
245611
32600
4.1
FABRIC LOSSES
Symbol
Fabric losses are calculated using quasi-dynamic calculations (equation 4-
1) that take into account both a time lag and decrement in the transfer of
heat through the buildings fabric, (Figure 4-2).
These values are
+ = ( ) + (0 )
[4-1]
Unit
Heat transfer at time = +
Area
U-value
Lag
Hour of incidence
Decrement Factor
[]
approximated using construction of comparable performance in table

3.49 CIBSE guide A.
Parameter
/2
Mean sol-air temperature
Room air temperature
Sol-air temperature at time =
Table 4-3: Material properties

Surface
Figure 4-2: Effect of lag and decrement on heat transfer
Example Calculation Transfer through West Wall on June 21st at 17:00

For a west facing light coloured wall 0 = 19.2 & = 22.5 ,
= 23 [2].
17:00 = 488 0.35(22.5 23) + 488 0.35(19.2 22.5) 0.21
17:00 = 204
U-Value (W/m K)
Area (m )
Colour
Wall North
0.35
713
0.21
Light
Wall East
0.35
488
0.21
Light
Wall South
0.35
743
0.21
Light
Wall West
0.35
488
0.21
Light
Glazing North
2.20
1101
Glazing East
2.20
256
Glazing South
2.2
1147
Glazing West
2.2
256
Roof
0.25
985
0.15
10
Dark
Exposed Floor
0.25
133
0.15
Light
Access Doors (delivery void)
1.5
138
1.00
Light
Calculations for hourly heat transfers for all surfaces can be found in Appendix B.
17
4.2
SOLAR GAINS
Solar gains though an un-shaded glazed surface are calculated using

Equation 4-2, where each parameter is defined by the buildings location
(London), response factor (fast), and the windows glazing type and
orientation (Table 4-5).
=
Symbol
Parameter
Unit
Solar heat gain
Area
G-Value
[]
Correction factor
[]
Mean solar cooling load at incident hour
/2
Table 4-5: Glazing parameters
[4-2]
Window
Azimuth ()
Area (m )
Glazing type
Example calculation East faade glazing at 14:30 on September 4th
Glazing North
1101
Clear/reflective
0.41[3]
0.50 [3]
For an East facing surface in SE England at 14:30 on Sep 4th, is 132W/

m2 [3].
Glazing East
90
256
Clear/reflective
0.41
0.50
Glazing South
180
1147
Clear/reflective
0.41
0.50
Glazing West
270
256
Clear/reflective
0.41
0.50
14:30, 4
,
= 256m 132/ 0.41 0.50

14:30, 4
Table 4-6: Peak solar cooling loads
= 6927W
Glazing
The shortcoming using this approach is that no solar cooling loads are
Peak solar cooling load (W)
Date
Time
154495
April 28th
12:30
of which North
34772
June 21st
12:30 and 13:30
of which East
30432
June 21st
08:30
of which South
133124
November 4th
12:30
of which West
30379
June 21st
17:30
Ground Floor
35313
April 28th
12:30
Typical Floor
13242
April 28th
12:30
Whole Building
provided outside of 07:30 to 17:30. This is not too significant as they

would fall outside of the offices operational times. They would also be
far smaller than solar gains inside the working day, making it highly
improbable that they would affect the peak cooling load of the building.
Calculations for full hourly solar gains for all glazed surfaces can be found in Appendix B.
18
SOLAR SHADING
Example Window on South faade glazing at 14:30 on September 4th
Recesses cause solar shading on the buildings windows, the extent of
= 103253, = 18515, = 37, = 49, =

3.85, = 1.50 and = 0.5.
which is calculated using equation 4-3. The portion of glazing in shade
= 0.5 tan 49 = 0.58, = 0.5 sec 49 tan 37 = 0.57
receives no direct sunlight and is recalculated as a north facing window.

=
=
Where:
( ) ( )

[4-3]
(3.85 0.58) (1.5 0.57)

= 53%
3.85 1.50
Therefore the cooling load accommodating for shading is:

= 53% 103253 + 47% 18515 = 63426
= tan and = sec tan
Table 4-7: Equation 4-3 and 4-4 parameters
The adjusted solar gain through a window is:

= + (1 )
Symbol
[4-4]
Parameter
Unit
Area
Solar exposure ratio
Window width
Window Height
Shadow x-component
Shadow y-component
Overhang
Wall-solar azimuth angle
Altitude
Figure 4-3: Overhang providing solar shading on glazed surfaces (orange)
19
Solar gain of window accounting for shading
Solar gain of window without shading
Solar gain of identical window facing North
This shading only results in a 1% reduction in solar gain. It would be
4.3
VENTILATION HEAT TRANSFER
advisable to implement shading devices that can provide total shading,
Combined losses due to purpose provided and adventitious ventilation is
which would result in a reduction in peak solar gain by as much as 75%.
calculated using equation 4-5 using the air flow rates defined earlier.
= ( )
Table 4-8: Effect of Shading on Peak Solar Cooling loads

Glazing
Whole Building
[4-5]
Peak solar
cooling load,
un-shaded (W)
Peak solar cooling

load, with shading
adjustment (W)
Reduction due to
shading (%)
154495
153093
0.91%
Air density
/3
/

Symbol
Parameter
Unit
Heat loss due to ventilation
North
34772
34772
0.00%
East
30432
30218
0.70%
Air specific heat capacity
External air temperature
Room temperature
133124
132787
0.25%
West
30379
30379
0.00%
Ground Floor
35313
34993
0.91%
Typical Floor
13242
13122
0.91%
3 /
50
Ventilation Heat Transfer
(kW)
South
Volume flow rate
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 4-4: Range of Ventilation heat transfer for each Month
(277)
20
21
BOILER PLANT
5.1
SIZING THE BOILER
Table 5-1: Equation 5-1 Parameters
The buildings boiler can be sized using the steady state equation
Symbol
Parameter
Unit
U-Value
/2 K
Area
Air Change Rate
Building Volume
Design Inside Temperature
Design Outside Temperature
(equation 5-1). Heating systems are designed to heat the building when
unoccupied with no casual/solar gains, see Figure 5-1
Using the internal design temperatures and weather data from CIBSE
Guide J, the annual energy demand is calculated using equation 5-1 and
Table 5-2.
Table 5-2: Building Specifications calculated in section 3.5
Figure 5-1: Graph showing pre-heat times prior to occupancy, [6]
Qd = [ + 0.33]( )
BOILER PLANT
[5-1]
22
(W/K)
( )
( )
7626
1.13
36674
hours of occupancy and two additional hours of pre-heating, requiring an
The peak-heating load occurs in December between 06:00 and 07:00.
3 value of 1.2 .
Example Calculation: Peak heating load
Qd = 7626 + 0.33 1.13 36674](22 0.4)
Example Calculation: Actual Peak Heating load
= -482075 W of heat energy lost
1.2 x 482075 = 578490 W
Peak Heating load = 482075 W = 482 kW
= 578 kW
Heating systems are designed to meet the maximum heating load likely to
occur. However, additional capacity is needed to overcome thermal
inertia so that the building may reach an operational temperature
quickly.
The required boiler capacity is calculated by applying an intermittence
factor,3,that takes into account the thermal response of the building and
the hours of plant operation (equation 5-3).
= 3 [5-3]
Table 1.11 in CIBSE Guide B, [3], recommends plant size ratios according
to heating periods. The boiler must operate for 16 hours, to serve the 14
23
5.2
ANNUAL RUNNING COSTS AND CARBON EMISSIONS
Equation 5-4 shows the amount of heat lost in one year.
The annual energy consumption of the heating system is calculated to
= 24( + 0.33)HDD [5-4]
estimate its running costs and carbon emissions. This is done by

Example Calculation: Heat lost in one year
estimating the number of heating degree-days for which the external
= 24(7626 + 0.33 1.13 36674)1936
temperature is below a base temperature, 15.5C taken from CIBSE guide
= 988504 kWh of energy lost
A[1]. Figure 5-2 shows the HDD for London for an average year.
Number of Heating Degree Days
Table 5-3 states the costs and carbon emissions per kWh.
350
Table 5-3: Fuel Prices, taken from Table 12 SAP 2012, [4]
300
250
Fuel
Unit price (p/kWh)
Emissions (kg CO2 per kWh)
200
Mains Gas
3.48
0.216
150
100
Example Calculation: Annual Cost
50
0
= 988 504 x 3.48=34,399 p.a

Example Calculation: Annual carbon emissions
= 988 504 x 0.216 = 213 516 kg of carbon
Months of the Year
= 214 tonnes CO2

(245)
Figure 5-2: Graph to show number of heating degree-days, CIBSE Guide A
BOILER PLANT
24
25
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ACS)
6.1
SIZING SYSTEM
AIR PROPERTIES
The ACS must be capable of offsetting both the peak sensible and latent
The sensible cooling load is used in conjunction with equation 6-1 to
heat gains in the building, coinciding at 14:00- 15:00 on August 4th.
determine the mass flow rate of supply air.

=
Table 6-1: Peak Cooling Loads

Type
Load
Date
Time
Sensible
443.0kW
August 4th
14:00 15:00
Latent
32.6kW
Every day
9:00 13:00 and 14:00 17:00
[6-1]
To calculate the mass flow rate the temperature difference between the
supply and room ( ) must be specified, in this case as 9 ,
recommended by Roy Jones of Gilberts [5].
500
Sensible
443.0
kW
Peak Heat Gain (kW)
400
Higher values of may be used, reducing the required air supply rate. This may be
Latent
necessary if the diffusers specified are incapable of meeting design requirements at higher
air supply velocities.
300
= /( )
200
= 443.0/(1.02/ 9) = 48.3/
100
0
To find the properties of air at the supply point of the system, both
32.6kW
Jan
Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep
Oct Nov Dec
and must be fixed. is calculated as ,
Figure 6-1: Monthly peak sensible heat gains
(23 9 = 14) whilst RH is pre-set at a typical value of 95% [6].
26
The room airs properties can be found by using combined with the
room moisture content ( ), calculated with the buildings latent gains:
=
= /
= 32.6/(48.3/ 2450/) = 0.00027/

Allowing for calculation of = +
= 0.00946 + 0.00027 = 0.009743/
CONDITIONING PROCESS
The ACS in the building uses recirculation to reduce energy consumption.
Figure 6-2: Air Conditioning complete Psychometric Process
To find the mixing point:
= 100%
/
7.223 /
= 100%
= 81.9%
39.83 /
Table 6-2: Psychometric properties of air

Parameter
Symbol
Unit
Outside
Where the volume flow rate of cooling air ( ) is calculated from the
mass flow rate () derived above, using the specific volume of air ( ) at
the supply. = = 47.1/ 0.8253 / = 7.223 /
Air at Point:
Supply
Room
Mixing
Dry Bulb Temperature
25.8*
14.0
23.0
23.5
Wet bulb Temperature
16.7*
13.8
17.3
17.50
Relative Humidity
39.3%*
95.0%
55.0%
55.5%
Specific Enthalpy
46.6*
38.0
47.6
49.0
Moisture Content
0.00813*
0.00946
0.009743
0.00944
th
* Obtained from CIBSE Guide J design day data, August 4 14:00-15:00
27
APPARATUS DEW POINT
6.2
The Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) of the cooling coil is marked on Figure 6-2
Natural ventilation is the preferred method of cooling a building for
at 13.3C.
environmental and financial reasons.
The contact factor of the cooling coil can also be
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
However, natural ventilation
cannot disperse as much heat as mechanical systems. CIBSE recommend
determined = = 0.92.
any buildings with sensible gains of over 40/2 to employ mechanical

PLANT SIZING
ACSs. The buildings sensible gains are 44.4/2 , implying it requires a
To ensure the ACS can cool the building if the cooling load were ever to
mechanical cooling system.
exceed the peak design load, a Plant Size Ratio () is employed, at a
Table 6-3: Factors to consider when specifying an ACS
typical value of 1.2.
= ( )
= 48.3/ (49.0/ 38.0/) = 530.8
=
Factor
Reason
Comfort
The ability of the ACS to meet the variable requirements of the occupants is
paramount to ensure that the workforce function effectively.
Financial
If LOB intends to retain and operate the building it would be advisable to

install a more efficient ACS, as the reduced maintenance and energy costs
will make the greater capital investment worthwhile.
Control
Since the cooling demand of the building varies greatly throughout the day,
the ACS must be able to operate under a variable schedule. This prevents
the ACS being active when it is not necessary, minimising energy use and
environmental impact.
Noise
Production
Noise production should adhere to an acceptable volume defined by

occupants
Environmental
CO2 production and energy consumption should be minimised by selecting

an efficient ACS.
= 530.8 1.2 = 637.0
28
Table 6-4: VAV system components
SYSTEM SELECTION
Component
Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems are the most widely employed ACS in
The chiller provides a supply of chilled water

to the AHUs cooling coils
Air Handling
Unit (AHU)
The AHU is the unit where air is treated. It

contains the primary heating and cooling
coils (powered by the boiler and chiller,
controlling temperature), a steam humidifier
(to control moisture content) and a large fan
to circulate air though the duct network. It
also contains a mixing box, which mixes fresh
air with recirculated air.
VAV Terminal
Units
VAV terminal units are located at each zone,

where they can limit the flow rate of air
passing into a specific zone (capped at 60%
reduction). They also contain a fan to assist
with local recirculation, and a heating coil (a
legacy component from a time when energy
costs were cheaper).
Room based
Diffusers
The diffusers are mounted on the perimeter

of occupied zones to distribute treated air to
the spaces. They come in a variety of shapes,
each working in a different manner, many by
inducing the coanda effect.
Filters
Filters are placed in the network to remove

particle based pollutants such as smoke or
dust. If they were to build up it could cause
decreased efficiency or health issues. An
Fans
Fans are used to move air through the duct

network by increasing pressure at key points.
All fans would need to be sized carefully to
ensure adequate pressures to circulate air.
Figure 6-3: Fan Assisted VAV system schematic
29
Description
Chiller
modern office buildings. A centralised VAV system is specified for this

building, with fan assisted terminals incorporated into the system.
Image
Table 6-5: Advantages and Disadvantages of a VAV system

Advantages
Disadvantages
Good temperature control is achieved

by thermoregulatory devices in VAV
terminal units
The complex system contains

numerous components, and requires
substantial maintenance.
Uneven heating or cooling

requirements can be met by varying air
flow rates at each zones VAV terminal
unit. Perimeter zones will generally
have a greater cooling load than core
zones. (e.g. > )
A large plant room must be available to

house the large boilers, chiller and
AHU. Sufficient void space must also
be available within the ceilings of the
building to accommodate the large
ducts that circulate treated air.
Very flexible system is able to

accommodate any future changes in AC
requirement
Requires careful planning and design of

system as well as quality
commissioning to ensure it functions
correctly
Fan assisted VAV units allow for zone

by zone control of air flow rates, with
up to 60% throttling of the system
volume flow rate minimising energy
wasting.
Recirculation can be employed easily
within the terminal units, improving
the efficiency of the ACS.
CONTROL
The ACS should be controlled via a schedule that is refined with feedback
from post-occupancy evaluation.
control should also be employed, operated by occupants for real time

comfort adjustments. This should be through either real or perceived
control (e.g. thermostats and fan controls; or false switches).
Excess noise could occur if the fan

assisted VAV terminal units are not
acoustically insulated from occupied
spaces.
Implementation of fan-assisted
terminal units will increase capital and
maintenance costs.
Fan assistance ensures proper mixing,

preventing air dumping.
Fresh air is supplied in the system, so
no additional ventilation system is
required.
Intuitive devices with partial local
30
6.3
ANNUAL RUNNING COSTS
Table 6-6: Three approaches to estimate ACS cooling load

Estimation 1
Estimation 2
Estimation 3
Using general operational costs from CIBSE Guide F Table 7.5
Using general energy demand costs from CIBSE Guide B Table 2.2
Centralised VAV system assumption:
Type 3 (standard air-conditioned office) cooling load:
Using method to calculate the annual energy consumption based on

peak cooling demand, as described by Chadderton.
Building occupied floor area: 97172
Building occupied floor area: 97172
CO2 emission: 40/2 .
Energy Consumption: 31/2 .
2.40/2 .
Running Cost:
= 2
= 2
2 = 2
Find the peak temperature of mixed (, ) air prior to

cooling (based on volume flow rates of outdoor air ( ),
recirculated air ( ) and total air ( ) and the design outdoor
temp ( ) and recirculation Temperature ( ).
+ 7.22 25.8 + 32.6 23
, =
=
= 23.5
39.8
Finding the average cooling required ( ) required.
, = , = 23.5 14.0 = 9.5
Assuming sinusoidal fluctuation in outdoor air temperature
finds the mean mixed air temperature , by multiplying
by 70.7%. The average cooling power (, ) of
the ACS can then be determined with the total volume flow
rate of air, air density () and specific heat capacity of air ().
, = ( 70.7%)
= 39.8 1.21 1020 (9.5 70.7%) = 330.9
Hours of operation ( ) are determined as any time
when < . The number is determined based
on the proportion of hours during summer (CIBSE Guide A
Table 2.13) that exceeds , multiplied by hours in a
year.
Data provided is for 1992 cost so by applying inflation,

according to the bank of England, the corrected running cost
is 4.43/2 .
Energy load is converted to monetary value/ CO2 emission

load using standard conversion factors as provided by the
energy savings trust, 1kWh = 0.1319 and 0.519kgCO2,
dated 2015
= 11.49% 8760/ = 1007

The annual energy can then be calculated as
. (Chadderton recommends 2.50 in cases
where value is not specified)
Energy
n/a
301,227 kWh p.a
133,215 kWh p.a
Price
43,045 p.a
42,322 p.a
17,571 p.a
CO2
388.7 tonnes p.a
147.6 tonnes p.a
69.1 tonnes p.a
31
The three approaches predict significantly different cost and CO2

emissions. However the costs are of a comparable magnitude, implying
an annual cost of 20-40,000 for cooling.
The CO2 emissions are far less coherent, with the older approach (1)
predicting carbon emissions over 500% higher than the modern approach
(3).
This is potentially due to the increase in renewable electricity
production since 1992, reducing the amount of CO2 produced per kWh.
It would be expected that Estimation 3 would be most accurate, as it is
derived from the actual buildings performance, as opposed to generic
area-weighted assumptions.
The only way to evaluate expenses
accurately would be by examining the building once it is in service.

(477)
32
33
VENTILATION
7.1
DESIGN CRITERIA

Parameter
To ensure that the ventilation system will adhere to Approved Document
Offices
Lobby
Required Fresh Airflow Rate per Floor (m /s)
0.79
0.11
Mixing Ratio [dimensionless]
0.82
0.82
Total Airflow Rate Per Floor (m /s)
3.57
0.50
Number of Diffusers Per Floor [dimensionless]
Airflow per Diffuser (m /s)
0.45
0.25
Throw length (m)
4.5
Sound Level dbA *
30
24
F [9] it must:
Supply adequate fresh air
Supply the total air required for heating and cooling to occupied
zones
*from gilberts curved blade grills documentation [8]. Must not exceed 30 dbA in office
Ensure mixing of air
buildings. Can be reduced using more adjustable blades
Not produce excessive noise
7.2
Provide extraction in sanitary accommodations
The primary vertical ductwork can be housed in the existing services
DUCT CONFIGURATION
shafts. By dividing the system into two symmetrical networks pressure

losses are reduced.
The ducts to the supply diffusers will run within the ceiling void, see
Figure 7-1 and 7-2
VENTILATION
34
Figure 7-2: Supply Duct layout in Section
SANITARY AND NON-SANITARY ACCOMMODATION

The ventilation in the sanitary accommodations uses local extraction. The
zone is depressurised to avoid any mixing with air in non-sanitary zones
Approved document F [9] specifies the requirement for this is an
intermittent air extract of 6 L/s per WC or Urinal. The total extract for
each zone is shown Table 7-2.The supply air is drawn from other
ventilated zones.
Figure 7-1: Duct Layout in Plan
35
Table 7-2: Total extract for each sanitary zone
Sanitary Accommodation
Configuration
Total Extract for Zone

(L/s)
18
Ground Floor Male
1 WC 2 Urinals
Ground Floor Female
3 WCs
18
Typical Floor Male
4 WCs 3 Urinals
42
Typical Floor Female
5 WCs
30
SUPPLY INDEX RUN

The supply index run shown in Figure 7-3 runs from the plant room to the
furthest supply terminal on the first floor (not the ground floor as
terminals are only located in the central core, close to the main riser).
Figure 7-3: Supply Index Run
VENTILATION
36
Table 7-3: Pressure Drop over Index Run
SUPPLY INDEX RUN PRESSURE DROP

The total pressure loss over the index run is a combination of the
pressure loss along the pipes due to friction and the pressure loss over
components.
The pressure loss along pipes is given by:
Parameter
Value
Unit
Pressure loss along Pipes

(Friction)*
40.21
Pa
Pressure loss over

components*
103.58
Pa
Total pressure drop over

index run
143.79
Pa
Found using method CIBSE Guide B [3] and values from CIBSE Guide C [10] for breakdown
please see appendix C
p = 2 2
[7-1]
7.3
FANS
The energy consumption of the system fans is calculated using the
Where is the friction factor found using chart 4.2 in CIBSE Guide C, is
the density of air (1.2 kg/m3) and c is the specific heat capacity of air (1.0
method given in CIBSE Guide B chapter 3 [3]:
kJ/kg.K). [10]
=
1
= 2 2
[7-3]
= 16.3 143.79 = 2343
[7-2]
The electrical power required based on the fans efficiency (90% [6])
Where is the component loss factor obtained from tables in CIBSE Guide
C Chapter 4.
[7-4]
The results of these calculations are found in Table 7-3 and detailed in
depth in Appendix C.
37
There are four fans in the building; two supply and two extract. The total
Each fans energy consumption is given by:

=
energy consumption and a summary of data in this section are given in
[7-5]
Table 7-5
Table 7-4: Equation Parameters
Table 7-5: Fan and energy characteristics
Term
Definition
top
operational time
Parameter
Value
Unit
(17 hours a day during warm up period and occupation, week

days)
Total Pressure Drop
143.79
Pa
Air power
2,343
Fan Efficiency
90%
[percentage]
Electric Power
2,604
Operational Time
4080
hr
Energy Consumption Fan
10,623
kWhr
Number of Fans
[dimensionless]
Total Electric Power
10,414.56
Total Energy Consumption
42,491
kWhr
QT
total flow rate (16.30 m/s)
total pressure loss over the index circuit
System Calculations
Electric Power = 2343/0.9
= 2604W
Top= 17hours*240days
= 4080hrs
Therefore
Energy consumption = 4080*2.604
= 42491 kWhrs
VENTILATION
38
7.4
SUPPLY DIFFUSER CHOICE
The supply diffusers are situated in the ceiling due to the duct placement
and to take advantage of the coanda effect They are sized using equation
7-6.
= 0.5 and = 0.6
[7-6]
Table 7-6: Supply Diffuser Sizing

Term
Definition
Offices
Lobby
Umax
Umax (m/s)
0.25
0.25
Hueretic Constant
5.5
5.5
Throw (m)
4.5
0.45
0.25
1.96
1.47
3.27
2.46
Q
Ae
Ao
Flow Rate (m /s)

2
Effective Area Opening (m )

2
Area Diffuser (m )
Example calculation (office diffuser)

Ae = ((5.5*0.45)/(7*0.25))2
Ao = 1.96/0.6
= 1.96m2
= 3.27m2
39
VENTILATION
40
41
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Reductions in the buildings energy consumption and carbon emissions
INSTALLING TRIPLE GLAZING
can be achieved by making a series of changes to the buildings geometry
The heat lost though the buildings glazing can be
and thermal envelope.
reduced by installing triple glazing.
8.1
The triple
glazing will slightly reduce the solar radiant gains as
POTENTIAL CHANGES
well, reducing the cooling load during summer.

IMPROVING FABRIC THERMAL PERFORMANCE
Table 8-2: Comparing performance of double glazing vs triple glazing
Reduced conductive heat transfer though the
Window Type
thermal envelope can be obtained by reducing
U-Value (W/m K)
G-Value
Response Factor
Double Glazing (reflective coating)
2.2
0.41
0.50
Triple Glazing (reflective coating)
0.9
0.35
0.43
fabric U-values. To quantify the potential savings, the U-values are

reduced to 0.15/2 , in line with ACEB Gold Standard building
TOTAL SOLAR SHADING
performance [11].
The peak cooling load can be reduced by applying
Table 8-1: U-value comparison of Part L requirement and ACEB Gold Standard
Fabric Element
total solar shading to the building. The solar load

2
Part L Minimum (W/m K)
ACEB Gold Standard (W/m K)
Wall
0.35
0.15
Floor
0.25
0.15
Roof
0.25
0.15
on each faade is redefined as north facing.
42
INCREASING THERMAL MASS
8.2
COMPARISON OF CHANGES
Table 8-4: Comparison of changes
The effect of environmental changes can be offset

Alteration
by increasing the thermal mass of the building;

changing it to a slow response building.
Table 8-3: Effect of increasing thermal mass
Building Element
Lag, (hrs)
Decrement Factor, f
Response Factor
Fast
Slow
Fast
Slow
Fast
Slow
Wall
0.58
0.21
Roof
10
0.93
0.15
Floor
0.91
0.15
Vehicle Access
Doors
Glazing
Affects
Heating
Load?
Affects
Cooling
Load?
Affects
Ventilation
Load
Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Saving
(%)
CO2
Emissions
(Tonnes)
Saving
(%)
Original
n/a
n/a
n/a
1164210
305
Triple
Glazing
960134
18.0%
249
18.0%
Fabric Uvalues
1130812
3.0%
297
3.0%
Total Solar
Shading
1137502
2.0%
291
5.0%
Increase
Thermal
Mass
1150135
1.0%
301
1.0%
925,295
21.0%
241
21.0%
Net effect
Note: Each of the changes only alters the sensible loads, not the latent loads, resulting in a
-
0.50
different room ratio. This slightly alters the psychometric process for the air conditioning
0.43
cycle. However, the changes in enthalpies are so small that the margin of error incurred
becomes negligible (<1%) when considering the inaccuracies in the original calculations.
The heating load is far greater than the cooling load. Changes that affect
only the cooling load of the building will therefore have a lesser impact
on the total energy demand, but comparatively high financial savings due
to the relative expense of electricity compared to gas.
43
8.3
RECCOMMENDATIONS
Table 8-5: Recommendations
Alteration
Energy
Saving (%)
CO2
Saving (%)
18.00%
18.00%
Triple Glazing
made. However, it is only cost effective to employ most of the changes if

By installing triple glazing, upwards of
8000 p.a could be saved. The expense of
the upgrade is around 500,000 making the
payback around 50 years [4]. Financially, it
may not be in LOBs best interests if they
want a quick return on their investment. It
would however be environmentally
beneficial as significant amounts of energy
and CO2 can be saved.
Fabric U-values
3.00%
3.00%
A saving of around 1500 p.a. could be

attained by adding insulation to the walls
roof and floors. The payback time of such
an upgrade would be in the region of 50
years [11]. Other elements of the buildings
fabric could also be improved, seeing
comparable benefits.
Total Solar
Shading
2.00%
5.00%
Up to 2000 p.a. could be saved by adding

solar shading. Shading should definitely be
implemented, either by adding louvres or
increasing window recesses, as there are
minimal capital costs for such modifications
(an effective shading device should
overhang the windows by 2.8m).
Increase
Thermal Mass
1.00%
1.00%
The response time of the building should be

increased to save energy and money at no
additional capital cost. Free night cooling
could also be employed to further increase
energy savings.
From an environmental standpoint all the above changes should be
Feasibility
LOB plan to operate the building for 50 years to see payback on their
additional investment.
Figure 8-1: Comparison of changes
(226)
44
45
FIRE PROTECTION
Table 9-2: Number of routes required, taken from Approved Document B, [12]
The building is assessed for fire protection, to ensure that it conforms to

Approved Document B of the UK Building Regulations. It must be
protected from the effects of heat, using fire resistant construction, and
Floor
Number of People
Office
Entrance
79
11
Required number of exit

routes
2
1
protect occupants from smoke, using compartmentalisation.

Figures 9-1 to 9-4 show the available exits and 18m travel routes from the
9.1
HORIZONTAL ESCAPE
office and entrance floors respectively. Not all areas of the floor are
Escape routes and travel distances are assed. Maximum travel distances
within 18m of a fire exit; so additional doors will need to be fitted to
from any point on a floor to that storeys exit can be seen in Table 9-1.
meet the minimum guidelines.
Table 9-1 Maximum travel distances, taken from Approved Document B, [12]
Room
Office (Floors 1-10)
Entrance (Ground floor)
Primary Direction (m)

18
18
Inner rooms such as the sanitary accommodation, must also adhere to
Secondary Direction (m)

45
45
the guidelines, and open directly onto the access floor.
For each upper floor there are two means of horizontal escape, and three
for the ground floor. Table 9-2 shows that the current conditions meet
required standards.
FIRE PROTECTION
46
Figure 9-1: Typical office floor, not meeting maximum travel distances
Figure 9-2: Typical office floor, meeting maximum travel distances
47
9.2
VERTICAL ESCAPE
9.3
COMPARTMENTALISATION OF SPACES
Stair carrying capacities and widths are assessed. Table 9-3 shows the
To control the spread of fire the internal spaces are compartmentalised,
minimum escape widths required. A fire may prevent one of the exits
separated by fire resistant walls and floors. The number of compartments
from being used so all exit widths must adhere to these guidelines.
depends on:
Table 9-3: Minimum exit widths, Approved document B, [12]
Floor
Office
Entrance
Number of People
79
11
Exit Width (mm)

850
750
Building use
Building height
Availability of a sprinkler system
Since the office is open plan, all staircases must be capable of
Table 9-4 shows that the building requires all storeys to be separated by
simultaneous evacuation.
compartment floors, but compartment walls will not be necessary. Figure

9-5 shows the configuration.
Example Calculation: Width of Stairs, using table 7 Approved Document B

Table 9-4: Compartment regulations, Approved document B, [12]
79 people x 9 upper floors = 711 people

711 people = 1400mm width of stairs required
Guidelines
LOB
FIRE PROTECTION
48
Maximum Total Height without

compartment floors (m)
Maximum Floor Area

without compartment
walls ( )
30
37.5
2000
985
9.4
PROTECTION OF VENTILATION OPENINGS
In some cases ventilation openings breach the dividers that separate

adjacent fire compartments. They need to be protected so the fire barrier
remains intact. They can be protected by:
Fire dampers
Fire-resisting enclosures
Fire resisting ductwork
Fire dampers should be installed around the openings with sufficient

tolerance to allow access for maintenance and room for expansion in the
heat of a fire. Pipes below 160mm internal diameter, that penetrate
through the fire-separating compartments will require sleeving of noncombustible pipe, see Figure 9-6.
Figure 9-5: Compartment floor configuration, meeting approved document Bs guidelines.
Figure 9-6: Pipe sleeving, taken from Approved Document B, [12]
49
9.5
LOCATION OF FIRE-FIGHTING SERVCES
Hydrants, hoses, risers and sprinklers must be suitably placed to assist fire
fighters in time of need. Fire mains with valves must be installed within
the building so that fire fighters can connect hoses for water rapidly. The
fire fighting shafts and necessary escape stairs must be equipped with fire
mains. The mains can be dry type due to the building being less than
Figure 9-7: ground floor sprinkler system
50m tall.
A sprinkler system must be installed throughout the building since it is
taller than 30m. These systems ensure occupant safety and reduce fire
damage. Table 9-5 sets out the standards for a sprinkler system, and
Figures 9-7 and 9-8 shows an appropriate configuration for the building.
Table 9-5: Maximum sprinkler distances, BSEN pg 77 , [13], [14]
Hazard
Class
Ordinary
Space required below roof

and ceiling sprinklers (m)
0.5
Maximum area per

sprinkler ( )
12
Maximum
distances between
sprinklers (m)
Figure 9-8: Office floor sprinkler system
The main sprinkler riser should be placed centrally with primary pipelines
running horizontally across each floor.

(484)
FIRE PROTECTION
50
51
10
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
The building is served by four lift shafts, two on either side of the lobby.
The dimensions of each shaft are shown in Table 10-1. The buildings lift
to floor ratio of 1:2.5 places it in the excellent quality of service category
according to British standards lifts and lift services section 6.4.5 [16].
Table 10-1: Lift Shaft Dimensions
Parameter
Value
Unit
Width
0.95
Depth
4.5
Height
37.8
Area
4.3
161.6
Volume
Figure 10-1: Exploded View of Building Showing Lifts
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
52
10.1
Table 10-2: Breakdown of Car Capacity
SYSTEM MECHANICS
PASSENGERS PER CAR

The total area of a lift shaft is 4.1m2. The corresponding car floor area is
2
2.4m to allow space for the counterweight and runners between car and
Component
Area (m )
Total Lift Shaft Area
4.30
Counterweight including movement tolerance
0.68
Space for Runners
0.67
Car Area
2.41
Capacity
12 People
shaft walls, as shown in Figure 10-2.

The capacity of each car is calculated assuming each passenger requires
DOOR TYPE
0.2m2 of floor space, see Table 10-2.
Current plans suggest a side opening. As stated in section 5.2.4 of British

standards [16] a centre opening would provide improved operation (door
opening/closing) times and aesthetics
Figure 10-3: Comparison of Side Opening and Two-Speed Centre Opening Doors
Figure 10-2: Plan of Lift Showing Dimensions around Car as given in CIBSE Guide D 0
53
ROPING MECHANISM
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DISABLED
The roping mechanism is housed at the top of the building to allow the
Lift is essential in this building for disabled access as it over one story. The
load to act directly downwards. Since the lifts only have a capacity of 12
distance from a lift to the furthest point away from a lift is about 30m this
a single wrap pulley system can be used. This is the most economical and
is well under the maximum walking distance limit of 45m [16] and so
efficient system.
allows for any deviation from the direct route due to, for example,
furniture layout.
Figure 10-4: Single Wrap Pulley System

CAR SPEED
The recommended car speed for a building 37m tall is 2.5 m/s, as
specified in table 6 of British standards lifts and lift services document
[16].
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
54
10.2
Table 10-3: System specification
FIREFIGHTING LIFTS
Starting Values
Fire-fighting lifts are a requirement for the transportation of the disabled

in the event of a fire. These lifts must be situated within the fire-fighting
shaft enclosed by a fire resistant structure that also contains stairs.
All buildings with over 900m^2 must have two fire-fighting lifts installed.
However if a sprinkler system is in place, one lift is sufficient, providing
the entire floor area is within 60m of the lift shaft. [16].
10.3
No. of Stories
10
People Above Ground
722
Total Occupancy
Floor Height (m)
3.6 (typical)
4.2 (ground)
Total Lift Flight L (m)
33
4.2+8*3.6
Door Width w (m)
Door Speed vd (m/s)
0.4
Lift Capacity n
12
Lift Speed v (m/s)
2.5
Number of Cars N
Aim (people in 5 minutes)
87
typical CIBSE guide d
12% population in five minutes (CIbSE Guide D)
Table 10-4: Lift Calculations for Quality of Service
QUALITY OF SERVICE ASSESSMENT
The round trip calculations are shown in Table 10-4. Table 10-3 collates
relevant values already established. 116 people can be carried by the
system in five minutes, well above the recommended 87. The maximum
waiting time of 31.1s puts the system in the excellent category for quality
of service. [16]
55
Calculations
Probable Number of Stops S1
Calculated Value
1 = (
where S = Maximum number of stops = 9
n = lift capacity =12
6.8
8 12
= 99( )
9
Upward journey time Tu
= 1 (
1
33
= 6.8 (
Downward journey time Td
+ 2)
6.82.5
where L = Total lift flight = 33m v = Lift velocity = 2.5 m/s
43.0s
+ 2 2.5)
= ( + 2)
at peak demand car is assumed to run non=stop from top to bottom
18.2s
where W = door width = 1m Vd = door velocity = 0.4 m/s
39.1s
2 seconds per passenger is assumed
24.0s
33
=(
+ 2 2.5)
2.5
Door opening time To
= 2(1 + 1)
= 2(6.8 + 1)
0.4
Passenger transfer time Tt
= 2
= 2 12
Round trip time RTT
= + + +
= 43 + 18.2 + 39.1 + 24
Interval for group
124.3s
where N = number of lift cars = 4
124.3
4
5 60
=
5 60 4
=
124.3
. = = .
31.1s
Number of journeys in five minutes
Number of people carried in five minutes
9.7
116
(382)
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
56
57
11
CONCLUSIONS
less financially viable as they will take 50 years to see a financial
The key findings from this investigation are:
return.
The peak-heating load for the building is 482 kW, occurring
between 06:00 and 07:00, December 4th. This requires a boiler
have less effect on energy and 2 savings, between 1 and 5%,
plant size of 578 kW capable of meeting peak requirements.
however they are more financially feasible.
The peak-cooling load for the building is 443 kW, occurring

between 14:00 and 15:00, August 4th.
This requires an air
meeting maximum horizontal travel distances. Additional fire
The series of potential improvements included altering:

o
Fabric properties
Glazing type
Shading
Thermal mass
The building does not conform to Approved Document B of the

UK Building Regulations with regards to fire protection, when
conditioning system of 637 kW.
In the short-term total solar shading and increased thermal mass
doors must be implemented to rectify this.
It was seen that the current configuration of proposed vertical

transport system more than capable of meeting the buildings
requirements, putting the building into the excellent category
according to British Standards for lifts and lift services.
The two changes that save the greatest amount of energy and
2 are installing triple glazing windows and upgrading the fabric
in line with ACEB Gold Standard regulations. They are however
(230)
CONCLUSIONS
58
59
CONCLUSIONS
60
12
BACK MATTER
12.1
REFERENCES
[9] HM Government. Approved Document F: Ventilation (Building

Regulations). 2000
[1] CIBSE. Guide A: Environmental Design. 2006
[10] CIBSE. Guide C: Reference Data. 2007
[2] HM Government. Approved Document L2: Conservation of Fuel

and Power in New Buildings Other than Dwellings (Building
[11] AECB. CarbonLite Program Guidance. 2009
Regulation). 2010
[12] HM Government. Approved Document B volume 2: Fire Safety
[3] CIBSE. Guide B: Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and
Buildings other than dwelling houses (Building Regulations).
refrigeration. 2005
2010
[4] BRE. The Governments Standard Assessment Procedure for
[13] British Standard. BS EN
Energy Rating of Dwellings. 2012
12845:2004 +A2:2009: Fixed
firefighting systems Automatic sprinkler systems Design,

installation and maintenance. 2004, 2009.
[5] R. Jones. Gilberts. Guest Lecture at the University of

Nottingham. 2015
[14] British Automatic Fire Sprinkler Association (BAFSA). Using

Sprinkler Systems in Buildings and Structures, Compliance with
[6] B. Jones. Air Conditioning Lecture notes. University of
Current Fire Safety Guidance. 2011
Nottingham. 2015
[15] CIBSE. Guide J: Weather, solar and illuminance data. 2002
[7] D. Oughton. Faber & Kell's Heating & Air-conditioning of

Buildings. 2008
[16] BSI Standards Publishing. BS 5655-6 Lifts and Lift Services. 2011
[8] Gilberts. Series G curved blade Grilles. 2012
CIBSE. Guide D: Transportation in buildings. 2010
BACK MATTER
II
12.2
APPENDIX A
Table 12-1: Weather data used for Heating Season Calculations, taken from CIBSE Guide J, Table 5.36
Hour
1
January
29th
2.5
February
26th
2.3
March 29th
April 28th
May 29th
June 21st
July 4th
August 4th
October 4th
15.7
September
4th
11.6
4.8
7.1
9.8
13.9
14.8
November
4th
5.2
December
4th
1.3
4.3
6.4
9.2
13.1
14.2
15
11.1
8.6
1.1
1.9
1.9
4.1
8.7
12.4
13.6
14.4
10.4
8.2
4.5
0.7
1.4
1.5
3.5
5.6
8.3
12
13.2
13.9
9.9
7.8
4.3
0.2
1.2
1.4
3.2
5.3
8.1
12.2
13.3
13.4
9.6
7.5
3.9
0.9
1.2
5.7
9.2
13.3
14.3
14
9.6
7.4
3.7
-0.2
0.7
1.1
3.2
7.4
10.9
15
15.9
15.6
10.6
7.8
3.7
-0.4
0.7
1.4
4.6
9.4
12.7
16.8
17.7
17.4
12.7
9.2
3.9
-0.3
1.2
2.5
6.6
11.1
14.4
18.5
19.5
19.4
15.1
11.4
5.4
-0.1
10
2.3
3.8
8.2
12.8
16
20.1
21
21.2
17.2
13.4
1.2
11
3.7
5.2
9.7
14.3
17.4
21.5
22.5
22.6
18.6
14.8
8.4
2.7
12
4.7
6.3
11.1
15.2
18.4
22.7
23.4
23.9
19.6
15.9
9.5
13
5.5
7.1
12.1
16
19.3
23.6
24.2
24.8
20.4
16.4
9.9
4.9
14
5.9
7.7
12.6
16.4
19.8
24.4
24.8
25.4
21
16.6
10.2
5.4
15
5.8
7.7
12.7
16.4
20.1
24.5
25.3
25.8
21.2
16.8
10
5.1
16
5.3
7.2
12.6
16.1
20
24.4
25.4
25.7
21.1
15.9
9.1
4.1
17
4.3
6.1
12.1
15.5
19.6
24.2
25
25.2
20.5
14.9
7.9
3.3
18
3.7
10.9
14.6
18.8
23.5
24.4
24.3
19.4
13.6
7.3
2.7
19
3.3
4.4
9.7
13.2
17.4
22.5
23.3
23
18
12.8
6.7
2.2
20
3.8
8.6
11.8
15.7
20.9
21.7
21.3
16.6
11.9
6.3
1.8
21
2.7
3.3
7.7
10.8
14.3
19.3
20.1
20
15.4
11.1
5.9
1.6
22
2.2
6.8
9.7
13.1
17.9
18.9
18.9
14.4
10.5
5.7
1.4
23
1.8
2.7
5.8
9.1
12.1
16.8
17.5
18
13.5
9.8
5.4
1.1
24
1.8
2.5
5.6
8.3
11.4
15.7
16.7
17.1
12.9
9.5
0.7
Average
2.9
3.8
7.6
11.0
14.4
18.7
19.6
19.8
15.4
11.7
6.4
1.9
Table 12-2: Fabric gains/Losses (Wall, Roof, Glazing)
Hour
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
-415929
-420195
-366871
-339142
-281552
-194100
-174904
-155707
-243159
-277286
-358339
-441525
-426594
-426594
-377536
-354073
-294350
-211164
-187701
-170638
-253823
-285818
-362605
-445791
-428727
-428727
-381802
-362605
-305015
-226095
-200499
-183435
-268754
-294350
-373270
-454323
-439392
-437259
-394600
-371137
-313547
-234627
-209031
-194100
-279419
-302882
-377536
-464988
-443658
-439392
-400998
-377536
-317813
-230361
-206898
-204765
-285818
-309281
-386068
-469253
-450057
-443658
-405264
-369004
-294350
-206898
-185568
-191967
-285818
-311414
-390334
-473519
-454323
-445791
-400998
-332743
-258089
-170638
-151441
-157840
-264488
-302882
-390334
-477785
-454323
-439392
-371137
-290084
-219696
-132244
-113047
-119446
-219696
-273020
-386068
-475652
-443658
-415929
-328477
-253823
-183435
-95984
-74654
-76787
-168505
-226095
-354073
-471386
10
-420195
-388201
-294350
-217563
-149308
-61856
-42659
-38393
-123712
-183435
-319946
-443658
11
-390334
-358339
-262355
-185568
-119446
-31995
-10665
-8532
-93851
-153574
-290084
-411663
12
-369004
-334876
-232494
-166372
-98117
-6399
8532
19197
-72521
-130111
-266621
-383935
13
-351940
-317813
-211164
-149308
-78920
12798
25596
38393
-55457
-119446
-258089
-364738
14
-343408
-305015
-200499
-140776
-68255
29862
38393
51191
-42659
-115180
-251691
-354073
15
-345541
-305015
-198366
-140776
-61856
31995
49058
59723
-38393
-110914
-255956
-360472
16
-356206
-315680
-200499
-147175
-63989
29862
51191
57590
-40526
-130111
-275153
-381802
17
-377536
-339142
-211164
-159973
-72521
25596
42659
46925
-53324
-151441
-300749
-398865
18
-390334
-362605
-236760
-179170
-89585
10665
29862
27729
-76787
-179170
-313547
-411663
19
-398865
-375403
-262355
-209031
-119446
-10665
6399
-106649
-196233
-326344
-422328
20
-405264
-388201
-285818
-238893
-155707
-44792
-27729
-36260
-136510
-215430
-334876
-430860
21
-411663
-398865
-305015
-260222
-185568
-78920
-61856
-63989
-162106
-232494
-343408
-435126
22
-422328
-405264
-324211
-283685
-211164
-108781
-87452
-87452
-183435
-245292
-347674
-439392
23
-430860
-411663
-345541
-296483
-232494
-132244
-117313
-106649
-202632
-260222
-354073
-445791
24
-430860
-415929
-349807
-313547
-247425
-155707
-134377
-125845
-215430
-266621
-362605
-454323
Average
-408375
-388289
-306170
-255779
-184235
-91362
-72254
-67544
-161395
-219696
-332477
-429705
BACK MATTER
II
Table 12-3: Total fabric gains/losses. (Wall, roof, glazing, Floor)
Hour
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
-420006
-424072
-369928
-341483
-283178
-194799
-175412
-156168
-244557
-279480
-361658
-445815
-430671
-430471
-380592
-356414
-295976
-211863
-188210
-171099
-255222
-288011
-365924
-450081
-432804
-432604
-384858
-364946
-306641
-226794
-201008
-183897
-270153
-296543
-376589
-458613
-443469
-441135
-397656
-373478
-315173
-235326
-209540
-194562
-280817
-305075
-380855
-469278
-447735
-443268
-404055
-379876
-319439
-231060
-207407
-205227
-287216
-311474
-389387
-473544
-454134
-447534
-408321
-371345
-295976
-207597
-186077
-192429
-287216
-313607
-393653
-477809
-458400
-449667
-404055
-335084
-259716
-171337
-151949
-158301
-265887
-305075
-393653
-482075
-458400
-443268
-374194
-292425
-221322
-132943
-113556
-119908
-221094
-275214
-389387
-479942
-447735
-419806
-331534
-256164
-185062
-96683
-75162
-77248
-169903
-228288
-357392
-475677
10
-424272
-392077
-297407
-219904
-150934
-62555
-43168
-38855
-125111
-185629
-323265
-447948
11
-394411
-362216
-265412
-187909
-121073
-32694
-11173
-8993
-95249
-155767
-293403
-415953
12
-373081
-338753
-235550
-168712
-99743
-7098
8023
18735
-73919
-132305
-269941
-388225
13
-356017
-321689
-214221
-151649
-80546
12099
25087
37932
-56856
-121640
-261409
-369028
14
-347485
-308891
-203556
-143117
-69881
29162
37885
50730
-44058
-117374
-255010
-358363
15
-349618
-308891
-201423
-143117
-63483
31295
48550
59262
-39792
-113108
-259276
-364762
16
-360283
-319556
-203556
-149516
-65616
29162
50683
57129
-41925
-132305
-278473
-386092
17
-381613
-343019
-214221
-162313
-74147
24896
42151
46464
-54723
-153634
-304068
-403156
18
-394411
-366482
-239816
-181510
-91211
9966
29353
27267
-78185
-181363
-316866
-415953
19
-402943
-379279
-265412
-211372
-121073
-11364
5890
-461
-108047
-198427
-329664
-426618
20
-409341
-392077
-288875
-241233
-157333
-45492
-28237
-36722
-137908
-217623
-338196
-435150
21
-415740
-402742
-308071
-262563
-187195
-79619
-62365
-64451
-163504
-234687
-346728
-439416
22
-426405
-409141
-327268
-286026
-212790
-109481
-87960
-87913
-184834
-247485
-350994
-443682
23
-434937
-415540
-348598
-298824
-234120
-132943
-117822
-107110
-204031
-262416
-357392
-450081
24
-434937
-419806
-352864
-315887
-249051
-156406
-134886
-126307
-216828
-268815
-365924
-458613
Mean
-412452
-392166
-309227
-258119
-185862
-92061
-72763
-68005
-162793
-221889
-335796
-433995
III
Table 12-4: Plant Sizing

Peak Heating Load (W)
482075
PSR
1.2
Plant Heating Capacity (W)
578490
Plant Capacity (kW)
578
Table 12-5: Heating Degree Days, taken from CIBSE Guide A, Table 2.23
BACK MATTER
Month
Number of Heating Degree Days
January
314
February
290
March
255
April
192
May
105
June
45
July
16
August
18
September
51
October
124
November
228
December
293
Total
1931
IV
Table 12-6: Annual Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions, using data from SAAP Building Regulations 2010, Table 12.
Parameter
Value
Number of Degree Days
1931
Number of hours per day (h)
24
+ 0.33NV
1330
Total Energy Used (kWh)
988504
Kg of Carbon per kWh
0.216
Total Carbon Used (Tonnes)
214
Price of Mains Gas per kWh ()
0.0348
Price of energy used ()
34, 400
12.3
APPENDIX B
Table 12-7: South Wall heat transfer (W) Example of Quasi-Dynamic Heat transfer calculation
Hour
Effective Time
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-5055
-4958
-4103
-3712
-3014
-1853
-1654
-1447
-2522
-3080
-4189
-5432
-5116
-5004
-4163
-3818
-3104
-2003
-1775
-1568
-2628
-3125
-4249
-5462
-5146
-5034
-4209
-3878
-3180
-2124
-1865
-1673
-2718
-3185
-4295
-5522
-5236
-5079
-4329
-3954
-3240
-2169
-1941
-1764
-2809
-3261
-4355
-5628
10
-5266
-5094
-4374
-4014
-3195
-2049
-1835
-1794
-2869
-3306
-4415
-5673
11
-5312
-5124
-4390
-3848
-2803
-1626
-1428
-1492
-2839
-3306
-4460
-5703
12
-5357
-5139
-4148
-3335
-2351
-1144
-976
-1055
-2311
-3200
-4475
-5718
13
-5357
-4642
-3063
-2446
-1747
-571
-388
-196
-1135
-1994
-4385
-5703
14
-4196
-3541
-2007
-1436
-843
469
592
890
71
-652
-2485
-5583
10
15
-3065
-2652
-1118
-622
-59
1344
1346
1734
900
403
-1294
-3125
11
16
-2206
-1943
-455
-64
469
1932
1904
2337
1382
915
-646
-1964
12
17
-1920
-1476
58
238
785
2248
2160
2624
1714
976
-254
-1557
13
18
-1874
-1506
118
343
876
2308
2341
2684
1895
991
-495
-1602
14
19
-2327
-1702
-108
87
740
2143
2175
2518
1729
795
-902
-1949
15
20
-3035
-2199
-515
-335
363
1690
1813
2111
1277
312
-1566
-2989
16
21
-3970
-2983
-1269
-953
-195
1072
1271
1478
598
-517
-2591
-4949
17
22
-4799
-3993
-2143
-1647
-828
424
592
754
-276
-1406
-3782
-5130
18
23
-4890
-4521
-3003
-2280
-1220
77
246
196
-1060
-2311
-3903
-5236
19
-4935
-4642
-3364
-2642
-1582
-254
-86
-120
-1527
-2492
-3978
-5296
20
-4980
-4732
-3530
-2928
-1974
-662
-478
-527
-1753
-2612
-4038
-5356
21
-5025
-4808
-3666
-3094
-2230
-993
-780
-738
-1934
-2748
-4099
-5387
22
-5116
-4883
-3832
-3260
-2426
-1204
-991
-919
-2100
-2838
-4129
-5432
23
-5161
-4928
-3982
-3381
-2607
-1400
-1217
-1070
-2251
-2944
-4189
-5447
24
-5176
-4943
-4013
-3501
-2743
-1581
-1368
-1221
-2357
-3004
-4234
-5537
-4355.0
-3980.3
-2733.7
-2270.1
-1504.4
-246.9
-97.5
72.6
-980.2
-1732.9
-3225.4
-4640.9
Mean
BACK MATTER
VI
Table 12-8: Total Fabric heat transfer (W)

Hour
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-27958
-26862
-21541
-17888
-13090
-6560
-5617
-5726
-12487
-16725
-23458
-29997
-27944
-27178
-22161
-18951
-14568
-8354
-7107
-6996
-13557
-17353
-23648
-30129
-28115
-27467
-22920
-20047
-15800
-9764
-8415
-8166
-14484
-17864
-23798
-30160
-28408
-27757
-23556
-20706
-16675
-10854
-9435
-9034
-15283
-18393
-24138
-30344
-28634
-27921
-23898
-21285
-17331
-11670
-10212
-9834
-15931
-18775
-24447
-30889
-28458
-28091
-24487
-22212
-18218
-12429
-11266
-10771
-16736
-19213
-24508
-30787
-28793
-28284
-24806
-21915
-16808
-10683
-10269
-10095
-17100
-19462
-24894
-31050
-29008
-28455
-24794
-20883
-15250
-8952
-8513
-8900
-16651
-19513
-25140
-31320
-29382
-28464
-23660
-18945
-13813
-7373
-6728
-7151
-14507
-18957
-25261
-31625
10
-29277
-27446
-21385
-16940
-11620
-4572
-4111
-4651
-12024
-16872
-24700
-31626
11
-28202
-25755
-19364
-13051
-6489
1251
969
23
-9457
-14435
-23011
-30868
12
-26888
-24312
-16175
-9248
-3516
4532
4023
3421
-4696
-12235
-21318
-29052
13
-25664
-21740
-11926
-6336
-1214
6707
6519
6587
-1080
-7647
-19849
-27645
14
-22725
-18570
-8896
-3823
1044
9021
8816
9125
1815
-4570
-15153
-26519
15
-20520
-16898
-7288
-2334
2481
10420
10359
10556
3497
-2702
-13278
-22054
16
-19628
-16179
-6730
-2140
2914
10745
10751
11006
3768
-2392
-12918
-20856
17
-20234
-16491
-6949
-2807
2426
9935
10124
10360
3158
-3486
-13570
-21642
18
-21102
-17662
-8034
-3711
1591
8969
9341
9302
2254
-4827
-15134
-22665
19
-22051
-18826
-9583
-4905
895
8512
8355
8222
849
-6274
-16387
-23143
20
-23106
-20139
-11542
-6838
-633
6969
6730
6411
-1288
-8096
-17447
-24667
21
-24861
-21714
-13685
-9513
-3740
3509
3914
3520
-3696
-9962
-19359
-28181
22
-26825
-24145
-15720
-11759
-6398
581
1194
835
-5982
-12129
-22175
-28894
23
-27323
-25904
-18584
-13775
-8086
-1133
-636
-1179
-8435
-15175
-22690
-29376
24
-27688
-26467
-20697
-15835
-10005
-2955
-2569
-3186
-11295
-16066
-23095
-29672
VII
Table 12-9: Ventilation Heat transfer (W)

Hour
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-266451
-269183
-235023
-217260
-180367
-124344
-112046
-99748
-155771
-177634
-229557
-282848
-273283
-273283
-241855
-226825
-188565
-135275
-120244
-109313
-162603
-183099
-232290
-285580
-274649
-274649
-244588
-232290
-195397
-144840
-128443
-117512
-172168
-188565
-239122
-291046
-281481
-280115
-252786
-237756
-200863
-150305
-133908
-124344
-179000
-194031
-241855
-297878
-284214
-281481
-256886
-241855
-203596
-147573
-132542
-131176
-183099
-198130
-247321
-300611
-288313
-284214
-259619
-236389
-188565
-132542
-118878
-122977
-183099
-199496
-250054
-303344
-291046
-285580
-256886
-213160
-165336
-109313
-97015
-101115
-169435
-194031
-250054
-306077
-291046
-281481
-237756
-185832
-140741
-84718
-72420
-76519
-140741
-174901
-247321
-304710
-284214
-266451
-210428
-162603
-117512
-61489
-47824
-49191
-107947
-144840
-226825
-301977
10
-269183
-248687
-188565
-139374
-95649
-39626
-27328
-24595
-79252
-117512
-204962
-284214
11
-250054
-229557
-168069
-118878
-76519
-20496
-6832
-5466
-60122
-98382
-185832
-263718
12
-236389
-214527
-148939
-106580
-62855
-4099
5466
12298
-46458
-83351
-170802
-245954
13
-225458
-203596
-135275
-95649
-50557
8198
16397
24595
-35527
-76519
-165336
-233657
14
-219993
-195397
-128443
-90183
-43725
19130
24595
32794
-27328
-73786
-161237
-226825
15
-221359
-195397
-127076
-90183
-39626
20496
31428
38260
-24595
-71053
-163970
-230924
16
-228191
-202229
-128443
-94283
-40992
19130
32794
36893
-25962
-83351
-176267
-244588
17
-241855
-217260
-135275
-102481
-46458
16397
27328
30061
-34160
-97015
-192664
-255519
18
-250054
-232290
-151672
-114779
-57389
6832
19130
17763
-49191
-114779
-200863
-263718
19
-255519
-240489
-168069
-133908
-76519
-6832
4099
-68321
-125710
-209061
-270550
20
-259619
-248687
-183099
-153038
-99748
-28695
-17763
-23229
-87450
-138008
-214527
-276015
21
-263718
-255519
-195397
-166702
-118878
-50557
-39626
-40992
-103847
-148939
-219993
-278748
22
-270550
-259619
-207695
-181733
-135275
-69687
-56023
-56023
-117512
-157138
-222725
-281481
23
-276015
-263718
-221359
-189931
-148939
-84718
-75153
-68321
-129809
-166702
-226825
-285580
24
-276015
-266451
-224092
-200863
-158504
-99748
-86084
-80618
-138008
-170802
-232290
-291046
BACK MATTER
VIII
Table 12-10: West Glazing unshaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling load
Hour
Jan 29th
Feb 26th
Mar 29th
Apr 28th
May 29th
Jun 21st
Jul 4th
Aug 4th
Sep 4th
Oct 4th
Nov 4th
Dec 4th
07:30
1051
2365
4573
7253
8935
9723
8830
7043
5203
2838
1314
841
08:30
1367
2786
5308
8094
9671
10354
9566
7779
5887
3364
1629
841
09:30
1787
3416
6044
8777
10302
10880
10091
8462
6517
3994
2102
1261
10:30
2260
4100
6622
9250
10722
11300
10617
8935
7201
4520
2628
1682
11:30
2628
4520
7095
9671
11037
11563
10985
9250
7674
4941
2943
2102
12:30
3311
5308
7884
10459
11721
12194
11616
9934
8304
5729
3627
2628
13:30
4520
6570
9198
11878
12982
13508
12877
11300
9618
7043
4993
3837
14:30
8777
12089
15400
18448
19499
20078
18921
17555
16083
12772
9829
8094
15:30
10039
16030
20445
24440
25439
26122
24545
23126
21444
17029
12351
9723
16:30
8252
15663
22075
27226
28592
29486
27804
25228
23652
17082
11248
5887
17:30
4100
10985
19447
26963
29118
30379
28487
23862
21234
13981
5781
841
PEAK
10039
16030
22075
27226
29118
30379
28487
25228
23652
Table 12-11: West glazing shaded solar gain (W) Example of solar cooling load
17082
12351
9723
Hour
Jan 29th
Feb 26th
Mar 29th
Apr 28th
May 29th
Jun 21st
Jul 4th
Aug 4th
Sep 4th
Oct 4th
Nov 4th
Dec 4th
07:30
1050
2361
4563
7243
8933
9722
8829
7036
5192
2832
1313
841
08:30
1361
2770
5274
8050
9637
10326
9537
7744
5848
3343
1622
839
09:30
1769
3367
5944
8640
10179
10770
9985
8343
6401
3932
2076
1249
10:30
2194
3922
6279
8758
10248
10889
10196
8516
6796
4311
2528
1633
11:30
1970
2996
4362
5781
7201
7936
7463
5939
4520
3101
2011
1545
12:30
3311
5308
7884
10459
11721
12194
11616
9934
8304
5729
3627
2628
13:30
4520
6570
9198
11878
12982
13508
12877
11300
9618
7043
4993
3837
14:30
8777
12089
15400
18448
19499
20078
18921
17555
16083
12772
9829
8094
15:30
10039
16030
20445
24440
25439
26122
24545
23126
21444
17029
12351
9723
16:30
8252
15663
22075
27226
28592
29486
27804
25228
23652
17082
11248
5887
17:30
4100
10985
19447
26963
29118
30379
28487
23862
21234
13981
5781
841
PEAK
10039
16030
22075
27226
29118
30379
28487
25228
23652
17082
12351
9723
IX
Table 12-12: Total Solar Gains accounting for shading (W)

Hour
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
21910
36383
48797
62530
88279
104110
92134
66094
54458
42755
25606
19102
39266
56210
73908
87054
93381
103684
94306
82957
80263
70971
49191
21828
10
70915
87756
104959
112524
109403
113505
106278
104533
108357
105106
89878
55553
11
105372
118644
128615
131266
126666
129154
121857
123213
130088
133582
125953
101287
12
124441
132281
134317
133777
127803
129348
123148
126241
130949
136387
136347
122369
13
137007
149832
153093
152963
144259
145734
138925
141630
146250
145175
150365
134812
14
135250
146336
150161
150979
140674
142782
136801
138554
146655
142690
141415
129460
15
118303
137829
142750
141613
132276
133417
127769
131573
139987
137039
128038
116525
16
88561
119398
125140
123609
110905
110826
107156
112366
122211
120328
103797
89445
17
58886
87378
94904
77929
94177
105645
96773
77776
90769
88921
73097
46976
18
34162
54475
45529
86928
91748
99201
90974
80199
51436
60346
41603
19102
19
20
21
22
23
24
BACK MATTER
Table 12-13: Total Sensible Heat transfer (W)

Hour
Jan-29
Feb-26
Mar-29
Apr-28
May-29
Jun-21
Jul-04
Aug-04
Sep-04
Oct-04
Nov-04
Dec-04
-412878
-415730
-361061
-331746
-273652
-186189
-167481
-149824
-237517
-273338
-355082
-438604
-422734
-421968
-371551
-346626
-286973
-203775
-180814
-164912
-248457
-281863
-359220
-442685
-424879
-424231
-376257
-355619
-298075
-219003
-193966
-177925
-263202
-290269
-369239
-450612
-435042
-432417
-388737
-364174
-306845
-227988
-202882
-188664
-273871
-298694
-373527
-460665
-439215
-434554
-395001
-370675
-311450
-224856
-201685
-199333
-280441
-304998
-381732
-465158
-444962
-438673
-399537
-363705
-290623
-203903
-182999
-188427
-281245
-307410
-385741
-469004
-387841
-379437
-334506
-268449
-194254
-107196
-89017
-94765
-200467
-238360
-324724
-411812
-304744
-275901
-196659
-104005
-7483
95578
101807
69458
-42704
-106618
-234014
-329604
-216490
-172966
-69532
17417
94016
191691
202697
188952
94021
26984
-119537
-261832
10
-101619
-53338
56780
139852
205218
297299
308299
309961
227455
164084
14697
-141044
11
-38452
6877
112066
192092
255247
346407
358567
360951
279388
222634
80096
-64943
12
1670
43670
148593
216172
279096
373569
380677
393038
304750
249351
113896
-16383
13
31253
79584
191356
254061
315619
409895
414742
429358
339458
272598
137279
15233
14
-82476
-31704
78519
139681
201357
302244
303953
317859
231796
154333
16141
-101930
15
23614
84267
197495
254609
323123
419057
429139
443010
353563
277303
123497
6485
16
-15106
56686
178469
230876
300212
394818
410893
422280
334085
243136
81851
-39137
17
-65126
2640
138144
172687
275099
384878
391987
377174
290189
190896
26811
-98184
18
-163964
-114551
2594
101613
194641
302248
312158
299371
166836
73915
-79494
-200328
19
-268374
-243436
-129573
-75547
13160
121448
137082
131027
24957
-65072
-195596
-291180
20
-336754
-317995
-214648
-166518
-83328
26919
42472
34257
-66218
-146063
-265954
-362002
21
-405833
-390843
-295960
-250335
-175474
-69527
-53330
-55699
-153717
-225122
-337165
-430867
22
-417667
-399196
-315760
-274294
-201819
-100090
-79738
-80097
-175741
-239133
-343929
-435528
23
-426061
-406876
-338364
-288154
-223247
-123518
-109203
-99876
-195961
-255996
-350366
-441932
24
-426426
-411388
-344425
-306005
-238984
-147053
-126928
-119649
-210664
-262810
-358666
-450124
Peak
31253
84267
197495
254609
323123
419057
429139
443010
353563
277303
137279
15233
XI
12.4
APPENDIX C
Table 12-14: Total pressure drop along pipes and method
Section of Duct
Q (m3/s)
Velocity (m/s)*
Duct CSA (m2)
Duct Diameter (m)
Pressure Drop per Unit Length (Pa)
Duct Length (m)
Pressure Drop Along Pipe (pa)
16.30
10
1.63
1.44
0.5
14.51
10
1.45
1.36
0.6
3.6
2.16
12.73
10
1.27
1.27
0.6
3.6
2.16
10.95
10
1.09
1.18
0.7
3.6
2.52
9.16
10
0.92
1.08
0.8
3.6
2.88
7.38
10
0.74
0.97
0.9
3.6
3.24
5.60
10
0.56
0.84
1.1
3.6
3.96
3.81
10
0.38
0.70
1.4
3.6
5.04
2.03
10
0.20
0.51
3.6
7.2
10
0.89
0.22
0.53
0.35
13
4.55
11
0.45
0.11
0.38
0.5
4.5
Total Pressure Drop (Pa)
40.21
*values to prevent excessive fan power form CIBSE Guide B 2.3.11.4 [3]
From Chart 4.2 CIBSE Guide C [10]
BACK MATTER
XII
Table 12-15: Total Pressure loss calculations

Component
Description
Component Loss
Factor *
Velocity (m/s)
Pressure Drop Due to Component

(Pa)
Branch 1 - Unequal T
Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.9, Straight factor,
10
20
10
20
1.8
10
18
1.2
10
12
1.2
10
12
10
10
0.21
10
2.1
0.1
10
0.05
0.2
Estimate for higher diameter than table provides








Diverging flow - Unequal T
Configuration A, Flow ratio 0.4, Branch factor,

Smooth elbow
Value Assumed tended to at higher diameters
0.7
2.8
Diverging flow - Equal T
Configuration B, Flow ratio 0.5
0.67
2.68
Smooth elbow
Value assumed tended to at higher diameters
0.7
2.8
Total Pressure Drop from Components (Pa)
XIII
103.58
BACK MATTER
XIV
XV

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TENDER SUBMISSION FOR LONDON

OFFICE BUILDINGS GROUP

Tender Submission | K13IDM

of escape. The vertical transport system more than adequately serves

Buildings with designing the services for a new office block.

the building, obtaining an excellent service standard.

proposed building stands 10 storeys tall, with 9 floors of open plan

Installing triple glazing and additional insulation reduced energy

offices. Heating, cooling and ventilation systems were to be specified,

consumption and carbon emissions by 21%. Though environmentally

whilst considering potential enhancements to the buildings performance.

The buildings vertical transport systems and fire protection were to be

assessed to ensure the building complies with Approved Document B and

British Standards 5655-6.

provide immediate financial gains.

needs of the building. Peak heating and cooling requirements were

determined as 482kW and 432kW respectively, with an annual energy

emissions, all proposed changes should be implemented simultaneously.

consumption of 1.16 GWh and carbon footprint of 305 tonnes p.a.

their impact on the environment.

appropriate solutions have been devised incorporating additional means

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Air Change Rate

Number of heat degree days

Also : Flow Rate (distinguished in text)

Mass flow rate

Also Correction factor (distinguished in text)

Contact factor of cooling coil

Mean solar cooling load at incident hour

Solar exposure ratio

Total lift flight

Wall-solar azimuth angle

Number of lift cars

Air specific heat capacity

Volume flow rate

Round trip time

4 EXTREME CONDITIONS: COOLING SEASON

Casual Heat Gains

4.1 Fabric Losses

Tender Submission | K13IDM

Figure 9-3: Entrance floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

Figure 2-2: Zoning arrangements

Figure 9-4: Entrance floor, not meeting maximum travel distances

Figure 2-3: Exploded Building Iso

Figure 9-5: Compartment floor configuration, meeting approved

Figure 2-4: Occupancy Schedule

Figure 3-1: Fabric heat transfer

Figure 9-6: Pipe sleeving, taken from Approved Document B, [12]

Figure 3-2: Graph to show ventilation and infiltration losses

Figure 9-7: ground floor sprinkler system

Figure 4-1:Internal Gains Schedule

Figure 9-8: Office floor sprinkler system

Figure 4-2: Effect of lag and decrement on heat transfer

Figure 10-1: Exploded View of Building Showing Lifts

Figure 4-3: Overhang providing solar shading on glazed surfaces (orange) 19

Figure 4-4: Range of Ventilation heat transfer for each Month

Figure 5-1: Graph showing pre-heat times prior to occupancy, [6]

Figure 10-3: Comparison of Side Opening and Two-Speed Centre Opening

Figure 5-2: Graph to show number of heating degree-days, CIBSE Guide A 24

Figure 6-1: Monthly peak sensible heat gains

Figure 10-4: Single Wrap Pulley System

Figure 6-2: Air Conditioning complete Psychometric Process

Figure 6-3: Fan Assisted VAV system schematic

Figure 7-1: Duct Layout in Plan