Oop

OOP
Object Oriented Programming
http://www.omg.org/
Unified Modeling Language

Common Object Request Broker Architecture
(UML)
(CORBA)
Meta-Object Facility XML Meta-Data Interchange

(MOF) (XMI)
Common Warehouse Meta-model

(CWM).
http://staff.polito.it/silvano.rivoira silvano.rivoira@polito.it 011 0907056 1

Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica - Politecnico di Torino Silvano Rivoira, 2004
OOP
Table of Contents
 Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
 The Java technology (JT)
 Classes (C)
 Objects (O)
 Class Design (CD)
 Inheritance (I)
 Polymorphism (P)
 Exception Handling (EH)
 The Java language (JL)
 Case Study (CS)
 Object Oriented Analysis/Design (OOA/D)
 Java Class Library (JCL)
 Collections Framework
 Files and Streams
 Multithreading
 Graphical User Interfaces and Applets
 Reflection 2
OOP
References
 Books
 D. J. Barnes, M. Kölling : Objects First with Java ,
Prentice Hall / Pearson Education , 2008
• http://www.bluej.org/objects-first/
 H. M. Deitel, P. J. Deitel : Java How to Program , 5/E ,
Prentice Hall , 2002
• http://www.prenhall.com/deitel/
 The Java Tutorial
• http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/
 Development tools
 Java 2 Platform , Standard Edition (J2SE)
• http://java.sun.com/j2se/
 Eclipse – Java Development Tools
• http://www.eclipse.org/
• http://www.omondo.com/
 BlueJ – The Interactive Java Environment
• http://www.bluej.org/
 ArgoUML – Modelling Tool
• http://argouml.tigris.org/
3
OOP
OOP: Programming in the small / large
 Programming in the small

 software projects are developed by single programmers
 main problems to be solved:
• choice of appropriate data structures
• development of efficient algorithms
 Programming in the large

 software projects are developed by large groups of programmers
 development (analysis, design, coding, integration, testing)
and maintenance (extensions, upgrading)
are made by different groups over large time intervals
 main problems to be solved:
• good choice of software components
• communication of information among components
• component integration
4
OOP
Software quality
to perform the requirements
and specification
to be user friendly
to provide appropriate
response and processing time
to be in a failure-free
condition at all times
to perform appropriately, relative
to the amount of resources used
to be easily and transparently
upgradable
to have consideration for future
growth
to keep away from security

threats
to be easily modifiable

OOP
Object Oriented Programming: main goals
 Reusability
 availability of off-the shelf components
• reduced time-to-market
• improved reliability
 Extensibility
 possibility of adding functionalities
• increased life cycle duration
 Flexibility
 changes in one component do not affect other components
• reduced cost of maintenance
6
OOP
OOP: Modelling
SalesPerson SalesPerson SalesPerson

data
name
carsSold
commissionRate
• getSick • sellCar
• haveChild • reportSales
methods
• sellCar
• reportSales sellCar
•… reportSales
7
OOP
OOP: Classes
 Class
 software representation of an abstraction
 it separates the (private) implementation of data and methods from the
(public) declaration of behavior (encapsulation, information hiding)
8
OOP
OOP: Objects
 Object
 an instance of a class, from which it gets:
• the implementation of data and methods
• the public (externally visible) parts
9
OOP
OOP: creation of objects from a class
 All the objects instantiated from a same class

 encapsulate the same data types
• (name, commissionRate, totalSales)
 supply the same services
• (sellCar, reportSales) 10
OOP
OOP: Messages
 object A can request one of the services (methods)

supplied by object B
 the request is sent through a message containing:
 the name of the destination object
 the name of the requested method
 the parameters required to execute the method
 objects A and B can reside on different nodes in a
network
11
OOP
OOP: Inheritance
 A class can have one or more subclasses

 Each subclass inherits both the public and the private parts from
its super class (reuse of existing code)
 A subclass can add data and methods to the inherited ones
 A subclass can redefine (override) the inherited methods, by
giving different implementations for them 12
OOP
OOP: Polymorphism
class X and class Y
 When a method is supplied by more classes, it can produce

different behaviors, depending on the executing object
 The specific implementation of such a method is defined just
when the destination object receives the invoking message
(dynamic binding) 13
OOP
Java Technology
14
OOP
JT: Development environment
 Java bytecodes
 platform-independent intermediate language
 Java Virtual Machine (Java VM)
 virtual machine able to execute Java bytecodes
15
OOP
JT: Portability
any implementation of Java VM can execute

Java bytecodes
16
OOP
JT: Security
Check of correctness of
parameter types and
compliance with access
rules
17
OOP
JT: Java Platform
 Java Application Programming Interface (Java API)

 set of Java bytecodes libraries (packages) supporting a large
range of functionalities
• http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/index.html
18
OOP
JT: Java Platform, Standard Edition
19
OOP
JDK Tools
 javac
 The compiler for the Java programming language.
 java
 The launcher for Java applications.
 javadoc
 API documentation generator.
 appletviewer
 Run and debug applets without a web browser.
 jar
 Manage Java Archive (JAR) files.
 jdb
 The Java Debugger.
 javah
 C header and stub generator. Used to write native methods.
 javap
 Class file disassembler
 extcheck
 Utility to detect Jar conflicts. 20
OOP
JT: program example
/** The HelloWorldApp class implements an application that

* displays "Hello World!" to the standard output.
*/
public class HelloWorldApp {
HelloWorldApp.java
// main method begins execution of Java application
public static void main( String[] args ) {
// Display "Hello World!"
System.out.println("Hello World!" );
} // end method main
} // end class HelloWorldApp
21
OOP
JT: BlueJ development environment
http://www.bluej.org/
22
OOP
JT: Eclipse development environment
http://www.eclipse.org/ http://www.omondo.com/ 23
OOP
C: Class declaration
• Fields (instance variables)

class ClassName • the data associated with each
object of the class
{
• Constructors
Fields
• initialize the data of an object,
Constructors when it is created
Methods • Methods
} • implement the behavior of
each object in the class
24
OOP
C: Access modifiers
 Define the access level of a Class and those of its Fields,

Constructors, Methods
 a private element can be only used inside the defining class
 a public element can be used both inside and outside the
defining class
 The public parts of a class specifies what the class can do
 The private parts of a class specifies how the class works
 The clients of a class need only to know its public parts
(information hiding)
25
OOP
C: Fields
public class TicketMachine
// A model of ticket machine that issues flat fare tickets
{
private int price;
// The price of a ticket from this machine.
private int balance;
// The amount of money entered by a customer so far.
private int total;
// The total amount of money collected by this machine.
Constructors and Methods omitted

}
 Each instance of a class (object) contains its own

instances of the variables (fields) declared in the class 26
OOP
C: Constructors
{
Fields omitted
// Create a machine that issues tickets of the given price.
public TicketMachine(int ticketCost)
{
price = ticketCost;
balance = 0;
total = 0;
}
Methods omitted
}
 the constructors of a class have the same name of the class

 they initialize the variables of each class instance (object), when
it is created
27
OOP
C: Methods (1)
{
Fields omitted
Constructors omitted
// Receive an amount of money from a customer. Check that it is sensible.
public void insertMoney(int amount)
{
if(amount > 0) {
balance += amount;
}
else {
System.out.println("Use a positive amount: " + amount);
}
}
}
 methods can get and/or set the object state 28

OOP
C: Methods (2)
{
Fields omitted
Constructors omitted
/* Return the money in the balance.
* The balance is cleared. */
public int refundBalance()
{
int amountToRefund;
amountToRefund = balance;
balance = 0;
return amountToRefund;
}
}
 methods and constructors may declare local variables

29
OOP
O: Object interaction (1)
The ClockDisplay class implements a digital clock display for a European-style 24 hour
clock.
The range of the clock is 00:00 (midnight) to 23:59 (one minute before midnight).
The clock display receives "ticks" (via the timeTick method) every minute and reacts by
incrementing the display.
This is done in the usual clock fashion: the hour increments when the minutes roll over to
zero.
11:03
A display for a digital clock
30
OOP
public class NumberDisplay
{
private int limit; // the maximum value
private int value; // the current value
// Constructor for NumberDisplay objects
public NumberDisplay(int rollOverLimit)
{
limit = rollOverLimit;
value = 0;
}
// Increment the display value by one, rolling to zero if the limit is reached.
public void increment()
{
value = (value + 1) % limit;
}
31
OOP
// Return the current value.

public int getValue()
{
return value;
}
// Return the display value (the current value as a two-digit String).
public String getDisplayValue()
{
if(value < 10)
return "0" + value;
else
return "" + value;
}
} // end of class NumberDisplay
32
OOP
O: Object creation
public class ClockDisplay
{
private NumberDisplay hours;
private NumberDisplay minutes;
private String displayString; // simulates the actual display
// Constructor for ClockDisplay objects.
public ClockDisplay(int hour, int minute)
{
hours = new NumberDisplay(24);
minutes = new NumberDisplay(60);
setTime(hour, minute); // report time on the actual display
}
} // end of class ClockDisplay
 the operation new ClassName (parameter-list) creates an object

of the class ClassName and executes its constructor, returning a
reference to the created object 33
OOP
O: Data types
the name of a class defines a data type

 variables of the type defined by a given class can
store references to objects of that class
a class can declare more constructors and more
methods having the same name, as long as they
are distinguished by different lists of parameter
types (overloading)
 Example: public ClockDisplay ( ) { … }
34
OOP
O: Method calls
public class ClockDisplay
{
// This method makes the clock display go one minute forward.
public void timeTick()
{
minutes.increment();
if(minutes.getValue() == 0) { // it just rolled over!
hours.increment();
}
updateDisplay();
}
// Update the internal string that represents the display.
private void updateDisplay()
{
displayString = hours.getDisplayValue() + ":" +
minutes.getDisplayValue();
}
}
35
OOP
O: Internal and external calls
Internal method call

 the called method belongs to the calling object
 methodName (parameter-list)
• Examples: updateDisplay( );
setTime(hour, minute);
External method call
 the called method does not belong to the calling
object
 objectName.methodName (parameter-list)
• Examples: minutes.increment( );
hours.getDisplayValue( ); 36
OOP
O: Array (1)
A weblog-file analyzer
• A web server writes a log line to a file each time an access is made.
• Each line records the date and time of the access in the following format:
year month day hour minute
• The log analyzer provides information that would allow us to determine which
hours of the day, on average, tend to be the busiest or the quietest for the server.
• It does this by counting how many accesses were made in each one-hour period
over the duration covered by the log.
37
OOP
O: Array (2)
public class LogAnalyzer
{
private int[] hourCounts;
private LogfileReader reader;
public LogAnalyzer()
{
hourCounts = new int[24];
reader = new LogfileReader();
}
public void analyzeHourlyData() public void printHourlyCounts()
{ {
while(reader.hasMoreEntries()) { System.out.println("Hr: Count");
LogEntry entry = reader.nextEntry(); for(int hour = 0; hour < hourCounts.length; hour++) {
int hour = entry.getHour(); System.out.println(hour + ": " + hourCounts[hour]);
hourCounts[hour]++; }
} }
} }
 an Array can contain both objects and primitive-type

values
38
OOP
O: Collections of objects
A personal notebook application
• It allows notes to be stored.
• It has no limit on the number of notes it can store.
• It will show individual notes.
• It will tell us how many notes it is currently storing.
39
OOP
O: The library class ArrayList
java.util
public class ArrayList
Resizable-array implementation of the List interface. Implements
all optional list operations, and permits all elements, including
null. In addition to implementing the List interface, this class
provides methods to manipulate the size of the array that is used
internally to store the list. (This class is roughly equivalent to
Vector, except that it is unsynchronized.)
The size, isEmpty, get, set, iterator, and listIterator operations run
in constant time. The add operation runs in amortized constant
time, that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time. All of the
other operations run in linear time (roughly speaking). The
constant factor is low compared to that for the LinkedList
implementation.
Each ArrayList instance has a capacity. The capacity is the size
of the array used to store the elements in the list. It is always at
least as large as the list size. As elements are added an ArrayList,
its capacity grows automatically. The details of the growth policy
are not specified beyond the fact that adding an element has
constant amortized time cost.
An application can increase the capacity of an ArrayList instance
before adding a large number of elements using the
ensureCapacity operation. This may reduce the amount of
incremental reallocation.
40
OOP
O: ArrayList (1)
import java.util.ArrayList;
// A class to maintain an arbitrarily long list of notes.
public class Notebook
{
// Storage for an arbitrary number of notes.
private ArrayList notes;
// Perform any initialization that is required for the notebook.
public Notebook()
{
notes = new ArrayList();
}
// Store a new note into the notebook.
public void storeNote(String note)
{
notes.add(note);
}
// Return the number of notes currently in the notebook.
public int numberOfNotes()
{
return notes.size();
}
}
41
OOP
O: ArrayList (2)
{
// List all notes in the notebook.
public void listNotes()
{
int index = 0;
while(index < notes.size()) {
System.out.println(notes.get(index));
index++;
}
}
// Remove a note from the notebook if it exists.
public void removeNote(int noteNumber)
{
if(noteNumber < 0) {}
else if(noteNumber < numberOfNotes()) {
notes.remove(noteNumber);
}
else {}
}
}
42
OOP
O: The library interface Iterator
import java.util.Iterator;
java.util
public interface Iterator
An iterator over a collection. {
Iterators allow the caller to remove elements from the underlying // List all notes in the notebook.
collection during the iteration with well-defined semantics.
public void listNotes()
{
Iterator it = notes.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(it.next());
}
}
}
43
OOP
O: Class (static) variables (1)
public class BouncingBall
{
private static final int gravity = 3;
private int ballDegradation = 2;
private Ellipse2D.Double circle;
private Color color;
private int diameter;
private int xPosition;
private int yPosition;
private final int groundPosition;
private Canvas canvas;
private int ySpeed = 1;
. . .
 the final keyword Constructors and Methods omitted
declares a constant . . .
}
44
OOP
O: Class (static) variables (2)
 the class (or static) variables are stored inside a class
instead of an object
 the class variables are shared among all the objects in
the class
45
OOP
O: Class (static) methods
 the class (or static) methods are directly called upon a class
 ClassName.methodName (parameter-list)
 a class method can only:
- access class variables
- invoke class methods
 the Prompt command java HelloWorldApp invokes the class
method main from class HelloWorldApp
 the out variable is a class variable of the class System
public class HelloWorldApp
{
public static void main( String[] args )
{
System.out.println("Hello World!" );
}
}
46
OOP
Class Design: Coupling and Cohesion
 Coupling
 degree of connectivity among classes
• loosely coupled system
• every class is mostly unrelated to other classes and communicates with
them through a small, well defined interface
• changes in one class do not affect other classes
 Cohesion
 degree of agreement between activities/entities and units of
code (methods, classes, packages)
• highly cohesive system
• each unit of code is responsible of a well identified activity/entity
• a unit of code can be used in different contexts (reusability)
47
OOP
CD: Coupling and Cohesion
high coupling - low cohesion low coupling - high cohesion
48
OOP
CD: an adventure game project
"World of Zuul" is a very simple, text The CommandWords class is used to
based adventure game. recognize commands as they are typed in; it
holds an enumeration of all command words
Users can walk around some scenery.
known to the game.
The Parser class reads user input and tries to
interpret it as an "Adventure" command. It
returns the command as an object of class
Command.
The Command class holds information about
a command, consisting of two strings: a
command word and a second word.
The Room class represents one location in
the scenery of the game, connected to other
rooms via exits.
The Game class creates and initializes all
the others. It also evaluates and executes the
commands that the parser returns.
49
OOP
CD: Code duplication (1)
 Code duplication is an indicator of bad design
 It can cause inconsistency
 It is usually a symptom of bad cohesion
 Example:
 both the methods printWelcome and goRoom in class Game
contain the following code:
System.out.println("You are " + currentRoom.getDescription());

System.out.print("Exits: ");
if(currentRoom.northExit != null) System.out.print("north ");
if(currentRoom.eastExit != null) System.out.print("east ");
if(currentRoom.southExit != null) System.out.print("south ");
if(currentRoom.westExit != null) System.out.print("west ");
System.out.println(); 50
OOP
CD: Code duplication (2)
 both methods do something else, besides to print the current
location (bad cohesion)
 a better design would use a separate method whose sole task is to
print the current location information (printLocationInfo)
 both the methods printWelcome and goRoom will make calls to
printLocationInfo when they need
private void printLocationInfo()
{
System.out.println("You are " + currentRoom.getDescription());
System.out.print("Exits: ");
if(currentRoom.northExit != null) System.out.print("north ");
if(currentRoom.eastExit != null) System.out.print("east ");
if(currentRoom.southExit != null) System.out.print("south ");
if(currentRoom.westExit != null) System.out.print("west ");
System.out.println();
}
51
OOP
CD: Encapsulation reduces coupling (1)
 The use of public variables is usually simptom of
tightly coupling
 The encapsulation guideline (information hiding)
suggests that only information about what a class can
do should be visible outside, not how it does it
 Example:
 the class Game uses public variables declared in the class
Room:
public String description;

public Room northExit;
public Room southExit;
public Room eastExit;
public Room westExit;
52
OOP
CD: Encapsulation reduces coupling (2)
 a better design would declare private variables, and use an
accessor method (getExit) to access them
 the class Game will then call getExit to obtain the variable values
private String description;

private Room northExit;
private Room southExit;
private Room eastExit;
private Room westExit;
public Room getExit(String direction)
{
if(direction.equals("north")) return northExit;
if(direction.equals("south")) return southExit;
if(direction.equals("east")) return eastExit;
if(direction.equals("west")) return westExit;
} 53
OOP
CD: Responsibility-driven design (1)
 In a loosely coupled system, each class should be responsible for
handling its own data
 Example:
 the class Game declares the method printHelp that prints the list of
commands
 the set of commands is nevertheless declared in the class CommandWords
private void printHelp()

{
System.out.println("Your command words are:");
System.out.println(" go quit help look ");
}
private static final String validCommands[] = {

"go", "quit", "help", "look"
};
54
OOP
CD: Responsibility-driven design (2)
 a change in the set of commands would affect the class Game

 a better design would make the class CommandWords responsible
for printing the list of commands by means of a specific method
(showAll)
public void showAll()

{
for(int i = 0; i < validCommands.length; i++) {
System.out.print(validCommands[i] + " ");
}
}
55
OOP
CD: Method cohesion
 each method should be responsible for a single activity
 Example:
 in class Game the opening text is not directly implemented by the method
play, but it is entrusted to the method printWelcome
public void play()
{
printWelcome();
boolean finished = false;
while (! finished) {
Command command = parser.getCommand();
finished = processCommand(command);
}
System.out.println("Thank you for playing. Good bye.");
}
private void printWelcome()
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Adventure!");
System.out.println("Type 'help' if you need help.");
printLocationInfo();
}
56
OOP
CD: Class cohesion
 Each class should represent a single entity

 Example:
 A game extension could introduce the possibility of picking
up items from rooms; each item will have a description
(itemDescription) and a weight (itemWeight)
 the new variables could be declared in the class Room, but in
this case the class would represent both a room and a set of
items
 a better design would create a separate class (Item) for items;
a room would store a collection of objects from this class
57
OOP
Inheritance: Superclass and subclass
 a class can have subclasses (specializations) and/or
superclasses (generalizations)
 each subclass inherits both the variables and the methods
from its superclass
58
OOP
I: a multimedia catalogue (1)
A database of multimedia entertainment application
• it allows to store information about CDs and videos.
• it provides enter, search, delete and print functions.
59
OOP
 the classes CD and Video

have in common some
attributes and methods
...
...
60
OOP
 the new class Item is a generalization of CD and Video and
contains everything these two have in common
 the classes CD e Video inherit all the elements declared in Item
and contain only declarations of the extra details
61
OOP
I: Subclasses in Java
 the declaration class C1 extends C2 defines C1 as a
subclass of C2
 the inherited elements have the same access rights
(private/public) of those declared in the superclass
public class CD extends Item
public class Item {
{ private String artist;
private String title; private int numberOfTracks;
private int playingTime; . . .
private boolean gotIt; }
private String comment; public class Video extends Item

. . . {
} private String director;
. . .
}
62
OOP
I: Constructors of a subclass
public class Item
 the key word super allows { . . .
a constructor of a subclass public Item(String theTitle, int time)
{
to invoke a constructor of title = theTitle;
its superclass in order to playingTime = time;
initialize the inherited gotIt = false;
variables comment = "";

}
}
public class CD extends Item

{
private String artist;
private int numberOfTracks;
public CD(String theTitle, String theArtist, int tracks, int time)
{
super(theTitle, time);
artist = theArtist;
numberOfTracks = tracks;
}
63
OOP
I: Subclasses and subtypes
The type defined by a subclass is a subtype of

the type of its superclass
Subtype objects may be used wherever objects
of a supertype are expected (substitution)
In Java all the classes are implicitly subclasses
of the Object class
Item i1 = new Item();

Item i2 = new CD();
Item i3 = new Video();
64
OOP
Polymorphism: polymorphic variables
 According to the substitution principle, a variable can
reference objects of different types (the declared type and
all its subtypes)
 Example:
 the elements of an ArrayList may be objects of any type, even
different among them
65
OOP
P: Type loss, casting and wrapper classes
 the method get(int index) returns the element at position index in
an ArrayList
 since the returned element has type Object, it cannot be directly
assigned to variables of different types (all subtypes of Object)
 the type loss problem can be solved by explicitly indicating the
element type (casting)
 example:
• if myList is an ArrayList containing a String object at position 5 , it is
possible to assign it to variable s1 in this way:
String s1 = (String)myList.get(5);
 in Java the primitive types (byte, int, float, char, …) are not object
types, so they cannot be entered into a collection of objects
 Java’s solution to this problem is wrapper classes : every primitive
type has a corresponding wrapper class (Byte, Integer, Float,
Character, …) that represents the same type, but is a real object
type
66
OOP
P: static type and dynamic type
static type
 the type of a variable as declared in the source code
dynamic type
 the type of the object currently stored in a variable
Video v1
Video v1 = new Video();
:Video
Item v2
Item v2 = new Video();
:Video
67
OOP
P: Overriding
 a subclass may redefine (override) the implementation (body) of a
method declared in one of its superclasses
public class Item
{ . . .
public void print()
{
System.out.print("title: " + title + " (" + playingTime + " mins)");
if(gotIt) { System.out.println("*");} else { System.out.println();}
System.out.println(" " + comment);
}
}
public class Video extends Item

{ . . .
public void print()
{
super.print();
System.out.println(" director: " + director);
}
}
68
OOP
P: Dynamic binding
 Type checking at compile time uses the static type
 At runtime the methods from the dynamic type are
executed
 Example:
 if the variable v1 contains a Video
object, instruction v1.print will
execute the implementation of the
print method defined in the Video
class
69
OOP
P: Method polymorphism
method calls have a polymorphic behavior:

 a same call can execute different implementations of
a method, according to the dynamic type of the
referred object
Item i1
:Item
i1.print();
Item i1
i1 = new Video();
i1.print(); :Video
70
OOP
P: the Object method toString
 the universal superclass Object implements the method:
String toString()
Returns a string representation of the object
 it is possible to return a customized string representation

of the objects in a class, just by overriding the
implementation of method toString
 the method System.out.println(item)

automatically invokes item.toString() if item
is not a String object
71
OOP
P: toString overriding
public class Item
{ . . .
public String toString()
{
String line1 = "title: " + title + " (" + playingTime + " mins)";
if(gotIt) { line1 = line1 + "*\n";} else { line1 = line1 + "\n";}
return line1 + " " + comment + "\n";
}
}
public class Video extends Item

{ . . .
public String toString()
{
return super.toString() + " director: " + director + "\n";
}
}

System.out.println(i1);
i1 = new Video();
System.out.println(i1);
72
OOP
P: Protected access
 the access level of Fields, Constructors, Methods may be
declared as protected, in alternative to private o public
 protected allows direct access to a resource from subclasses of the
declaring class
73
OOP
P: Abstract Classes and Methods
 an abstract class is a class not intended for creating instances,
whose purpose is to serve as a superclass of other classes
 an abstract class may contain abstract methods, which define a
signature without implementation (body)
 a subclass of an abstract class is concrete (non abstract) only if
it provides implementations for all inherited abstract methods
 in Java abstract classes and methods are declared by means of
the prefix key word abstract
public class Fox extends Animal

public abstract class Animal
{ . . .
{ . . .
public void act()
abstract public void act();
{ . . .
. . .
}
}
}
74
OOP
P: a shape hierarchy (1)
Shape
Point
Circle
Cylinder
75
OOP
76
OOP
1 // Shape.java
2 // Shape abstract-superclass declaration.
3
4 public abstract class Shape {
5
6 // return area of shape; 0.0 by default
7 public double getArea()
8 {
9 return 0.0;
10 }
11
12 // return volume of shape; 0.0 by default
13 public double getVolume()
14 {
15 return 0.0;
16 }
17
18 // abstract method, overridden by subclasses
19 public abstract String getName();
20
21 } // end abstract class Shape
77
OOP
1 // Point.java
2 // Point class declaration inherits from Shape.
3
4 public class Point extends Shape {
5 private int x; // x part of coordinate pair
6 private int y; // y part of coordinate pair
7
8 // no-argument constructor; x and y default to 0
9 public Point()
10 {
11 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
12 }
13
15 public Point( int xValue, int yValue )
16 {
18 x = xValue; // no need for validation
19 y = yValue; // no need for validation
20 }
21
22 // set x in coordinate pair
23 public void setX( int xValue )
24 {
26 } 78
OOP
29 public int getX()
30 {
31 return x;
32 }
35 public void setY( int yValue )
36 {
38 }
41 public int getY()
42 {
43 return y;
44 }
45
46 // override abstract method getName to return "Point"
47 public String getName()
48 { Override
49 return "Point"; abstract
50 }
method getName.
51
52 // override toString to return String representation of Point
53 public String toString()
54 {
55 return "[" + getX() + ", " + getY() + "]";
56 }
58 } // end class Point 79
OOP
1 // Circle.java
2 // Circle class inherits from Point.
3
4 public class Circle extends Point {
5 private double radius; // Circle's radius
6
7 // no-argument constructor; radius defaults to 0.0
8 public Circle()
9 {
10 // implicit call to Point constructor occurs here
11 }
12
13 // constructor
14 public Circle( int x, int y, double radiusValue )
15 {
16 super( x, y ); // call Point constructor
17 setRadius( radiusValue );
18 }
19
20 // set radius
21 public void setRadius( double radiusValue )
22 {
23 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue );
24 }
80
OOP
26 // return radius
27 public double getRadius()
28 {
29 return radius;
30 }
31
32 // calculate and return diameter
33 public double getDiameter()
34 {
35 return 2 * getRadius();
36 }
37
38 // calculate and return circumference
39 public double getCircumference()
40 {
41 return Math.PI * getDiameter();
42 }
43
44 // override method getArea to return Circle area Override method
45 public double getArea() getArea to
46 { return circle area
47 return Math.PI * getRadius() * getRadius();
48 }
49
81
OOP
50 // override abstract method getName to return "Circle"

52 { Override
53 return "Circle"; abstract
54 } method getName
55
56 // override toString to return String representation of Circle
58 {
59 return "Center = " + super.toString() + "; Radius = " + getRadius();
60 }
61
62 } // end class Circle
82
OOP
1 // Cylinder.java
2 // Cylinder class inherits from Circle.
3
4 public class Cylinder extends Circle {
5 private double height; // Cylinder's height
6
7 // no-argument constructor; height defaults to 0.0
8 public Cylinder()
9 {
10 // implicit call to Circle constructor occurs here
11 }
12
13 // constructor
14 public Cylinder( int x, int y, double radius, double heightValue )
15 {
16 super( x, y, radius ); // call Circle constructor
17 setHeight( heightValue );
18 }
19
20 // set Cylinder's height
21 public void setHeight( double heightValue )
22 {
23 height = ( heightValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : heightValue );
24 }
25 83
OOP
26 // get Cylinder's height
27 public double getHeight()
28 {
29 return height;
30 }
Override method
31
getArea to
32 // override abstract method getArea to return Cylinder area
return cylinder
34 { area
35 return 2 * super.getArea() + getCircumference() * getHeight();
36 }
37
38 // override abstract method getVolume to return Cylinder volume
Override method
40 {
getVolume to
41 return super.getArea() * getHeight();
42 } return cylinder
43 volume
44 // override abstract method getName to return "Cylinder"
46 { Override
47 return "Cylinder"; abstract
48 } method getName
84
OOP
49
50 // override toString to return String representation of Cylinder
52 {
53 return super.toString() + "; Height = " + getHeight();
54 }
55
56 } // end class Cylinder
85
OOP
1 // AbstractInheritanceTest.java
2 // Driver for shape, point, circle, cylinder hierarchy.
3 import java.text.DecimalFormat;
4 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
5
6 public class AbstractInheritanceTest {
7
8 public static void main( String args[] )
9 {
10 // set floating-point number format
11 DecimalFormat twoDigits = new DecimalFormat( "0.00" );
12
13 // create Point, Circle and Cylinder objects
14 Point point = new Point( 7, 11 );
15 Circle circle = new Circle( 22, 8, 3.5 );
16 Cylinder cylinder = new Cylinder( 20, 30, 3.3, 10.75 );
17
18 // obtain name and string representation of each object
19 String output = point.getName() + ": " + point + "\n" +
20 circle.getName() + ": " + circle + "\n" +
21 cylinder.getName() + ": " + cylinder + "\n";
22
23 Shape arrayOfShapes[] = new Shape[ 3 ]; // create Shape array
24
86
OOP
25 // aim arrayOfShapes[ 0 ] at subclass Point object
26 arrayOfShapes[ 0 ] = point;
27
28 // aim arrayOfShapes[ 1 ] at subclass Circle object
29 arrayOfShapes[ 1 ] = circle;
30
31 // aim arrayOfShapes[ 2 ] at subclass Cylinder object
32 arrayOfShapes[ 2 ] = cylinder;
33
34 // loop through arrayOfShapes to get name, string
35 // representation, area and volume of every Shape in array
36 for ( int i = 0; i < arrayOfShapes.length; i++ ) {
37 output += "\n\n" + arrayOfShapes[ i ].getName() + ": " +
38 arrayOfShapes[ i ].toString() + "\nArea = " +
39 twoDigits.format( arrayOfShapes[ i ].getArea() ) +
40 "\nVolume = " +
41 twoDigits.format( arrayOfShapes[ i ].getVolume() );
42 }
43
44 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output ); // display output
45
46 System.exit( 0 );
47
48 } // end main
50 } // end class AbstractInheritanceTest 87
OOP
88
OOP
P: a payroll program (1)
Four types of employees, paid weekly

 Salaried (fixed salary, no matter the hours)
 Hourly (overtime [ >40 hours ] pays time and a half)
 Commission (paid percentage of sales)
 Base-plus-commission (base salary + percentage of
sales)
• Boss wants to raise pay by 10%
89
OOP
Employee
SalariedEmployee CommissionEmployee HourlyEmployee
BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Superclass Employee
 Abstract method earnings (returns pay)
• abstract because need to know employee type
• cannot calculate for generic employee
90
OOP
91
OOP
1 // Employee.java
2 // Employee abstract superclass.
3
4 public abstract class Employee {
Declares class Employee
5 private String firstName; as abstract class.
6 private String lastName;
7 private String socialSecurityNumber;
8
9 // constructor
10 public Employee( String first, String last, String ssn )
11 {
12 firstName = first;
13 lastName = last;
14 socialSecurityNumber = ssn;
15 }
16
17 // set first name
18 public void setFirstName( String first )
19 {
21 }
22
92
OOP
23 // return first name
24 public String getFirstName()
25 {
26 return firstName;
27 }
28
29 // set last name
30 public void setLastName( String last )
31 {
32 lastName = last;
33 }
34
35 // return last name
36 public String getLastName()
37 {
38 return lastName;
39 }
40
41 // set social security number
42 public void setSocialSecurityNumber( String number )
43 {
44 socialSecurityNumber = number; // should validate
45 }
46
93
OOP
47 // return social security number

48 public String getSocialSecurityNumber()
49 {
50 return socialSecurityNumber;
51 }
52
53 // return String representation of Employee object
55 {
56 return getFirstName() + " " + getLastName() +
57 "\nsocial security number: " + getSocialSecurityNumber();
58 }
59
60 // abstract method overridden by subclasses
61 public abstract double earnings(); Abstract method
62 overridden by subclasses
63 } // end abstract class Employee
94
OOP
1 // SalariedEmployee.java
2 // SalariedEmployee class extends Employee.
3
4 public class SalariedEmployee extends Employee {
5 private double weeklySalary;
6
7 // constructor
8 public SalariedEmployee( String first, String last,
9 String socialSecurityNumber, double salary )
10 {
11 super( first, last, socialSecurityNumber );
12 setWeeklySalary( salary );
13 }
Use superclass constructor for
14
basic fields.
15 // set salaried employee's salary
16 public void setWeeklySalary( double salary )
17 {
18 weeklySalary = salary < 0.0 ? 0.0 : salary;
19 }
20
21 // return salaried employee's salary
22 public double getWeeklySalary()
23 {
24 return weeklySalary;
25 } 95
OOP
26
27 // calculate salaried employee's pay;
28 // override abstract method earnings in Employee
29 public double earnings()
30 {
Must implement abstract
31 return getWeeklySalary();
method earnings.
32 }
33
34 // return String representation of SalariedEmployee object
36 {
37 return "\nsalaried employee: " + super.toString();
38 }
39
40 } // end class SalariedEmployee
96
OOP
1 // HourlyEmployee.java
2 // HourlyEmployee class extends Employee.
3
4 public class HourlyEmployee extends Employee {
5 private double wage; // wage per hour
6 private double hours; // hours worked for week
7
8 // constructor
9 public HourlyEmployee( String first, String last,
10 String socialSecurityNumber, double hourlyWage, double hoursWorked )
11 {
13 setWage( hourlyWage );
14 setHours( hoursWorked );
15 }
17 // set hourly employee's wage
18 public void setWage( double wageAmount )
19 {
20 wage = wageAmount < 0.0 ? 0.0 : wageAmount;
21 }
23 // return wage
24 public double getWage()
25 {
26 return wage;
27 } 97
OOP
29 // set hourly employee's hours worked
30 public void setHours( double hoursWorked )
31 {
32 hours = ( hoursWorked >= 0.0 && hoursWorked <= 168.0 ) ? hoursWorked : 0.0;
34 }
36 // return hours worked
37 public double getHours()
38 {
39 return hours;
40 }
42 // calculate hourly employee's pay;
45 {
Must implement abstract
46 if ( hours <= 40 ) // no overtime
47 return wage * hours;
method earnings.
48 else
49 return 40 * wage + ( hours - 40 ) * wage * 1.5;
50 }
52 // return String representation of HourlyEmployee object
54 {
55 return "\nhourly employee: " + super.toString();
56 }
58 } // end class HourlyEmployee 98
OOP
1 // CommissionEmployee.java
2 // CommissionEmployee class extends Employee.
3
4 public class CommissionEmployee extends Employee {
5 private double grossSales; // gross weekly sales
6 private double commissionRate; // commission percentage
8 // constructor
9 public CommissionEmployee( String first, String last,
10 String socialSecurityNumber,
11 double grossWeeklySales, double percent )
12 {
14 setGrossSales( grossWeeklySales );
15 setCommissionRate( percent );
16 }
18 // set commission employee's rate
19 public void setCommissionRate( double rate )
20 {
21 commissionRate = ( rate > 0.0 && rate < 1.0 ) ? rate : 0.0;
22 }
24 // return commission employee's rate
25 public double getCommissionRate()
26 {
27 return commissionRate;
28 } 99
OOP
30 // set commission employee's weekly base salary
31 public void setGrossSales( double sales )
32 {
33 grossSales = sales < 0.0 ? 0.0 : sales;
34 }
35
36 // return commission employee's gross sales amount
37 public double getGrossSales()
38 {
39 return grossSales;
40 }
41
42 // calculate commission employee's pay;
44 public double earnings() Must implement abstract
45 { method earnings.
46 return getCommissionRate() * getGrossSales();
47 }
48
49 // return String representation of CommissionEmployee object
51 {
52 return "\ncommission employee: " + super.toString();
53 }
55 } // end class CommissionEmployee 100
OOP
1 // BasePlusCommissionEmployee.java
2 // BasePlusCommissionEmployee class extends CommissionEmployee.
3
4 public class BasePlusCommissionEmployee extends CommissionEmployee {
5 private double baseSalary; // base salary per week
6
7 // constructor
8 public BasePlusCommissionEmployee( String first, String last,
9 String socialSecurityNumber, double grossSalesAmount,
10 double rate, double baseSalaryAmount )
11 {
12 super( first, last, socialSecurityNumber, grossSalesAmount, rate );
13 setBaseSalary( baseSalaryAmount );
14 }
15
16 // set base-salaried commission employee's base salary
17 public void setBaseSalary( double salary )
18 {
19 baseSalary = salary < 0.0 ? 0.0 : salary;
20 }
22 // return base-salaried commission employee's base salary
23 public double getBaseSalary()
24 {
25 return baseSalary;
26 } 101
OOP
28 // calculate base-salaried commission employee's earnings;

29 // override method earnings in CommissionEmployee
31 { Override method earnings
32 return getBaseSalary() + super.earnings(); in CommissionEmployee
33 }
34
35 // return String representation of BasePlusCommissionEmployee
37 {
38 return "\nbase-salaried commission employee: " +
39 super.getFirstName() + " " + super.getLastName() +
40 "\nsocial security number: " + super.getSocialSecurityNumber();
41 }
42
43 } // end class BasePlusCommissionEmployee
102
OOP
1 // PayrollSystemTest.java
2 // Employee hierarchy test program.
5
6 public class PayrollSystemTest {
7
8 public static void main( String[] args )
9 {
11
12 // create Employee array
13 Employee employees[] = new Employee[ 4 ];
14
15 // initialize array with Employees
16 employees[ 0 ] = new SalariedEmployee( "John", "Smith",
17 "111-11-1111", 800.00 );
18 employees[ 1 ] = new CommissionEmployee( "Sue", "Jones",
19 "222-22-2222", 10000, .06 );
20 employees[ 2 ] = new BasePlusCommissionEmployee( "Bob", "Lewis",
21 "333-33-3333", 5000, .04, 300 );
22 employees[ 3 ] = new HourlyEmployee( "Karen", "Price",
23 "444-44-4444", 16.75, 40 );
24
25 String output = ""; 103
OOP
27 // generically process each element in array employees
28 for ( int i = 0; i < employees.length; i++ ) {
29 output += employees[ i ].toString();
30
31 // determine whether element is a BasePlusCommissionEmployee
32 if ( employees[ i ] instanceof BasePlusCommissionEmployee ) {
33
34 // downcast Employee reference to Determine whether element is a
35 // BasePlusCommissionEmployee reference BasePlusCommissionEmployee
36 BasePlusCommissionEmployee currentEmployee =
37 ( BasePlusCommissionEmployee ) employees[ i ];
38
39 double oldBaseSalary = currentEmployee.getBaseSalary();
40 output += "\nold base salary: $" + oldBaseSalary;
41
42 currentEmployee.setBaseSalary( 1.10 * oldBaseSalary );
43 output += "\nnew base salary with 10% increase is: $" +
44 currentEmployee.getBaseSalary();
Downcast Employee reference to
45
BasePlusCommissionEmployee
46 } // end if
reference
47
48 output += "\nearned $" + employees[ i ].earnings() + "\n";
49
50 } // end for
51 104
OOP
52 // get type name of each object in employees array

53 for ( int j = 0; j < employees.length; j++ ) Get type name of each
54 output += "\nEmployee " + j + " is a " + object in employees
55 employees[ j ].getClass().getName(); array
56
59
60 } // end main
61
62 } // end class PayrollSystemTest
105
OOP
106
OOP
P: Multiple Inheritance
 a class could inherit elements from more superclasses

 in Java a class cannot have more than one superclass;
multiple inheritance is obtained by the declaration of
interfaces
107
OOP
P: Java Interfaces
 the key word interface, in place of class, defines an
entity similar to an abstract class having the following
features:
 all methods are implicitly public abstract
 all fields are implicitly public static final
 no constructor can be defined
 a class can inherit from any number of interfaces,
using the key word implements
public interface Actor public class Fox extends Animal implements Drawable
{ . . . { . . .
void act(); }
. . . public class Hunter implements Actor, Drawable
} { . . .
} 108
OOP
P: Interface types
 the name of an interface defines a data type, just as a

class does
 the type defined by an interface may have subtypes:
 interface I1 {. . .}
 interface I2 extends I1 {. . .}
 class C1 implements I1 {. . .}
 variables can be declared to be of interface type; they
can contain objects of concrete classes that define the
interface subtypes
Actor a1 = new Fox();
a1 = new Hunter();
109
OOP
P: List specification
 interface List specifies the full functionalities of a list,

without giving any implementation
 the subclasses ArrayList and LinkedList provide two
different implementations of a list
 declaring a variable of type List makes it very easy to
choose the final implementation depending on
performance measures 110
OOP
111
OOP
1 // Shape.java
2 // Shape interface declaration.
3
4 public interface Shape {
5 public double getArea(); // calculate area
6 public double getVolume(); // calculate volume
7 public String getName(); // return shape name
8
9 } // end interface Shape
112
OOP
1 // Point.java
2 // Point class declaration implements interface Shape.
3
4 public class Point implements Shape {
5 private int x; // x part of coordinate pair
6 private int y; // y part of coordinate pair
7
8 // no-argument constructor; x and y default to 0
9 public Point()
10 {
12 }
13
14 // constructor
15 public Point( int xValue, int yValue )
16 {
20 }
22 // set x in coordinate pair
23 public void setX( int xValue )
24 {
26 } 113
OOP
28 // return x from coordinate pair

29 public int getX()
30 {
31 return x;
32 }
33
34 // set y in coordinate pair
35 public void setY( int yValue )
36 {
38 }
39
40 // return y from coordinate pair
41 public int getY()
42 {
43 return y;
44 }
45
114
OOP
46 // declare abstract method getArea
48 {
49 return 0.0;
50 }
51
52 // declare abstract method getVolume
Implement methods specified
54 {
by interface Shape
55 return 0.0;
56 }
57
58 // declare abstract method getName to return "Point"
60 {
61 return "Point";
62 }
63
64 // override toString to return String representation of Point
66 {
67 return "[" + getX() + ", " + getY() + "]";
68 }
69
70 } // end class Point 115
OOP
1 // InterfaceTest.java
2 // Test Point, Circle, Cylinder hierarchy with interface Shape.
5
6 public class InterfaceTest {
7
9 {
10 // set floating-point number format
12
13 // create Point, Circle and Cylinder objects
14 Point point = new Point( 7, 11 );
15 Circle circle = new Circle( 22, 8, 3.5 );
16 Cylinder cylinder = new Cylinder( 20, 30, 3.3, 10.75 );
17
18 // obtain name and string representation of each object
19 String output = point.getName() + ": " + point + "\n" +
20 circle.getName() + ": " + circle + "\n" +
21 cylinder.getName() + ": " + cylinder + "\n";
22
23 Shape arrayOfShapes[] = new Shape[ 3 ]; // create Shape array
24
116
OOP
25 // aim arrayOfShapes[ 0 ] at subclass Point object
26 arrayOfShapes[ 0 ] = point;
27
28 // aim arrayOfShapes[ 1 ] at subclass Circle object
29 arrayOfShapes[ 1 ] = circle;
30
31 // aim arrayOfShapes[ 2 ] at subclass Cylinder object
32 arrayOfShapes[ 2 ] = cylinder;
33
34 // loop through arrayOfShapes to get name, string
35 // representation, area and volume of every Shape in array
36 for ( int i = 0; i < arrayOfShapes.length; i++ ) {
37 output += "\n\n" + arrayOfShapes[ i ].getName() + ": " +
38 arrayOfShapes[ i ].toString() + "\nArea = " +
39 twoDigits.format( arrayOfShapes[ i ].getArea() ) +
40 "\nVolume = " +
41 twoDigits.format( arrayOfShapes[ i ].getVolume() );
42 }
43
45
48 } // end main
50 } // end class InterfaceTest
117
OOP
118
OOP
Exception Handling: exception types
 Exception:
 an object representing details of a program failure
 the package java.lang defines an hierarchy of exception types
that can be thrown during the execution of a program
 Error:
 usually reserved for
runtime-system errors
 Checked Exceptions:
 extend java.lang.Exception
 must be explicitly caught or
propagated (declared thrown)
 Unchecked Exceptions:
 extend
java.lang.RuntimeException
 don't have to be declared thrown
 can be caught but have not to be
119
OOP
EH: Checked Exceptions
class java.lang.Exception
class java.lang.ClassNotFoundException
class java.lang.CloneNotSupportedException
class java.io.FileNotFoundException
class java.security.GeneralSecurityException
class java.lang.IllegalAccessException
class java.lang.InstantiationException
class java.lang.InterruptedException
class java.io.IOException
class java.lang.NoSuchFieldException
class java.lang.NoSuchMethodException
...
120
OOP
EH: Unchecked Exceptions
class java.lang.RunTimeException
class java.lang.ArithmeticException
class java.lang.ArrayStoreException
class java.lang.ClassCastException
class java.util.EmptyStackException
class java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
class java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException
class java.lang.IllegalStateException
class java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException
class java.lang.NegativeArraySizeException
class java.util.NoSuchElementException
class java.lang.NullPointerException
class java.lang.SecurityException
class java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
...
121
OOP
EH: Throwing exceptions
 the instruction:
throw
new ExceptionType("optional-diagnostic-string");
 creates an exception object of the specified ExceptionType, passing

"optional-diagnostic-string“ to its constructor
 throws the exception object
 the execution of the throwing method/constructor finishes
immediately
 if the exception is not caught, then the program will terminate
with an indication that an uncaught ExceptionType has been
thrown
 a method/constructor throwing a checked exception must
declare that it does so in the method’s header:
throws ExceptionType
122
OOP
EH: Catching exceptions
 a caller of a method/constructor that throws a checked exception may
contain an exception handler :
try{
statements invoking exception-throwing methods
}
catch(ExceptionType-1 e-name){
actions appropriate to ExceptionType-1 exceptions
}
. . .
catch(ExceptionType-n e-name){
actions appropriate to ExceptionType-n exceptions
}
// finally clause is optional
finally {
actions common to wether or not exceptions are thrown
}
123
OOP
EH: Propagating exceptions
 if a method/constructor is either unable to, or does not need to,

undertake any recovery action itself, the exception will be
propagated to its caller and possibly beyond
 a method/constructor propagates an exception simply by not
including an exception handler
 for a checked exception, the propagating method/constructor
must include the clause throws ExceptionType even
though it does not directly throw the exception
124
OOP
EH: ArithmeticException (1)
1 // DivideByZeroTest.java
2 // An exception-handling example that checks for divide-by-zero.
3 import java.awt.*;
4 import java.awt.event.*;
5 import javax.swing.*;
6
7 public class DivideByZeroTest extends Jframe implements ActionListener {
9
10 private JTextField inputField1, inputField2, outputField;
11 private int number1, number2, result;
12
13 // set up GUI
14 public DivideByZeroTest()
15 {
16 super( "Demonstrating Exceptions" );
17
18 // get content pane and set its layout
19 Container container = getContentPane();
20 container.setLayout( new GridLayout( 3, 2 ) );
21
22 // set up label and inputField1
23 container.add(
24 new JLabel( "Enter numerator ", SwingConstants.RIGHT ) );
25 inputField1 = new JTextField();
26 container.add( inputField1 ); 125
OOP
27
28 // set up label and inputField2; register listener
29 container.add( new JLabel( "Enter denominator and press Enter ",
30 SwingConstants.RIGHT ) );
31 inputField2 = new JTextField();
32 container.add( inputField2 );
33 inputField2.addActionListener( this );
34
35 // set up label and outputField
36 container.add( new JLabel( "RESULT ", SwingConstants.RIGHT ) );
37 outputField = new JTextField();
38 container.add( outputField );
39
40 setSize( 425, 100 );
41 setVisible( true );
42
43 } // end DivideByZeroTest constructor
44
45 // process GUI events
46 public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent event )
47 {
48 outputField.setText( "" ); // clear outputField
49
126
OOP
50 // read two numbers and calculate quotient
51 try {
52 number1 = Integer.parseInt( inputField1.getText() );
53 number2 = Integer.parseInt( inputField2.getText() );
54
55 result = quotient( number1, number2 );
56 outputField.setText( String.valueOf( result ) );
57 }
58
59 // process improperly formatted input
60 catch ( NumberFormatException numberFormatException ) {
61 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this,
62 "You must enter two integers", "Invalid Number Format",
63 JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
64 }
65
66 // process attempts to divide by zero
67 catch ( ArithmeticException arithmeticException ) {
69 arithmeticException.toString(), "Arithmetic Exception",
71 }
72
73 } // end method actionPerformed
74 127
OOP
75 // demonstrates throwing an exception when a divide-by-zero occurs
76 public int quotient( int numerator, int denominator )
77 throws ArithmeticException
78 {
79 return numerator / denominator;
80 }
81
83 {
84 DivideByZeroTest application = new DivideByZeroTest();
85 application.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE );
86 }
87
88 } // end class DivideByZeroTest
128
OOP
EH: Text Output
try {
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("name-of-file"));
while( there is more text to write ) {
. . .
writer.write ("next-piece-of-text");
. . .
}
writer.close();
}
catch(IOException e) {
something went wrong with accessing the file
}
129
OOP
EH: Text Input
try {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
new FileReader("name-of-file"));
String line = reader.readLine();
while(line != null) {
do something with line
line = reader.readLine();
}
reader.close();
}
catch(FileNotFoundException e) {
the specified file could not be found
}
catch(IOException e) {
something went wrong with reading or closing
}
130
OOP
Java Language: Primitive Data Types
Keyword Description Size/Format
(integers)
byte Byte-length integer 8-bit two's complement
short Short integer 16-bit two's complement

Literal Data type
178 int int Integer 32-bit two's complement
8864L long long Long integer 64-bit two's complement
37.266 double
(real numbers)
37.266D double
87.363F float
float Single-precision floating point 32-bit IEEE 754
26.77e3 double double Double-precision floating point 64-bit IEEE 754

' c' char (other types)
true boolean
char A single character 16-bit Unicode character
false boolean
boolean A boolean value (true or false) true or false
131
OOP
JL: declaring and initializing variables
public class MaxVariablesDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// integers
byte largestByte = Byte.MAX_VALUE;
short largestShort = Short.MAX_VALUE;
int largestInteger = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
long largestLong = Long.MAX_VALUE;
// real numbers
float largestFloat = Float.MAX_VALUE;
final double largestDouble = Double.MAX_VALUE;
// other primitive types
char aChar = 'S';
boolean aBoolean = true;
a final variable cannot
// display them all
System.out.println("The largest byte value is " + largestByte); be modified after
System.out.println("The largest short value is " + largestShort);
System.out.println("The largest integer value is " + largestInteger); initialization
System.out.println("The largest long value is " + largestLong);
System.out.println("The largest float value is " + largestFloat);
System.out.println("The largest double value is " + largestDouble);
if (Character.isUpperCase(aChar)) {
System.out.println("The character " + aChar + " is upper case.");
} else {
System.out.println("The character " + aChar + " is lower case.");
}
System.out.println("The value of aBoolean is " + aBoolean);
}
}
132
OOP
JL: Reference Data Types
the name of an object/array corresponds to a

variable whose value is a reference to the
object/array
no explicit pointer type is available in Java
133
OOP
JL: Scope
134
OOP
JL: Arithmetic Operators
Operator Use Description

+ op1 + op2 Adds op1 and op2
- op1 - op2 Subtracts op2 from op1
* op1 * op2 Multiplies op1 by op2
/ op1 / op2 Divides op1 by op2
% op1 % op2 Computes the remainder of dividing op1 by op2
++ op++ Increments op by 1; evaluates to the value of op before it was incremented
++ ++op Increments op by 1; evaluates to the value of op after it was incremented
-- op-- Decrements op by 1; evaluates to the value of op before it was decremented
-- --op Decrements op by 1; evaluates to the value of op after it was decremented
135
OOP
JL: Relational and Conditional Operators
Operator Use Returns true if

> op1 > op2 op1 is greater than op2
>= op1 >= op2 op1 is greater than or equal to op2
< op1 < op2 op1 is less than op2
<= op1 <= op2 op1 is less than or equal to op2
== op1 == op2 op1 and op2 are equal
!= op1 != op2 op1 and op2 are not equal
Operator Use Returns true if

&& op1 && op2 op1 and op2 are both true, conditionally evaluates op2
|| op1 || op2 either op1 or op2 is true, conditionally evaluates op2
! ! op op is false
& op1 & op2 op1 and op2 are both true, always evaluates op1 and op2
| op1 | op2 either op1 or op2 is true, always evaluates op1 and op2
if op1 and op2 are different--that is if one or the other of the
^ op1 ^ op2
operands is true but not both
136
OOP
JL: Shift and Logical Operators
Operator Use Operation

>> op1 >> op2 shift bits of op1 right by distance op2
<< op1 << op2 shift bits of op1 left by distance op2
>>> op1 >>> op2 shift bits of op1 right by distance op2 (unsigned)
Operator Use Operation
& op1 & op2 bitwise and
| op1 | op2 bitwise or
^ op1 ^ op2 bitwise xor
~ ~op2 bitwise complement
137
OOP
JL: Assignment Operators
op1= op2;
Operator Use Equivalent to
+= op1 += op2 op1 = op1 + op2

-= op1 -= op2 op1 = op1 - op2
*= op1 *= op2 op1 = op1 * op2
/= op1 /= op2 op1 = op1 / op2
%= op1 %= op2 op1 = op1 % op2
&= op1 &= op2 op1 = op1 & op2
|= op1 |= op2 op1 = op1 | op2
^= op1 ^= op2 op1 = op1 ^ op2
<<= op1 <<= op2 op1 = op1 << op2
>>= op1 >>= op2 op1 = op1 >> op2
>>>= op1 >>>= op2 op1 = op1 >>> op2
138
OOP
JL: Other Operators
?: op1 ? op2 : op3 If op1 is true, returns op2. Otherwise, returns op3.
[] type [] Declares an array of unknown length, which contains type elements.

Creates and array with op1 elements. Must be used with the new
[] type [ op1 ]
operator.
Accesses the element at op2 index within the array op1. Indices begin at 0
[] op1[ op2 ]
and extend through the length of the array minus one.
. op1.op2 Is a reference to the op2 member of op1.
Declares or calls the method named op1 with the specified parameters.
() op1(params)
The list of parameters can be an empty list. The list is comma-separated.
Casts (converts) op1 to type. An exception will be thrown if the type of
(type) (type) op1
op1 is incompatible with type.
Creates a new object or array. op1 is either a call to a constructor, or an
new new op1
array specification.
instanceof op1 instanceof op2 Returns true if op1 is an instance of op2
139
OOP
JL: Control Flow Statements - looping
while (boolean expression) {

statement(s)
}
do {
statement(s)
} while (boolean expression);
for (initialization ; termination ; increment ) {

statement(s)
}
140
OOP
JL: Control Flow Statements – decision making
if (boolean expression) { switch (integer expression) {

statement(s)
} case integer expression :
statement(s)
break;
if (boolean expression) { ...
statement(s) ...
} default:
else { statement(s)
statement(s) break;
} }
141
OOP
JL: Control Flow Statements – exception handling
try {
statement(s)
} catch (exceptiontype name) {
statement(s)
} catch (exceptiontype name) {
statement(s)
} finally {
statement(s)
}
 The try statement identifies a block of statements within which an exception might be thrown.
 The catch statement must be associated with a try statement and identifies a block of
statements that are executed if an exception of a particular type occurs within the try block.
 The finally statement (optional) must be associated with a try statement and identifies a block
of statements that are executed regardless of whether or not an error occurs within the try
block.
142
OOP
JL: Control Flow Statements – branching
statementName: someJavaStatement ;
break; terminates the innermost switch, for, while, or do-while

statement
break label; terminates an outer switch, for, while, or do-while statement
with the given label
continue; terminates the current iteration of the innermost loop
continue label; terminates the current iteration of the loop with the given label
return; terminates the current method
return value; terminates the current method and return a value to the
method's caller
143
OOP
JL: Classes – example
144
OOP
JL: Class Declaration
145
OOP
JL: Class Body
the body of a class contains:

 Constructors
• to initialize new objects of the class
 Declarations of variables
• to provide the state of the class and of its objects
 Methods
• to implement the behavior of the class and of its objects
146
OOP
JL: Constructors
 a constructor has the same name of the class

 a class may declare more constructors having different
lists of parameters
 a class without constructors uses a default constructor
(without initializazions)
public Stack( ) {
items = new Vector(10); new Stack( );
}
public Stack(int initialSize) {

items = new Vector(initialSize); new Stack(30);
} 147
OOP
JL: Member Variables
accessLevel class subclass package world

private X
protected X X X
public X X X X
no specifier (package) X X
148
OOP
JL: Methods
(passed by value)
149
OOP
JL: Instance and Class Variables - definitions
Instance Variable (non static)

 each object of the class has its own instance of the
variable
 accesses to the variable are possible only through
the owning object
Class Variable (static)
 there is a unique instance of the variable, owned by
the class and shared among all the objects of the
class
 accesses to the variable are possible both through an
object, and through the class name
150
OOP
JL: Instance and Class Methods - definitions
Instance Method (non static)

 can access both instance variables and class variables
 can be invoked on an object of the class
Class Method (static)
 can access only class variables and class methods
 can be invoked on an object of the class and on the
class itself
151
OOP
JL: Instance and Class Variables - examples
class AnIntegerNamedX { . . .
int x; AnIntegerNamedX x1 = new AnIntegerNamedX();
public int getX() { AnIntegerNamedX x2 = new AnIntegerNamedX();
return x;
x1.setX(5);
} x2.setX(7);
public void setX(int newX) System.out.println("x1.x = " + x1.getX()); //x1.x = 5
{ x = newX; System.out.println("x2.x = " + x2.getX()); //x2.x = 7
} . . .
}
. . .
class AnIntegerNamedX {
AnIntegerNamedX x1 = new AnIntegerNamedX();
static int x;
public int getX() {
x1.setX(5);
return x;
x2.setX(7);
}
AnIntegerNamedX.x = 9;
public void setX(int newX) {
System.out.println("x1.x = " + x1.getX()); //x1.x = 9
x = newX;
System.out.println("x2.x = " + x2.getX()); //x2.x = 9
}
System.out.println("x = " + AnIntegerNamedX.x);//x = 9
}
. . .
152
OOP
JL: Class Methods - examples
. . .
class AnIntegerNamedX {
static int x; AnIntegerNamedX x2 = new AnIntegerNamedX();
x1.setX(5);
static public int getX() {
x2.setX(7);
return x;
AnIntegerNamedX.x = 9;
} AnIntegerNamedX.setX(11);
System.out.println("x1.x = " + x1.getX()); // x1.x = 11
static public void setX(int newX) {
System.out.println("x2.x = " + x2.getX()); // x2.x = 11
x = newX;
System.out.println("x = " + AnIntegerNamedX.x); // x = 11
} System.out.println("x = " + AnIntegerNamedX.getX());//x = 11
} . . .
153
OOP
JL: Interfaces
 all the methods declared in an interface are implicitly

public and abstract
 all the constants declared in an interface are implicitly
public, static and final
 the InterfaceName is used as a reference data type 154
OOP
JL: Packages
Package:
 a collection of related classes and interfaces providing
access protection and namespace management.
package graphics;
public class Circle extends Graphic implements Draggable {
...
}
package graphics;
public class Rectangle extends Graphic implements Draggable {
...
}
import graphics.Circle; import graphics.*; 155
OOP
JL: Creating and Using Objects
 the new operator, when applied to a class, creates an

object of that class and returns a reference to the created
object
 an object currently without any reference is unused
 the memory space allocated to unused objects is
periodically made free by the runtime system (garbage
collection)
156
OOP
JL: Creating Arrays
Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array

int[] anArray; // declare an array of integers
float[] anArrayOfFloats;
boolean[] anArrayOfBooleans;
Object[] anArrayOfObjects;
String[] anArrayOfStrings;
Creating an Array
anArray = new int[10]; // create an array of integers
Declaring, Creating and Initializing an Array

boolean[] answers = { true, false, true, true, false };
157
OOP
JL: Using Arrays
Accessing an Array Element Getting the Size of an Array
anArray[i] arrayname.length
Copying Arrays
System.arraycopy (Object source, int srcIndex,
Object dest, int destIndex,
int length)
source
158
OOP
JL: Lists (1)
firstNode lastNode
H D ... Q
159
OOP
JL: Lists (2)
(a) firstNode
7 11
new Listnode
12
(b) firstNode
7 11
new Listnode
12
Graphical representation of operation insertAtFront.
160
OOP
JL: Lists (3)
(a) firstNode lastNode new Listnode
12 7 11 5
(b) firstNode lastNode new Listnode
12 7 11 5
Graphical representation of operation insertAtBack.

161
OOP
JL: Lists (4)
(a) firstNode lastNode
12 7 11 5
(b) firstNode lastNode
12 7 11 5
removeItem
Graphical representation of operation removeFromFront.
162
OOP
JL: Lists (5)
(a) firstNode lastNode
12 7 11 5
(b) firstNode current lastNode
12 7 11 5
removeItem
Graphical representation of operation removeFromBack.
163
OOP
JL: Lists (6)
1 // List.java
2 // ListNode and List class declarations.
4 package lists;
5 // class to represent one node in a list
6 class ListNode {
7
8 // package access members; List can access these directly
9 Object data;
Self-referential
class
10 ListNode nextNode;
11
ListNode contains data
12 // create a ListNode that refers to object and link to nextNode
13 ListNode( Object object )
14 {
15 this( object, null );
16 }
17
18 // create ListNode that refers to Object and to next ListNode
19 ListNode( Object object, ListNode node )
20 {
21 data = object;
22 nextNode = node;
23 }
24
164
OOP
JL: Lists (7)
25 // return reference to data in node
26 Object getObject()
27 {
28 return data; // return Object in this node
29 }
30
31 // return reference to next node in list
32 ListNode getNext()
33 {
34 return nextNode; // get next node
35 }
36
37 } // end class ListNode
38
39 // class List declaration
40 public class List {
41 private ListNode firstNode;
42 private ListNode lastNode;
43 private String name; // string like "list" used in printing
44
45 // construct empty List with "list" as the name
46 public List()
47 {
48 this( "list" );
49 } 165
OOP
JL: Lists (8)
51 // construct an empty List with a name
52 public List( String listName )
53 {
54 name = listName;
55 firstNode = lastNode = null;
56 }
57
58 // insert Object at front of List
59 public synchronized void insertAtFront( Object insertItem )
60 {
61 if ( isEmpty() ) // firstNode and lastNode refer to same object
62 firstNode = lastNode = new ListNode( insertItem );
64 else // firstNode refers to new node
65 firstNode = new ListNode( insertItem, firstNode );
66 }
67
68 // insert Object at end of List
69 public synchronized void insertAtBack( Object insertItem )
70 {
71 if ( isEmpty() ) // firstNode and lastNode refer to same Object
72 firstNode = lastNode = new ListNode( insertItem );
73
74 else // lastNode's nextNode refers to new node
75 lastNode = lastNode.nextNode = new ListNode( insertItem );
76 } 166
OOP
JL: Lists (9)
77
78 // remove first node from List
79 public synchronized Object removeFromFront() throws EmptyListException
80 {
81 if ( isEmpty() ) // throw exception if List is empty
82 throw new EmptyListException( name );
83
84 Object removedItem = firstNode.data; // retrieve data being removed
85
86 // update references firstNode and lastNode
87 if ( firstNode == lastNode )
89 else
90 firstNode = firstNode.nextNode;
91
92 return removedItem; // return removed node data
93
94 } // end method removeFromFront
95
167
OOP
JL: Lists (10)
96 // remove last node from List
97 public synchronized Object removeFromBack() throws EmptyListException
98 {
99 if ( isEmpty() ) // throw exception if List is empty
100 throw new EmptyListException( name );
101
102 Object removedItem = lastNode.data; // retrieve data being removed
103
104 // update references firstNode and lastNode
105 if ( firstNode == lastNode )
107
108 else { // locate new last node
109 ListNode current = firstNode;
110
111 // loop while current node does not refer to lastNode
112 while ( current.nextNode != lastNode )
113 current = current.nextNode;
114
115 lastNode = current; // current is new lastNode
116 current.nextNode = null;
117 }
118
119 return removedItem; // return removed node data
121 } // end method removeFromBack 168
OOP
JL: Lists (11)
123 // determine whether list is empty
124 public synchronized boolean isEmpty()
125 {
126 return firstNode == null; // return true if List is empty
127 }
128
129 // output List contents
130 public synchronized void print()
131 {
132 if ( isEmpty() ) {
133 System.out.println( "Empty " + name );
134 return;
135 }
136
137 System.out.print( "The " + name + " is: " );
138 ListNode current = firstNode;
139
140 // while not at end of list, output current node's data
141 while ( current != null ) {
142 System.out.print( current.data.toString() + " " );
143 current = current.nextNode;
144 }
146 System.out.println( "\n" );
147 }
149 } // end class List 169
OOP
JL: Lists (12)
1 // EmptyListException.java
2 // Class EmptyListException declaration.
4 package lists;
5 public class EmptyListException extends RuntimeException {
6
7 // no-argument constructor
8 public EmptyListException()
9 {
10 this( "List" ); // call other EmptyListException constructor
11 }
12
13 // constructor
14 public EmptyListException( String name )
15 {
16 super( name + " is empty" ); // call superclass constructor
17 }
18
19 } // end class EmptyListException
170
OOP
JL: Lists (13)
1 // ListTest.java
2 // ListTest class to demonstrate List capabilities.
5 import lists.*;
6 public class ListTest {
7
9 {
10 List list = new List(); // create the List container
11
12 // objects to store in list
13 Boolean bool = Boolean.TRUE;
14 Character character = new Character( '$' );
15 Integer integer = new Integer( 34567 );
16 String string = "hello";
17
18 // insert references to objects in list
19 list.insertAtFront( bool );
20 list.print();
21 list.insertAtFront( character );
22 list.print();
23 list.insertAtBack( integer );
24 list.print();
25 list.insertAtBack( string );
26 list.print();
171
OOP
JL: Lists (14)
28 // remove objects from list; print after each removal
29 try {
30 Object removedObject = list.removeFromFront();
31 System.out.println( removedObject.toString() + " removed" );
32 list.print();
33
34 removedObject = list.removeFromFront();
36 list.print();
37
38 removedObject = list.removeFromBack();
40 list.print();
41
42 removedObject = list.removeFromBack();
44 list.print();
46 } // end try block
47
48 // catch exception if remove is attempted on an empty List
49 catch ( EmptyListException emptyListException ) {
50 emptyListException.printStackTrace();
51 }
52 }
54 } // end class ListTest 172
OOP
JL: Lists (15)
The list is: true
The list is: $ true
The list is: $ true 34567
The list is: $ true 34567 hello
$ removed
The list is: true 34567 hello
true removed
The list is: 34567 hello
hello removed
The list is: 34567
34567 removed
Empty list
173
OOP
Case Study: a model for a taxi company
• The company operates both individual taxis and shuttles
• The taxis transport an individual (or small group) from one location to
another
• The shuttles pick up individuals from different locations and transport them
to their several destinations
• When the company receives a call, it tries to schedule a vehicle to pick up the
fare
• If it has no free vehicles, the fare is lost
• When a vehicle arrives at a pickup location, the driver notifies the company
• When a passenger is dropped off at their destination, the driver notifies the
company
• The system store details about passenger requests that cannot be satisfied
• The system provides details of how much time vehicles spend in each of the
following activities: carrying passengers, going to pickup locations, and
being idle
174
OOP
CS: identifying initial classes
 Verb/Noun method Nouns Verbs
 nouns in requirement Company operates taxis and shuttles
specifications
receives a call
correspond to classes
 verbs correspond to schedules a vehicle
methods Taxi transports one or more passenger
Shuttle transports one or more passenger
Passenger
Location
Passenger-source calls the company
Vehicle pick up individual
arrives at pickup location
notifies company of arrival
notifies company of drop-off
175
OOP
CS: interactions among classes (1)
 CRC cards Class
(Class/Responsibilities/Collaborators) Responsibilities Collaborators
 Scenarios (Use cases)
PassengerSource TaxiCompany
Create a Passenger Passenger Receive a pickup request Passenger
Request a pickup TaxiCompany Location
Generate pickup and destination Location Store a collection of vehicles Collection
Schedule a vehicle Vehicle
Passenger
Direct vehicle to pickup
Receive pickup and destination Location
Receives notification of arrival
Provide pickup location
Pass passenger to vehicle
Provide destination location
Receives notification of drop-off 176
OOP
CS: interactions among classes (2)
Vehicle
Indicate wether free
Receive pickup location Location
Maintain a current location
Notify of pickup arrival TaxiCompany
Notify of passenger drop-off
Receive passenger Passenger
Request destination location
Offload passenger
Taxi Shuttle
Go to pickup location Location Choose next target location Collection
Go to passenger destination Add location to collection
177
OOP
CS: class design (1)
 UML (Unified Modeling Language)
Class
Fields
Methods
178
OOP
public class PassengerSource public class Location
{ {
private TaxiCompany company; public Location()
public PassengerSource(TaxiCompany company) {
{ }
if(company == null) { }
throw new NullPointerException("company");
}
this.company = company;
}
public boolean requestPickup()
{
Passenger passenger = createPassenger();
return company.requestPickup(passenger);
}
private Passenger createPassenger()
{
return new Passenger(new Location(), new Location());
}
}
179
OOP
public class Passenger
{
private Location pickup;
private Location destination;
public Passenger(Location pickup, Location destination)
{
if(pickup == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("Pickup location");
}
if(destination == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("Destination location");
}
this.pickup = pickup;
this.destination = destination;
}
public Location getPickupLocation()
{
return pickup;
}
public Location getDestination()
{
return destination;
}
} 180
OOP
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.LinkedList;
public class TaxiCompany
{
private List vehicles; public void arrivedAtPickup(Vehicle vehicle)
public TaxiCompany() {
{ }
vehicles = new LinkedList(); public void arrivedAtDestination(
} Vehicle vehicle, Passenger passenger)
public boolean requestPickup(Passenger passenger) {
{ }
Vehicle vehicle = scheduleVehicle(); private Vehicle scheduleVehicle()
if(vehicle != null) { {
vehicle.setPickupLocation( Iterator it = vehicles.iterator();
passenger.getPickupLocation());
while(it.hasNext()) {
return true;
Vehicle vehicle = (Vehicle) it.next();
}
if(vehicle.isFree()) {
else {
return vehicle;
return false;
}
}
}
}
return null;
}
} 181
OOP
public abstract class Vehicle public abstract void setPickupLocation(Location location);
{ public abstract void pickup(Passenger passenger);
private TaxiCompany company; public abstract boolean isFree();
private Location location; public abstract void offloadPassenger();
private Location targetLocation; public Location getLocation()
public Vehicle(TaxiCompany company, Location location) {
{ return location;
if(company == null) { }
throw new NullPointerException("company"); public void setLocation(Location location)
} {
if(location == null) { if(location != null) { this.location = location; }
throw new NullPointerException("location"); else { throw new NullPointerException(); }
} }
this.company = company; public Location getTargetLocation()
this.location = location; {
targetLocation = null; return targetLocation;
} }
public void notifyPickupArrival() public void setTargetLocation(Location location)
{ {
company.arrivedAtPickup(this); if(location != null) { targetLocation = location; }
} else { throw new NullPointerException(); }
public void notifyPassengerArrival(Passenger passenger) }
{ public void clearTargetLocation()
company.arrivedAtDestination(this, passenger); {
} targetLocation = null;
}
} 182
OOP
public class Taxi extends Vehicle
{
public Taxi(TaxiCompany company, Location location)
{
super(company, location);
}
public boolean isFree()
{
return getTargetLocation() == null;
}
public void setPickupLocation(Location location)
{
setTargetLocation(location);
}
public void pickup(Passenger passenger)
{
setTargetLocation(passenger.getDestination());
}
public void offloadPassenger()
{
clearTargetLocation();
}
}
183
OOP
public class Shuttle extends Vehicle
{
private List destinations;
private List passengers;
public Shuttle(TaxiCompany company, Location location)
{
super(company, location);
destinations = new LinkedList();
passengers = new LinkedList();
}
public boolean isFree()
{ public void pickup(Passenger passenger)
return true; {
} passengers.add(passenger);
public void setPickupLocation(Location location) destinations.add(passenger.getDestination());
{ chooseTargetLocation();
destinations.add(location); }
chooseTargetLocation(); private void chooseTargetLocation()
} {
}
public void offloadPassenger()
{
}
} 184
OOP
Object Oriented Analysis/Design
 Object Oriented Analysis (OOA)
 The process of analysis and specification of the problem requirements
 The problem domain is formally represented by classes, objects and their
interactions
 It defines the way users can interact with the system
 Object Oriented Design (OOD)
 The process of construction of a problem solution through the design of
the object structures, responsibilities and relations
 Unified Modeling Language (UML)
 a graphic language used to represent the results of the OOA/D processes
by means of different diagrams types
(http://www.omg.org/uml/)
 Modelling tools
• Papyrus UML (http://www.papyrusuml.org/)
• Omondo EclipseUML (http://www.omondo.com/)
• ArgoUML (http://argouml.tigris.org/)
185
OOP
OOA/D: UML diagram types (1)
 System structure
 Class diagrams
• Models classes, or “building blocks” of a system
 Object diagrams
• Snapshot (model) of system’s objects and relationships at specific
point in time
 Component diagrams
• Model components such as graphics resources and class packages
that make up the system
 Deployment diagrams
• Model hardware, memory and runtime resources
186
OOP
OOA/D: UML diagram types (2)
 System behavior
 Statechart diagrams
• Model how object changes state
• Condition/behavior of an object at a specific time
 Activity diagrams
• Flowchart modeling order and actions performed by object
 Collaboration diagrams
• Emphasize what interactions occur
 Sequence diagrams
• Emphasize when interactions occur
 Use-case diagrams
• Represent interaction between user and system
187
OOP
OOA/D: an elevator simulation
188
OOP
OOA/D: discovering classes
Class Verb phrases
Elevator moves to other floor, arrives at a floor, resets elevator
button, rings elevator bell, signals its arrival, opens its
door, closes its door
ElevatorShaft turns off light, turns on light, resets floor button
Person walks on floor, presses floor button, presses elevator button,
rides elevator, enters elevator, exits elevator
Floor [none in the problem statement]
FloorButton requests elevator
ElevatorButton closes elevator door, signals elevator to move to opposite
floor
Floo rDoor signals person to enter elevator (by opening)
ElevatorDoor signals person to exit elevator (by opening), opens floor
door, closes floor door
Bell [none in the problem statement]
Light [none in the problem statement]
Verb phrases for each class in simulator
189
OOP
OOA/D: UML class diagrams
+ :public ElevatorSimulation ElevatorShaft ElevatorDoor
- open : Boolean = false

- :private - numberOfPeople : Integer = 0
+ openDoor( )
+ addPerson() : void + closeDoor( )
# :protected
Person Floor Light
- ID : Integer - floorNumber : Integer - lightOn : Boolean = false
- moving : Boolean = true - capacity : Integer = 1
+ turnOnLight( )
+ doorOpened( ) + turnOffLight( )
Elevator
ElevatorButton Bell
- moving : Boolean = false
- summoned : Boolean = false
- currentFloor : Integer = 1 - pressed : Boolean = false
- destinationFloor : Integer = 2 + resetButton( ) + ringBell( )
- capacity : Integer = 1 + pressButton( )
- travelTime : Integer = 5
+ ride( ) FloorButton FloorDoor

+ requestElevator( )
+ enterElevator( ) - pressed : Boolean = false - open : Boolean = false
+ exitElevator( )
+ departElevator( ) + resetButton( ) + openDoor( )
+ pressButton( ) + closeDoor( )
190
OOP
OOA/D: UML superclass / subclass notation
Door ElevatorDoor
- open : Boolean = false
+ openDoor( ) : void + openDoor( ) : void
+ closeDoor( ) : void + closeDoor( ) : void
Location
- locationName : String
- capacity : Integer = 1 {frozen}
# setLocationName( String ) : void
+ getLocationName( ) : String
+ getCapacity( ) : Integer
+ getButton( ) : Button
+ getDoor( ) : Door
Elevator Floor
- currentFloor : Integer + getButton( ) : Button
- destinationFloor : Integer + getDoor( ) : Door
+ ride( ) : void
+ requestElevator( ) : void
+ enterElevator( ) : void
+ exitElevator( ) : void
+ departElevator( ) : void
+ getDoor( ) : Door
191
OOP
OOA/D: UML class diagrams (1)
Location Light
- locationName : String
- lightOn : Boolean = false
# setLocationName( String ) : void
+ getLocationName( ) : String + turnOnLight( ) : void
+ getButton( ) : Button + turnOffLight( ) : void
+ getDoor( ) : Door
ElevatorSimulation
- numberOfPeople : Integer = 0
Person + addPerson( ) : void
- ID : Integer
- moving : Boolean = true Floor
- location : Location
- maxTravelTime : Integer = 10 * 60
+ getDoor( ) : Door
+ doorOpened( ) : void
Bell
Elevator + ringBell( ) : void

- currentFloor : Location Button
- destinationFloor : Location - pressed : Boolean = false
+ resetButton( ) : void
+ pressButton( ) : void
+ ride( ) : void
+ requestElevator( ) : void
– setMoving( Boolean ) : void Door
+ getDoor( ) : Door - open : Boolean = false
+ getLocation( ) : Location
+ openDoor( ) : void
+ closeDoor( ) : void
192
OOP
 Elided diagrams
 Class attributes and operations ignored
 Solid line is an association, or relationship between classes
 Numbers near lines express multiplicity values
• Indicate how many objects of class participate association
Symbol Meaning
0 None
1 One
m An integer value
0..1 Zero or one
m, n m or n
m..n At least m, but not more than n
* Zero or more
0..* Zero or more
1..* One or more
Multiplicity types
193
OOP
ElevatorShaft
1 1
2 1
1 1
Requests
FloorButton Elevator
 Associations can be named

 In diagram, Requests indicates association and arrow indicates direction of
association
• One object of FloorButton requests one object of class Elevator
 Aggregation relationship
 Implies whole/part relationship
• Some object “has” some object
 Object attached with diamond is “owner”
 Object on other end is the “part”
• In diagram, ElevatorShaft “has” an Elevator and two FloorButtons
194
OOP
1
Turns 1 2
on/off
Light 1
ElevatorSimulation Floor
2 1
Signals
arrival 1
1
1
ElevatorShaft
Signals
1 arrival
1
Informs of
pressing
Closes Resets
2 1
1 2 Presses
Door Button Person
1 Signals 1 1
1 arrival 1
1 1 1 1
Waits for
opening
Opens/Closes
1 1
1 Signals
1
to move Occupies
ElevatorDoor Elevator
1 Signals
1 1 Signals 1 1 arrival
arrival
Opens/Closes Travels to
Signals
arrival 2 1
Rings
1
Location
1
1 Bell
195
OOP
OOA/D: UML object diagrams
: ElevatorSimulation
firstFloorLight : Light firstFloor : Floor
secondFloorLight : Light secondFloor : Floor
: ElevatorShaft
firstFloorDoor : Door firstFloorButton : Button
secondFloorDoor : Door secondFloorButton : Button
: ElevatorDoor : Elevator : Button
: Bell
196
OOP
OOA/D: UML component diagrams (1)
 Models “pieces” (components) used by system

 e.g., .class file, .java files, images, packages, etc.
 Notation
 Components are represented as “plugs”
 Packages are represented as “folders”
 Dotted arrows indicate dependencies among components
• Changing one component requires changing another
197
OOP
OOA/D: UML component diagrams (2)
model
executable
ElevatorCaseStudy.class <<file>>
ElevatorSimulation.java
compilation
imports ElevatorSimulation-
Listener
view
<file>>
<<file>>
imports ElevatorView.java
ElevatorCaseStudy.java
controller
imports
<file>>
ElevatorController.java
198
OOP
OOA/D: UML statechart diagrams
 State
 Describes an object’s condition at a given time
 Statechart diagram
 Express how an object can change state
 Express under what conditions an object can change state
 Diagram notation
• States are represented by rounded rectangles
• e.g., “Not Pressed” and “Pressed”
• Solid circle (with attached arrowhead) designates initial state
• Arrows represent transitions (state changes)
• Objects change state in response to messages
» e.g., “buttonPressed” and “buttonReset”
• Diagram for FloorButton and ElevatorButton objects:
buttonReset
Not pressed Pressed
buttonPressed
199
OOP
OOA/D: UML activity diagrams
 Models an object’s workflow during program execution

 Models the actions that an object will perform
 Diagram notation
 Activities are represented by ovals
 Solid circle designates initial activity
 Arrows represents transitions between activities
 Small diamond represents branch
• Next transition at branch is based on guard condition
200
OOP
OOA/D: UML activity diagram for a Person object
move toward floor button
[floor door closed] press floor button

[floor door open]
wait for door to open

[no passenger on
elevator] [passenger on
elevator]
wait for passenger to exit elevator
enter elevator
press elevator button
wait for door to open
exit elevator
201
OOP
OOA/D: UML activity diagram for an Elevator object
[floor button
pressed]
[elevator button
pressed]
set summoned to false

[button on [elevator idle] [elevator moving]
destination floor
pressed]
close elevator door
[button on
destination
move to destination floor floor
pressed]
[button on
reset elevator button [button on
current floor
pressed]
current floor
pressed]
ring bell set summoned to true
open elevator door
[summoned]
[not summoned]
202
OOP
OOA/D: UML collaboration diagrams (1)
 Collaboration-diagram notation
 Objects are written in form objectName : ClassName
• Disregard objectName only when concerned about class
 Solid lines connect collaborating objects
 Arrows represent messages
• Indicates direction of collaboration
• Points toward object receiving message
• Can be implemented as a methods (synchronous calls) in Java
 Message names appear next to arrows
 Diagram of a person pressing a floor button:
p ressButto n( )
: Person : FloorButton
203
OOP
 Collaboration-diagram sequence of messages

 Shows in what order objects send messages
 For diagrams modeling several collaborations
 Progresses in numerical order
• Least to greatest
• Numbering starts with message 1
• Follows a nested structure
• Message 1.1 is first message nested in message 1
• Message 3.2 is the second message nested in message 3
• Message can be passed only when all nested messages from
previous message have been passed
204
OOP
3.1.1 d o o rOp ened () 3.1 : o p enDo o r()

:FloorDoor
4.1 : resetButto n() 4.2 : turnOnLig ht()
:FloorButton :Eleva torSha ft :Lig ht
4 : eleva to rArrived ()
:Person p a sseng er :Person
:Eleva tor
3.1.1.1 : enterEleva to r() 3.2.1 : exitEleva to r()
3.2 : d o o rOp ened ()
1: resetButto n() 2: ring Bell( )
3: o p enDo o r()
:Eleva torButton :Eleva torDoor

:Bell
205
OOP
OOA/D: UML sequence diagrams (1)
 Sequence Diagrams
 Shows interactions among objects
• Shows messages passed among objects over time
 Rectangle enclosing an object name represents that object
• Use same naming conventions as collaboration diagrams
 Lifeline
• Dotted line running down from an object name
• Actions occur on lifeline in chronological order, top to bottom
 Arrows
• Dashed arrows
• Represent “return messages,” return of control to object
• Solid arrows
• A message sent from one object to another
206
OOP
OOA/D: UML sequence diagrams (2)
Person ElevatorShaft elevatorDoor : ElevatorDoor
floorButton : Button elevator: Elevator floorDoor : Door
[ !floorDoor.isDoorOpen() ]
pressButton( )
buttonPressed( )
requestElevator( )
*[ !floorDoor.isDoorOpen() ] wait( )
[Elevator on opposite Floor

of request]
elevator travels to
other floor
elevatorArrived( )
openDoor( )
openDoor( )
setLocation( elevator )
207
OOP
OOA/D: UML use-case diagrams
 Use case
 Represents capabilities that systems provide to clients
 Use-case diagram
 Models use cases in system
• Stick figure represents actor
• Actor represents set of roles that external entity can play
• System box (rectangle) contains system use cases
• Ovals represent use cases
Create Person
User
208
OOP
Java Class Library: Language Package (java.lang)
Class Description
Boolean The Boolean class wraps a value of the primitive type boolean in an object.
Character The Character class wraps a value of the primitive type char in an object.
Double The Double class wraps a value of the primitive type double in an object.
Float The Float class wraps a value of primitive type float in an object.
Integer The Integer class wraps a value of the primitive type int in an object.
Long The Long class wraps a value of the primitive type long in an object.
Math The class Math contains methods for performing basic numeric operations such as the elementary
exponential, logarithm, square root, and trigonometric functions.
Number The abstract class Number is the superclass of classes Byte, Double, Float, Integer, Long, and Short.
Short The Short class is the standard wrapper for short values.
String The String class represents constant character strings.
StringBuffer A string buffer implements a mutable sequence of characters.
209
OOP
JCL: Character Class – Constructor and Methods
Character a = new Character('a');

Character a2 = new Character('a');
Character b = new Character('b');
Character (char value) Constructs a Character object and initializes it so that it

represents the primitive value argument.
char charValue () Returns the value of this Character object.
static int getNumericValue (char ch) Returns the Unicode numeric value of the character as a
nonnegative integer.
int hashCode () Returns a hash code for this Character.
static boolean isDigit (char ch) Determines if the specified character is a digit.
static boolean isLetter (char ch) Determines if the specified character is a letter.
static boolean isLowerCase (char ch) Determines if the specified character is a lowercase character.
String toString () Returns a String object representing this character's value.
static char toUpperCase(char ch) Converts the character argument to uppercase.
210
OOP
JCL: String Class – Constructors and Methods
String palStr = "Was it a car or a cat I saw";
char[] helloArray = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' };
helloString = new String(helloArray);
The + operator concatenates Strings together

char charAt (int index) Returns the character at the specified index.
int compareTo (String anotherString) Compares two strings lexicographically.
boolean endsWith (String suffix) Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
int hashCode () Returns a hashcode for this string.
int indexOf (int ch) Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified character.
int indexOf (int ch, int fromIndex) Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified character, starting the search at the specified index.
int indexOf (String str) Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
specified substring.
int length () Returns the length of this string.
String replace (char oldChar, char newChar) Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of
oldChar in this string with newChar.
211
OOP
JCL: StringBuffer Class – Constructors and Methods
StringBuffer () Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and an
initial capacity of 16 characters.
StringBuffer (int length) Constructs a string buffer with no characters in it and an
initial capacity specified by the length argument.
StringBuffer (String str) Constructs a string buffer so that it represents the same
sequence of characters as the string argument.
StringBuffer append (char c) Appends the string representation of the char argument to this
string buffer.
StringBuffer append (char[] str, int offset, int len) Appends the string representation of a subarray of the char
array argument to this string buffer.
StringBuffer append (String str) Appends the string to this string buffer.
int capacity () Returns the current capacity of the String buffer.
char charAt (int index) The specified character of the sequence currently represented
by the string buffer, as indicated by the index argument, is
returned.
StringBuffer delete (int start, int end) Removes the characters in a substring of this StringBuffer.
int length () Returns the length (character count) of this string buffer.
StringBuffer reverse () The character sequence contained in this string buffer is
replaced by the reverse of the sequence.
212
OOP
OOA/D: Design Patterns
 Proven architectures for developing object-oriented software

 Architectures created from accumulated industry experience
 Reduce design-process complexity
 Promotes design reuse in future systems
 Helps identify common design mistakes and pitfalls
 Helps design independently of implementation language
 Establishes common design “vocabulary”
 Shortens design phase in software-development process
 Similar to architectural elements
 arches and columns
 Used by developers to construct sets of classes and objects
213
OOP
OOA/D: The Pattern Concept
History: Architectural Patterns

Christopher Alexander
Each pattern has
 a short name
 a brief description of the context
 a lengthy description of the problem
 a prescription for the solution
214
OOP
OOA/D: Short Passages Pattern (1)
Context
 "...Long, sterile corridors set the scene for
everything bad about modern architecture..."
Problem
 a lengthy description of the problem, including
• a depressing picture
• issues of light and furniture
• research about patient anxiety in hospitals
• research that suggests that corridors over 50 ft are
considered uncomfortable
215
OOP
216
OOP
 Solution
 Keep passages short
 Make them as much like rooms as possible, with carpets or wood
on the floor, furniture, bookshelves, beautiful windows
 Make them generous in shape and always give them plenty of
light; the best corridors and passages of all are those which have
windows along an entire wall
217
OOP
OOA/D: Categories of Design Patterns
 Creational
 Address issues related to object creation
• prevent from creating more than one object of class
• defer at run time what type of objects to be created
 Structural
 Organize classes and objects
 Behavioral
 Assign responsibilities to objects
 Concurrent
 Used in multithreaded systems
 Architectural
 Specify how subsystems interact with each other
218
OOP
JCL: Utilities Package (java.util)
 Collections framework
 a unified architecture for representing and manipulating
collections
 Interfaces
• abstract data types representing collections
• Interfaces allow collections to be manipulated independently of the
details of their representation
 Implementations
• concrete implementations of the collection interfaces
(reusable data structures)
 Algorithms
• methods that perform useful computations, like searching and
sorting, on objects that implement collection interfaces
• algorithms are polymorphic because the same method can be used
on many different implementations of the appropriate collections
interface (reusable functionality) 219
OOP
JCL: Collection Interfaces (1)
220
OOP
JCL: Collection Interfaces (2)
 Collection
 a group of objects, known as its elements
 the least common denominator that all collections implement
 used to pass collections around and manipulate them when maximum generality is desired
 JDK doesn't provide any direct implementations of this interface
 Set
 a collection that cannot contain duplicate elements
 models the mathematical set abstraction
 SortedSet
 a Set that maintains its elements in ascending order
 List
 an ordered collection (sometimes called a sequence)
 can contain duplicate elements
 elements can be accessed by their integer index (position).
 Map
 an object that maps keys to values
 cannot contain duplicate keys
 each key can map to at most one value
 SortedMap
 a Map that maintains its mappings in ascending key order
221
OOP
OOA/D: Strategy Pattern (1)
 Context
 A class can benefit from different variants for an algorithm
 Clients sometimes want to replace standard algorithms with
custom versions
 Solution
 Define an interface type that is an abstraction for the
algorithm
 Actual strategy classes realize this interface type.
 Clients can supply strategy objects
 Whenever the algorithm needs to be executed, the context
class calls the appropriate methods of the strategy object
222
OOP
223
OOP
OOA/D: A Strategy Pattern Example
Name in Design Pattern Actual Name (sorting)

Context Collections
Strategy Comparator
ConcreteStrategy a class that implements Comparator
doWork() compare
224
OOP
OOA/D: Iterator Pattern (1)
 Context
 An aggregate object contains element objects
 Clients need access to the element objects
 The aggregate object should not expose its internal
structure
 Multiple clients may want independent access
 Solution
 Define an iterator that fetches one element at a time
 Each iterator object keeps track of the position of the next
element
 If there are several aggregate/iterator variations, it is best if
the aggregate and iterator classes realize common interface
types
225
OOP
OOA/D: Iterator Pattern (2)
226
OOP
OOA/D: An Iterator Pattern Example
Name in Design Pattern Actual Name (linked lists)
Aggregate List
ConcreteAggregate LinkedList
Iterator ListIterator
ConcreteIterator anonymous class implementing ListIterator
createIterator() listIterator()
next() next()
isDone() opposite of hasNext()
currentItem() return value of hasNext()

227
OOP
JCL: Collection Interface – Methods
boolean add (Object o) Ensures that this collection contains the specified element.
boolean addAll (Collection c) Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this collection.
void clear () Removes all of the elements from this collection.
boolean contains (Object o) Returns true if this collection contains the specified element.
boolean containsAll (Collection c) Returns true if this collection contains all of the elements in the specified collection.
boolean equals (Object o) Compares the specified object with this collection for equality.
int hashCode () Returns the hash code value for this collection.
boolean isEmpty () Returns true if this collection contains no elements.
Iterator iterator () Returns an iterator over the elements in this collection.
boolean remove (Object o) Removes a single instance of the specified element from this collection, if it is present.
boolean removeAll (Collection c) Removes all this collection's elements that are also contained in the specified collection.
boolean retainAll (Collection c) Retains only the elements in this collection that are contained in the specified collection.
int size () Returns the number of elements in this collection.
Object[] toArray () Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection.
Object[] toArray (Object[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection whose runtime type is that
of the specified array.
228
OOP
JCL: Set Interface – Methods
boolean add (Object o) Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.
boolean addAll (Collection c) Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this set if they're not already present.
void clear () Removes all of the elements from this set.
boolean contains (Object o) Returns true if this set contains the specified element.
boolean containsAll (Collection c) Returns true if this set contains all of the elements of the specified collection.
boolean equals (Object o) Compares the specified object with this set for equality.
int hashCode () Returns the hash code value for this set.
boolean isEmpty () Returns true if this set contains no elements.
Iterator iterator () Returns an iterator over the elements in this set.
boolean remove (Object o) Removes the specified element from this set if it is present.
boolean removeAll (Collection c) Removes from this set all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection.
boolean retainAll (Collection c) Retains only the elements in this set that are contained in the specified collection.
int size () Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
Object[] toArray () Returns an array containing all of the elements in this set.
Object[] toArray (Object[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this set whose runtime type is that of the
specified array.
229
OOP
JCL: SortedSet Interface – Methods
Comparator comparator () Returns the comparator associated with this sorted set,
or null if it uses its elements' natural ordering.
Object first () Returns the first (lowest) element currently in this
sorted set.
SortedSet headSet (Object toElement) Returns a view of the portion of this sorted set whose
elements are strictly less than toElement.
Object last () Returns the last (highest) element currently in this
sorted set.
SortedSet subSet (Object fromElement, Object toElement) Returns a view of the portion of this sorted set whose
elements range from fromElement, inclusive, to
toElement, exclusive.
SortedSet tailSet (Object fromElement) Returns a view of the portion of this sorted set whose
elements are greater than or equal to fromElement.
230
OOP
JCL: List Interface – Methods (1)
void add (int index, Object element) Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
boolean add (Object o) Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
boolean addAll (Collection c) Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in
the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
boolean addAll (int index, Collection c) Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list at the specified
position.
void clear () Removes all of the elements from this list.
boolean contains (Object o) Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
boolean containsAll (Collection c) Returns true if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection..
boolean equals (Object o) Compares the specified object with this list for equality.
Object get (int index) Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
int hashCode () Returns the hash code value for this list.
int indexOf (Object o) Returns the index in this list of the first occurrence of the specified element, or -1
if this list does not contain this element.
boolean isEmpty () Returns true if this list contains no elements.
231
OOP
JCL: List Interface – Methods (2)
Iterator iterator () Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
int lastIndexOf (Object o) Returns the index in this list of the last occurrence of the specified element, or -1 if
this list does not contain this element.
ListIterator listIterator () Returns a list iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
ListIterator listIterator (int index) Returns a list iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the
specified position in this list.
Object remove (int index) Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
boolean remove (Object o) Removes the first occurrence in this list of the specified element.
boolean removeAll (Collection c) Removes from this list all the elements that are contained in the specified collection.
boolean retainAll (Collection c) Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection.
Object set (int index, Object element) Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
int size () Returns the number of elements in this list.
List subList (int fromIndex, int toIndex) Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified fromIndex, inclusive,
and toIndex, exclusive.
Object[] toArray () Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence.
Object[] toArray (Object[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence; the
runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
232
OOP
JCL: Map Interface – Methods
void clear () Removes all mappings from this map.
boolean containsKey (Object key) Returns true if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
boolean containsValue (Object value) Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
Set entrySet () Returns a set view of the mappings contained in this map.
boolean equals (Object o) Compares the specified object with this map for equality.
Object get (Object key) Returns the value to which this map maps the specified key.
int hashCode () Returns the hash code value for this map.
boolean isEmpty () Returns true if this map contains no key-value mappings.
Set keySet () Returns a set view of the keys contained in this map.
Object put (Object key, Object value) Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
void putAll (Map t) Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
Object remove (Object key) Removes the mapping for this key from this map if present.
int size () Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
Collection values () Returns a collection view of the values contained in this map.
233
OOP
JCL: SortedMap Interface – Methods
Comparator comparator () Returns the comparator associated with this sorted map, or
null if it uses its keys' natural ordering.
Object firstKey () Returns the first (lowest) key currently in this sorted map.
SortedMap headMap (Object toKey) Returns a view of the portion of this sorted map whose
keys are strictly less than toKey.
Object lastKey () Returns the last (highest) key currently in this sorted map.
SortedMap subMap (Object fromKey, Object toKey) Returns a view of the portion of this sorted map whose
keys range from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive.
SortedMap tailMap (Object fromKey) Returns a view of the portion of this sorted map whose
keys are greater than or equal to fromKey.
234
OOP
JCL: Collection Hierarchy Implementations
235
OOP
JCL: Collection Concrete Implementations
 Set
 HashSet
• much faster than TreeSet (constant time vs. log time for most operations), but offers no ordering guarantees
• iteration is linear in the sum of the number of entries and the number of buckets (the capacity)
• default initial capacity is 101
• one other "tuning parameter" called the load factor
 TreeSet
• Implements the SortedSet interface
 List
 ArrayList
• positional access is constant time
• adding elements to the beginning of the List, or iterating over the List deleting elements from its interior are linear
time operations
• it can take advantage of the native method System.arraycopy when it has to move multiple elements at once
 LinkedList
• positional access is linear time
• adding elements to the beginning of the List, or iterating over the List deleting elements from its interior are
constant time operations
 Map
 HashMap
• much faster than TreeMap (constant time vs. log time for most operations), but offers no ordering guarantees
• iteration is linear in the sum of the number of entries and the number of buckets (the capacity)
• default initial capacity is 101
• one other "tuning parameter" called the load factor
 TreeMap
• Implements the SortedMap interface 236
OOP
JCL: ArrayList Class – Constructors and Methods
ArrayList () Constructs an empty list.

ArrayList (Collection c) Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order
they are returned by the collection's iterator.
ArrayList (int initialCapacity) Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
boolean addAll (Collection c) Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this list, in
the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's Iterator.
boolean addAll (int index, Collection c) Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the
specified position.
Object clone () Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList instance.
boolean contains (Object elem) Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
void ensureCapacity (int minCapacity) Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if necessary, to ensure that it
can hold at least the number of elements specified by the minimum capacity
argument.
int indexOf (Object elem) Searches for the first occurence of the given argument, testing for equality using
the equals method.
237
OOP
JCL: ArrayList Class – Methods
boolean isEmpty () Tests if this list has no elements.

int lastIndexOf (Object elem) Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified
object in this list.
protected void removeRange (int fromIndex, int toIndex) Removes from this List all of the elements whose index is
between fromIndex, inclusive and toIndex, exclusive.
Object set (int index, Object element) Replaces the element at the specified position in this list
with the specified element.
Object[] toArray () Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
in the correct order.
Object[] toArray (Object[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
in the correct order. The runtime type of the returned array
is that of the specified array.
void trimToSize () Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the list's
current size.
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractList Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractCollection
equals, hashCode, iterator, listIterator, subList containsAll, remove, removeAll, retainAll, toString
238
OOP
JCL: ArrayList Class (1)
1 // CollectionTest.java
2 // Using the Collection interface.
3 import java.awt.Color;
4 import java.util.*;
5
6 public class CollectionTest {
7 private static final String colors[] = { "red", "white", "blue" };
8
9 // create ArrayList, add objects to it and manipulate it
10 public CollectionTest()
11 {
12 List list = new ArrayList();
13
14 // add objects to list
15 list.add( Color.magenta ); // add a color object
16
17 for ( int count = 0; count < colors.length; count++ )
18 list.add( colors[ count ] );
19
20 list.add( Color.cyan ); // add a color object
21
239
OOP
22 // output list contents

23 System.out.println( "\nArrayList: " );
24
25 for ( int count = 0; count < list.size(); count++ )
26 System.out.print( list.get( count ) + " " );
27
28 // remove all String objects
29 removeStrings( list );
30
31 // output list contents
32 System.out.println( "\n\nArrayList after calling removeStrings: " );
33
36
37 } // end constructor CollectionTest
38
240
OOP
39 // remove String objects from Collection
40 private void removeStrings( Collection collection )
41 {
42 Iterator iterator = collection.iterator(); // get iterator
43
44 // loop while collection has items
45 while ( iterator.hasNext() )
46
47 if ( iterator.next() instanceof String )
48 iterator.remove(); // remove String object
49 }
50
52 {
53 new CollectionTest();
54 }
55
56 } // end class CollectionTest
ArrayList:
java.awt.Color[r=255,g=0,b=255] red white blue java.awt.Color
[r=0,g=255,b=255]
ArrayList after calling removeStrings:

java.awt.Color[r=255,g=0,b=255] java.awt.Color[r=0,g=255,b=255]
241
OOP
JCL: LinkedList Class – Constructors and Methods
LinkedList () Constructs an empty list.

LinkedList (Collection c) Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the
order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
boolean addAll (Collection c) Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this list,
in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's Iterator.
boolean addAll (int index, Collection c) Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at
the specified position.
void addFirst (Object o) Inserts the given element at the beginning of this list.
void addLast (Object o) Appends the given element to the end of this list.
Object clone () Returns a shallow copy of this LinkedList.
boolean contains (Object elem) Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
Object getFirst () Returns the first element in this list.
242
OOP
JCL: LinkedList Class – Methods
Object getLast () Returns the last element in this list.
int indexOf (Object o) Returns the index in this list of the first occurrence of the specified element,
or -1 if the List does not contain this element.
int lastIndexOf (Object o) Returns the index in this list of the last occurrence of the specified element,
or -1 if the list does not contain this element.
ListIterator listIterator (int index) Returns a list-iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting
at the specified position in the list.
boolean remove (Object o) Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this list.
Object removeFirst () Removes and returns the first element from this list.
Object removeLast () Removes and returns the last element from this list.
Object set (int index, Object element) Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified
element.
Object[] toArray () Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct order.
Object[] toArray (Object[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct order.
The runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractSequentialList

iterator
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractList Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractCollection
equals, hashCode, listIterator, removeRange, subList containsAll, isEmpty, removeAll, retainAll, toString
243
OOP
JCL: LinkedList Class (1)
1 // ListTest.java
2 // Using LinkLists.
4
5 public class ListTest {
6 private static final String colors[] = { "black", "yellow",
7 "green", "blue", "violet", "silver" };
8 private static final String colors2[] = { "gold", "white",
9 "brown", "blue", "gray", "silver" };
10
11 // set up and manipulate LinkedList objects
12 public ListTest()
13 {
14 List link = new LinkedList();
15 List link2 = new LinkedList();
16
17 // add elements to each list
18 for ( int count = 0; count < colors.length; count++ ) {
19 link.add( colors[ count ] );
20 link2.add( colors2[ count ] ); Use LinkedList method addAll
21 }
to append link2 elements to link
22
23 link.addAll( link2 ); // concatenate lists
24 link2 = null; // release resources
Nullify link2, so it can be garbage collected
25 244
OOP
26 printList( link );
27
28 uppercaseStrings( link );
29
31
32 System.out.print( "\nDeleting elements 4 to 6..." );
33 removeItems( link, 4, 7 );
34
36
37 printReversedList( link );
38
39 } // end constructor ListTest
40
41 // output List contents
42 public void printList( List list )
43 {
44 System.out.println( "\nlist: " );
45
48
Use List method get to obtain object
49 System.out.println();
50 }
in LinkedList, then print its value
245
OOP
51
52 // locate String objects and convert to uppercase
Use ListIterator to
53 private void uppercaseStrings( List list ) traverse LinkedList
54 { elements and convert
55 ListIterator iterator = list.listIterator(); them to upper case (if
56 elements are Strings)
57 while ( iterator.hasNext() ) {
58 Object object = iterator.next(); // get item
59
60 if ( object instanceof String ) // check for String
61 iterator.set( ( ( String ) object ).toUpperCase() );
62 }
63 }
64
65 // obtain sublist and use clear method to delete sublist items
66 private void removeItems( List list, int start, int end )
67 {
68 list.subList( start, end ).clear(); // remove items
69 }
70
Use List methods subList and clear
71 // print reversed list to remove LinkedList elements
72 private void printReversedList( List list )
73 {
74 ListIterator iterator = list.listIterator( list.size() );
75 246
OOP
ListIterator method
76 System.out.println( "\nReversed List:" ); hasPrevious determines
77
whether the ListIterator
78 // print list in reverse order
contains more elements
79 while( iterator.hasPrevious() )
80 System.out.print( iterator.previous() + " " );
81 }
82 ListIterator method previous
83 public static void main( String args[] ) returns previous Object in
84 { ListIterator
85 new ListTest();
86 }
87
88 } // end class ListTest
list:
black yellow green blue violet silver gold white brown blue gray silver
list:
BLACK YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET SILVER GOLD WHITE BROWN BLUE GRAY SILVER
Deleting elements 4 to 6...

list:
BLACK YELLOW GREEN BLUE WHITE BROWN BLUE GRAY SILVER
Reversed List:
SILVER GRAY BLUE BROWN WHITE BLUE GREEN YELLOW BLACK 247
OOP
JCL: HashSet Class – Constructors and Methods
HashSet () Constructs a new, empty set; the backing HashMap instance has
default capacity and load factor, which is 0.75.
HashSet (Collection c) Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
collection.
HashSet (int initialCapacity) Constructs a new, empty set; the backing HashMap instance has
the specified initial capacity and default load factor, which is
0.75.
HashSet (int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) Constructs a new, empty set; the backing HashMap instance has
the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.
Object clone () Returns a shallow copy of this HashSet instance: the elements
themselves are not cloned.
boolean contains (Object o) Returns true if this set contains the specified element.
boolean remove (Object o) Removes the given element from this set if it is present.
int size () Returns the number of elements in this set (its cardinality).
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractSet Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractCollection
equals, hashCode, removeAll addAll, containsAll, retainAll, toArray, toArray, toString
248
OOP
JCL: HashSet Class (1)
1 // SetTest.java
2 // Using a HashSet to remove duplicates.
4
5 public class SetTest {
6 private static final String colors[] = { "red", "white", "blue",
7 "green", "gray", "orange", "tan", "white", "cyan",
8 "peach", "gray", "orange" };
9 Use static method asList
10 // create and output ArrayList of class Arrays to return
11 public SetTest() List view of array colors
12 {
13 List list = new ArrayList( Arrays.asList( colors ) );
14 System.out.println( "ArrayList: " + list );
15 printNonDuplicates( list );
16 }
17
18 // create set from array to eliminate duplicates
19 private void printNonDuplicates( Collection collection )
20 {
21 // create a HashSet and obtain its iterator
22 Set set = new HashSet( collection );
23 Iterator iterator = set.iterator(); HashSet from
Create
24 Collection object
25 System.out.println( "\nNonduplicates are: " ); 249
OOP
JCL: HashSet Class (2)
28 System.out.print( iterator.next() + " " );
29
31 }
32
34 {
35 new SetTest();
36 }
37
38 } // end class SetTest
ArrayList: [red, white, blue, green, gray, orange, tan, white, cyan,
peach, gray, orange]
Nonduplicates are:
red cyan white tan gray green orange blue peach
250
OOP
JCL: TreeSet Class – Constructors and Methods
TreeSet () Constructs a new, empty set, sorted according to the elements' natural order.
TreeSet (Collection c) Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified collection,
sorted according to the elements' natural order.
TreeSet (Comparator c) Constructs a new empty set, sorted according to the given comparator.
TreeSet (SortedSet s) Constructs a new set containing the same elements as the given sorted set,
sorted according to the same ordering.
boolean addAll (Collection c) Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this set if they're not
already present.
Object clone () Returns a shallow copy of this TreeSet instance.
Comparator comparator() Returns the comparator used to order this sorted set, or null if this tree set
uses its elements natural ordering.
boolean contains (Object elem) Returns true if this set contains the specified element.
Object first () Returns the first (lowest) element currently in this sorted set.
SortedSet headSet (Object toElement) Returns a view of the portion of this set whose elements are strictly less than
toElement.
251
OOP
JCL: TreeSet Class – Methods

Object last () Returns the last (highest) element currently in this
sorted set.
boolean remove (Object o) Removes the given element from this set if it is
present.
int size () Returns the number of elements in this set (its
cardinality).
SortedSet subSet (Object fromElement, Object toElement) Returns a view of the portion of this set whose
elements range from fromElement, inclusive, to
toElement, exclusive.
SortedSet tailSet (Object fromElement) Returns a view of the portion of this set whose
elements are greater than or equal to fromElement.
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractSet Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractCollection
equals, hashCode, removeAll containsAll, retainAll, toArray, toArray, toString
252
OOP
JCL: TreeSet Class (1)
1 // SortedSetTest.java
2 // Using TreeSet and SortedSet.
4
5 public class SortedSetTest {
6 private static final String names[] = { "yellow", "green",
7 "black", "tan", "grey", "white", "orange", "red", "green" };
8
9 // create a sorted set with TreeSet, then manipulate it
10 public SortedSetTest()
11 {
12 SortedSet tree = new TreeSet( Arrays.asList( names ) );
14 System.out.println( "set: " );
15 printSet( tree );
17 // get headSet based upon "orange"
18 System.out.print( "\nheadSet (\"orange\"): " ); Use TreeSet method
19 printSet( tree.headSet( "orange" ) ); headSet to get TreeSet
21 // get tailSet based upon "orange"
subset less than "orange"
22 System.out.print( "tailSet (\"orange\"): " );
23 printSet( tree.tailSet( "orange" ) ); Use TreeSet method
25 // get first and last elements
tailSet to get TreeSet
26 System.out.println( "first: " + tree.first() );
27 System.out.println( "last : " + tree.last() );
subset greater than "orange"
28 }
253
OOP
JCL: TreeSet Class (2)
30 // output set
31 private void printSet( SortedSet set )
32 {
33 Iterator iterator = set.iterator();
34
36 System.out.print( iterator.next() + " " );
37
39 }
40
42 {
43 new SortedSetTest();
44 }
45
46 } // end class SortedSetTest
set:
black green grey orange red tan white yellow
headSet ("orange"): black green grey

tailSet ("orange"): orange red tan white yellow
first: black
last : yellow
254
OOP
JCL: HashMap Class – Constructors and Methods
HashMap () Constructs a new, empty map with a default capacity and load
factor, which is 0.75.
HashMap (int initialCapacity) Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial
capacity and default load factor, which is 0.75.
HashMap (int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) Constructs a new, empty map with the specified initial
capacity and the specified load factor.
HashMap (Map t) Constructs a new map with the same mappings as the given
map.
void clear () Removes all mappings from this map.
Object clone () Returns a shallow copy of this HashMap instance: the keys
and values themselves are not cloned.
boolean containsKey (Object key) Returns true if this map contains a mapping for the specified
key.
boolean containsValue (Object value) Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the
specified value.
255
OOP
JCL: HashMap Class – Methods
boolean isEmpty () Returns true if this map contains no key-value mappings.
Object put (Object key, Object value) Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
Object remove (Object key) Removes the mapping for this key from this map if present.
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractMap

equals, hashCode, toString
256
OOP
JCL: HashMap Class (1)
1 // MapTest.java
2 // Using a HashMap to store the number of words that begin with a given letter
3
5
6 public class MapTest {
7 private static String names[] = { "one“ , "two“ , "three“ , "four“ , "five“ ,
8 "two“ , "ten“ , "four“ };
9
10 public MapTest()
11 {
12 HashMap map = new HashMap();
13 Integer i;
15 Character c;
16
17 for ( int count = 0; count< names.length; count++ ) {
18 c = new Character( names[count].charAt( 0 ) );
19 i = ( Integer ) map.get( c );
20
21 if ( i == null )
22 map.put( c , new Integer( 1 ) );
23 else
24 map.put( c , new Integer( i.intValue() + 1 ) );
25 }
26 System.out.println( "\nnumber of words beginning with each letter: “ );
27 printMap( map );
28 } 257
OOP
JCL: HashMap Class (2)
29 // output map contents
30 public void printMap( Map mapRef )
31 {
32 System.out.println( mapRef.toString() );
33 System.out.println( "size: " + mapRef.size()) ;
34 System.out.println( "isEmpty: " + mapRef.isEmpty() );
35 }
36
38 {
39 new MapTest();
40 }
41
42 } // endclass MapTest
number of words beginning with each letter:

{t=4, f=3, o=1}
size: 3
isEmpty: false
258
OOP
JCL: TreeMap Class – Constructors and Methods
TreeMap () Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the keys' natural order.
TreeMap (Comparator c) Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the given comparator.
TreeMap (Map m) Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given map,
sorted according to the keys' natural order.
TreeMap (SortedMap m) Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given
SortedMap, sorted according to the same ordering.
void clear () Removes all mappings from this TreeMap.
Object clone () Returns a shallow copy of this TreeMap instance.
Comparator comparator () Returns the comparator used to order this map, or null if this map uses its
keys' natural order.
boolean containsKey (Object key) Returns true if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
boolean containsValue (Object value) Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
Object firstKey () Returns the first (lowest) key currently in this sorted map.
SortedMap headMap (Object toKey) Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are strictly less than
toKey.
259
OOP
JCL: TreeMap Class – Methods
Object lastKey () Returns the last (highest) key currently in this sorted map.
Object put (Object key, Object value) Associates the specified value with the specified key in this
map.
Object remove (Object key) Removes the mapping for this key from this TreeMap if
present.
SortedMap subMap (Object fromKey, Object toKey) Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys range
from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive.
SortedMap tailMap (Object fromKey) Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are
greater than or equal to fromKey.
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractMap

equals, hashCode, isEmpty, toString
260
OOP
JCL: Collection Algorithms
 Collection algorithms
 min
• returns the minimum element contained in a specified Collection
 max
• returns the maximum element contained in a specified Collection
 List algorithms
 sort
• reorders a List so that its elements are ascending order according to some ordering relation
• uses a slightly optimized merge sort algorithm
 binarySearch
• searches for a specified element in a sorted List using the binary search algorithm
 reverse
• reverses the order of the elements in a List
 shuffle
• destroys any trace of order that may have been present in a List, such that all possible
permutations occur with equal likelihood
 fill
• overwrites every element in a List with the specified value
 copy
• copies the elements of a source List into a destination List , overwriting its contents
• the destination List must be at least as long as the source
• if it is longer, the remaining elements in the destination List are unaffected 261
OOP
JCL: Collections Class – Methods (1)
static int binarySearch (List list, Object key) Searches the specified list for the specified object using
the binary search algorithm.
static int binarySearch (List list, Object key, Comparator c) Searches the specified list for the specified object using
the binary search algorithm. The list must be sorted into
ascending order according to the specified comparator.
static void copy (List dest, List src) Copies all of the elements from one list into another.
static void fill (List list, Object o) Replaces all of the elements of the specified list with the
specified element.
static Object max (Collection coll) Returns the maximum element of the given collection,
according to the natural ordering of its elements.
static Object max (Collection coll, Comparator comp) Returns the maximum element of the given collection,
according to the order induced by the specified
comparator.
static Object min (Collection coll) Returns the minimum element of the given collection,
according to the natural ordering of its elements.
static Object min (Collection coll, Comparator comp) Returns the minimum element of the given collection,
according to the order induced by the specified
comparator.
262
OOP
JCL: Collections Class – Methods (2)
static void reverse (List list) Reverses the order of the elements in the specified list.
static Comparator reverseOrder () Returns a comparator that imposes the reverse of the natural
ordering on a collection of objects that implement the Comparable
interface.
static void shuffle (List list) Randomly permutes the specified list using a default source of
randomness.
static void shuffle (List list, Random rnd) Randomly permute the specified list using the specified source of
randomness.
static void sort (List list) Sorts the specified list into ascending order, according to the natural
ordering of its elements.
static void sort (List list, Comparator c) Sorts the specified list according to the order induced by the
specified comparator.
263
OOP
JCL: Collections Class (1)
1 // CollectionsTest.java
2 // Using the Collections class.
3 import java.awt.Color;
5
6 public class CollectionsTest {
7 private static final String colors[] = { "red ", "white", "blue",
"green", "yellow", "black", "orange" };
8
9 // create ArrayList, add objects to it and manipulate it
10 public CollectionsTest()
11 {
12 List list = new ArrayList();
13
14 for ( int count = 0; count < colors.length; count++ )
15 list.add( colors[ count ] );
16
17 System.out.println( "\nArrayList: " );
20
21 // find min and max
22 System.out.println( "\n\nArrayList min: " + Collections.min( list ) +
"\nArrayList max: " + Collections.max( list ) );
264
OOP
23 // sort list
24 Collections.sort( list );
25
26 System.out.println( "\nArrayList after sorting: " );
29
30 // search for elements
31 System.out.println( "\n\nSearching for white: " +
Collections.binarySearch( list, "white" ) );
32
33 System.out.println( "\nSearching for brown: " +
Collections.binarySearch(list, "brown" ) );
34
35 // shuffle list
36 Collections.shuffle( list );
37
38 System.out.println( "\nArrayList after shuffling: " );
41
265
OOP
42 // reverse list
43 Collections.reverse( list );
44
45 System.out.println( "\n\nArrayList after reversing: " );
48
49 } // end constructor CollectionsTest
50
52 {
53 new CollectionsTest();
54 }
55
56 } // end class CollectionsTest
266
OOP
ArrayList:
red white blue green yellow black orange
ArrayList min: black
ArrayList max: yellow
ArrayList after sorting:

black blue green orange red white yellow
Searching for white: 5
Searching for brown: -3
ArrayList after shuffling:

green red yellow orange white blue black
ArrayList after reversing:

black blue white orange yellow red green
267
OOP
JCL: Input/Output Package (java.io)
Stream Classes:
268
OOP
JCL: Files and Streams (1)
Sally Black
Tom Blue
Judy Green
File
Iris Orange
Randy Red
Judy Green
Record
Judy Field
01001010 Byte (ASCII character J)
1 Bit
269
OOP
 Java views a file as a stream of bytes
 File ends with end-of-file marker or a specific byte
number
 File as a stream of bytes associated with an object
• Java also associates streams with devices
• System.in, System.out, and System.err
• Streams can be redirected
 File processing with classes in package java.io

 FileInputStream for byte-based input from a file
 FileOutputStream for byte-based output to a file
 FileReader for character-based input from a file
 FileWriter for character-based output to a file
270
OOP
 Buffering
 Improves performance of I/O
 Copies each output to a region of memory called a
buffer
 Entire buffer output to disk at once
• One long disk access takes less time than many smaller ones
 BufferedOutputStream buffers file output
 BufferedInputStream buffers file input
271
OOP
JCL: I/O Character Streams
272
OOP
JCL: I/O Byte Streams
273
OOP
JCL: File Class – Constructors and Methods
 File
 An abstract representation of file and directory pathnames
File (File parent, String child) Creates a new File instance from a parent abstract
pathname and a child pathname string.
File (String pathname) Creates a new File instance by converting the given
pathname string into an abstract pathname.
File (String parent, String child) Creates a new File instance from a parent pathname
string and a child pathname string.
boolean createNewFile () Atomically creates a new, empty file named by this
abstract pathname if and only if a file with this name
does not yet exist.
boolean delete () Deletes the file or directory denoted by this abstract
pathname.
boolean mkdir () Creates the directory named by this abstract pathname.
boolean renameTo (File dest) Renames the file denoted by this abstract pathname.
274
OOP
JCL: File Class - Methods
Method Description
boolean canRead() Returns true if a file is readable; false otherwise.
boolean canWrite() Returns true if a file is writable; false otherwise.
boolean exists() Returns true if the name specified as the argument to the File
constructor is a file or directory in the specified path; false
otherwise.
boolean isFile() Returns true if the name specified as the argument to the File
constructor is a file; false otherwise.
boolean isDirectory() Returns true if the name specified as the argument to the File
constructor is a directory; false otherwise.
boolean isAbsolute() Returns true if the arguments specified to the File constructor
indicate an absolute path to a file or directory; false otherwise.
String getAbsolutePath() Returns a string with the absolute path of the file or directory.
String getName() Returns a string with the name of the file or directory.
String getPath() Returns a string with the path of the file or directory.
String getParent() Returns a string with the parent directory of the file or directory-that
is, the directory in which the file or directory can be found.
long length() Returns the length of the file, in bytes. If the File object
represents a directory, 0 is returned.
long lastModified() Returns a platform-dependent representation of the time at which
the file or directory was last modified. The value returned is useful
only for comparison with other values returned by this method.
String[] list() Returns an array of strings representing the contents of a directory.
Returns null if the File object is not a directory. 275
OOP
JCL: Creating a new directory
try {
File dir;
boolean itWorked;
dir = new File( “thisDirectory” );

if (dir.exists()) {
System.out.println( “File exists!” );
} else {
itWorked = dir.mkdir();
if (itWorked) {
System.out.println( “Directory ”
+ “created.” );
}
}
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println( “I/O exeception” );
}
276
OOP
JCL: Reading/Writing characters
 FileReader and FileWriter can read/write a file
one character at a time
import java.io.*;
public class Copy {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
File inputFile = new File( “source.txt“ );
File outputFile = new File( “destination.txt“ );
FileReader in = new FileReader(inputFile);
FileWriter out = new FileWriter(outputFile);
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1)
out.write(c);
in.close();
out.close();
}
}
277
OOP
JCL: Reading/Writing bytes
 FileInputStream and FileOutputStream can
read/write a file one byte at a time
import java.io.*;
public class CopyBytes {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
File inputFile = new File( “source.txt“ );
File outputFile = new File( “destination.txt“ );
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(inputFile);
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(outputFile);
int b;
while ((b = in.read()) != -1)
out.write(b);
in.close();
out.close();
}
}
278
OOP
JCL: Data Input/Output Stream
 An application can use a DataOutputStream to write

data that can later be read by a DataInputStream
 A DataOutputStream lets an application write
primitive Java data types to an output stream in a portable
way
 A DataInputStream lets an application read
primitive Java data types from an underlying input stream
in a machine-independent way
279
OOP
JCL: Writing primitive data to a Stream
 Basic Algorithm
 Open the file for output by instantiating the appropriate streams
 Call write methods to transfer data
 Flush the stream
 Close the stream
try {
FileOutputStream fStream;
DataOutputStream writingStream;
fStream = new FileOutputStream( “oneFile.bin” );
writingStream = new DataOutputStream( fStream );
writingStream.writeDouble( 3.14159 );
writingStream.writeInt( 7 );
writingStream.writeChar( “Z” );
writingStream.flush();
writingStream.close();
}
System.out.println( “I/O exception” );
}
280
OOP
JCL: Reading primitive data from a Stream
 Basic Algorithm
 Open the file for input by instantiating the appropriate streams
 Call read methods to transfer data
 Close the stream
try {
double val1;
int val2;
char val3;
FileInputStream fStream;
DataInputStream inStream;
fStream = new FileInputStream( “oneFile.bin” );
inStream = new DataInputStream( fStream );
val1 = inStream.readDouble();
val2 = inStream.readInt();
val3 = inStream.readChar();
inStream.close();
}
} 281
OOP
JCL: Writing text
 PrintWriter print formatted representations of objects to a
text-output stream
try {
FileOutputStream fStream;
PrintWriter myStream;
fStream = new FileOutputStream( “threeLines.txt” );
myStream = new PrintWriter( fStream );
myStream.println( “This is line #1.” );
myStream.println( “This is line #2.” );
myStream.print( “This is the start,” );
myStream.println( “ and this is the end of line #3.” );
myStream.flush();
myStream.close();
}
}
282
OOP
JCL: Reading text
 BufferedReader read text from a character-input stream,
buffering characters so as to provide for the efficient reading of
characters, arrays, and lines
try {
FileReader fReader;
BufferedReader reader;
String line;
fReader = new FileReader( “threeLines.txt” );
reader = new BufferedReader( fReader );
while ( line != null ) {
System.out.println( line ); //echoes input to standard out
}
reader.close();
}
}
283
OOP
JCL: Object Serialization (1)
 An object can be converted into a simple stream of bytes in such a
way that it can be reconstructed correctly later (permanent object)
 Once we have such a stream of bytes, we can output it to a file and
read it back again
// Write the object out
ObjectOutputStream outstream =
new ObjectOutputStream(outputStreamObject);
outstream.writeObject(theObject);
outstream.close();
// Read the object back in

ObjectInputStream instream =
new ObjectInputStream(inputStreamObject);
theObject = (SerializableType)instream.readObject();
instream.close();
The class of theObject
must implement the
Serializable interface 284
OOP
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
class Employee implements Serializable {

private String name;
private double salary;
private Date hireDay;
public Employee(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day) {

name = n;
salary = s;
GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(year, month - 1, day);
// GregorianCalendar uses 0 for January
hireDay = calendar.getTime();
}
}
class Manager extends Employee {

private double bonus;
public Manager(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day, double b) {
super(n, s, year, month, day);
bonus = b;
}
}
285
OOP
class ObjectFileTest {
Manager boss = new Manager( "Carl Cracker" , 80000, 1987, 12, 15, 5000);
Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];
staff[0] = boss;
staff[1] = new Employee( "Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
staff[2] = new Employee( "Tony Tester" , 40000, 1990, 3, 15);
try {
// save all employee records to the file employee.dat
ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("employee.dat"));
out.writeObject(staff);
out.close();
// retrieve all records into a new array
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("employee.dat"));
Employee[] newStaff = (Employee[])in.readObject();
in.close();
// print the newly read employee records
for (int i = 0; i < newStaff.length; i++)
System.out.println(newStaff[i]);
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
286
OOP
JCL: File Class (1)
1 // FileTest.java
2 // Demonstrating the File class.
5 import java.io.*;
Import java.io
package
7
8 public class FileTest extends JFrame
9 implements ActionListener {
10
11 private JTextField enterField;
12 private JTextArea outputArea;
13
14 // set up GUI
15 public FileTest()
16 {
17 super( "Testing class File" );
18
19 enterField = new JTextField( "Enter file or directory name here" );
20 enterField.addActionListener( this );
21 outputArea = new JTextArea();
22
23 ScrollPane scrollPane = new ScrollPane();
24 scrollPane.add( outputArea );
25 287
OOP
JCL: File Class (2)
27 container.add( enterField, BorderLayout.NORTH );
28 container.add( scrollPane, BorderLayout.CENTER );
29
30 setSize( 400, 400 );
32
33 } // end constructor
34
35 // display information about file user specifies
36 public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent actionEvent ) create a new File
37 { and assign it to name
38 File name = new File( actionEvent.getActionCommand() );
39 Body of if outputs
40 // if name exists, output information about it information about the
41 if ( name.exists() ) { file if it exists
42 outputArea.setText( name.getName() + " exists\n" +
43 ( name.isFile() ? "is a file\n" : "is not a file\n" ) +
44 ( name.isDirectory() ? "is a directory\n" :
45 "is not a directory\n" ) +
46 ( name.isAbsolute() ? "is absolute path\n" :
47 "is not absolute path\n" ) + "Last modified: " +
48 name.lastModified() + "\nLength: " + name.length() +
49 "\nPath: " + name.getPath() + "\nAbsolute path: " +
50 name.getAbsolutePath() + "\nParent: " + name.getParent() ); 288
OOP
JCL: File Class (3)
52 // output information if name is a file
53 if ( name.isFile() ) {
54
Test if our object is a
55 // append contents of file to outputArea file
56 try {
57 BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(
58 new FileReader( name ) ); Create reader to gather
59 StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(); data from the file
60 String text;
61 outputArea.append( "\n\n" );
62
63 while ( ( text = input.readLine() ) != null )
64 buffer.append( text + "\n" );
Read text until there is
65
66 outputArea.append( buffer.toString() );
no more in the file
67 }
68
69 // process file processing problems
70 catch ( IOException ioException ) {
71 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "FILE ERROR",
72 "FILE ERROR", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
73 }
74
75 } // end if
289
OOP
JCL: File Class (4)
77 // output directory listing
78 else if ( name.isDirectory() ) {
79 String[] directory = name.list();
80 Get a list of the files
81 outputArea.append( "\n\nDirectory contents:\n"); in the directory
82
83 for ( int i = 0; i < directory.length; i++ )
84 outputArea.append( directory[ i ] + "\n" );
85 }
87 } // end outer if
88
89 // not file or directory, output error message If file does not exist,
90 else { display error
92 actionEvent.getActionCommand() + " Does Not Exist",
93 "ERROR", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
94 }
97
99 {
100 FileTest application = new FileTest();
102 }
103 } // end class FileTest 290
OOP
JCL: File Class (5)
291
OOP
JCL: Writing to a sequential-access file (1)
1 // BankUI.java
2 // A reusable GUI for the examples in this chapter.
3 package com;
4 Compile this class in
5 import java.awt.*; a package for reuse
7
Bank GUI for all
8 public class BankUI extends JPanel {
9
examples in this
10 // label text for GUI chapter
11 protected final static String names[] = { "Account number",
12 "First name", "Last name", "Balance", "Transaction Amount" };
13
14 // GUI components; protected for future subclass access
15 protected JLabel labels[];
These buttons will
16 protected JTextField fields[];
17 protected JButton doTask1, doTask2;
perform actions in
18 protected JPanel innerPanelCenter, innerPanelSouth; later examples
19
20 protected int size; // number of text fields in GUI
21
22 // constants representing text fields in GUI
23 public static final int ACCOUNT = 0, FIRSTNAME = 1, LASTNAME = 2,
24 BALANCE = 3, TRANSACTION = 4;
25 292
OOP
26 // Set up GUI. Constructor argument size determines the number of
27 // rows of GUI components.
28 public BankUI( int mySize )
29 {
30 size = mySize;
31 labels = new JLabel[ size ];
32 fields = new JTextField[ size ];
33
34 // create labels
35 for ( int count = 0; count < labels.length; count++ )
36 labels[ count ] = new JLabel( names[ count ] );
37
38 // create text fields
39 for ( int count = 0; count < fields.length; count++ )
40 fields[ count ] = new JTextField();
41
42 // create panel to lay out labels and fields
43 innerPanelCenter = new JPanel();
44 innerPanelCenter.setLayout( new GridLayout( size, 2 ) );
45
46 // attach labels and fields to innerPanelCenter
47 for ( int count = 0; count < size; count++ ) {
48 innerPanelCenter.add( labels[ count ] );
49 innerPanelCenter.add( fields[ count ] );
50 } 293
OOP
52 // create generic buttons; no labels or event handlers
53 doTask1 = new JButton();
54 doTask2 = new JButton();
56 // create panel to lay out buttons and attach buttons
57 innerPanelSouth = new JPanel();
58 innerPanelSouth.add( doTask1 );
59 innerPanelSouth.add( doTask2 );
61 // set layout of this container and attach panels to it
62 setLayout( new BorderLayout() );
63 add( innerPanelCenter, BorderLayout.CENTER );
64 add( innerPanelSouth, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
66 validate(); // validate layout
69
70 // return reference to generic task button doTask1
71 public JButton getDoTask1Button()
72 {
73 return doTask1;
74 }
75 Return the task
76 // return reference to generic task button doTask2
buttons
77 public JButton getDoTask2Button()
78 {
79 return doTask2;
80 } 294
OOP
82 // return reference to fields array of JTextFields
83 public JTextField[] getFields()
84 {
85 return fields;
86 }
87
88 // clear content of text fields
89 public void clearFields()
90 {
91 for ( int count = 0; count < size; count++ )
92 fields[ count ].setText( "" );
93 }
94
95 // set text field values; throw IllegalArgumentException if
96 // incorrect number of Strings in argument
97 public void setFieldValues( String strings[] )
98 throws IllegalArgumentException
99 {
100 if ( strings.length != size )
101 throw new IllegalArgumentException( "There must be " +
102 size + " Strings in the array" );
103
105 fields[ count ].setText( strings[ count ] );
106 } 295
OOP
107
108 // get array of Strings with current text field contents
109 public String[] getFieldValues()
110 {
111 String values[] = new String[ size ];
112
114 values[ count ] = fields[ count ].getText();
115
116 return values;
117 }
118
119 } // end class BankUI
296
OOP
1 // AccountRecord.java
2 // A class that represents one record of information.
3 package com; Compile this class in
5 import java.io.Serializable; a package for reuse
6
7 public class AccountRecord implements Serializable {
8 private int account; Implements Serializable
9 private String firstName; so AccountRecords can be
10 private String lastName;
used with input and output
11 private double balance;
streams
12
13 // no-argument constructor calls other constructor with default values
14 public AccountRecord()
15 {
16 this( 0, "", "", 0.0 );
17 }
18
19 // initialize a record
20 public AccountRecord( int acct, String first, String last, double bal )
21 {
22 setAccount( acct );
23 setFirstName( first );
24 setLastName( last );
25 setBalance( bal );
26 } 297
OOP
28 // set account number
29 public void setAccount( int acct )
30 {
31 account = acct;
32 }
33
34 // get account number
35 public int getAccount()
36 {
37 return account;
38 }
39
40 // set first name
41 public void setFirstName( String first )
42 {
44 }
45
46 // get first name
47 public String getFirstName()
48 {
49 return firstName;
50 }
51
298
OOP
52 // set last name
53 public void setLastName( String last )
54 {
55 lastName = last;
56 }
57
58 // get last name
59 public String getLastName()
60 {
61 return lastName;
62 }
63
64 // set balance
65 public void setBalance( double bal )
66 {
67 balance = bal;
68 }
69
70 // get balance
71 public double getBalance()
72 {
73 return balance;
74 }
75
76 } // end class AccountRecord 299
OOP
1 // CreateSequentialFile.java
2 // Writing objects sequentially to a file with class ObjectOutputStream.
3 import java.io.*;
6 import javax.swing.*; Import our GUI class
8 import com.BankUI; and record class
9 import com.AccountRecord;
10
11 public class CreateSequentialFile extends JFrame {
12 private ObjectOutputStream output;
13 private BankUI userInterface;
14 private JButton enterButton, openButton;
16 // set up GUI
17 public CreateSequentialFile()
18 {
19 super( "Creating a Sequential File of Objects" ); Create our interface
20 and get a reference to
21 // create instance of reusable user interface
the first task button
22 userInterface = new BankUI( 4 ); // four textfields
23 getContentPane().add( userInterface, BorderLayout.CENTER );
24
25 // configure button doTask1 for use in this program
26 openButton = userInterface.getDoTask1Button();
27 openButton.setText( "Save into File ..." ); 300
OOP
28
29 // register listener to call openFile when button pressed
30 openButton.addActionListener(
31
32 // anonymous inner class to handle openButton event
33 new ActionListener() {
34
35 // call openFile when button pressed
37 {
38 openFile();
39 }
40
41 } // end anonymous inner class
42
43 ); // end call to addActionListener
44
45 // configure button doTask2 for use in this program
46 enterButton = userInterface.getDoTask2Button();
47 enterButton.setText( "Enter" ); Get a reference to the
48 enterButton.setEnabled( false ); // disable button
second task button
49
50 // register listener to call addRecord when button pressed
51 enterButton.addActionListener(
52 301
OOP
53 // anonymous inner class to handle enterButton event
55
56 // call addRecord when button pressed
58 {
59 addRecord();
60 }
65
66 // register window listener to handle window closing event
67 addWindowListener(
68
69 // anonymous inner class to handle windowClosing event
70 new WindowAdapter() {
71
72 // add current record in GUI to file, then close file
73 public void windowClosing( WindowEvent event )
74 {
75 if ( output != null )
76 addRecord();
78 closeFile();
79 }
302
OOP
82
83 ); // end call to addWindowListener
84 Instantiate a
85 setSize( 300, 200 ); JFileChooser
86 setVisible( true ); and assign it to
87 fileChooser
88 } // end CreateSequentialFile constructor
89
90 // allow user to specify file name
91 private void openFile()
Constant FILES_ONLY indicates
92 { only files can be selected
93 // display file dialog, so user can choose file to open
94 JFileChooser fileChooser = new JFileChooser();
95 fileChooser.setFileSelectionMode( JFileChooser.FILES_ONLY );
96
Method
97 int result = fileChooser.showSaveDialog( this );
98
showSaveDialog
99 // if user clicked Cancel button on dialog, return causes the
100 if ( result == JFileChooser.CANCEL_OPTION ) JFileChooser
101 return; titled Save to appear
102
103 File fileName = fileChooser.getSelectedFile(); // get selected file
303
OOP
105 // display error if invalid
106 if ( fileName == null || fileName.getName().equals( "" ) )
107 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Invalid File Name",
108 "Invalid File Name", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
109
110 else {
111
112 // open file
113 try { Open selected file
114 output = new ObjectOutputStream(
115 new FileOutputStream( fileName ) );
116
117 openButton.setEnabled( false );
118 enterButton.setEnabled( true );
119 }
120
121 // process exceptions from opening file
123 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Error Opening File",
124 "Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
125 }
126
127 } // end else
128
129 } // end method openFile 304
OOP
131 // close file and terminate application
132 private void closeFile()
133 {
134 // close file
135 try {
136 output.close(); Method closeFile
137 System.exit( 0 ); closes the current file
138 }
139
140 // process exceptions from closing file
141 catch( IOException ioException ) {
142 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Error closing file",
145 }
146
147 } // end method closeFile
148
149 // add record to file Get the data in the
150 public void addRecord()
textfields
151 {
152 int accountNumber = 0;
153 AccountRecord record;
154 String fieldValues[] = userInterface.getFieldValues();
305
OOP
156 // if account field value is not empty
157 if ( ! fieldValues[ BankUI.ACCOUNT ].equals( "" ) ) {
158
159 // output values to file
160 try {
161 accountNumber = Integer.parseInt(
162 fieldValues[ BankUI.ACCOUNT ] );
163
Create a new record
164 if ( accountNumber > 0 ) {
166 // create new record
167 record = new AccountRecord( accountNumber,
168 fieldValues[ BankUI.FIRSTNAME ],
169 fieldValues[ BankUI.LASTNAME ],
170 Double.parseDouble( fieldValues[ BankUI.BALANCE ] ) );
172 // output record and flush buffer
173 output.writeObject( record ); Write the record to the file
174 output.flush(); immediately
175 }
177 else {
179 "Account number must be greater than 0",
180 "Bad account number", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
181 }
306
OOP
183 // clear textfields
184 userInterface.clearFields();
185
186 } // end try
187
188 // process invalid account number or balance format
189 catch ( NumberFormatException formatException ) {
191 "Bad account number or balance", "Invalid Number Format",
193 }
194
195 // process exceptions from file output
197 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Error writing to file",
198 "IO Exception", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
199 closeFile();
200 }
201
202 } // end if
203
204 } // end method addRecord
205
307
OOP

207 {
208 new CreateSequentialFile();
209 }
210
211 } // end class CreateSequentialFile
BankUI graphical user

interface
308
OOP
Select location
for file here
Files and
directories are Click Save to
displayed here submit new
file name to
program
309
OOP
JCL: Reading from a sequential-access file (1)
1 // ReadSequentialFile.java
2 // This program reads a file of objects sequentially
3 // and displays each record.
4 import java.io.*;
8
9 import com.*;
10
11 public class ReadSequentialFile extends JFrame {
12 private ObjectInputStream input;
13 private BankUI userInterface;
14 private JButton nextButton, openButton;
15
16 // Constructor -- initialize the Frame
17 public ReadSequentialFile()
18 {
19 super( "Reading a Sequential File of Objects" ); Create user interface
20
21 // create instance of reusable user interface
22 userInterface = new BankUI( 4 ); // four textfields
23 getContentPane().add( userInterface, BorderLayout.CENTER );
24
310
OOP
25 // get reference to generic task button doTask1 from BankUI
26 openButton = userInterface.getDoTask1Button();
27 openButton.setText( "Open File" );
Get a reference to the
28 first task button
29 // register listener to call openFile when button pressed
30 openButton.addActionListener(
31
32 // anonymous inner class to handle openButton event
34
37 {
38 openFile();
39 }
42
44
45 // register window listener for window closing event
46 addWindowListener(
47
48 // anonymous inner class to handle windowClosing event
49 new WindowAdapter() {
311
OOP
52 public void windowClosing( WindowEvent event )
53 {
54 if ( input != null )
55 closeFile();
56
58 }
59
61
62 ); // end call to addWindowListener
63
64 // get reference to generic task button doTask2 from BankUI
65 nextButton = userInterface.getDoTask2Button();
66 nextButton.setText( "Next Record" ); Get a reference to the
67 nextButton.setEnabled( false ); second task button
68
69 // register listener to call readRecord when button pressed
70 nextButton.addActionListener(
71
72 // anonymous inner class to handle nextRecord event
74
312
OOP
75 // call readRecord when user clicks nextRecord
77 {
78 readRecord();
79 }
80
82
84
85 pack(); Instantiate a
86 setSize( 300, 200 );
JFileChooser
and assign it to
88
89 } // end ReadSequentialFile constructor
fileChooser
90
Method showOpenDialog
91 // enable user to select file to open
92 private void openFile()
causes the JFileChooser
93 { titled Open to appear
94 // display file dialog so user can select file to open
95 JFileChooser fileChooser = new JFileChooser();
96 fileChooser.setFileSelectionMode( JFileChooser.FILES_ONLY );
97
98 int result = fileChooser.showOpenDialog( this );
99 313
OOP
100 // if user clicked Cancel button on dialog, return
101 if ( result == JFileChooser.CANCEL_OPTION ) Return if user clicked
102 return; Cancel button on
103 dialog
104 // obtain selected file
105 File fileName = fileChooser.getSelectedFile();
106 Retrieve selected file
107 // display error if file name invalid
108 if ( fileName == null || fileName.getName().equals( "" ) )
109 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Invalid File Name",
110 "Invalid File Name", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
112 else {
114 // open file
115 try {
116 input = new ObjectInputStream(
117 new FileInputStream( fileName ) );
119 openButton.setEnabled( false ); Open selected file
120 nextButton.setEnabled( true );
121 }
122
123 // process exceptions opening file
125 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Error Opening File",
127 } 314
OOP
129 } // end else
130
131 } // end method openFile
132
133 // read record from file
134 public void readRecord()
135 { Method readObject
136 AccountRecord record; reads an Object from the
137 ObjectInputStream
138 // input the values from the file
139 try {
140 record = ( AccountRecord ) input.readObject();
141
142 // create array of Strings to display in GUI
143 String values[] = { String.valueOf( record.getAccount() ),
144 record.getFirstName(), record.getLastName(),
145 String.valueOf( record.getBalance() ) };
146
147 // display record contents
148 userInterface.setFieldValues( values );
149 }
150
151 // display message when end-of-file reached
152 catch ( EOFException endOfFileException ) {
153 nextButton.setEnabled( false ); 315
OOP
155 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "No more records in file",
156 "End of File", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
157 }
159 // display error message if class is not found
160 catch ( ClassNotFoundException classNotFoundException ) {
161 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Unable to create object",
162 "Class Not Found", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
163 }
165 // display error message if cannot read due to problem with file
168 "Error during read from file",
169 "Read Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE );
170 }
172 } // end method readRecord
173
175 private void closeFile()
176 { Method closeFile
177 // close file and exit closes the current file
178 try {
179 input.close();
181 }
316
OOP
183 // process exception while closing file
185 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( this, "Error closing file",
187
189 }
190
191 } // end method closeFile
192
194 {
195 new ReadSequentialFile();
196 }
197
198 } // end class ReadSequentialFile
317
OOP
318
OOP
JCL: Concurrent Programming (Multithreading)
 more sequential activities (processes, tasks, threads)
can be executed concurrently
 monoprocessor architectures
• interleaving, priority, preemption, time-slicing
 multiprocessor architectures
 distributed architectures
 activities inside different threads can be
 independent (asynchronous)
 competing for the use of common resources (synchronized)
 co operant (communicating)
319
OOP
JCL: Thread states
 Born
 Thread was just created
 Ready
 Thread’s start method invoked
 Thread can now execute; it competes with other threads for a processor to run
 Running
 Thread is assigned a processor and running
 Dead
 Thread has completed or exited
 Eventually disposed of by system
 Waiting
 Thread has suspended its own execution until a given system state has been reached
 Sleeping
 Thread has suspended its own execution for a specified period of time
 Blocked
 Thread has been suspended by some other thread
320
OOP
JCL: Life cycle of threads
Born
start
Ready
thread dispatch
quantum expiration (assign a processor)
yield
timeout expires
I/O completes
interrupt
interrupt
notifyAll
acquire lock
notify
Running
Waiting Sleeping Blocked
sleep interval expires When a thread completes

interrupt (returns from its run method),
it reaches the Dead state
(shown here as the final state)
321
OOP
JCL: Thread priority scheduling
Ready threads
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY Priority 10 A B
Priority 9 C
Priority 8
Priority 7 D E F
Priority 6 G
Thread.NORM_PRIORITY Priority 5 H I
Priority 4
Priority 3
Priority 2 J K
Thread.MIN_PRIORITY Priority 1
322
OOP
JCL: Thread Class (1)
Thread () Allocates a new Thread object.
Thread (Runnable target) Allocates a new Thread object.
Thread (Runnable target, String name) Allocates a new Thread object.
Thread (String name) Allocates a new Thread object.
Thread (ThreadGroup group, Runnable target) Allocates a new Thread object.
static Thread currentThread () Returns a reference to the currently executing thread object.
String getName () Returns this thread's name.
void join () Waits for this thread to die.
void run () If this thread was constructed using a separate Runnable run
object, then that Runnable object's run method is called;
otherwise, this method does nothing and returns.
void setDaemon (boolean on) Marks this thread as either a daemon thread or a user thread.
void setPriority (int newPriority) Changes the priority of this thread.
static void sleep(long millis) Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.
void start() Causes this thread to begin execution; the Java Virtual Machine
calls the run method of this thread.
static void yield() Causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause
and allow other threads to execute.
 When code running in some thread creates a new Thread object, the new
thread has its priority initially set equal to the priority of the creating thread,
and is a daemon thread if and only if the creating thread is a daemon. 323
OOP
JCL: Thread Class (2)
Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

void notify () Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
void notifyAll () Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
void wait () Causes current thread to wait until another thread invokes the notify()
method or the notifyAll() method for this object.
void wait (long timeout) Causes current thread to wait until either another thread invokes the
notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object, or a specified
amount of time has elapsed.
324
OOP
JCL: Daemon Threads
Threads that run for benefit of other threads

Run in the background (when processor time is
available that would otherwise go to waste)
Do not prevent program from terminating
(unlike conventional user threads)
Garbage collector is a daemon thread
A thread is designated as a daemon with the
method call setDaemon(true)
325
OOP
JCL: Creating and Executing Threads (1)
1 // ThreadTester.java
2 // Multiple threads printing at different intervals.
3
4 public class ThreadTester {
5
create three
6 public static void main( String [] args )
PrintThreads
7 {
8 // create and name each thread
9 PrintThread thread1 = new PrintThread( "thread1" );
12 call start methods
13 System.err.println( "Starting threads" );
14
15 thread1.start(); // start thread1 and place it in ready state
18
19 System.err.println( "Threads started, main ends\n" );
20
21 } // end main
22
23 } // end class ThreadTester
24
326
OOP
25 // class PrintThread controls thread execution
26 class PrintThread extends Thread {
27 private int sleepTime;
PrintThread
28 extends Thread
29 // assign name to thread by calling superclass constructor
30 public PrintThread( String name )
31 {
32 super( name );
33
34 // pick random sleep time between 0 and 5 seconds
35 sleepTime = ( int ) ( Math.random() * 5001 ); Constructor initializes
36 } sleepTime
37
38 // method run is the code to be executed by new thread
39 public void run() When the thread
40 { enters the running
41 // put thread to sleep for sleepTime amount of time state, run is called
42 try {
43 System.err.println(
44 getName() + " going to sleep for " + sleepTime );
45
46 sleep( sleepTime );
47 }
48
327
OOP
49 // if thread interrupted during sleep, print stack trace
50 catch ( InterruptedException exception ) {
51 exception.printStackTrace();
52 }
53
54 // print thread name
55 System.err.println( getName() + " done sleeping" );
56
57 } // end method run
58
59 } // end class PrintThread
Starting threads
Threads started, main ends
thread1 going to sleep for 1217

thread3 done sleeping
328
OOP
JCL: Runnable Interface (1)
 If the class supporting multithreading already extends from some

class, it cannot extend from class Thread too
 The Runnable interface is a common protocol for objects that wish
to execute code while they are active (a thread has been started and
has not yet been stopped)
 The Runnable interface is implemented by class Thread
 A class that implements Runnable can run without sub classing
Thread by instantiating a Thread instance and passing itself in as
the target
 The Runnable interface should be used if you are only planning to
override the run() method and no other Thread methods
void run() When an object implementing interface Runnable is used to

create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's run
method to be called in that separately executing thread.
329
OOP
1 // RunnableTester.java
2 // Multiple threads printing at different intervals.
3
4 public class RunnableTester {
5
create three
Threads
7 {
8 // create and name each thread
9 Thread thread1 = new Thread( new PrintThread(), "thread1" );
12 call start methods
13 System.err.println( "Starting threads" );
14
18
19 System.err.println( "Threads started, main ends\n" );
20
21 } // end main
22
23 } // end class RunnableTester
24
330
OOP
25 // class PrintThread controls thread execution
26 class PrintThread implements Runnable {
PrintThread
27 private int sleepTime; implements
28 Runnable
29 // assign sleep time
30 public PrintThread()
31 {
32 // pick random sleep time between 0 and 5 seconds
33 sleepTime = ( int ) ( Math.random() * 5001 ); Constructor initializes
34 } sleepTime
35
36 // method run is the code to be executed by new thread
37 public void run()
When the thread
38 {
enters the running
40 Thread cT = Thread.currentThread();
41 // put thread to sleep for sleepTime amount of time
state, run is called
42 try {
43 System.err.println(
44 cT.getName() + " going to sleep for " + sleepTime );
45
46 Thread.sleep( sleepTime );
47 }
48
331
OOP
49 // if thread interrupted during sleep, print stack trace
52 }
53
54 // print thread name
55 System.err.println( cT.getName() + " done sleeping" );
56
58
59 } // end class PrintThread
Starting threads
Threads started, main ends

332
OOP
JCL: Thread Synchronization (1)
 Java uses monitors (C.A.R. Hoare, 1974) for thread synchronization
 Every object with synchronized methods is a monitor
 The monitor allows one thread at a time to execute a
synchronized method on the object
 Mutual exclusion is accomplished by locking the object when a
synchronized method is invoked
 If there are several synchronized methods in an object, only
one of them may be active at once; all other threads attempting to
invoke synchronized methods must wait
 When a synchronized method finishes executing, the lock on
the object is released and the monitor lets the highest-priority ready
thread attempting to invoke a synchronized method proceed
333
OOP
JCL: Thread Synchronization (2)
 A thread executing in a synchronized method may

determine that it cannot proceed, so it voluntary calls wait
 The thread now waits in the waiting state while other threads
try to enter the monitor object
 When a thread executing a synchronized method
completes, it can notify a waiting thread to become ready
again and then eligible to reenter the monitor (attempting to
obtain the lock on the object)
 If a thread calls notifyAll, then all threads waiting for the
object become eligible to reenter the monitor
334
OOP
JCL: Producer/Consumer Relationship (1)
 Buffer
 Shared memory region
 Producer thread
 Generates data to add to buffer
 Calls wait if consumer has not read previous message in
buffer
 Writes to empty buffer and calls notify for consumer
 Consumer thread
 Reads data from buffer
 Calls wait if buffer empty
 Threads must be synchronized to avoid corrupted data
335
OOP
336
OOP
1 // SynchronizedBuffer.java
2 // SynchronizedBuffer synchronizes access to a single shared integer.
3
4 public class SynchronizedBuffer {
5 private int buffer = -1; // shared by producer and consumer threads
6 private int occupiedBufferCount = 0; // count of occupied buffers
7
8 // place value into buffer Method set is declared
9 public synchronized void set( int value ) synchronized
10 {
11 // for output purposes, get name of thread that called this method
12 String name = Thread.currentThread().getName();
14 // while there are no empty locations, place thread in waiting state
15 while ( occupiedBufferCount == 1 ) {
17 // output thread information and buffer information, then wait
18 try {
19 System.err.println( name + " tries to write." );
20 System.err.println( "Buffer full. " + name + " waits.\n" );
21 wait();
22 }
Wait while the buffer is filled
24 // if waiting thread interrupted, print stack trace
27 }
28 } // end while 337
OOP
30
31 buffer = value; // set new buffer value
32
33 // indicate producer cannot store another value Write to the buffer
34 // until consumer retrieves current buffer value
35 ++occupiedBufferCount;
Increment the buffer count
36
37 displayState( name + " writes " + buffer );
Alert a waiting thread
38
39 notify(); // tell a waiting thread to enter ready state
40
41 } // end method set; releases lock on SynchronizedBuffer
42
43 // return value from buffer Method get is declared
44 public synchronized int get() synchronized
45 {
46 // for output purposes, get name of thread that called this method
47 String name = Thread.currentThread().getName();
48
338
OOP
49 // while no data to read, place thread in waiting state
50 while ( occupiedBufferCount == 0 ) {
51
52 // output thread information and buffer information, then wait
53 try {
54 System.err.println( name + " tries to read." );
55 System.err.println( "Buffer empty. " + name + " waits.\n" );
56 wait();
Wait while the buffer is empty
57 }
59 // if waiting thread interrupted, print stack trace
62 }
63
64 } // end while
65
66 // indicate that producer can store another value
67 // because consumer just retrieved buffer value
68 --occupiedBufferCount; Decrement the buffer count
69
70 displayState( name + " reads " + buffer );
71
72 notify(); // tell a waiting thread to become ready to execute
73
Return the buffer
74 return buffer; 339
OOP
75
76 } // end method get; releases lock on SynchronizedBuffer
77
78 // display current operation and buffer state
79 public void displayState( String operation )
80 {
81 StringBuffer outputLine = new StringBuffer( operation );
82
83 outputLine.append("\t\t" + buffer + "\t" + occupiedBufferCount );
84 System.err.println( outputLine );
85 System.err.println();
86 }
87
88 } // end class SynchronizedBuffer
340
OOP
1 // Producer.java
2 // Producer's run method controls a thread that
3 // stores values from 1 to 4 in sharedLocation.
4
5 public class Producer extends Thread {
6 private SynchronizedBuffer sharedLocation; // reference to shared object
7
8 // constructor
9 public Producer(SynchronizedBuffer shared )
10 {
11 super( "Producer" );
12 sharedLocation = shared;
13 }
14
15 // store values from 1 to 4 in sharedLocation
17 {
18 for ( int count = 1; count <= 4; count++ ) {
19
20 // sleep 0 to 3 seconds, then place value in Buffer
21 try {
22 Thread.sleep( ( int ) ( Math.random() * 3001 ) );
23 sharedLocation.set( count );
24 }
25 341
OOP
26 // if sleeping thread interrupted, print stack trace

29 }
30
31 } // end for
32
33 System.err.println( getName() + " done producing." +
34 "\nTerminating " + getName() + ".\n");
35
37
38 } // end class Producer
342
OOP
1 // Consumer.java
2 // Consumer's run method controls a thread that loops four
3 // times and reads a value from sharedLocation each time.
4
5 public class Consumer extends Thread {
6 private SynchronizedBuffer sharedLocation; // reference to shared object
7
8 // constructor
9 public Consumer(SynchronizedBuffer shared )
10 {
11 super( "Consumer" );
12 sharedLocation = shared;
13 }
14
15 // read sharedLocation's value four times and sum the values
17 {
18 int sum = 0;
20 for ( int count = 1; count <= 4; count++ ) {
21
22 // sleep 0 to 3 seconds, read value from Buffer and add to sum
23 try {
24 Thread.sleep( ( int ) ( Math.random() * 3001 ) );
25 sum += sharedLocation.get();
26 } 343
OOP
28 // if sleeping thread interrupted, print stack trace

31 }
32 }
33
34 System.err.println( getName() + " read values totaling: " + sum +
35 ".\nTerminating " + getName() + ".\n");
36
38
39 } // end class Consumer
344
OOP
1 // SharedBufferTest.java
2 // SharedBufferTest creates producer and consumer threads.
3
4 public class SharedBufferTest {
5
7 {
8 // create shared object used by threads
11 SynchronizedBuffer sharedLocation = new SynchronizedBuffer();
12
13 // Display column heads for output
14 StringBuffer columnHeads = new StringBuffer( "Operation" );
16 columnHeads.append("\t\t\tBuffer\tOccupied_Count" );
17 System.err.println( columnHeads );
18 System.err.println();
19 sharedLocation.displayState( "Initial State\t" );
Create a Producer and
20
21 // create producer and consumer objects
a Consumer
22 Producer producer = new Producer( sharedLocation );
23 Consumer consumer = new Consumer( sharedLocation );
25 producer.start(); // start producer thread
26 consumer.start(); // start consumer thread
27
28 } // end main
30 } // end class SharedBufferTest 345
OOP
Operation Buffer Occupied_Count

Initial State -1 0
Consumer tries to read.
Buffer empty. Consumer waits.
Producer writes 1 1 1
Consumer reads 1 1 0
Producer done producing.
Terminating Producer.
Consumer read values totaling: 10.
Terminating Consumer.
346
OOP
JCL: Message buffer (1)
 a producer process places an unlimited sequence of

messages into a buffer sized N, blocking if the buffer is
full
 a consumer process gets messages from the buffer in
the incoming order, blocking if the buffer is empty
 the positions in the buffer already used by the
consumer are reused by the producer
 the buffer is used by producer and consumer in mutual
exclusion
347
OOP
348
OOP
1. // MessageBuffer.java
2. // MessageBuffer synchronizes access to a single shared integer.
3. public class MessageBuffer {

4. final private int n = 5;
5. private int buffer[] = {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1}; // shared by producer and consumer threads
6. private int readLoc = 0, writeLoc = 0; // initial locations
7. private boolean empty = true, full = false;
8.
9. // place value into buffer
Method set is declared
10. public synchronized void set( int value ) synchronized
11. {
12. // for output purposes, get name of thread that called this method
13. String name = Thread.currentThread().getName();
14. // while there are no empty locations, place thread in waiting state
15. while ( full ) {
16. // output thread information and buffer information, then wait
17. try {
18. System.err.println( name + " tries to write." );
19. System.err.println( "Buffer full. " + name + " waits.\n" );
20. wait();
21. } Wait while the buffer is filled
22. // if waiting thread interrupted, print stack trace
23. catch ( InterruptedException exception ) {
24. exception.printStackTrace();
25. }
26. } // end while
349
OOP
27. buffer[writeLoc] = value; // set new buffer value
28. empty = false;
Write to the buffer
29. displayState( name + " writes " + value + " into location " + writeLoc );
30. writeLoc = (writeLoc + 1) % n;
31. if (writeLoc == readLoc) full = true;
32. notify(); // tell waiting thread to enter ready state
33. } // end method set
34.
35. // return value from buffer
36. public synchronized int get() Method get is declared
37. {
synchronized
38. int value;
41. // while no data to read, place thread in waiting state
42. while ( empty ) {
44. try {
45. System.err.println( name + " tries to read." );
46. System.err.println( "Buffer empty. " + name + " waits.\n" );
47. wait();
48. } Wait while the buffer is empty
52. }
53. } // end while
350
OOP
54. value = buffer[readLoc];
55. full = false;
56. displayState( name + " reads " + value + " from location " + readLoc );
57. readLoc = (readLoc + 1) % n;
58. if (writeLoc == readLoc) empty = true;
59. notify(); // tell waiting thread to become ready to execute
60. return value; Alert a waiting thread
61. } // end method get
62.
63. // display current operation and buffer state
Return the value
64. public void displayState( String operation )
65. {
66. StringBuffer outputLine = new StringBuffer( operation );
67. outputLine.append( "\t\t" );
68. for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++)
69. outputLine.append( " " + buffer[i] );
70. System.err.println( outputLine );
71. System.err.println();
72. }
73.
74. } // end class MessageBuffer
351
OOP
******************************************************
Operation Buffer
Producer writes 1 into location 0 1 -1 -1 -1 -1

Consumer reads 1 from location 0 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Producer writes 2 into location 1 1 2 -1 -1 -1
Consumer reads 2 from location 1 1 2 -1 -1 -1
Producer writes 3 into location 2 1 2 3 -1 -1
Consumer reads 3 from location 2 1 2 3 -1 -1
Producer writes 4 into location 3 1 2 3 4 -1
Consumer reads 4 from location 3 1 2 3 4 -1
Producer writes 5 into location 4 1 2 3 4 5
Consumer reads 5 from location 4 1 2 3 4 5
Producer writes 6 into location 0 6 2 3 4 5
Producer done producing.
Terminating Producer.
Consumer reads 6 from location 0 6 2 3 4 5
Consumer read values totaling: 21.
Terminating Consumer.
352
OOP
JCL: Readers and Writers (1)
 N reader processes and M writer processes

concurrently access a shared data structure
 reader processes can access data simultaneously
 writer processes can access data in mutual exclusion
only
 writer processes take precedence over reader processes
353
OOP
 monitor AccessPolicy supplies the methods:

 readRequest, readRelease, writeRequest, writeRelease
 class SharedData guaranties that every process make a Request before
accessing data, and a Release when finished 354
OOP
1. // AccessPolicy.java
2. // AccessPolicy synchronizes access to shared data.
3. import java.util.*;
4. public class AccessPolicy {

5. private int runningReaders;
6. private boolean writing;
7. private Set waitingWriters;
8.
9. public AccessPolicy()
10. {
11. runningReaders = 0;
12. waitingWriters = new HashSet();
13. writing = false;
14. }
355
OOP
15. public synchronized void readRequest()
16. {
19. // while there are running or waiting writers, place thread in waiting state
20. while ( writing || !waitingWriters.isEmpty() ) {
22. try {
23. System.err.println( name + " tries to read. Access denied: writing="
+ writing + " runningReaders=" + runningReaders + " waitingWriters="
+ waitingWriters + ".\n" );
24. wait();
25. }
29. }
30. } // end while
31. runningReaders ++ ;
32. notify(); // tell waiting readers to enter ready state
33. } // end method readRequest
356
OOP
34. public synchronized void writeRequest()
35. {
38. // while there are running readers or writers, place thread in waiting state
39. while ( writing || runningReaders != 0 ) {
40. // output thread information, then wait
41. try {
42. waitingWriters.add(name) ;
43. System.err.println( name + " tries to write. Access denied: writing="
+ writing + " runningReaders=" + runningReaders + " waitingWriters="
+ waitingWriters + ".\n" );
44. wait();
45. }
49. }
50. } // end while
51. writing = true;
52. waitingWriters.remove(name) ;
53. } // end method writeRequest
357
OOP
54. public synchronized void readRelease()

55. {
56. runningReaders -- ;
57. if (runningReaders == 0) notify(); // tell waiting writers to enter ready state
58. } // end method readRelease
59.
60. public synchronized void writeRelease()
61. {
62. writing = false;
63. notifyAll(); // tell waiting threads to enter ready state
64. } // end method writeRelease
65. } // end class AccessPolicy
358
OOP
1. public class SharedData {
2. private Object data ; // shared by readers and writers threads
3. private AccessPolicy access;
4. public SharedData()
5. {
6. access = new AccessPolicy();
7. }
8. public Object read()
9. {
10. access.readRequest();
11. System.err.println( Thread.currentThread().getName() + " starts reading.\n" );
12. for (int i=1 ;i <= 1000; i++) System.out.print("") ; // reading time
13. Object d = data;
14. System.err.println( Thread.currentThread().getName() + " read " + d + ".\n" );
15. access.readRelease();
16. return d;
17. }
18. public void write(Object d)
19. {
20. access.writeRequest();
21. System.err.println( Thread.currentThread().getName() + " starts writing.\n" );
22. for (int i=1 ;i <= 1000; i++) System.out.print(""); // writing time
23. data = d;
24. System.err.println( Thread.currentThread().getName() + " wrote " + d + ".\n" );
25. access.writeRelease();
26. }
27. } // end class SharedData
359
OOP
1. // Writer.java
2. // Writer's run method controls a thread that writes a value into sharedData.
3. public class Writer extends Thread {

4. private SharedData shared; // reference to shared object
5. public Writer(String name, SharedData data)

6. {
7. super( "Writer-" + name);
8. shared = data;
9. }
10. // write sharedLocation's value

11. public void run()
12. {
13. String d = getName() ;
14. shared.write(d);
15.
16. } // end method run
17. } // end class Writer
360
OOP
1. // Reader.java
2. // Reader's run method controls a thread that reads a value from
sharedData.
3. public class Reader extends Thread {

4. private SharedData shared; // reference to shared object
5. public Reader(String name, SharedData data)

6. {
7. super( "Reader-" + name);
8. shared = data;
9. }
10. // read sharedLocation's value

11. public void run()
12. {
13. Object d = shared.read();
14. } // end method run
15. } // end class Reader
361
OOP
1. // ReadersAndWritersTest.java
2. // ReadersAndWritersTest creates reader and writer threads.
3. public class ReadersAndWritersTest {

4. public static void main( String [] args )
5. {
6. // create shared object used by threads
7. SharedData shared = new SharedData();
8. // Display column heads for output
9. System.err.println( "******************************************************" );
10. System.err.println();
11. // create reader and writer objects
12. for ( int count = 1; count <= 2; count++ ) {
13. Reader reader = new Reader( "r" + count, shared );
14. reader.start();
15. Writer writer = new Writer( "w" + count, shared );
16. writer.start();
17. }
18. } // end main
19. } // end class ReadersAndWritersTest
362
OOP
******************************************************
Reader-r1 starts reading.
Writer-w1 tries to write. Access denied: writing=false runningReaders=1
waitingWriters=[Writer-w1].
Reader-r2 tries to read. Access denied: writing=false runningReaders=1
Writer-w2 tries to write. Access denied: writing=false runningReaders=1
waitingWriters=[Writer-w1, Writer-w2].
Reader-r1 read null.
Writer-w1 starts writing.
Writer-w1 wrote Writer-w1.
Reader-r2 tries to read. Access denied: writing=false runningReaders=0
Writer-w2 starts writing.
Writer-w2 wrote Writer-w2.
Reader-r2 starts reading.
Reader-r2 read Writer-w2.
363
OOP
JCL: Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Object
java.lang.Object
java.awt.Component
Component
Container
java.awt.Container
java.awt.Panel
Container
java.awt.Window
Container
JComponent
javax.swing.JComponent
Container Container
java.applet.Applet java.awt.Frame
javax.swing.JApplet
Container
javax.swing.JFrame
Container
 Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) depends on the host platform

 Swing is platform independent and can be customized
364
OOP
JCL: GUI Class Hierarchy
 Component: an object having a graphical representation that can be
displayed on the screen and that can interact with the user
• method paint(Graphics g) draws the component
 Container: a Collection of related components
• method add(Component comp) adds a component
 JComponent: a Container with customizable look and feel and
common event-handling capabilities
 Window: a Container associated with an area in the user’s display
 Frame: a bordered Window that can have a MenuBar
 JFrame: a lightweight Frame
 Panel: a Container that is itself not visible
 Applet: a Container that displays itself in a Browser
 Japplet: a lightweight Applet
365
OOP
JCL: GUI Class Relationships
366
OOP
JCL: GUI Containers
Top-Level Containers
Applet
Frame
Dialog
General-Purpose Containers
Panel Scroll pane

367
OOP
JCL: Top-Level Containers
Containment hierarchy
 a tree of components that has a top-level container
as its root
Each top-level container has a content pane
 a Container object that contains the visible
components in that top-level container's GUI
 the content pane of a top-level container is found by
calling the getContentPane() method
368
OOP
JCL: JComponent subclasses
JComponent Description
JLabel An area where uneditable text or icons can be displayed.
JTextField An area in which the user inputs data from the keyboard. The area can also
display information.
JButton An area that triggers an event when clicked with the mouse.
JCheckBox A GUI component that is either selected or not selected.
JComboBox A drop- down list of items from which the user can make a selection by
clicking an item in the list or possibly by typing into the box.
JList An area containing a list of items from which the user can make a selection
by clicking on any element in the list. Multiple elements can be selected.
JPanel A container in which components can be placed and organized.
369
OOP
JCL: JLabel (1)
Provide text on GUI

Can display:
 Single line of read-only text
 Image
 Text and image Label
Tool tip
370
OOP
JCL: JLabel (2)
1 // LabelTest.java
2 // Demonstrating the JLabel class.
6
7 public class LabelTest extends JFrame {
8 private JLabel label1, label2, label3;
9
10 // set up GUI
11 public LabelTest()
12 {
13 super( "Testing JLabel" );
14
17 container.setLayout( new FlowLayout() );
18
19 // JLabel constructor with a string argument
20 label1 = new JLabel( "Label with text" );
21 label1.setToolTipText( "This is label1" );
Tool tip is text that appears when
22 container.add( label1 );
23
user moves cursor over JLabel
24 // JLabel constructor with string, Icon and alignment arguments
25 Icon bug = new ImageIcon( "bug1.gif" ); 371
OOP
JCL: JLabel (3)
26 label2 = new JLabel( "Label with text and icon", bug,
27 SwingConstants.LEFT );
30
31 // JLabel constructor no arguments
32 label3 = new JLabel();
33 label3.setText( "Label with icon and text at bottom" );
34 label3.setIcon( bug );
35 label3.setHorizontalTextPosition( SwingConstants.CENTER );
36 label3.setVerticalTextPosition( SwingConstants.BOTTOM );
39
40 setSize( 275, 170 );
42
44
46 {
47 LabelTest application = new LabelTest();
49 }
50 } // end class LabelTest 372
OOP
JCL: JLabel (4)
373
OOP
OOA/D: Model/View/Controller (1)
Some programs have multiple editable views

Example: HTML Editor
 WYSIWYG view
 structure view
 source view
Editing one view updates the other
Updates seem instantaneous
374
OOP
Model
 data structure, no visual representation
Views
 visual representations
Controllers
 user interaction
Views/controllers update model

Model tells views that data has changed
Views redraw themselves
375
OOP
376
OOP
OOA/D: Observer Pattern (1)
 Context
 An object, called the subject, is source of events
 One or more observer objects want to be notified when such
an event occurs
 Solution
 Define an observer interface type. All concrete observers
implement it
 The subject maintains a collection of observers.
 The subject supplies methods for attaching and detaching
observers
 Whenever an event occurs, the subject notifies all observers
377
OOP
OOA/D: Observer Pattern (2)
378
OOP
OOA/D: An Observer Pattern Example
Name in Design Pattern Actual Name (Swing buttons)

Subject JButton
Observer ActionListener
ConcreteObserver the class that implements the ActionListener

interface type
attach() addActionListener()
notify() actionPerformed()
379
OOP
JCL: Event-handling model
 GUIs are event driven

 Generate events when user interacts with GUI
• e.g., moving mouse, pressing button, typing in text field, etc.
• Class java.awt.AWTEvent
 Three parts
 Event source
• GUI component with which user interacts
 Event object
• Encapsulates information about event that occurred
 Event listener
• Receives event object when notified, then responds
 Programmer must perform two tasks
 Register event listener for event source
 Implement event-handling method (event handler)
380
OOP
JCL: Event classes
Object
java.lang.Object
ActionEvent
ActionEvent
java.util.EventObject
EventObject
AdjustmentEvent
AdjustmentEvent
java.awt.AWTEvent
AWTEvent ContainerEvent
ContainerEvent
ItemEvent
ItemEvent
FocusEvent
FocusEvent
TextEvent
TextEvent
PaintEvent
PaintEvent
ComponentEvent
ComponentEvent
WindowEvent
WindowEvent
InputEvent
InputEvent
KeyEvent MouseEvent
KeyEvent MouseEvent
MouseWheelEvent
MouseWheelEvent
381
OOP
JCL: Event-listener interfaces
interface
«interface»
ActionListener
ActionListener
interface
«interface»
AdjustmentListener
AdjustmentListener
«interface»
interface
ComponentListener
ComponentListener
interface
«interface»
ContainerListener
ContainerListener
interface
«interface»
FocusListener
FocusListener
«interface»
interface «interface»
interface
EventListener
java.util.EventListener ItemListener
«interface»
interface
KeyListener
KeyListener
interface
«interface»
MouseListener
MouseListener
interface
«interface»
MouseMotionListener
MouseMotionListener
interface
«interface»
TextListener
TextListener
«interface»
interface
WindowListener
WindowListener
382
OOP
JCL: Text Components
383
OOP
JCL: Text Field (1)
JTextField
 Single-line area in which user can enter text
JPasswordField
 Extends JTextField
 Hides characters that user enters
384
OOP
JCL: JTextField (2)
1 // TextFieldTest.java
2 // Demonstrating the JTextField class.
6
7 public class TextFieldTest extends JFrame {
8 private JTextField textField1, textField2, textField3;
9 private JPasswordField passwordField;
10
11 // set up GUI
12 public TextFieldTest()
13 {
14 super( "Testing JTextField and JPasswordField" );
15
18
19 // construct textfield with default sizing
20 textField1 = new JTextField( 10 );
21 container.add( textField1 );
22
23 // construct textfield with default text
24 textField2 = new JTextField( "Enter text here" );
25 container.add( textField2 ); 385
OOP
JCL: JTextField (3)
28 // construct textfield with default text,
29 // 20 visible elements and no event handler
29 textField3 = new JTextField( "Uneditable text field", 20 );
30 textField3.setEditable( false );
31 container.add( textField3 );
32
33 // construct passwordfield with default text
34 passwordField = new JPasswordField( "Hidden text" );
35 container.add( passwordField );
36
37 // register event handlers
38 TextFieldHandler handler = new TextFieldHandler();
39 textField1.addActionListener( handler );
40 textField2.addActionListener( handler );
41 textField3.addActionListener( handler ); Register GUI components with
42 passwordField.addActionListener( handler ); TextFieldHandler (subtype
44 setSize( 325, 100 ); of ActionListener)
47 } // end constructor TextFieldTest
48
50 {
51 TextFieldTest application = new TextFieldTest();
53 } 386
OOP
JCL: JTextField (4)
55 // private inner class for event handling
56 private class TextFieldHandler implements ActionListener {
57
58 // process textfield events
60 {
61 String string = ""; Method actionPerformed
62 invoked when user presses
63 // user pressed Enter in JTextField textField1 Enter in GUI field
64 if ( event.getSource() == textField1 )
65 string = "textField1: " + event.getActionCommand();
66
67 // user pressed Enter in JTextField textField2
68 else if ( event.getSource() == textField2 )
70
71 // user pressed Enter in JTextField textField3
72 else if ( event.getSource() == textField3 )
74
75 // user pressed Enter in JTextField passwordField
76 else if ( event.getSource() == passwordField ) {
77 string = "passwordField: " +
78 new String( passwordField.getPassword() );
79 } 387
OOP
JCL: JTextField (5)
81 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, string );
82
84
85 } // end private inner class TextFieldHandler
86
87 } // end class TextFieldTest
388
OOP
JCL: Event registration for JTextField
 How did event handler get registered?
 Through component’s method addActionListener
 Lines 39-42 of TextFieldTest.java
 How does component know to call actionPerformed?
 Event is dispatched only to listeners of appropriate type
 Each event type has corresponding event-listener interface
• Event ID specifies event type that occurred
textField1 handler
listenerList public void actionPerformed(

JTextField TextFieldHandler
ActionEvent event )
object { object
// event handled here
}
public void actionPerformed(
listenerList ActionEvent event )
...
This reference is created by the statement

textField1.addActionListener( handler );
389
OOP
JCL: Buttons
 Component user clicks to trigger a specific action
 Command buttons
• JButton
• Generate ActionEvents when user clicks button
 State buttons
• On/Off or true/false values
• JToggleButton
• JCheckBox
• JRadioButton
JComponent
JComponent
AbstractButton
AbstractButton
JButton JToggleButton
JButton JToggleButton
JCheckBox JRadioButton
JCheckBox JRadioButton
390
OOP
JCL: JButton (1)
1 // ButtonTest.java
2 // Creating JButtons.
6
7 public class ButtonTest extends JFrame {
8 private JButton plainButton, fancyButton;
9
10 // set up GUI
11 public ButtonTest()
12 {
13 super( "Testing Buttons" );
14
19 // create buttons
20 plainButton = new JButton( "Plain Button" );
21 container.add( plainButton );
23 Icon bug1 = new ImageIcon( "bug1.gif" );
24 Icon bug2 = new ImageIcon( "bug2.gif" );
25 fancyButton = new JButton( "Fancy Button", bug1 );
26 fancyButton.setRolloverIcon( bug2 );
27 container.add( fancyButton ); 391
OOP
JCL: JButton (2)
28
29 // create an instance of inner class ButtonHandler
30 // to use for button event handling
31 ButtonHandler handler = new ButtonHandler();
32 fancyButton.addActionListener( handler );
33 plainButton.addActionListener( handler );
35 setSize( 275, 100 );
38 } // end ButtonTest constructor
39
41 {
42 ButtonTest application = new ButtonTest();
44 }
45
392
OOP
JCL: JButton (3)
46 // inner class for button event handling
47 private class ButtonHandler implements ActionListener {
48
49 // handle button event
When user clicks JButton,
50 public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent event ) ButtonHandler invokes
51 { method actionPerformed
52 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( ButtonTest.this, of all registered listeners
53 "You pressed: " + event.getActionCommand() );
54 }
55
56 } // end private inner class ButtonHandler
57
58 } // end class ButtonTest
393
OOP
JCL: JCheckBox (1)
1 // CheckBoxTest.java
2 // Creating JCheckBox buttons.
6
7 public class CheckBoxTest extends JFrame {
8 private JTextField field;
9 private JCheckBox bold, italic;
10
11 // set up GUI
12 public CheckBoxTest()
13 {
14 super( "JCheckBox Test" );
15
19
20 // set up JTextField and set its font
21 field = new JTextField( "Watch the font style change", 20 );
22 field.setFont( new Font( "Serif", Font.PLAIN, 14 ) );
23 container.add( field );
24
394
OOP
JCL: JCheckBox (2)
25 // create checkbox objects
26 bold = new JCheckBox( "Bold" );
27 container.add( bold );
28
29 italic = new JCheckBox( "Italic" );
30 container.add( italic );
31
32 // register listeners for JCheckBoxes
33 CheckBoxHandler handler = new CheckBoxHandler();
34 bold.addItemListener( handler );
35 italic.addItemListener( handler );
36
37 setSize( 275, 100 );
39
40 } // end CheckBoxText constructor
41
43 {
44 CheckBoxTest application = new CheckBoxTest();
46 }
47
395
OOP
JCL: JCheckBox (3)
48 // private inner class for ItemListener event handling
49 private class CheckBoxHandler implements ItemListener {
50 private int valBold = Font.PLAIN;
51 private int valItalic = Font.PLAIN; When user selects JCheckBox,
52 CheckBoxHandler invokes
53 // respond to checkbox events method itemStateChanged of
54 public void itemStateChanged( ItemEvent event ) all registered listeners
55 {
56 // process bold checkbox events
57 if ( event.getSource() == bold )
58 valBold = bold.isSelected() ? Font.BOLD : Font.PLAIN;
59
60 // process italic checkbox events
61 if ( event.getSource() == italic )
62 valItalic = italic.isSelected() ? Font.ITALIC : Font.PLAIN;
63
64 // set text field font
65 field.setFont( new Font( "Serif", valBold + valItalic, 14 ) );
66
67 } // end method itemStateChanged
Change JTextField font, depending
68 on which JCheckBox was selected
69 } // end private inner class CheckBoxHandler
70
71 } // end class CheckBoxTest
396
OOP
JCL: JCheckBox (4)
397
OOP
JCL: JRadioButton (1)
1 // RadioButtonTest.java
2 // Creating radio buttons using ButtonGroup and JRadioButton.
6
7 public class RadioButtonTest extends JFrame {
8 private JTextField field;
9 private Font plainFont, boldFont, italicFont, boldItalicFont;
10 private JRadioButton plainButton, boldButton, italicButton, boldItalicButton;
12 private ButtonGroup radioGroup;
13
14 // create GUI and fonts
15 public RadioButtonTest()
16 {
17 super( "RadioButton Test" );
18
22
23 // set up JTextField
24 field = new JTextField( "Watch the font style change", 25 );
25 container.add( field );
26 398
OOP
27 // create radio buttons
28 plainButton = new JRadioButton( "Plain", true );
29 container.add( plainButton );
31 boldButton = new JRadioButton( "Bold", false );
32 container.add( boldButton );
34 italicButton = new JRadioButton( "Italic", false );
35 container.add( italicButton );
37 boldItalicButton = new JRadioButton( "Bold/Italic", false );
38 container.add( boldItalicButton );
39
40 // create logical relationship between JRadioButtons
41 radioGroup = new ButtonGroup();
42 radioGroup.add( plainButton );
JRadioButtons belong
43 radioGroup.add( boldButton );
to ButtonGroup
44 radioGroup.add( italicButton );
45 radioGroup.add( boldItalicButton );
46
47 // create font objects
48 plainFont = new Font( "Serif", Font.PLAIN, 14 );
49 boldFont = new Font( "Serif", Font.BOLD, 14 );
50 italicFont = new Font( "Serif", Font.ITALIC, 14 );
51 boldItalicFont = new Font( "Serif", Font.BOLD + Font.ITALIC, 14 );
52 field.setFont( plainFont ); // set initial font
53
399
OOP
54 // register events for JRadioButtons
55 plainButton.addItemListener( new RadioButtonHandler( plainFont ) );
56 boldButton.addItemListener( new RadioButtonHandler( boldFont ) );
57 italicButton.addItemListener( new RadioButtonHandler( italicFont ) );
59 boldItalicButton.addItemListener( new RadioButtonHandler( boldItalicFont ) );
62 setSize( 300, 100 );
64
65 } // end RadioButtonTest constructor
66
68 {
69 RadioButtonTest application = new RadioButtonTest();
71 }
72
73 // private inner class to handle radio button events
74 private class RadioButtonHandler implements ItemListener {
75 private Font font;
76
77 public RadioButtonHandler( Font f )
78 {
79 font = f;
80 }
400
OOP
82 // handle radio button events
83 public void itemStateChanged( ItemEvent event )
84 {
85 field.setFont( font );
When user selects JRadioButton,
86 } RadioButtonHandler invokes
87 method itemStateChanged of
88 } // end private inner class RadioButtonHandler all registered listeners
89
90 } // end class RadioButtonTest
401
OOP
JCL: ComboBox (1)
JComboBox
 List of items from which user can select
 Also called a drop-down list
402
OOP
JCL: JComboBox (2)
1 // ComboBoxTest.java
2 // Using a JComboBox to select an image to display.
6
7 public class ComboBoxTest extends JFrame {
8 private JComboBox imagesComboBox;
9 private JLabel label;
10
11 private String names[] = {"bug1.gif","bug2.gif","travelbug.gif","buganim.gif"};
13 private Icon icons[] = { new ImageIcon( names[ 0 ] ),
14 new ImageIcon( names[ 1 ] ), new ImageIcon( names[ 2 ] ),
15 new ImageIcon( names[ 3 ] ) };
16
17 // set up GUI
18 public ComboBoxTest()
19 {
20 super( "Testing JComboBox" );
21
403
OOP
JCL: JComboBox (3)
26 // set up JComboBox and register its event handler
27 imagesComboBox = new JComboBox( names );
28 imagesComboBox.setMaximumRowCount( 3 );
29 imagesComboBox.addItemListener(
30
31 new ItemListener() { // anonymous inner class
32
33 // handle JComboBox event
34 public void itemStateChanged( ItemEvent event )
35 {
36 // determine whether check box selected
37 if ( event.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.SELECTED )
38 label.setIcon( icons[ imagesComboBox.getSelectedIndex() ] );
40 }
41
When user selects item in JComboBox,
43
ItemListener invokes method
44 ); // end call to addItemListener itemStateChanged of all registered listeners
45
46 container.add( imagesComboBox );
47
48 // set up JLabel to display ImageIcons
49 label = new JLabel( icons[ 0 ] );
50 container.add( label );
404
OOP
JCL: JComboBox (4)
52 setSize( 350, 100 );
54
55 } // end ComboBoxTest constructor
56
58 {
59 ComboBoxTest application = new ComboBoxTest();
61 }
62
63 } // end class ComboBoxTest
405
OOP
JCL: JList
Series of items
 Single-selection
• user can select one item
 Multiple-selection
• select many items
• allows continuous range selection
406
OOP
JCL: JList – single selection (1)
1 // ListTest.java
2 // Selecting colors from a JList.
5 import javax.swing.event.*;
6
7 public class ListTest extends JFrame {
8 private JList colorList;
9 private Container container;
10
11 private final String colorNames[] = { "Black", "Blue", "Cyan",
12 "Dark Gray", "Gray", "Green", "Light Gray", "Magenta",
13 "Orange", "Pink", "Red", "White", "Yellow" };
14
15 private final Color colors[] = { Color.black, Color.blue, Color.cyan,
16 Color.darkGray, Color.gray, Color.green, Color.lightGray,
17 Color.magenta, Color.orange, Color.pink, Color.red, Color.white,
18 Color.yellow };
19
20 // set up GUI
21 public ListTest()
22 {
23 super( "List Test" );
24
407
OOP
26 container = getContentPane();
28
29 // create a list with items in colorNames array
30 colorList = new JList( colorNames );
31 colorList.setVisibleRowCount( 5 );
32
33 // do not allow multiple selections
34 colorList.setSelectionMode( ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION );
35
36 // add a JScrollPane containing JList to content pane
37 container.add( new JScrollPane( colorList ) );
38 colorList.addListSelectionListener(
40 new ListSelectionListener() { // anonymous inner class
42 // handle list selection events
43 public void valueChanged( ListSelectionEvent event )
44 {
45 container.setBackground(
46 colors[ colorList.getSelectedIndex() ] );
47 }
When user selects item in JList,
ListSelectionListener invokes
50
method valueChanged of all registered
51 ); // end call to addListSelectionListener
listeners
408
OOP
52
53 setSize( 350, 150 );
55
56 } // end ListTest constructor
57
59 {
60 ListTest application = new ListTest();
62 }
63
64 } // end class ListTest
409
OOP
JCL: JList – multiple selection (1)
1 // MultipleSelectionTest.java
2 // Copying items from one List to another.
6
7 public class MultipleSelectionTest extends JFrame {
8 private JList colorList, copyList;
9 private JButton copyButton;
10 private final String colorNames[] = { "Black", "Blue", "Cyan",
11 "Dark Gray", "Gray", "Green", "Light Gray", "Magenta", "Orange",
12 "Pink", "Red", "White", "Yellow" };
13
14 // set up GUI
15 public MultipleSelectionTest()
16 {
17 super( "Multiple Selection Lists" );
18
22
410
OOP
23 // set up JList colorList
24 colorList = new JList( colorNames );
25 colorList.setVisibleRowCount( 5 );
26 colorList.setSelectionMode( ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION );
28 container.add( new JScrollPane( colorList ) );
29
30 // create copy button and register its listener
31 copyButton = new JButton( "Copy >>>" );
32 copyButton.addActionListener(
33
34 new ActionListener() { // anonymous inner class
35
36 // handle button event
38 {
39 // place selected values in copyList
40 copyList.setListData( colorList.getSelectedValues() );
41 }
42
When user presses JButton, JList
copyList adds items that user
44
selected from JList colorList
46
47 container.add( copyButton );
411
OOP
49 // set up JList copyList
50 copyList = new JList( );
51 copyList.setVisibleRowCount( 5 );
52 copyList.setFixedCellWidth( 100 );
53 copyList.setFixedCellHeight( 15 );
54 copyList.setSelectionMode( ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION );
56 container.add( new JScrollPane( copyList ) );
57
58 setSize( 300, 130 );
61 } // end constructor MultipleSelectionTest
62
64 {
65 MultipleSelectionTest application = new MultipleSelectionTest();
67 }
68
69 } // end class MultipleSelectionTest
412
OOP
JCL: Mouse Event Handling (1)
MouseListener and MouseMotionListener interface methods
Methods of interface MouseListener
public void mousePressed( MouseEvent event )

Called when a mouse button is pressed while the mouse cursor is on a component.
public void mouseClicked( MouseEvent event )
Called when a mouse button is pressed and released while the mouse cursor remains
stationary on a component.
public void mouseReleased( MouseEvent event )
Called when a mouse button is released after being pressed. This event is always
preceded by a mousePressed event.
public void mouseEntered( MouseEvent event )
Called when the mouse cursor enters the bounds of a component.
public void mouseExited( MouseEvent event )
Called when the mouse cursor leaves the bounds of a component.
Methods of interface MouseMotionListener
public void mouseDragged( MouseEvent event )
Called when the mouse button is pressed while the mouse cursor is on a component
and the mouse is moved while the mouse button remains pressed. This event is always
preceded by a call to mousePressed. All drag events are sent to the component on
which the drag began.
public void mouseMoved( MouseEvent event )
Called when the mouse is moved when the mouse cursor on a component. All move
events are sent to the component over which the mouse is currently positioned.
413
OOP
1 // MouseTracker.java
2 // Demonstrating mouse events.
6
7 public class MouseTracker extends JFrame
8 implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener {
9
10 private JLabel statusBar;
11
12 // set up GUI and register mouse event handlers
13 public MouseTracker()
14 {
15 super( "Demonstrating Mouse Events" );
16
17 statusBar = new JLabel();
18 getContentPane().add( statusBar, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
19
20 addMouseListener( this ); // listens for own mouse and
21 addMouseMotionListener( this ); // mouse-motion events
22
23 setSize( 275, 100 );
25 } 414
OOP
27 // MouseListener event handlers
28 // handle event when mouse released immediately after press
29 public void mouseClicked( MouseEvent event )
30 {
31 statusBar.setText( "Clicked at [" + event.getX() +
32 ", " + event.getY() + "]" );
33 }
34
35 // handle event when mouse pressed
36 public void mousePressed( MouseEvent event )
37 {
38 statusBar.setText( "Pressed at [" + event.getX() +
39 ", " + event.getY() + "]" );
40 }
41
42 // handle event when mouse released after dragging
43 public void mouseReleased( MouseEvent event )
44 {
45 statusBar.setText( "Released at [" + event.getX() +
46 ", " + event.getY() + "]" );
47 }
48
49 // handle event when mouse enters area
50 public void mouseEntered( MouseEvent event )
51 { 415
OOP
52 statusBar.setText( "Mouse entered at [" + event.getX() +
53 ", " + event.getY() + "]" );
54 getContentPane().setBackground( Color.GREEN );
55 }
56
57 // handle event when mouse exits area
58 public void mouseExited( MouseEvent event )
59 {
60 statusBar.setText( "Mouse outside window" );
61 getContentPane().setBackground( Color.WHITE );
62 }
63
64 // MouseMotionListener event handlers
65 // handle event when user drags mouse with button pressed
66 public void mouseDragged( MouseEvent event )
67 {
68 statusBar.setText( "Dragged at ["+ event.getX() + "," + event.getY() + "]" );
70 }
71
72 // handle event when user moves mouse
73 public void mouseMoved( MouseEvent event )
74 {
75 statusBar.setText( "Moved at [" + event.getX() + ", " + event.getY() + "]" );
77 }
416
OOP
80 {
81 MouseTracker application = new MouseTracker();
83 }
84
85 } // end class MouseTracker
417
OOP
 Context
 A class can benefit from different variants for an algorithm
 Clients sometimes want to replace standard algorithms with
custom versions
 Solution
 Define an interface type that is an abstraction for the
algorithm
 Actual strategy classes realize this interface type.
 Clients can supply strategy objects
 Whenever the algorithm needs to be executed, the context
class calls the appropriate methods of the strategy object
418
OOP
419
OOP
OOA/D: A Strategy Pattern Example
Name in Design Pattern Actual Name (layout management)

Context Container
Strategy LayoutManager
ConcreteStrategy a layout manager such as BorderLayout
doWork() a method such as layoutContainer
420
OOP
JCL: Layout managers (1)
 Provided for arranging GUI components
 Provide basic layout capabilities
 Processes layout details
 Programmer can concentrate on basic “look and feel”
 Interface LayoutManager
Layout manager Description
FlowLayout Default for java.awt.Applet, java.awt.Panel and
javax.swing.JPanel . Places components sequentially (left to right)
in the order they were added. It is also possible to specify the order of
the components by using the Container method add, which takes a
Component and an integer index position as arguments.
BorderLayout D efault for the content panes of JFrame s (and other windows) and
JApplets. Arranges the components into five areas: NORTH , SOUTH,
EAST, WEST and CENTER.
GridLayout Arranges the components into rows and columns.

Components are added starting at top-left cell.
Proceed left-to-right until row is full.
421
OOP
JCL: Layout managers (2)
422
OOP
JCL: GridLayout (1)
1 // GridLayoutDemo.java Demonstrating GridLayout.
6
7 public class GridLayoutDemo extends JFrame implements ActionListener {
8 private JButton buttons[];
9 private final String names[] =
10 { "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six" };
11 private boolean toggle = true;
12 private Container container;
13 private GridLayout grid1, grid2;
14
15 // set up GUI
16 public GridLayoutDemo()
17 {
18 super( "GridLayout Demo" ); Create GridLayout grid1
19 with 2 rows and 3 columns
20 // set up layouts hgap = 5 vgap = 5
21 grid1 = new GridLayout( 2, 3, 5, 5 );
22 grid2 = new GridLayout( 3, 2 ); Create GridLayout grid2
23 with 3 rows and 2 columns
25 container = getContentPane();
26 container.setLayout( grid1 ); 423
OOP
JCL: GridLayout (2)
28 // create and add buttons
29 buttons = new JButton[ names.length ];
30
31 for ( int count = 0; count < names.length; count++ ) {
32 buttons[ count ] = new JButton( names[ count ] );
33 buttons[ count ].addActionListener( this );
34 container.add( buttons[ count ] );
35 }
36
37 setSize( 300, 150 );
39
40 } // end constructor GridLayoutDemo
41
42 // handle button events by toggling between layouts
44 {
45 if ( toggle ) Toggle current
46 container.setLayout( grid2 ); GridLayout when
47 else user presses JButton
48 container.setLayout( grid1 );
49
50 toggle = !toggle; // set toggle to opposite value
51 container.validate();
52 } 424
OOP
JCL: GridLayout (3)
53
55 {
56 GridLayoutDemo application = new GridLayoutDemo();
58 }
59
60 } // end class GridLayoutDemo
425
OOP
JCL: JPanel (1)
Panel
 Helps organize components
 Class JPanel is JComponent subclass
 May have components (and other panels) added to
them
 By default, panels don't paint anything except for
their background
426
OOP
JCL: JPanel (2)
1 // PanelDemo.java
2 // Using a JPanel to help lay out components.
6
7 public class PanelDemo extends JFrame {
8 private JPanel buttonPanel;
9 private JButton buttons[];
10
11 // set up GUI
12 public PanelDemo()
13 {
14 super( "Panel Demo" );
15
16 // get content pane
18
19 // create buttons array
20 buttons = new JButton[ 5 ];
21
22 // set up panel and set its layout
Create JPanel to hold JButtons
23 buttonPanel = new JPanel();
24 buttonPanel.setLayout( new GridLayout( 1, buttons.length ) );
427
OOP
JCL: JPanel (3)
26 // create and add buttons
27 for ( int count = 0; count < buttons.length; count++ ) {
28 buttons[ count ] = new JButton( "Button " + ( count + 1 ) );
29 buttonPanel.add( buttons[ count ] );
30 } Add JButtons to JPanel
31
32 container.add( buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
33
34 setSize( 425, 150 );
35 setVisible( true ); Add JPanel to SOUTH
36 region of Container
37 } // end constructor PanelDemo
38
40 {
41 PanelDemo application = new PanelDemo();
43 }
44
45 } // end class PanelDemo
428
OOP
JCL: JTextArea (1)
JTextArea
 can display and edit multiple lines of text
 all of the text is in the same font
429
OOP
JCL: JTextArea (2)
1 // TextAreaDemo.java
2 // Copying selected text from one textarea to another.
6
7 public class TextAreaDemo extends JFrame {
8 private JTextArea textArea1, textArea2;
9 private JButton copyButton;
10
11 // set up GUI
12 public TextAreaDemo() Create Box container for
13 { organizing GUI components
14 super( "TextArea Demo" );
15
16 Box box = Box.createHorizontalBox();
17
18 String string = "This is a demo string to\n" +
19 "illustrate copying text\nfrom one textarea to \n" +
20 "another textarea using an\nexternal event\n";
21
22 // set up textArea1
23 textArea1 = new JTextArea( string, 10, 15 ); Populate JTextArea with
24 box.add( new JScrollPane( textArea1 ) ); String, then add to Box
430
OOP
JCL: JTextArea (3)
26 // set up copyButton
27 copyButton = new JButton( "Copy >>>" );
28 box.add( copyButton );
29 copyButton.addActionListener(
30
31 new ActionListener() { // anonymous inner class
32
33 // set text in textArea2 to selected text from textArea1
35 {
36 textArea2.setText( textArea1.getSelectedText() );
37 }
38 When user presses JButton,
39 } // end anonymous inner class textArea1’s highlighted text
40 is copied into textArea2
42
43 // set up textArea2
44 textArea2 = new JTextArea( 10, 15 );
45 textArea2.setEditable( false );
46 box.add( new JScrollPane( textArea2 ) );
47
48 // add box to content pane
50 container.add( box ); // place in BorderLayout.CENTER 431
OOP
JCL: JTextArea (4)
52 setSize( 425, 200 );
54
55 } // end constructor TextAreaDemo
56
58 {
59 TextAreaDemo application = new TextAreaDemo();
61 }
62
63 } // end class TextAreaDemo
432
OOP
JCL: Applets
 Program that runs in

 appletviewer (test utility for applets)
 Web browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, …)
 Executes when an HTML (HyperText Markup Language) document
containing applet is opened and downloaded
 Java multimedia capabilities
 javax.swing.ImageIcon
• Can represent several image file formats
• e.g., GIF, JPEG and PNG
 Playing audio clips
 Supports several audio file formats
• Sun Audio (.au)
• Windows Wave (.wav)
• Macintosh AIFF (.aif or .aiff)
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) (.mid)
433
OOP
JCL: What Applets Can Do
 Applets have capabilities that applications don't have

 Applets can play sounds
 Applets can usually make network connections to the host
they came from
 Applets running within a Web browser can easily cause
HTML documents to be displayed
 Applets can invoke public methods of other applets on the
same page
 Applets that are loaded from the local file system (from a
directory in the user's CLASSPATH) have none of the
restrictions that applets loaded over the network do
 Although most applets stop running once you leave their
page, they don't have to
434
OOP
JCL: What Applets Can’t Do
 Current browsers impose the following restrictions on

any applet that is loaded over the network:
 An applet cannot load libraries or define native methods.
 It cannot ordinarily read or write files on the host that's
executing it.
 It cannot make network connections except to the host that it
came from.
 It cannot start any program on the host that's executing it.
 It cannot read certain system properties.
 Windows that an applet brings up look different than
windows that an application brings up.
435
OOP
JCL: Overriding Applet Methods
 public void init() { . . . }
 To initialize the applet each time it is loaded (or reloaded)
 public void start() { . . . }
 To start the applet's execution, such as when the applet is loaded or when
the user revisits a page that contains the applet
 public void stop() { . . . }
 To stop the applet's execution, such as when the user leaves the applet's
page or quits the browser
 public void destroy() { . . . }
 To perform a final cleanup in preparation for unloading
 public void paint(Graphics g) { . . . }
 To display the applet on the screen
 Method update(g) is conveniently used to call paint(g)
436
OOP
JCL: JApplet (1)
Any applet that contains Swing components

must be implemented with a subclass of
JApplet
Like any top-level container, a JApplet has a
single content pane
The default layout manager for a Swing applet's
content pane is BorderLayout
437
OOP
JCL: JApplet (2)
1 // WelcomeLines.java
2 // Displaying text and lines
3
4 // Java packages
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
7
8 public class WelcomeLines extends JApplet {
9
10 // draw lines and a string on applet’s background
11 public void paint( Graphics g )
12 {
13 // call superclass version of method paint
14 super.paint( g );
15
16 // draw horizontal line from (15, 10) to (210, 10)
17 g.drawLine( 15, 10, 210, 10 );
18
19 // draw horizontal line from (15, 30) to (210, 30)
20 g.drawLine( 15, 30, 210, 30 );
21
22 // draw String between lines at location (25, 25)
23 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
25 } // end method paint
27 } // end class WelcomeLines 438
OOP
JCL: JApplet (3)
1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>
439
OOP
JCL: JApplet (4)
1 // LoadImage.java
2 // Load an image and display it as an ImageIcon.
3 import java.applet.Applet;
6
7 public class LoadImage extends JApplet {
8 private ImageIcon logo;
9
10 // load image when applet is loaded
11 public void init()
12 {
13 logo = new ImageIcon( "logo.gif" );
14 }
15
16 // display image
18 {
19 // draw icon using its paintIcon method
20 logo.paintIcon( this, g, 180, 0 );
21 }
22
23 } // end class LoadImage
440
OOP
JCL: JApplet (5)
1 // ImageMap.java
2 // Demonstrating an image map.
6
7 public class ImageMap extends JApplet {
8 private ImageIcon mapImage;
10 private static final String captions[] = { "Common Programming Error",
11 "Good Programming Practice", "Graphical User Interface Tip",
12 "Performance Tip", "Portability Tip",
13 "Software Engineering Observation", "Error-Prevention Tip" };
14
15 // set up mouse listeners
17 {
18 addMouseListener(
20 new MouseAdapter() { // anonymous inner class
22 // indicate when mouse pointer exits applet area
23 public void mouseExited( MouseEvent event )
24 {
25 showStatus( "Pointer outside applet" );
26 }
30 ); // end call to addMouseListener 441
OOP
JCL: JApplet (6)
32 addMouseMotionListener(
33
34 new MouseMotionAdapter() { // anonymous inner class
35
36 // determine icon over which mouse appears
37 public void mouseMoved( MouseEvent event )
38 {
39 showStatus( translateLocation(
40 event.getX(), event.getY() ) );
41 }
42
44
45 ); // end call to addMouseMotionListener
46
47 mapImage = new ImageIcon( "icons.png" ); // get image
48
49 } // end method init
50
51 // display mapImage
53 {
54 super.paint( g );
55 mapImage.paintIcon( this, g, 0, 0 );
56 } 442
OOP
JCL: JApplet (7)
58 // return tip caption based on mouse coordinates
59 public String translateLocation( int x, int y )
60 {
61 // if coordinates outside image, return immediately
62 if ( x >= mapImage.getIconWidth() || y >= mapImage.getIconHeight() )
63 return "";
64
65 // determine icon number (0 - 6)
66 int iconWidth = mapImage.getIconWidth() / 7;
67 int iconNumber = x / iconWidth;
68
69 return captions[ iconNumber ]; // return appropriate icon caption
70 }
71
72 } // end class ImageMap
443
OOP
JCL: JApplet (8)
444
OOP
JCL: JApplet (9)
1 // LoadAudioAndPlay.java
2 // Load an audio clip and play it.
3
4 import java.applet.*;
8
9 public class LoadAudioAndPlay extends JApplet {
10 private AudioClip sound1, sound2, currentSound;
11 private JButton playSound, loopSound, stopSound;
12 private JComboBox chooseSound;
13
14 // load the image when the applet begins executing
16 {
19
20 String choices[] = { "Welcome", "Hi" };
21 chooseSound = new JComboBox( choices );
22
23 chooseSound.addItemListener(
24
25 new ItemListener() { // anonymous inner class 445
OOP
JCL: JApplet (10)
27 // stop sound and change to sound to user's selection
28 public void itemStateChanged( ItemEvent e )
29 {
30 currentSound.stop();
31
32 currentSound =
33 chooseSound.getSelectedIndex() == 0 ? sound1 : sound2;
34 }
35
37
38 ); // end addItemListener method call
39
40 container.add( chooseSound );
41
42 // set up button event handler and buttons
43 ButtonHandler handler = new ButtonHandler();
44
45 playSound = new JButton( "Play" );
46 playSound.addActionListener( handler );
47 container.add( playSound );
48
49 loopSound = new JButton( "Loop" );
50 loopSound.addActionListener( handler );
51 container.add( loopSound ); 446
OOP
JCL: JApplet (11)
52
53 stopSound = new JButton( "Stop" );
54 stopSound.addActionListener( handler );
55 container.add( stopSound );
56
57 // load sounds and set currentSound
58 sound1 = getAudioClip( getDocumentBase(), "welcome.wav" );
59 sound2 = getAudioClip( getDocumentBase(), "hi.au" );
60 currentSound = sound1;
61
62 } // end method init
63
64 // stop the sound when the user switches Web pages
65 public void stop()
66 {
68 }
69
70 // private inner class to handle button events
71 private class ButtonHandler implements ActionListener {
72
447
OOP
JCL: JApplet (12)
73 // process play, loop and stop button events
74 public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent actionEvent )
75 {
76 if ( actionEvent.getSource() == playSound )
77 currentSound.play();
78
79 else if ( actionEvent.getSource() == loopSound )
80 currentSound.loop();
81
82 else if ( actionEvent.getSource() == stopSound )
84 }
85
86 } // end class ButtonHandler
87
88 } // end class LoadAudioAndPlay
448
OOP
JCL: Reflection API (1)
 Represents (reflects) the classes, interfaces, and objects in the
current Java Virtual Machine
 Used for writing development tools such as debuggers, class
browsers, and GUI builders
 Determine the class of an object.
 Get information about a class's modifiers, fields, methods, constructors,
and superclasses.
 Find out what constants and method declarations belong to an interface.
 Create an instance of a class whose name is not known until runtime.
 Get and set the value of an object's field, even if the field name is
unknown to your program until runtime.
 Invoke a method on an object, even if the method is not known until
runtime.
 Create a new array, whose size and component type are not known until
runtime, and then modify the array's components.
449
OOP
JCL: Reflection API (2)
Class Description
Array Provides static methods to dynamically create and access arrays.
Class Represents, or reflects, classes and interfaces.
Constructor Provides information about, and access to, a constructor for a class.
Allows you to instantiate a class dynamically.
Field Provides information about, and dynamic access to, a field of a class
or an interface.
Method Provides information about, and access to, a single method on a class
or interface. Allows you to invoke the method dynamically.
Modifier Provides static methods and constants that allow you to get
information about the access modifiers of a class and its members.
Object Provides the getClass method.

450
OOP
JCL: Class Class – Methods
static Class forName (String className) Returns the Class object associated with the class or interface with
the given string name.
Constructor getConstructor (Class[ ] parameterTypes) Returns a Constructor object that reflects the specified public
constructor of the class represented by this Class object.
Field getField (String name) Returns a Field object that reflects the specified public member field
of the class or interface represented by this Class object.
Class[ ] getInterfaces () Determines the interfaces implemented by the class or interface
represented by this object.
Method getMethod (String name, Class[ ] parameterTypes) Returns a Method object that reflects the specified public member
method of the class or interface represented by this Class object.
int getModifiers () Returns the Java language modifiers for this class or interface,
encoded in an integer.
String getName () Returns the name of the entity (class, interface, array class, primitive
type, or void) represented by this Class object, as a String.
URL getResource (String name) Finds a resource with a given name.
Class getSuperclass () Returns the Class representing the superclass of the entity (class,
interface, primitive type or void) represented by this Class.
boolean isInstance (Object obj) Determines if the specified Object is assignment-compatible with
the object represented by this Class.
boolean isInterface () Determines if the specified Class object represents an interface type.
Object newInstance () Creates a new instance of the class represented by this Class object.
The class is instantiated as if by a new expression with an empty
argument list.
451
OOP
JCL: Reflection – retrieving Class objects
 If an instance of the class is available
 invoke the Object.getClass method
Class c = mystery.getClass();
 To retrieve the Class object for the superclass that another
Class object reflects
 invoke the getSuperclass method
JTextField t = new JTextField();
Class c = t.getClass();
Class s = c.getSuperclass();
 If the class name is known at compile time
 append .class to its name
Class c = java.awt.JButton.class;
 If the class name is unknown at compile time, but available
at runtime
 use the forName method
Class c = Class.forName("java.awt.JButton");
452
OOP
JCL: Reflection – examining classes
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SampleName {

{
JButton b = new JButton();
printName( b );
}
static void printName( Object o )

{
Class c = o.getClass();
Class s = c.getSuperclass();
String str = c.getName();
System.out.println( str );
javax.swing.JButton
while (s != null) {
str = s.getName(); javax.swing.AbstractButton
System.out.println( str );
javax.swing.JComponent
c = s;
s = c.getSuperclass(); java.awt.Container
} java.awt.Component
}
java.lang.Object
}
453
OOP
JCL: Reflection – discovering class modifiers
import java.awt.*;
public class SampleModifier {

String s = new String();
printModifiers(s);
}
public static void printModifiers(Object o) {

int m = c.getModifiers();
if (Modifier.isPublic(m)) System.out.println( "public" );
if (Modifier.isAbstract(m)) System.out.println( "abstract" );
if (Modifier.isFinal(m)) System.out.println( "final" );
}
} public
final
454
OOP
JCL: Field Class – Methods
Object get(Object obj) Returns the value of the field represented by this Field, on the
specified object.
Class getDeclaringClass() Returns the Class object representing the class or interface that
declares the field represented by this Field object.
int getModifiers() Returns the Java language modifiers for the field represented by
this Field object, as an integer.
String getName() Returns the name of the field represented by this Field object.
Class getType() Returns a Class object that identifies the declared type for the
field represented by this Field object.
void set(Object obj, Object value) Sets the field represented by this Field object on the specified
object argument to the specified new value.
455
OOP
JCL: Reflection – identifying class fields
import java.awt.*;
public class SampleField {

GridBagConstraints g = new GridBagConstraints();
printFieldNames(g);
}
static void printFieldNames(Object o) {

Field[] publicFields = c.getFields();
Name: RELATIVE, Type: int
for (int i = 0; i < publicFields.length; i++) {
Name: REMAINDER, Type: int
String fieldName = publicFields[i].getName();
Name: NONE, Type: int
Class typeClass = publicFields[i].getType();
Name: BOTH, Type: int
String fieldType = typeClass.getName();
Name: HORIZONTAL, Type: int
System.out.println( "Name: " + fieldName +
Name: VERTICAL, Type: int
", Type: " + fieldType);
.
}
.
}
.
}
456
OOP
JCL: Constructor Class – Methods
Class getDeclaringClass() Returns the Class object representing the class that
declares the constructor represented by this Constructor
object.
Class[ ] getExceptionTypes() Returns an array of Class objects that represent the types
of of exceptions declared to be thrown by the underlying
constructor represented by this Constructor object.
int getModifiers() Returns the Java language modifiers for the constructor
represented by this Constructor object, as an integer.
String getName() Returns the name of this constructor, as a String.
Class[ ] getParameterTypes() Returns an array of Class objects that represent the
formal parameter types, in declaration order, of the
constructor represented by this Constructor object.
Object newInstance (Object[ ] initargs) Uses the constructor represented by this Constructor
object to create and initialize a new instance of the
constructor's declaring class, with the specified
initialization parameters.
457
OOP
JCL: Reflection – discovering class constructors
import java.awt.*;
( )
public class SampleConstructor { ( int int )

( int int int int )
( java.awt.Dimension )
Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
( java.awt.Point )
showConstructors(r);
} ( java.awt.Point java.awt.Dimension )
( java.awt.Rectangle )
static void showConstructors(Object o) {
Constructor[] theConstructors = c.getConstructors();
for (int i = 0; i < theConstructors.length; i++) {
System.out.print( "( " );
Class[] parameterTypes = theConstructors[i].getParameterTypes();
for (int k = 0; k < parameterTypes.length; k ++) {
String parameterString = parameterTypes[k].getName();
System.out.print(parameterString + " " );
}
System.out.println( ")" );
}
}
}
458
OOP
JCL: Method Class – Methods
Class getDeclaringClass() Returns the Class object representing the class or

interface that declares the method represented by this
Method object.
Class[ ] getExceptionTypes() Returns an array of Class objects that represent the
types of the exceptions declared to be thrown by the
underlying method represented by this Method object.
int getModifiers() Returns the Java language modifiers for the method
represented by this Method object, as an integer.
String getName() Returns the name of the method represented by this
Method object, as a String.
Class[ ] getParameterTypes() Returns an array of Class objects that represent the
formal parameter types, in declaration order, of the
method represented by this Method object.
Class getReturnType() Returns a Class object that represents the formal
return type of the method represented by this Method
object.
Object invoke(Object obj, Object[ ] args) Invokes the underlying method represented by this
Method object, on the specified object with the
specified parameters.
459
OOP
JCL: Reflection – obtaining method information
import java.lang.reflect.*; Name: intersects
import java.awt.*; Return Type: boolean
public class SampleMethod { Parameter Types: double double double double
public static void main(String[] args) { Name: intersects
Return Type: boolean
Polygon p = new Polygon();
Parameter Types: java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D
showMethods(p); Name: translate
} Return Type: void
static void showMethods(Object o) { Parameter Types: int int.
Class c = o.getClass(); .
.
Method[] theMethods = c.getMethods();
for (int i = 0; i < theMethods.length; i++) {
String methodString = theMethods[i].getName();
System.out.println( "Name: " + methodString);
String returnString = theMethods[i].getReturnType().getName();
System.out.println( " Return Type: " + returnString);
Class[] parameterTypes = theMethods[i].getParameterTypes();
System.out.print( " Parameter Types: " );
for (int k = 0; k < parameterTypes.length; k ++) {
String parameterString = parameterTypes[k].getName();
System.out.print( " " + parameterString);
}
}
}
} 460
OOP
JCL: Reflection – creating objects
 Using no-argument constructors

 invoke the newInstance method on a Class object
 the newInstance method throws:
• InstantiationException if the class does not have a no-argument constructor
• IllegalAccessException if the class or its no-argument constructor is not accessible
 Using constructors that have arguments

 invoke the newInstance method on a Constructor object
• Create a Class object for the object you want to create.
• Create a Constructor object by invoking getConstructor on the Class
object.
• Create the object by invoking newInstance on the Constructor object.
• Object newInstance (Object[] initargs)
Uses the constructor represented by this Constructor object to create and
initialize a new instance of the constructor's declaring class, with the specified
initialization parameters.
461
OOP
JCL: Reflection – creating objects (no-arg constructors)
import java.awt.*;
public class SampleNoArg {

throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException
{
Rectangle r = ( Rectangle ) createObject( "java.awt.Rectangle" );
System.out.println( r );
java.awt.Rectangle[x=0,y=0,width=0,height=0]
}
static Object createObject( String className )
throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException
{
Object object = null;
Class classDefinition = Class.forName( className );
object = classDefinition.newInstance();
return object;
}
} 462
OOP
JCL: Reflection – creating objects (arg constructors)
import java.awt.*;
public class SampleConstructor {

throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, InstantiationException,
IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
{
Class[] intArgsClass = new Class[] { int.class, int.class };
Integer height = new Integer( 12 );
Integer width = new Integer( 34 );
Object[] intArgs = new Object[] { width, height };
Class rectangleDefinition = Class.forName( "java.awt.Rectangle" );
Constructor intArgsConstructor = rectangleDefinition.getConstructor( intArgsClass );
Rectangle rectangle = ( Rectangle ) createObject( intArgsConstructor, intArgs );
}
463
OOP
JCL: Reflection – creating objects (arg constructors)
static Object createObject( Constructor constructor, Object[] arguments )

throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException,
IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
{
Object object = constructor.newInstance( arguments );
System.out.println( "Constructor: " + constructor + "\nObject: " + object );
return object;
}
}
Constructor: public java.awt.Rectangle(int,int)
Object: java.awt.Rectangle[x=0,y=0,width=34,height=12]
464
OOP
JCL: Reflection – getting field values
import java.awt.*;
public class SampleGet {

Rectangle r = new Rectangle(100, 325);
printHeight(r);
static void printHeight(Rectangle r) {

Field heightField;
Integer heightValue;
Class c = r.getClass();
try {
heightField = c.getField( "height" );
heightValue = (Integer) heightField.get(r);
System.out.println( "Height: " + heightValue); Height: 325
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
System.out.println(e);
} catch (SecurityException e) {
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
}
}
}
465
OOP
JCL: Reflection – setting field values
import java.awt.*;
public class SampleSet {

Rectangle r = new Rectangle(100, 20);
System.out.println( "original: " + r);
modifyWidth(r, new Integer(300));
System.out.println( "modified: " + r);
}
static void modifyWidth(Rectangle r, Integer widthParam ) {

Field widthField;
Integer widthValue; original: java.awt.Rectangle[x=0,y=0,width=100,height=20]
Class c = r.getClass(); modified: java.awt.Rectangle[x=0,y=0,width=300,height=20]
try {
widthField = c.getField( "width" );
widthField.set(r, widthParam);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
}
}
} 466
OOP
JCL: Reflection – invoking methods (1)
 Create a Method object by invoking getMethod on the

Class object.
 Invoke the method by calling invoke on the Method
object.
 Object invoke (Object obj, Object[ ] args)
Invokes the underlying method represented by this Method object, on the
specified object with the specified parameters.
467
OOP
JCL: Reflection – invoking methods (2)
public class SampleInvoke {
throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException
{
String firstWord = "Hello ";
String secondWord = "everybody.";
String bothWords = append( firstWord, secondWord );
System.out.println( bothWords );
} Hello everybody.
public static String append( String firstWord, String secondWord )
throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException
{
Class c = String.class;
Class[] parameterTypes = new Class[] { String.class };
Object[] arguments = new Object[] { secondWord } ;
Method concatMethod = c.getMethod( "concat", parameterTypes );
return ( String ) concatMethod.invoke( firstWord, arguments );
}
} 468

Oop

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OOP

Object Oriented Programming

Unified Modeling Language

Meta-Object Facility XML Meta-Data Interchange

Common Warehouse Meta-model

http://staff.polito.it/silvano.rivoira silvano.rivoira@polito.it 011 0907056 1

 Programming in the small

 Programming in the large

to keep away from security

Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica - Politecnico di Torino Silvano Rivoira, 2004

SalesPerson SalesPerson SalesPerson

 All the objects instantiated from a same class

 object A can request one of the services (methods)

 A class can have one or more subclasses

 When a method is supplied by more classes, it can produce

any implementation of Java VM can execute

 Java Application Programming Interface (Java API)

/** The HelloWorldApp class implements an application that

• Fields (instance variables)

 Define the access level of a Class and those of its Fields,

Constructors and Methods omitted

 Each instance of a class (object) contains its own

 the constructors of a class have the same name of the class

 methods can get and/or set the object state 28

 methods and constructors may declare local variables

// Return the current value.

 the operation new ClassName (parameter-list) creates an object

the name of a class defines a data type

Internal method call

 an Array can contain both objects and primitive-type

high coupling - low cohesion low coupling - high cohesion

System.out.println("You are " + currentRoom.getDescription());

public String description;

private String description;

private void printHelp()

private static final String validCommands[] = {

 a change in the set of commands would affect the class Game

public void showAll()

 Each class should represent a single entity

 the classes CD and Video

public class Item {

{ private String artist;

private String title; private int numberOfTracks;

private int playingTime; . . .

private boolean gotIt; }

private String comment; public class Video extends Item

variables comment = "";

public class CD extends Item

The type defined by a subclass is a subtype of

Item i1 = new Item();

public class Video extends Item

method calls have a polymorphic behavior:

 it is possible to return a customized string representation

 the method System.out.println(item)

public class Video extends Item

Item i1 = new Item();

public class Fox extends Animal

50 // override abstract method getName to return "Circle"

Four types of employees, paid weekly

SalariedEmployee CommissionEmployee HourlyEmployee

47 // return social security number

28 // calculate base-salaried commission employee's earnings;

52 // get type name of each object in employees array

 a class could inherit elements from more superclasses