Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
Present the evolution of Swiss Standards regarding
Durability, from prescriptive to performance (P2P)
Discuss in some detail the main Milestones of the
process, focusing on steel corrosion
Present foreseeable consequences of the new
approach for Concrete Construction
SN EN 206-1:00
"Concrete: Specification,
performance,
production and conformity"
Raw Materials
Exposure Classes
Production/Delivery
Requirements
Conformity Control
ASTM
C94
SN 505 262/1:03
ASTM
C.
3
Swiss Std.
(US equiv.)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C1585)
(AASHTO TP64)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ACI 318)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C??)
Swiss Standards
C2
2000
Year
XC1
XC2
XC3
XC4
XD1
XD2a
XD2b
StrengthCyl
Classmin
25
25
25
30
25
25
30
30
Cmin (kg/m)
280
280
280
300
300
300
320
320
w/cmax
0.65
0.65
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.45
XD3
kO (10-16 m)
10
0.1
OPC
Blended
0.01
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
w/c ratio
kO: RILEM-Cembureau test
7
Year 2000
Purely prescriptive specification of mix design
DESIGN
PRACTICE
Specification Concrete
of
Production +
w/cmax
Delivery
Covercrete
Quality = K-1
K = Penetrability
Execution:
Placing
Compaction
Finishing
Curing
CONTROL
w/c ???
Visual
Inspection
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
w/c ratio
Swiss Std.
(US equiv.)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C1585)
(AASHTO TP64)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ACI 318)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C??)
Swiss Standards
Concrete
Core
(50x50 mm)
13
k = mt / (A . t)
14
Very
good
Good
Fair
Fair
Bad
Similar to
AASHTO TP 64
30-40 V
3% NaCl+
0.2M KOH
0.2M KOH
Concrete core
(50x50 mm)
anode
Cl-
cathode
16
xd
17
with
18
Swiss Std.
(US equiv.)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C1585)
(AASHTO TP64)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ACI 318)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C??)
Swiss Standards
2008
2000
Year
XC1
XC2
XC3
XC4
XD1
Strength
Classmin
25/
30
25/
30
25/
30
30/
37
25/
30
Cmin (kg/m)
280
280
280
300
w/cmax
0.65
0.65
0.60
qwmax (g/mh)
---
---
---
---
Minimum Frequency*
XD2a
XD2b
XD3
25/
30
30/
37
30/
37
300
300
320
320
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.45
---
10
10
10
---
---
---
---
---
---
10
10
4 tests /year
4 tests /year
1 test / 500 m3
1 test/125 m3
* Typical: can be reduced for experienced producers and/or for high production rates
20
Year 2008
Performance specification of concrete as produced
DESIGN
PRACTICE
Specification Concrete
of
Production
Kmax
Covercrete
Quality = K-1
K = Penetrability
on Delivered
Concrete
Execution:
Placing
Compaction
Finishing
Curing
CONTROL
Standard K
Tests on cast
Specimens
Visual
Inspection
21
Swiss Std.
(US equiv.)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C1585)
(AASHTO TP64)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SN 505 262/1
(ACI 318)
SN 505 262/1
(ASTM C??)
Swiss Standards
Cl-
Covercrete of
Poorer Quality
Due to:
Re-bars
Segregation
Compaction
Curing
Bleeding
Finishing
Microcracks
Moulded
specimens, cast
and cured under
standard
conditions, DO
NOT represent the
quality of the vital
covercrete
23
Swiss Standards
Swiss Std.
(US equiv.)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SIA 262/1
(ASTM C1585)
(AASHTO TP64)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SIA 262/1
(ACI 318)
SIA 262/1
(ASTM C??)
VSS 641 (FHWA)
SIA 262
(ACI 318)
25
Valve 2
Pe
Touch-screen
Computer
Pi
Pressure
Regulator
(Pe=Pi)
2-Chamber
Vacuum cell
Soft rings
i e
i : Inner chamber
e : External chamber
Concrete
26
Calculation of kT
kT =
Vc
2 Pa
Pa + Pi (tf)
ln
Pa - Pi (tf)
tf - to
ASTM C1202
Water Sorptivity
Coulombs
25
15
10
Moderate
Very
Low
100
0.01
0.1
kT (10
-16
10
100
0.001
kT (10
10
100
10
100
m)
25
Water Penetration
under Pressure
(EN 12390-8)
75
50
25
0
0.001
0.1
m)
500-d. Carbonation (mm)
100
0.01
-16
150
125
Low
1000
Laboratory
Tunnel
Bridge
0
0.001
10000
0.01
0.1
kT (10
-16
1
m)
10
Carbonation
20
15
10
5
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
28-d. kT (10-16 m)
28
Swiss Standards
Swiss Std.
(US equiv.)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SIA 262/1
(ASTM C1585)
(AASHTO TP64)
SN EN 206-1
(ASTM C94)
SIA 262/1
(ACI 318)
SIA 262/1
(ASTM C??)
VSS 641 (FHWA)
SIA 262
(ACI 318)
29
Specification of kT
Sampling
Suitable age, temperature
and moisture conditions
Calibration and testing
Conformity Rules
Reporting
30
2008
2003
Year
XC1
XC2
XC3
XC4
XD1
XD2a
XD2b
XD3
Strength
Classmin
25/
30
25/
30
25/
30
30/
37
25/
30
25/
30
30/
37
30/
37
Cmin (kg/m)
280
280
280
300
300
300
320
320
w/cmax
0.65
0.65
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.45
0.45
qwmax (g/mh)
---
---
---
10
10
10
---
---
DCl max
---
---
---
---
---
---
10
10
Site kTmax *
---
---
---
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.5
0.5
(10-12
2012?
m/s)
(10-16 m)
PRACTICE
Specification Concrete
of
Production
Kmax
Covercrete
Quality = K-1
K = Penetrability
on Delivered
and Site
Concrete
Execution:
Placing
Compaction
Finishing
Curing
CONTROL
Standard K
Tests on cast
Specimens
kT checked on
site
32
34
35
36
References
Swiss Standard SN EN 206-1:2000, Concrete - Part 1: Specification, performance,
production and conformity
Swiss Standard SIA 262:2003, Concrete Construction
Swiss Standard SIA 262/1: 2003, " Concrete Construction Complementary
Specifications:
Annex A: Water Conductivity
Annex B: Chlorides Resistance
Annex E: Air-Permeability on the Structure
2008: Revision of Section 8.2.3.2 of National Annex of Swiss Standard SN EN 2061:2000
Jacobs F., Denari E., Leemann A., Teruzzi T., Recommendations for Quality Control
of Concrete with Air-Permeability Measurements, Office Fdral des Routes, Bern,
Report VSS 641, December 2009, (in German).Downloadable from:
http://partnershop.vss.ch/downloadAnhang.aspx?ID=8e2c2936-d3a4-43d7-8dd6b0706e9a65fb&ID_Sprache=1
English Translation of Chapters 1 and 2 downloadable from http://www.m-as.com.ar/pdf/Swiss%20Recommendations%20for%20site%20measurement%20Ch%20
1%20and%202.pdf
Torrent R., Relation with other Transport Properties, including data sources,
downloadable from www.m-a-s.com.ar/pdf/kT%20vs%20Transport%20Properties.pdf
38