Chapter 34 -

Protection, Support
and Locomotion
34.1 - Skin: The Body’s Protection

Structure and Function of the skin

4 tissue types in the body:

________ - covers the surface of the body
_________ - tough and flexible protein fibers, acts like
an organic glue
______ - Interacts with hairs to respond to stimuli such
as cold and fright
_______ - Allows us to detect external stimuli (pain,
pressure etc)

Structure and Function of the skin

2 layers:
Epidermis
Dermis

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Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cells
Contains ______: protects and
gives elasticity

Interior portion
Living cells that replace
the dead cells
Some contain ______ - colors
the skin. Protects cells from
damage
Takes about 28 days

Dermis: Inner layer

Thicker than the

Epidermis
Thickness varied in different parts
of the body
Contains blood vessels,
_____, nerve endings,
hair follicles, ______
glands and oil glands.
Oil glands
Prevents hair from drying out.
Keeps skin soft. Inhibits ______
growth

Dermis: Inner layer

Hair _______
Narrow cavities out of which
hair grows
Sweat Glands
Average human looses ______
of sweat/day

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Skin Functions

Regulates internal body

___________
Sweat is released in response to
elevated body temperature
As sweat evaporates, the body
cools
Functions as a _______
________
Nerve cells receive stimuli from
outside and relays information
on the inside

Skin Functions

Produces ________
Vitamin D - when exposed to light.
Helps the blood absorb Calcium

_________ the underlying tissues

Skin Injury and Healing

Repair stages (in

response to injury):
_______ flows to the wound
until a clot forms
_____ develops (barrier
between bacteria and
underlying tissues
New skin cells repair the
wound from beneath

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 Chapter 34 -
Protection, Support
and Locomotion
34.2 - Bones: The Body’s Support

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Skeletal System Structure

The adult human skeleton

contains approximately
____ bones
2 main parts:
The _____ Skeleton:
The skull and the bones that
support it (vertebral column,
ribs, sternum)
The __________ Skeleton
Bones of the arms and legs and
structures and structures
associated with them

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Joints

Where two or more ______

meet
Usually facilitate movement
of bones in relation to one
another (not the joints of
the skull)
Held together and enclosed
by ________
Tough band of connective tissue

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Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

_______ bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every
bone
Composed of osteon systems
Osteocytes: living bone cells.
Receive O2 and nutrients from small
blood vessels within osteon
system
Nerves conduct impulses to and
from each cell
_______ bone: less dense bone,
filled with holes and spaces
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Formation of Bone

In embryo, the vertebrate

skeleton is made of
_________
By week 9, bone begins
to replace the cartilage
Blood vessels penetrate
the cartilage and the
cells become
__________ (potential
bone cells)

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Formation of Bone

Osteoblasts secrete the

protein _________
Deposits minerals (i.e. calcium) in
the bloodstream
Calcium salts and other
ions cause the
osteoblasts to harden
and become osteocytes

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Bone Growth

Growth in Length:
Occurs at the ends of bones in ____________
Growth in Diameter (thickness)
Occurs at the _______ surface of the bone
Accelerated by Sex hormones during
teen years.

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Skeletal System Functions

Provides __________ for the tissues in our

bodies
_________ internal organs
Produce ______ cells
Red marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells
and cell fragments for clotting
Yellow marrow: Stores fat
Stores ________, including calcium and
phosphates
Needed to form strong, healthy bones.

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Bone injury and disease

__________
Loss of bone volume
Bones become more porous and
brittle
Broken bones
Shown by X-ray images
Bones are moved back into
position and immobilized so
the bone can regrow

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 Chapter 34 -
Protection, Support
and Locomotion
34.3 - Muscles for Locomotion

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In This Section . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

How Muscles Work
Muscles during Exercise

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3 Types of Muscles

______________
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
______________
Found ONLY in the heart
Interconnected to form a network to help
muscle cells contract efficiently
Adapted to generate and conduct electrical
impulses
_______________
Attached to and moves bones
Also called voluntary muscle (under
conscious control)

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Skeletal Muscle

The majority of
skeletal
muscles work
in ________
pairs

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Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue is made up of muscle

fibers (long fused muscle cells)
Each fiber is made up of myofibrils (2 kinds):
Thick filament (_______)
Thin filament (_____)
Appears striated (striped)

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Skeletal Muscle

__________: functional unit of contraction

Muscles contract according to the sliding
filament theory
______ heads pull against the ______ filaments and
actin filaments slide toward one another
Sarcomere shortens

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Image by: David Richfield 29

Excercise

The number of muscle cells are _____ at

time of birth
Working out makes you stronger, but you
donʼt get more muscle
Muscle fibers increase in ________ in
response to regular exercise
Muscle contraction required ____

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Excercise

During exercise, muscles use oxygen

(_________ respiration)
This eventually shifts to anaerobic
respiration and lactic acid is produced
_________ builds up. As you catch your
breath, more oxygen is delivered and
lactic acid is broken down
Regular exercise results in improved
performance of muscles
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In Review . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

How Muscles Work
Muscles during Exercise

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