Single-Phase Flow Field Equations

1/22/2015
Two-Phase flow and Heat Transfer

Lecture-4- Jan 19, 2015
1
on
Single-Phase field equations
Pradeep Kumar. P
Aerospace Engineering
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology,
Valiamala (P.O)
Trivandrum-695547 (pradeepkumap@iist.ac.in)
Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram
AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE 493 [B.Tech.]
Outline of topics covered

2
Conservation of mass
Conservation of linear momentum
Energy equation
Mechanical energy equation

Thermal energy equation
Handling friction pressure drop
A note for major losses

Typical case of local pressure loss
AE 820 [M.Tech.] & Ae 493 [B.Tech.]
1/22/2015
Generalised 1-D situation

3
1. Stirring and mixing problems ( stagnant) common in chemical engineering

a kind of 0-D approach(lumped) would generally suffice.
2. 1-D analysis we generally do as a plug flow i,e no velocity variation in pipe
in radial direction
We shall look at a flow in a diverging passage for considering a general case.
Some key points

In continuum mechanics, the conceptual models for single phase flow of gas or
liquid are conservation of mass, momentum, energy charge etc
These are typically used along with constitute closure equations like specifying
friction, thermodynamic properties etc.
General philosophy is that field variable in the continuum are continuously
differentiable and Jacobian transformation exist between material and spatial coordinates and hence we would be able to get differential balances using Leibnitz rule
[ i,e in effect Reynolds Transport theorem allows interchange of differential and
Integral operators]
AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE493 [B.Tech.]
Conservation of mass
4
Control volume may or may not extend over the cross section, depending on the nature
of the problem
Single component flow without mass sources:
m mass flowrate
A area of c.s
density
s co ordinate direction
( A) m
0
t
s
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Conservation of momentum
m
s
s
5
s
We introduce some more parameters
w wall shear stress
; H Elevation
m
A
p pressure; Pw wetted perimeter

g acceleration dueto gravity
{rate of momentum change in C.V}={Momentum into C.V}-{Momentum out of C.V}

+{sum of forces in S+ direction}
)
( AV s)
(mV
mV

mV
s Fpres Fvisc Fgrav.
t
s
6
Net surface pressure force in +ve S direction:

Pressure p is uniformly acting over the surface
p
s
s
Net projected surface area in s direction is
A
A
S A
S
s
s
A
Surface pressure force on the net area = p s S
A
Net surface pressure force: Fpres pA pA
Other two forces would result in the forms:

Net Viscous force:
sin
H
s
( pA)
A
p
s p
s A s
s
s
s
Fvisc w ps
Net gravitational force:
Fgrav Asg sin

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7
m AV
where:
Using all the above , Equation 1, would now become:
)
m (mV
p
A w Pw Ag sin
t
s
s
This is the conservative form of the 1-D momentum equation

However by expanding, one could express this easily in the primitive variable form as
V
V
p
AV
A w Pw Ag sin
t
s
s
Note also that we have not considered any mass source and sink in the above formulation.
Conservation of Energy
q axial'' k
- Axial Conduction (in fluid):

me
T
s
''
qaxial
- Surface heat flux entering fluid: q surface'' U(T T)
me
First law for control volume:
It has both thermal and mechanical energy
We would be extracting the thermal energy

equation in the 1-D commonly adopted form.
me
s
s
''
qaxial
s
s
s
''
qsurface
''
axial
K- thermal conductivity & U is

overall heat transfer co-eff.
The conservation of energy in the control volume may be written of the

form
E CV Q W [m in ein m out eout ]
Where e is the specific flow energy defined as
e h (V
/ 2) gH
and h is the specific enthalpy

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9
Now, we define i as the specific internal energy :
i h ( p / ) (V
/ 2) gH e { p / }
Energy accumulation in C.V:
(e p / )
(Asi)
e
p
As
As As
ECV
t
t
t
t
Work transfer rate:
Shear work
W w PW sV w cv' s
Heat transfer rate:
''
''
(qaxial
A)
''
''
s
Q qsurface
Ph s qaxial
A qaxial
A
s
''
(qaxial A)
''
Ph s
Q qsurface
s
s
10
Systematically expanding all the terms in Eq.4 as per our considerations,

"
(qaxial
A)
e
e
p
"
A AV A w PwV qsurf Ph
w cv'
t
s
s
s
Little algebra
would take
you here!
5
Mechanical energy equatiom:
Consider Eq. 3, multiplying this with V, would lead us to the Mechanical

energy equation
Note: from this one could extract the Bernoulli equation for steady ,
inviscid and incompressible flow
(V 2 / 2)
(V 2 / 2)
p
H
AV
VA w PwV V Ag
t
s
s
s
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Thermal Energy Equation

11
Now using def. of e in Eq. 5 and subtracting the mechanical energy Eq.6 from this
would give us the Thermal Energy Equation
"
(qaxial
A)
h
h
p
p "
AV
VA A qsurf
w cv'
Ph
t
s
s
t
s
Let us give a thought:

Here the wall shear work has cancelled. However, in case of insulated
wall this is converted to thermal energy and ploughed back into the fluid
In certain cases the convective heat transfer, may take a portion this from
the wall and only remaining will be ploughed back into the fluid
Summarising
12
A, H , s, PW , Ph , t
General choice of Independent variables:

Dependent variables
w wall shear stress

; h Enthalpy
p pressure; density;V velocity
''
''
& qaxial
m mass flowrate; qsurface
Closing relations=5
- Governing Equations =3
( p, h)
q s" u r fa c e s p e c ifie d
( o r ) q s" u r fa c e f ( u , p r o p e r tie s )
w f ( , geometry, u, )
m Au
''
qaxial neglected usually
Appropriate to a
particular situation,
these take shape as
equations through
empirical relation
or mechanistic
relations
1/22/2015
Interpretation of Momentum Equation

13
Momentum equation in the conservative form:
)
m (mV
p
A w Pw Ag sin
t
s
s
This is re-written in the form to extract the pressure gradient:
pressuregradient
P
1 m 1 ( AV 2 )
H
w w g
A t
A
s
A
s
transient
acceleration
frictional
gravitational
We shall briefly look at each term for a single-phase case
Note: acceleration component is the reversible component of pressure

drop entering due to the area changes only in single-phase flow.
Frictional pressure drop

14
It is the irreversible component of pressure drop caused by shear at the

wall
pf
2
flm
2ADh
Dh is the hydraulic
diameter
Turbulent flow in a smooth pipe (adiabatic)
f = 0.316 Re -0.25
For 3000 Re 10
Single phase (diabatic flow)

The isothermal friction is calculated with the film temperature defined using the wall
and the bulk fluid temperature.
Tf = 0.4 (TW - Tb) + Tb

The isothermal friction factor is then multiplied using F defined as follows:
-0.28
F = (b/w)
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15
In the case of wire wrapped rod bundles, the geometry and shape of the
system is quite rigid and the development of a general correlation for
predicting the pressure drop is proposed by Rehme as follows
L u 2R U B
P = f R
Dh 2 UG
where
UB = US + UD
UG = US + UD + UK
fR
Reference friction factor
64 0.0816
Re R Re 0.133
R
2 x 10 ReR 5 x10
ReR = Re F and Re = (uR Dh)/

is the bundle perimeter
is the total perimeter
UK, US and UD are the shroud perimeter, pins perimeter

and wire perimeter respectively. The reference velocity, uR, is defined as:
uR = u F
0.5
F=(
2.16
pt
d p
) + [7.6 m ( t )2]
D
H D

16
Grid spacers in the flow path (local pressure loss):
Because of variation and complexity of geometry, it is extremely difficult to

establish a pressure loss coefficient correlation of general validity for grid
spacers. Lets look at the Rehme model ( models a drag type pressure loss)
V is the average bundle velocity
Cv is the modified drag coefficient
Pgrid C v 2
V 2
2
Ag
AB
Undisturbed bundle flow area

Spacer grid projected area per
unit cell
AB p 2
2
Drod
t
t
Ag 2 p p t
2
2
1/22/2015

17
Different configurations:

18
From Rehme: Circular dots Tube spacers transversely connected

Inverted Triangle: Tube Spacers Axially connected
Square dots: Honeycomb spacers

Single-Phase Flow Field Equations

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Single-Phase Flow Field Equations

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1/22/2015

Two-Phase flow and Heat Transfer

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE 493 [B.Tech.]

Outline of topics covered

Mechanical energy equation

Handling friction pressure drop

A note for major losses

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & Ae 493 [B.Tech.]

Generalised 1-D situation

1. Stirring and mixing problems ( stagnant) common in chemical engineering

Some key points

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE493 [B.Tech.]

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE 493 [B.Tech.]

We introduce some more parameters

w wall shear stress

p pressure; Pw wetted perimeter

{rate of momentum change in C.V}={Momentum into C.V}-{Momentum out of C.V}

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE493 [B.Tech.]

Net surface pressure force in +ve S direction:

Net projected surface area in s direction is

Net surface pressure force: Fpres pA pA

Other two forces would result in the forms:

Net gravitational force:

Fgrav Asg sin

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE493 [B.Tech.]

Using all the above , Equation 1, would now become:

This is the conservative form of the 1-D momentum equation

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE 493 [B.Tech.]

- Axial Conduction (in fluid):

- Surface heat flux entering fluid: q surface'' U(T T)

First law for control volume:

It has both thermal and mechanical energy

We would be extracting the thermal energy

K- thermal conductivity & U is

The conservation of energy in the control volume may be written of the

E CV Q W [m in ein m out eout ]

Where e is the specific flow energy defined as

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

and h is the specific enthalpy

Now, we define i as the specific internal energy :

Energy accumulation in C.V:

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE493 [B.Tech.]

Systematically expanding all the terms in Eq.4 as per our considerations,

Mechanical energy equatiom:

Consider Eq. 3, multiplying this with V, would lead us to the Mechanical

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE 493 [B.Tech.]

Thermal Energy Equation

Let us give a thought:

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE 493 [B.Tech.]

General choice of Independent variables:

w wall shear stress

qaxial neglected usually

Aerospace Engineering, IIST, Thiruvananthapuram

AE 820 [M.Tech.] & AE493 [B.Tech.]

Interpretation of Momentum Equation

Momentum equation in the conservative form: