HEMATOLOGY/MT-3F

KRISTINA B. GUINTO
IMPORTANT EVENTS IN HISTORY
1. Blood being recognized as vital
life
2. Concept of circulation was
introduced
3. Microscope was invented
4. Discovery of blood cells
5. Discovery of other component
6. Further understanding of blood
and blood test
PNEUMA-breath of life
MEDICINA-place back everything in
the middle
1. HIPPOCRATES- father of science
and medicine
2. ARISTOTLE- concepts of
concortion or cooking (food in
the stomach is cooked vapor
3. ERASISTRATUS- cause of
disease was plethora mean
excess
4. AULUS CORNELIUS CELSUSarterie contained blood under
pressure, describe danger
inexperienc e people, described
s4 sign of inflammation
5. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEKdescribed the capillaries
connecting the arteries with the
veins was based from his study
of a transparent small eel
6. JAM SWAMMERDAM- made the
first discovery of blood cells,
RBC
7. WILLIAM HENSON- father of
Hematology, first noted
existence of WBC
8. ALEXANDER DONNE- identifies
platelets
9. PAUL ERLICH- discovered
different types of WBC by
analine dyes
10.ROMANOWSKY-Wright STAIN
11.KARL LUDWIG- established that
02 absorbed during breathing

taking in by the hemoglobin in

the blood corpuscles to the
tissue
12.E.F Pflunger- noted the carbon
dioxide was takes up by the
blood from the tissue and
discharged in the lungs
13.MAX PERUTZ- contributed much
to understanding of structure
and function og hgb, received
nobel prize
14.JOHANNES MULLER-promoted
the study of plasma
15.CHRISTOPHER WREN- produced
the first syringe
16.WALTEN CANNON-established
many of the normal limit of the
blood compositionb
17.JULES BORDET- demonstrated
that RBC could act as antigen
and produce antibodies
18.KARL LANDSTEINER- discovered
the existence of ABO antigen
and proposed major blood types

BASIC TERMINOLOGY
PREFIXES
PREFIXES
a/an-lack
metenext
hypo-decrease
Poly-many
aniso-unequal
micro-tiny
hyper-increase
schis-split
cyst-cell
myelofrom bone to marrow
iso-equal
scier-hard
pen-all
dys abnormal
spienspleen
leuko-white
phlebvein
erythro-red
thromboclot
macro-large
phagoeat
ferr-iron
xanthyellow
mega-giant
poikilirregular/ver/ied

hemo-blood
SUFFIXES
Cyte-cell
Emia-blood
Itis-inflammation
Lysis-destruction
Oma-swelling or tumor
Opathy-disease
Osis-abnormal increase or decrease
Penia-defieciency
Philic-affinity for
Plasia-cell production or repair
Poiesis-cell production
Poetin-stimulates production
BLOOD
NEUTROPHILS- are the commonest
type of WBC, 60-70% , born in bone
marrow circulate in the blood
phagocyte and damage tissue,
bacteria defense
EOSINOPHIL-1-6%, parasite (killing
worm)
BASOPHIL- rare types of WBC, 1% of
WBC, accumulate site of infection,
release histamine
LYMPHOCYTE- second common WBC
20-50%, B-cell responsible for humoral
immunity, T-cell for cell mediated, viral
infection
MONOCYTE-3rd common WBC, 2-10%,
phagocyte
ADDICTIVES IN COLLECTION TUBES
ANTIGLYCOLYTIC AGENT-inhibit the
used of glucose by the blood cells ex.
Sodium fluoride, lithium iodoacetate,
sodium fluoride with potassium
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
(K2EDTA)
SEPARATOR GEL- an inert material that
undergo a temporary change in
viscosity during centrifugation process
ANTICOAGULANT- prevent blood from
clotting
CLOT ACTIVATOR- initiates or
enhances clotting mechanism

COLOR
TEST

ANTICOAGULANT

PURPLE
EDTA CBC, WBC, DIFF
CT, PLT CT
BLUE
SODIUM CITRATE
PT, APT1
GREE
HEPARIN
H1A,
CHROMOSOME
GRA SODIUM CHLORIDe
GLUCOSE
ANALYSIS
YELLOW
ACD/SPS
BLOOD
CULTURES
ANTICOAGULANT-EDTA (PLATELETS)
-the disodium or tripotassium ethylene
diamine tetraacetic acid is the
common anticoagulant, disadvantage
cells shrinkage, swelling
CITRATE- blood clotting by binding
calcium in soluble complex used for
coagulation studies (trisodium citrate
use today) disadvantage prolonged
clotting times
HEPARIN-coagulation is inhibited by its
interaction with ant thrombin III and
subsequent inhibition of thrombin
MANUAL METHOD BLOOD SMEAR
1. WEDGE METHOD OR 2-SLIDE
METHOD
2. TWO COVER SLIP METHOD-difficulty
in labelling
3. COVER GLASS SLIDE OR SPINNER
METHOD-utilize centrifuge to spread
METHODS OF STAINING (SEMIAUTOMTED)
1. RACK METHOD- used rack
overslaying a sink or dish that
hold glass or coverslips
2. DIP METHOD- uses large dishes
that contains portable slide
holdedr and adequate solution
AUTOMATED

1. PLATEN TYPE/HEMATEK SLIDE

STAINER-consistent quality in a
continous process
2. CAROUSEL TYPE/AEROSPRAY
HEMATOLOGY SLIDE
STAINER/CYTOcentrifuge-the
fastest and economic
3. DIP TYPE
DEBFIBRINATION- removal of fibril as
they are formed
SILICONE GLASSWARE-prevention of
the adhesion of platelets
ISOTONIC-equal
HYPOTONIC-lower
HYPERTONIC-too much water
shrinkage
HEMATOPOIESIS-continous regulated
process of blood cells production,
differentiation and development.
HEMATOPOIETIC SYTEM- liver, spleen,
bone marrow, lymph nodes and
thymus in fetus
PHASES IN FETUS
1. MESOBLASTIC- derive from
medoderm(yolk sac phase)
-begins around 19th day of
embryonic develop after
fertilization
-progenitor cells of
MESENCHYMAL origin migrate
to the yolk sac give rise to
HEMATOCRIT SPERM CELL
- MESODERMAL CELLS- which
initially line the cavity of the
yolk sac give rise to PRIMITIVE
ERYTHROBLAST
-rest of the cells surrounded by
ANGIOBLAST (form the BLOOD
VESSELS)
-occurs INTRAVASCULAR
BLAST-PRIMITE
MESENCHYME

postnatal (peaks at 3rd month

of fetal development)
-DEFINITIVE HEMATOPOIESISrcognizable cluster of
erythroblast , granulocytes and
monocytes, lymphoid cells
-end the megakaryocyte
-lymphoid cell begins to appear
-EXTRAVASCULAR
-other organs start
(extramedullary)
-thymus(1st to develop.T CELLS
produce)
-Spleen (B CELL, some granules
first)
-kidney (B
CELLS)
-Lymph nodes
-HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCED
-Hb(F)
-Hb A
-Hb A2
3. MEDULLARY (MYELOID)
-5th month fetal development
-inner part (medullary) of bone
marrow (myeloid)
-mesenchymal cells migrate to
the core of bone and
differentiate into skeletal
hematopoietic blood cells
- MYELOID TO ERYTHROID ratio
approached adult level (3:1)
-By 21 weeks of gestation
-6th month the main site

PRODUCED
EPO
G-CSF
GM_CSF
Hb A2
Adult Hb

MESO-

2. HEPATIC-begins around 4-5

gestational week up to 1-2 week

STEM CELLS AND CYTOKINES

STEM CELL THEORY-till

mcculloch irradicated mice to
induce aplasia
-capable of self renewa;
MONOPHYLETIC THEORY-one
common stem cell
POLYPHLETIC-blood cell drived
from its own unique stem cell
Cytokines and gROWTH
FACTORS
-colony stimulating factors
- interleukins
TYPES OF HUMAN STEM CELLS
1. TOTIPOTENTIAL- from
embryo to fetus
2. PLURIPOTENTIAL-not in fetus,
first in hematopoietic series
3. MULTIPOTENTIAL- derived
from PLURI multipotential
HSC will then developed
HCS PHASES
1. Primitive, multipotential
cells-CMP- neurolyte/CLP
2. INTERMEDIATE- develop into
distinct cell lines
3. Mature cells
CYTOPLASMIC MATURATION
-immature cell stain deep color
(basophilic) as it matures a
lessering of the deep blue color
is observed
- granules appear as they
mature
-increase in number and specific
amount of cytoplasm
-decrease RN1 ,increase
hemoglobin
NUCLEAR MATURATION
-nucleus is large, oval or rounddecreased in site
-nuclear chromatin patter
changes
Fine to delicate course
-staining characteristic reddish
to bluish
-nucleoli present disappear

CELL SITE-becomes smaller

mature
ERYTHROPOIESIS
CIRCUL MITO
PRONOMORBLAST
Y
OR RUBRIBLAST

BONE
Y

Y
N
Y
BASOPHILIC NOMOBLAST
OR PRORUBRICYTE
POLYCHROMATOPHILIC
NORMOBLAST or
Y
N
RUBRICYTE
ORTHOCHROMATIC
NIRMOBLAST or
N
METARUBRICYTE
RETICULOCYTE
N
ERYTHROCYTE
N

LEUKOPOIESIS
Myeloblast-3-6 days
Promyelocyte (non-specific
granules)
Myelocyte- (specific granule,
neutrophil, basophilic,
eosinophil)
Metamyelocyte (neutrophilic,
basophilic, eosinophlic
Band/Stab (start indentation)
same meta
Segmenters- same to meta
Meta, band, segmenter- 5-7
days
SITE OF LYMPHOCYTIC
DEVELOPMENT
PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUES
Bone marrow
Thymus
SECONDARY
Lymph nodes

Spleen
Peyers patches
MACROPHAGES
PLATELETS KINETIC
PLASMA CELLS
GRANULATION OF mATURE
CELLS
-lysosomal hydrolases
-lysozyme
-myeloperoxidase
BASOPHILS-histamine, heparin
MAST CELL-tissue basophils
EOSINOPHILS- acids
phosphatase