Hegels theory- All knowledge progresses with a linear slope

Every thesis will automatically generate alternative views/ opposing ideas

Dialectic- the clash between thesis and antithesis

Thesis and antithesis merge together and make synthesis (middle ground)

As time passes synthesis becomes a thesis

The cycle continues carry on developing- eventually achieving the goal (god)

Knowledge is formed through clashes- competitions- healthy to disagree

Doesnt matter if you are wrong- wrongness makes rightness- still contributing

If you disagree his theory= proving him right , cant attack- logical fallacy- circular reasoning

Overly simplified- not only thesis and antithesis- but a spectrum, and knowledge can come from
accidents

Teleological- assume anything has an end goal, an outcome

Classical World- Ancient Greek scientist

Cant explain anything by god

Credit building blocks of graphs that we still use today

Methodology of science developed by them (hypothesis- observation )

Everything has a starting point- wont have science without the ancient greek

Prioritized education- solved early problems of mankind- beginnings of civilizationmore time and
comfortable for people to think

Aristotle- classification
Renaissance (rebirth)

Explosion happens later boom in the Renaissance (14th to 17th century)

Very Eurocentric

Renaissance happened- Dark ages- 1 thousand years of rape and murders learning and intellect
are not privileged

Rediscovery of the philosophy and the arts, get better by your brain, intellects, instead of swords

Technology and inventions- e.g. printing press- scientists able to record and spread ideas and
observations (sharing and collaboration). Telescope- making stuff- what the ancient Greek couldnt
d

Nicolaus+ Da Vinci- brought together disparate subject, separate fields doesnt exist

Limitation of periods= allow great minds to emerge (draw different knowledge together- able to
read all books, not possible now)

Human anatomy

Heliocentrism- sun is in the center

Secularization- deprivileging religion- freeing mankind, get over the dark time

Shedding the fear (Humanism- having freedom to make free claims from repression)

Early idea of falsification

The Enlightenment

1620- 1780s

Steam engine- Electricity- empowered industrial revolution

Birth of modernity

Political also, revolution of dramatic change not altogether successful- exploited environment

Prioritization of human goals

Technical applied sciences

Free market economics (Adam Smith)

Mainly: Reason, objectivity, applied sciences

Paradigm Shifts (p.40) Kuhn

Paradigm: a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, for what constitutes legitimate
contributions to a field

Paradigm shift: one set of beliefs shift into another (another point of view draw a new
perspective from the same issue (how science changes) (relativity and pluralarity)

They dont question their methodology- just employ them in 1st period of paradigm (no progress,
flat) (take for granted- normal science)

Then reaches a crisis- revolutionary science- problems arise, cannot answer, accumulate see
problem with science

Normal and natural to be inconsistent and ever changing

Old science is not completely wrong (pluralism)- still beneficial at a certain degree
Cold shower (assumptions that one built on), monkeys (scientists)
Scientists not questioning the assumptions that people before built on
Eventually one risk to get the banana and breaks through
Combined the first 4 models (incorporate historical break throughs)

Fredrick Nietzsche: Perspectivism

Holiday HW
- Something you like to cover for TOK presentation
- Choose a chapter in TOK txb (religion or math) self study chapter (done exercises)