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Proto-industrialisation

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began
moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to
produce for an international market

Merchants could not expand production within towns because here urban crafts and trade
guilds were powerful.

London in fact came to be known as a finishing centre as rest of the work took place in
countryside. Advances offered by merchants.

factories came up in 1730 in London but spread by end of 18th century. In India, it came
up in bombay in 1854.

Raw cotton import from India boomed in late 18 century fed to industry and product
exported after being processed . In early 19 century technology improved.

Cotton textile industry was leading till 1840s later iron industry led the way. Railways
expand from 1840s in england and from 1860s in india

James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new
engine in 1781. But used massively only after mid 19 century.

In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour. Seasonal demand of labourer
in many factories. These 2 were one of the reasons why , they were reluctant to use
machine. Cost of machine buying and repair. Low wages could be given to workers.

Hand made intricate designs were in demand and considered classy in victorian britain

Job seekers were more than vacancies so there was huge unemployment. Relations with
people having job, gifts to them can get job more easily.

The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.
When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived
on hand spinning began attacking the new machines

Increase in wages in early 19 century. When prices rose sharply during the prolonged
Napoleonic War, the real value of what the workers earned fell significantly. After 1840s
building work increased which created a lot of jobs.

Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the
international market in textiles. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the
finer varieties often came from India

By the 1750s network controlled by Indian merchants of trade through ports via red sea ,
gulf ,hoogly, masulipatnam and system of advances was breaking down

Europeon secured monoply rights and concessions. acquired diwani after 1756. Decline
of old ports and rise of new.

Before establishing power in 1760-70 in bengal and carnatic. British have difficulty
because of competition from others, insecure and costly supply

Trade established by establishing power, monopolising market, advances, gomasthas as


collector.

In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting
up looms in other villages where they had some family relation. Others revolted, refusing
loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time: their export market
collapsed, and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports

By 1860s weavers couldnt get sufficient supply and event that at exorbitant rates due
decline of cotton import from america due to american revolution.

From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and
took tea from China to England. Many Indians became junior players in this trade,
providing finance, procuring supplies, and shipping consignments like dwarkanath tagore
of bengal , In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata , Seth
Hukumchand (a Marwari ), grandfather and father of G.D.Birla.

Industrialists didnt want to compete with british products so they produced products that
are not imported from britain. Coarse Yarn which was even exported to china but later it
declined as markets of japan and china flooded with chinese products from 1906. Later
they shifted to cloth.

Cotton piecegoods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912. Yet, till the First
World War, industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation.
With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester
imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position inthe Indian market.
Unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the economy of
Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth
from Britain fell dramatically

Handicrafts production , handloom actually expanded in the twentieth century as

some handicrafts production actually expanded


in the twentieth century. Some produced coarse and some finer cloth. demand of finer was from
rich and consistent while demand of coarse is by poor which fluctuates during famine, drought
etc. Demand of specialists like weavers of banarsi saari never lowered.
Struggle for swaraj

After the WW I, all sections of society were suffering economic hardship. Educated became
unemployed & foreign imports worsened the situation, peasants groaned on high taxation and
poverty. It was hoped that only self govt can improve the situations.
In order to win popular support for their war effort, the Allied nationsBritain, the United
States, France, Italy, and Japanpromised a new era of democracy and national selfdetermination to all the peoples of Ihe world. In the different peace settlements, all the war-time
promises were forgotten and betrayed. The ex-colonies of the defeated powers, Germany and
Turkey, in Africa, West Asia, and East Asia were divided among the victorious powers.
Russian Revolution also gave lot of encouragement to Indians. On nov 7, 1917 bolshevik party
led by V.I.Lenin overthrew czarist regime in russia,declared the formation of 1st socialist state,
the soviet union. They(people of Russia) also defended the consequent military intervention
against the revolution by Britain, France the United States, and Japan.
Nationalism surged forward not only in India but also in Turkey, the Arab Countries of Northern
Africa and West Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, Indo-China, the Philippines,
China and Korea. Govt played policy of the 'carrot and the stick, i.e of concessions and
repression.
The Montagu Oblemsford Reforms
In 1918, Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy enacted govt
of India act 1919. Acc to it the Provincial Legislative Councils were enlarged and the majority of
their members were to be elected. The provincial governments were given more powers like
education, public health and local govt. Centre reserved the subjects like finance, law and order.
But Governor can overrule its decisions and its has no control over executive .At the centre,
there were to be two houses of legislature, the Legislative Assembly, was to have 41 nominated
members in a total strength of 144. The upper house, the Council of State, was to have 26
nominated and 34 elected members. Right to vote severly restricted.
Nationalists were diappointed. Congress met in a session in bombay in august 1918 under Hasan
Imam condeming these reforms but some leaders like Surendranath Banerjee were in its favor
,left congress and formed Indian Libertation Federation and called liberals.
ROWLATT Act passed in march 1919, even when every indian memeber of council was
against. Jinnah,Madan Mohan Malaviya and Mazhar-ul-Huq resigned their membership of the
Council. Suspended Haebus Corpus.Govt arrested several leaders.
ARRIVAL OF MAHATMA GANDHI

Born on oct 2,1886. After getting law education from Britain went to South Africa law
practice. Indian merchants in South Africa were not given right to vote, can live

prescribed locations which were unhygienic. Can't go out after 9 pm. He became leader
of their struggle in 1893-94. Returrned to India in 1915 , established sabarmati asharam
in ahemdabad in 1916 and started champaran movement in 1917 in Bihar plight of
peasants to grow opium and sell it on fixed price. This system also prevailed in Bengal in
1859-61. Ahemdababd mill worker's strike in 1918, after 4 day fast mill owners agreed to
increase wages of workers by 35% .He also supported peasants of khaira in gujarat in
matter of land revenue even failure of crop.

Satyagrah against Rowlatt act in Feb 1919

Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre in April 13,1919.Govt was suppressing the agitaions by


doing lathi charge in Ahemdabad, Calicut,Delhi etc. Gandhi ji called for mighty hartal in
april 6. Martial Law proclaimed after massacre.

Khilafat and Non Cooperation 1919-22 .Muslim were cocious about Ottoman (or Turkish)
Empire by Britain and its allies who had partitioned it and taken away Thrace from Turkey
proper. The British earlier declared that they have no bad intention against Turkey. The Muslims
also felt that the position of the Sultan of Turkey, who was also regarded by many as the Caliph
should not be undermined. A Khilafat' Committee was soon formed under the leadership of the
Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani, and a country wide
agitation was organised. All India khilafat Conference in 1919 at delhi withdrew cooperation
from govt. Muslim league was supporting congress in agitations. In june 1920, all party
conference approved boycott programme. Khilafat Committee launched non- cooperation
movement on august 31, 1920. Bal Gangadhar Tilak popularly known as Lokmanya Tilak died
on aug 1,1920 and place taken by gandhi, Moti lal Nehru, C.R.Das. In Nagpur session Provincial
Congress Committees were reorganised on the basis of linguistic areas. The Congress was now
to be led by a Working Committee(CWC) of 15 members, including the president and the
secretaries.Mohammed Ali Jinnah, G.S. Khaparde, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Annie Besant were
some of leaders who believed in method of agitation within law and so left congress. In May
1921, the AH-India Khilafat Committee passed a resolution declaring that no Muslim should
serve in the British Indian army. Later Ali brothers arrested in sept.All India Congress
Committee issued a similar declaration that no Indian should serve a government. Congress was
thinking to start disobedince movement by not paying taxes.Govt following policy of repression.
By 1921 all leaders except were in jail. Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne, during his
tour of India was asked to encourage loyalty among indians. In Punjab, Sikhs leading a
movement( Akali movement) to remove corrupt mahanis from the Gurudwaras . Muslims started
anti-zamindar movement. Gandhiji said he would start civil disobedience movement on Feb
1,1922 if prisoners not released and press not freed. But violent reaction of peasant pocession on
attack of police at Chauua chauri made him suspend the national campaign. CWC at Bardoli
passed the resolution. Gandhi arrested on mar,1922. Deposition of Sultan of Turkey by Mustafa
kamal pasha in Nov ,1922
C.R.Das and moti lal nehru entered legislative councils while patel,
Dr.Ansari and Rajendra Prasad opposed it. In December 1922, they formed the CongressKhilafat Swaraj Party with Das as president and Motlilal Nehru as one of the
secretaries. outvoted the Government in the Central Assembly and in several of the Provincial
Councils. In March 1925, they succeeded in electing Vithalbhai J. Patel as(Speaker) of the

Central Assembly, But failed to change the policies of the Govt of India and walk out of the
Central Assembly in March 1926. Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha, founded in Dec
1917 started spreading communal feelings.
THE SECOND NON -COOPERATION MOVEMENT
In nov 1927 govt appointed a statutory Indian commisssion(Simon commission). Congress in its
madras session decided to boycott it asnd get support of muslim leaguea nd Hindu mahasabha.
League agreed to have joint electorates with reservation. All Party conference convened at poona
,its committee submited Nehru report(federation,provincial autonomy, joint electorates with
reservation and legislative control over executive ) on drawing of constitution on aug 1928 but
didn't pass by conference due communal leaders. Jinnah put 14 point demand. Communal
feelings. commission was welcomed with black flags on feb 3.
PURNA SWARAJ
In calcutta session in dec,1928 gandhi came back to active politics. Jawahrlal Nehru was made
president of congress in Lahore session and declared purna swaraj in 1929, his father was
president in 1928 . 26 jan 1930 was fixed as independance day.
The Second Civil Disobedience Movement
The Second Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Gandhi on 12 March 1930 with his
famous Dandi March. Together with 78 chosen followers from sabarmati ashram to dandi and
broke salt law. Passive resistance offered by people.Under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar
Khan known as the Frontier Gandhi, the Pathans organised the society of Khudai
Khidmatgars , known as Red Shirts and pledged to non-violence and freedom struggle. In
peshawar garhwali soldiers refused to fire on demonstration. Manipuri and Nagaland( 13 yr old
girl Rani Gaidinliu arrested on 1932 and freed after independance 1947) people supported.
In 1930, govt summoned discussion of simon report in 1st round table conference in
London but congress boycotted it. Lord Irwin negotiated with Gandhi in mar 1931 that govt will
commute punishment of bhagat singh to life imprisonment, release leaders and gandhi will
suspend movement but govt didn't played its part. Gandhi ji in Karachi session prevailed
suspension and resolution on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic
Programme.He went to England in Sept 1931 for Second Rojind Table Conference but govt
didn't accepted demands. Firings and arrests occured in India .He was arrested afterwards in
India. Congress suspended movement in may 1933. Gandhi left active politics. GOVT OF
INDIA ACT 1935 (bicameral federal legilature , representatives of the States appointed by
rulers. Only 14 % hve right to vote) passed in 3rd round table conference . Congress contested
elections & win in 7/11 provinces in 1937.
In 1929 during depression all countries suffered a lot except Russia which follow socialism.
1st all-India peasant organisation, the All-India Kisan Sabha was formed in 1936. More unions
came up. Jawahar Lal Nehru and Bose toured india to spread socialism. Jawaharlal Nehru as
president for 1936 and 1937 and of Subhash Chandra Bose for 1938 and 1939
Youth federations became active. Some turned to communalism and make party in 1925.
M.N.Roy was its 1st elected Indain leader. Strikes of peasants, workers in 1928. All India
Conference the Hindustan Republican Association was founded in October 1924 to organise an
armed revolution. Govt started arresting them. Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt threw a bomb(not

harmful) in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929. They wanted to protest against the
passage of the Public Safety Bill(reduction in civil rights) and fasted in prison against the
conditions in prisons. Similar activities in Bengal under Surya Sen , arrested in feb 1933.
Congress and World Affairs
In February 1927, Jawaharlal Nehru on behalf of the National Congress attended the Congress of
oppressed nationalities at Brussels organised by political exiles and revolutionaries from the
countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Nehru was elected to the Executive Council. In
1937, when Japan launched an attack on China, the National Congress passed a resolution calling
upon the Indian people "to refrain from the use of Japanese goods and in 1938, it sent a medical
mission, to work with the Chinese armed forces.
People of states struggled due to their miserable condtion but princes supported british. In 1938,
when the Congress defined its goal of independence it included the independence of the princely
states.Jawaharlal Nehru became the President of the All India States Peoples Conference in
1939. Elections for the legislative assemblies led to growth of communalism. The communal
groupsHindu as well as Muslima did not hesitate to join hands against the Congress. In
1940 the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding partition of the country.
The World War II broke out in Sept 1939.In Oct 1940, Gandhi gave the call for a limited
satyagraha. Govt appointed a mission in 1942 by stanford cripps to convince indians. Japenese
reached burma and dangering india. The Cripps Mission failed. Congress launched quit India
movement in aug 1942. Leaders were arrested. There were strikes everywhere destroying
symbols of british authority. Govt repressed them. Famine in Bengal in 1943. Bose went to
soviet in 1941 then to japan in 1943 for help. Indian and japanese soldiers marched but defeated.
After war, govt tried to sentence army generals in red fort but masses came to demand their
release. Now Soviet and USA are super powers and they support india. Change of govt of
Britain, Labour party replaced conservatives and govt can't rely on indian forces. Widespread
strikes everywhere even airforce and naval strikes in 1946. The Biitish Government sent in
March 1946 a Cabinet Mission to India to negotiate with the Indian leaders the terms for the
transfer of power to Indians.Both the National Congress and the Muslim League accepted this
plan. But the two could not agree on the plan for an interim government which would convene a
constituent assembly to frame a constitution for the free, federal India
In September 1946, at. Interim Cabinet, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, was formed by tbe
Congress. The Muslim League joined the Cabinet in October but boycotted constituent
assembly.On 20 February 1947, Clement Attlee, British Premier, declared that the British would
quit India by June 1948. Large scale communal riots during and after August 1946. Finally, Lord
Louis Mountbatten, who had come to India as Viceroy in March 1947. Congress did not agree to
hand over one-third of the country to the Muslim League as the latter wanted and as the
proportion of the Muslims in Indian population would have indicated. They agreed to the
separation of only those areas where the influence of the Muslim League was predominant. The
announcement that India and Pakistan would be free was made on 3 June 1947. The princely
states were given the choice of joining either of the new states.

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