Assignment 1

Space Mission Design Optimisation

Rohit Potla (SC12B044)
Solution:
Assumptions in coding :
Propellant weight flow rate is constant.
Constant Thrust acting along the vehicle axis.
The mass reduction is only due to propellant outflow.
( ) constant for a small flight time duration in constant turnover phase.
Centrifugal force is not taken into account i.e. Flat earth model.
Axial force A D .
Normal forces are ignored.
For first 20 seconds Drag has been ignored
Density at sea level condition,
The solution is done step wise for every phase. It is divided into 3 parts. Closed form solution
is used to model the problem. The equations of motion used are:
For the vertical phase :(1)
(2)
After Solving, we get

Where,

and

Where,

Where,
Constant turn over phase :(3)
(4)
With the help of assumptions taken and then solving, we get

For the Gravity Turn phase :Assuming = 00(Axial force = Drag force)
(5)
(6)
Algorithm for Gravity Turn Propogation:Given,
V0 , where V0 is the velocity at the end of 20 seconds.
1. Compute,
, where
, where

2. Fix a small step size

update,
Now, compute S0= tan(
and S1= tan(
then find, C =
3. Now find,
4. V1 = C
Now we can find,
And

Where is the angle of attack

is the Gimbal angle
is the flight path angle
A is the Axial force acting opp. to vehicle axis
m is the mass of the rocket
T is the Thrust
D is the Drag force
g is the acceleration due to gravity which is taken as varying with the altitude.
V is the velocity

Code:
clear all;
clc;
lift_mass=10000;
% Mass of Vehicle at lift off
T=150000;
% assumed Constant Thrust
prop_mass=8000;
% Mass of propellant Filled
Isp=250;
% Assumed Constant Specific Impulse
cd=0.5;
% Drag coefficient
S_ref=2;
% Reference Area
g=9.81;
%constant gravity
burn_time=(prop_mass*g*Isp/T)
% burn out time
w_lo= lift_mass*g;
% Weight at lift off
velx=0;
% x vel
vely=0;
% y vel
vel(1)=0;
y(1)=0;
% Vertical Height
x(1)=0;
% Horizontal Range
drag(1)=0;
wdot=T/Isp;
% weight flow rate
i=1;
t(1)=0;
dt=0.01;
rhoi=1.22;
% vertical take off phase
while(t(i)<=10)
rho(i)=rhoi*exp(-y(i)/7200);
drag(i)=0.5*cd*S_ref*rho(i)*vely(i)*vely(i);
acc(i) =(T-drag(i))*g/(w_lo-wdot*t(i))- g;
vely(i+1)=g*Isp*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*t(i)))-g*t(i);
vel(i+1)= vely(i+1);
y(i+1)=g*Isp*((t(i)-w_lo/wdot)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*t(i)))+t(i))-0.5*g*t(i)^2;
x(i+1)=0;
t(i+1)=t(i)+dt;
dyna_pre(i)=0.5*rho(i)*vel(i)^2;
i=i+1;
end
i=i-1;
gamma(1:i)=pi/2;
phi(1:i)=pi/2-gamma;
fprintf(' The Acceleration (m/s2)%f\t', acc(end));
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Altitude%f (km)\t', y(end)/1000);
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Dynamic pressure%f (Pa)\t', 0.5*rho(end)*vel(end)^2);
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Velocity %f(m/s)\t',vel(end));
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Time %f (s)\t', t(i));
fprintf('\n');
% vertical phase over
% constant turn over phase starts
alph_gamma=90*(pi/180);
%initial value of alpha+gamma
count=1;
vely_end=vely(end)
velx_end=velx(end);

while(t(i)<=20)
i=i+1;
accx(i)= (T*cos(alph_gamma))*g/(w_lo-wdot*t(i-1));
accy(i)= (T*sin(alph_gamma))*g/(w_lo-wdot*t(i-1))-g;
vely(i)=vely_end+g*Isp*sin(alph_gamma)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*t(i-1)))g*Isp*sin(alph_gamma)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*10))-g*(t(i-1)-10);
velx(i)=velx_end+g*Isp*cos(alph_gamma)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*t(i-1)))g*Isp*cos(alph_gamma)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*10));
y(i)=y(1001)+g*Isp*sin(alph_gamma)*((t(i-1)-w_lo/wdot)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*t(i-1)))+t(i1))-g*Isp*sin(alph_gamma)*((10-w_lo/wdot)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*10))+10)-0.5*g*(t(i-1)^2-100);
x(i)=x(1001)+g*Isp*cos(alph_gamma)*((t(i-1)-w_lo/wdot)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*t(i-1)))+t(i1))-g*Isp*cos(alph_gamma)*((10-w_lo/wdot)*log(w_lo/(w_lo-wdot*10))+10);
rho(i)=rhoi*exp(-y(i)/7200);
vel(i) = (velx(i)^2+vely(i)^2)^0.5;
acc(i) = (accx(i)^2+accy(i)^2)^0.5;
if count==100
count=0;
alph_gamma=alph_gamma-1*(pi/180);
end
gamma(i)=atan(vely(i)/velx(i));
dyna_pre(i)=0.5*rho(i)*vel(i)^2;
t(i)=t(i-1)+dt;
count=count+1;
end
fprintf(' The Acceleration at end (m/s2)%f\t', acc(end));
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Altitude at end %f (km)\t', y(end)/1000);
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Dynamic pressure at end %f (Pa)\t', dyna_pre(end));
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Velocity at end%f(m/s)\t',vel(end));
fprintf('\n');
fprintf(' The Time at end%f (s)\t', t(i));
fprintf('\n');
% constant turnover phase ends
% gravity turn phase
gamma(i)=gamma(end);
phi(i)=pi/2-gamma(end);
dphi=0.01*(pi/180);
while(t(i)<=burn_time)
rho(i)=rhoi*exp(-y(i)/(7.2*1000));
drag(i)=0.5*cd*S_ref*rho(i)*vel(i)*vel(i);
vdot(i)=((T-drag(i))*g/(w_lo-wdot*t(i)))-g*cos(phi(i));
gammadot(i)=g*sin(phi(i))/vel(i);
acc(i)=(vdot(i)^2+(vel(i)*gammadot(i))^2)^0.5;
k=(T-drag(i))/(w_lo-wdot*t(i));
%k for Dt time
phi(i+1)=phi(i)+dphi;
so=tan(phi(i)/2);
s1=tan(phi(i+1)/2);
cons=vel(i)/((so^(k-1))*(1+so^2));
vel(i+1)=cons*s1^(k-1)*(1+s1^2);
DT=(cons/g)*(s1^(k-1)/(k-1)+s1^(k+1)/(k+1))-(cons/g)*(so^(k-1)/(k-1)+so^(k+1)/(k+1));
velx(i+1)=vel(i+1)*sin(phi(i+1));
vely(i+1)=vel(i+1)*cos(phi(i+1));
velxavg=0.5*(velx(i)+velx(i+1));
velyavg=0.5*(vely(i+1)+vely(i));
t(i+1)=t(i)+DT;

y(i+1)=y(i)+DT*velyavg;
x(i+1)=x(i)+DT*velxavg;
gamma(i+1)=pi/2-phi(i+1);
dyna_pre(i)=0.5*rho(i)*vel(i)^2;
i=i+1;
end
% gravity turn Phase over
figure(1);
plot(x/1000,y/1000,'r');
xlabel('Range(km)');
ylabel('Altitude(in km)')
figure(2);
plot(t,y/1000,'r');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Altitude(in km)');

figure(3);
plot(t,vel,'r');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Velocity(in m/s)');
figure(4);
plot(t,gamma*180/pi,'r');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Flight Path Angle,gamma(in degs.)');
figure(5);
plot(t(1:10232),dyna_pre,'r');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Dynamic Pressure(in Pa)');
figure(6);
plot(t(1:10232),acc,'r');
xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Acceleration (in m/s*s)');

Table 1: Data Values at the end of 3 phases

Property
Altitude
Velocity
Flight path angle
Dynamic pressure
Acceleration

Result
61.46 km
2634.55 m/s
28.15 degrees
832.37 Pa
70.46 m/s2

Graph 1: Altitude variation with Time

Graph 2: Velocity variation with Time

Graph 3: Flight Path angle variation with Time

Graph 4: Dynamic Pressure variation with Time

Graph 5: Acceleration variation with Time

Graph 6: Trajectory plot

Observations:
1. The dynamic pressure initially increases because of increase in velocity and later
decreases because of exponential drop in density at higher altitudes.
2. As the time increases, the acceleration increases more steeply because of loss in
weight thereby causing loss of drag.
3. Velocity follows the same pattern as Acceleration.
4. The trajectory is plotted in Graph 6 showing how the vehicle becomes horizontal at
last.
5. Flight path angle at the end of constant turn over phase is slightly more than 80
degrees and not exactly 80 as alpha is present in constant turn over phase.