Professional Documents
Culture Documents
All monetary transactions conducted by the business should be recorded in one of the books of original
(prime) entry BEFORE being posted to the ledger accounts.
The (general) journal is THAT book of original entry used for transactions for which there is no other
book of prime entry.
The journal is therefore used for the following entries/transactions-:
Purchase and sale of items OTHER than stock in trade. [fixed assets, shares]
Opening entries in a new set of ledgers
Transfers between accounts
[such as closing entries]
Adjustments to accounts
[such as prepayment of expenses]
Corrections to errors which occurred during posting to the ledgers
The journal should provide the following information -:
The types (classification) of accounts involved in the transaction [asset, liability, expense, revenue]
The effect of the transaction on the accounts
[did they increase or decrease?]
The action taken as a result of the effect of the transaction
[which to debit or to credit]
The brief explanatory narration of the reason for the entry.
The journal should always show the account to be DEBITED before the one to be CREDITED.
DATE
Date
Date
ACCOUNT
To be debited
DEBIT
CREDIT
amount
To be credited
amount
The narrative (reason why the entry has been made) goes here
The journal follows the general rules associated with the double-entry principle of accounting, such that
if the transaction causes
the value of an asset to INCREASE then DEBIT the account of that asset;
the value of an asset to DECREASE then CREDIT the account of that asset;
the value of a liability to INCREASE then CREDIT the account of that liability;
the value of a liability to DECREASE then DEBIT the account of that liability
ACCOUNT
Cash
Ordinary shares
Share premium
DEBIT
CREDIT
30000
20000
10000
DATE
Jan 1
ACCOUNT
Cash
Ordinary shares
DEBIT
CREDIT
30000
30000
Dividends - These represent the return on the investment made by the shareholders in the entity.
Dividends reduce the entitys retained earnings, but they are not treated as an (operating)
expense. Dividends are paid at the determination of the board of directors [that is if, when, and
how much]!
Dividend transactions necessitate two accounting actions:
On declaration it requires shareholders to be disclosed as creditors since the entity now has a
legal liability to pay.
On payment it requires retained earnings to be reduced in the process of honouring the legal
debt created (at declaration).
If an entity declares a dividend of $40000 on August 1st , 2012 payable on November 10th 2012
DATE
Aug 1
ACCOUNT
Dividends declared
Dividends payable
DEBIT
CREDIT
40000
40000
DATE
Nov 10
ACCOUNT
Dividends payable
cash
DEBIT
CREDIT
40000
40000
DATE
Dec 31
ACCOUNT
Retained earnings
Dividends declared
DEBIT
CREDIT
40000
40000
Liabilities
A liability is an obligation to pay cash or provide goods/services to another entity.
Liabilities can be
Bonds
A formal agreement of indebtedness represented by a promise to pay interest in cash at a
specific annual rate; and the principal amount at a specific maturity date.
They are issued above or below face value (principal amount). The interest (coupon) rate is the
lenders return on their investment. Thus the bond interest is an expense to the borrower.
A bond issued at discount - the amount is less than its face value; the difference is disclosed as discount
on bonds. The discount is DEBITED to the bond interest expense account.
DATE
date
ACCOUNT
Cash
Discount on bonds
Bonds payable
DEBIT
amount
amount
CREDIT
amount
A bond issued at premium the amount is greater than its face value; the difference is disclosed as
premium on bonds. The premium is CREDITED to the bond interest expense account.
DATE
date
ACCOUNT
Cash
Premium on bonds
Bonds payable
DEBIT
amount
amount
CREDIT
amount