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Chemistry: Matter and Change

Study Guide for Content Mastery Answer Key

19

Acids and Bases: An Introduction

Class

9. Tastes sour

8. Tastes bitter

7. Contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

6. Feels rough

5. Reacts with carbonates

4. Feels slippery

3. Contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

2. Reacts with certain metals

1. Can turn litmus paper a different color

hydrogen

hydroxide

ions in aqueous solution.

hydroxide

, and each base has a (18)

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 19

conjugate acid

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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conjugate base

According to this model, in an acid-base reaction, each acid has a

(17)

ions.

group and dissociates to produce

and forms ions of this element when it is dissolved

model of acids and bases states that an acid contains

hydroxide

conjugate acid

According to the (14) Brnsted-Lowry model, an acid donates

hydrogen
hydrogen
(15)
ions, and a base accepts (16)

(13)

in water. A base contains the (12)

the element (11)

The (10)

hydrogen

conjugate base

Arrhenius

Brnsted-Lowry

Arrhenius

Use the terms below to complete the passage. You may use each term more than once.

In your textbook, read about the different models of acids and bases.

acid

base

neither

neither

acid

base

acid

acid

both

For each description below, write acid if it tells about a property of an acid or base if it
tells about a property of a base. If the property does not apply to either an acid or a
base, write neither. If it applies to both an acid and a base, write both.

In your textbook, read about the properties of acids and bases.

Section 19.1

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Acids and Bases

CHAPTER

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109

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Strengths of Acids and Bases

19

d. The ionizing acid is weak.

c. The ionizing acid is strong.

d. anions, but no hydronium ions.

c. all molecules.

b. a strong base

c. a weak acid

110

b. strong bases.

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 19

a. strong acids.

c. weak acids.

7. In general, compounds formed from active metals, and hydroxide ions are

a. a strong acid

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d. weak bases.

d. a weak base

6. Which of the following dissociates entirely into metal ions and hydroxide ions in solution?

d. The solutions contain a high concentration of un-ionized acid molecules.

c. The solutions contain a high concentration of ions.

b. The equilibrium is not stable.

a. The concentration of water does not affect the ionization.

5. Why are Ka values all small numbers?

b. all ions.

a. a mixture of molecules and ions.

4. In solution, a weak acid produces

d. No conclusion can be made regarding the strength of the conjugate base.

c. Its conjugate base is weak.

b. Its conjugate base is strong.

a. Its conjugate base is amphoteric.

3. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. What is true about its conjugate base?

b. The ionizing acid is half ionized.

a. The arrow does not indicate relative strength.

separate the reactant and product sides of the equation. Which of the following is true?

2. A chemical equation for the ionization of an acid uses a single arrow to the right (0) to

d. No comparison of strength can be made from the results.

c. Acid A and acid B are of equal strength.

b. Acid B is stronger than acid A.

a. Acid A is stronger than acid B.

tus. When the electrodes are placed in acid A, the bulb glows dimly. When they are
placed in acid B, the bulb glows more brightly. Which of the following is true?

1. Acid A and acid B are of equal concentration and are tested with a conductivity appara-

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

In your textbook, read about strengths of acids.

Section 19.2

CHAPTER

Name

Study Guide for Content Mastery Answer Key

Chemistry: Matter and Change

T213

What is pH?

19

OH(aq)

of the solution.

16. The pH of a solution with a [OH] of 1  106 is 6.

15. The pH of a solution with a [H] of 1  108 is 8.

14. If the pH of a solution is 3, its pOH is 10.

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 19

two times greater than the hydrogen ion concentration in a

solution with a pH of 5.

12. The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution with a pH of 3 is

basic.

11. Stomach contents can have a pH of 2, which means that they are

10. Values for pH range from 0 to 14.

concentration.

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100

acidic

true

9. The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of its hydroxide ion

of a solution. Indicators
depending on the pH of the solution

pH

112

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 19

uses electrodes placed in solution to directly read the results.

Study Guide for Content Mastery

tested. Another way to measure the acidity of the solution is the (23) pH meter , which

are substances that are different (22)

colors

Indicator paper can be used to measure the (21)

Complete the passage.

In your textbook, read about measuring pH.

pH  log(1.4  109)  8.85

[OH]  2  3.6  106M  7.2  106M; [H]  Kw /[OH] 

20. Calculate the pH of a 3.6  106M Ca(OH)2 solution. Ca(OH)2 is a strong base.

pH  log(4.0  1010)  9.40

[OH]  2.5  105M; [H]  Kw /[OH]  1.0  1014/2.5  105

 4.0  1010

19. What is the pH of a 2.5  105M NaOH solution? NaOH is a strong base.

[H] = 2  5.2  103M = 1.0  102M; pH  log(1.0  102)  1.98

18. Calculate the pH of a 5.2  103M H2SO4 solution? H2SO4 is a strong acid.

[H] = 4.3  102M; pH  log(4.3  102)  1.37

17. What is the pH of a 4.3  102M HCl solution? HCl is a strong acid.

Solve each of the following problems. Show your work.

1.0  1014/ 7.2  106  1.4  109

hydrogen

Class

13. The pH of a neutral solution at room temperature equals the pOH

In your textbook, read about calculating the pH of acids and bases.

true

11

true

Date

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In the space at the left, write true if the statement is true; if the statement is false,
change the italicized word or number to make it true.

111

19

Section 19.3 continued

CHAPTER

Name

In your textbook, read about pH and pOH.

It is basic because the [OH] is greater than 1.0  107.

8. Is the solution in question 7 acidic, basic, or neutral? Explain.

concentration?
[H]  Kw /[OH]  1.0  1014/1.0  106  1.0  108

7. If the concentration of hydroxide ions in solution is 1.0  106, what is the hydrogen ion

It decreases.

ion concentration?

6. In solution, if the hydroxide ion concentration increases, what happens to the hydrogen

1.0  1014

5. What is the numerical value of Kw at 298 K?

The concentration of water molecules is essentially constant.

4. Why can the concentration of water be ignored in the equilibrium expression for water?

Kw  [H][OH]

3. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for water, Kw.

Keq  [H][OH]/[H2O]

2. Write the equilibrium constant expression, Keq, for this equation.

H2O(l) 3

H(aq)

1. Write the simplest form of the chemical equation for the self-ionization of water.

Answer the following questions.

Class

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In your textbook, read about the ion product constant for water.

Section 19.3

CHAPTER

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T214

Chemistry: Matter and Change

Study Guide for Content Mastery Answer Key

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7. The stoichiometric point of a titration

6. The point in a titration in which an indicator changes color

5. An ionic product of an acid-base reaction

4. A solution of known concentration

salt and water

3. A reaction in which an acid and a base react to produce a

the concentration of a solution

2. A method for using a neutralization reaction to determine

standard solution

g. titration

f.

e. salt

d. neutralization

Fe(OH)3

Ca(OH)2

11. HNO3

12. H3PO4

potassium chloride

Magnesium sulfate
Sodium phosphate
Iron(III) nitrate
Calcium phosphate

MgSO4

Na3PO4

Fe(NO3)3

Ca3(PO4)2

Salt name

KCl

Salt formula

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 19

unknown concentration, reading the pH at regular intervals.

15. Start adding the standard solution slowly, with mixing, to the solution of

14. Fill a buret with the standard solution.

until the equivalence point is reached.

13. Continue adding the standard solution to the solution of unknown concentration

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Sequence of Steps

113

c. equivalence point

b. end point

In the space at the left, write 1 through 4 to show the correct sequence of the steps in
performing a titration using a pH meter. Then, write 5 through 8 to sequence the steps
used to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution.

NaOH

Mg(OH)2

9. H2SO4

10. H3PO4

KOH

Base

8. HCl

Acid

Column B
a. acid-base indicator

Complete the following table, indicating the formula and name of the salt formed by a
neutralization reaction between the listed acid and base.

solution

1. A chemical dye that changes color based on the pH of a

Column A

For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.

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Neutralization

19

In your textbook, read about neutralization and titration.

Section 19.4

CHAPTER

Name

19

20. Write the balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction.

molarity.

19. Use the number of moles and volume of the unknown solution to calculate

of reactant in the unknown solution.

18. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles

tion added.

17. Calculate the number of moles of acid or base in the volume of standard solu-

concentration.

Neutral

22.

Resulting
aqueous solution

114

23.

Basic

A weak acid
and a strong base

maintained.
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29. Specific buffer systems should be chosen based on the pH that must be

28. A buffer system should contain considerably more acid than base.

of acid or base are added.

27. A buffer solution changes pH only a small amount even if large amounts

acetate.

26. An example of a buffer solution is a mixture of acetic acid and sodium

25. A buffer can be a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base.

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 19

true

false

false

true

true

24. Buffers resist change in pH.

For each statement below, write true or false.

true

Acidic

A strong acid
and a weak base

In your textbook, read about buffer solutions.

21.

A strong acid
and a strong base

Parent acid
and base

Complete the following concept map, using the terms acidic, basic, and neutral.

In your textbook, read about salt hydrolysis.

Class

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16. Use a pH meter to check the pH of a solution of known volume but unknown

Calculation

Section 19.4 continued

CHAPTER

Name