Answer all questions.

1
Which structures are measured using these units?
10-3 m

10-6 m

10-9 m

chloroplast

ribosome

nucleus

nucleus

chloroplast

xylem vessel

ribosome

xylem vessel

chloroplast

xylem vessel

nucleus

ribosome

3
What describes the features of an electron microscope and its use?
4
maximum magnification
resolution / nm
specimen used
5
A
x 2 500
250
dead
6
B
x 25 000
0.5
living
7
C
x 250 000
0.5
dead
8
D
x 500 000
250
living

9
The diameter of living cells varies considerably.
The typical diameters are
a eukaryote, such as a white blood cell

1.5 101 m

a prokaryote, such as Streptococcus

7.5 102 nm

Use these measurements to find the maximum number of each cell type which could fit along a line 1 cm
long.
10
number of white blood cells
number of Streptococcus cells
11
A
3

6.7 10
1.3 105
12
B
2

6.7 10
1.3 104
13
C
6.7 101
1.3 103
14
D
6.7 100
1.3 102

15
Lactose is a disaccharide present in the milk of mammals.
How will a baby mammal benefit from having this sugar, instead of a monosaccharide, in the milk?
A Condensation of disaccharides enables rapid production of glycogen.
B Disaccharides can be transported across membranes for more rapid absorption.
C Disaccharides have a higher energy value than triglycerides.
D Hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond gives a gradual release of monosaccharide.
16

17
Which statement describes how the molecular structure of starch is suited to its function?
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Amylose has a branched structure and amylopectin is coiled to give a compact molecule for
transport

In the formation of amylose and amylopectin, many condensation reactions allow the release of
stored energy.

In the formation of amylose and amylopectin, many condensation reactions allow the release of
stored energy.

The final amylose / amylopectin complex is insoluble and does not affect the osmotic
properties of the cell.

18

19
Which row shows the types of bond found at different levels of protein structures?
20
level of protein structure
bonds
key
= present
= absent
21
peptide
hydrogen
ionic
hydrostatic
22
A
primary

23
B
secondary

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24
C
tertiary

25
D
quaternary

26
Which combination of procedures would not be used in a food test?
use heat
A

use biuret
reagent

use Benedicts
reagent

boil with
dilute acid

27
The enzyme lysozyme secreted from tear glands forms deposits on contact lenses.
Which ingredient would be effective in a contact lens cleaner for removing these deposits?
28
A
Ethanol
29

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B
Lysosomes
30
C
pH buffers
31
D
Proteases
32
The rate of enzyme catalysed reactions in human cells is regulated.
Which of the following may be involved in such regulation?
1
2
3

a change in enzyme concentration

a change in substrate concentration
inhibition by the final product of the reaction

A 1 only

B 3 only

C 1 and 2 only

D 1, 2 and 3

33
A metabolic pathway is

What would be the effect of adding a small amount of a non-competitive inhibitor of enzyme 2?
34
A
Enzyme 2 would be partially denatured.
35
B
Substance X would increase in concentration.
36
C
Substance Y would no longer be formed.
37
D
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The initial reactant would no longer be metabolised.

38
The fluid mosaic model proposes that plasma membranes consist of
A
B
C
D

a protein bilayer with phospholipids interspersed between the protein molecules.

two layers of lipid with protein between them.
two layers of protein with lipid between them.
a phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules interspersed between the phospholipid molecules.

39

40
Which role of the cell surface membrane is not a result of the properties of the phospholipids?
41
A
to allow cytokinesis to occur in mitotic cell division
42
B
to allow entry and exit of the water-soluble gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide
43
C
to allow phagocytosis of a bacterium into cells
44
D
to allow surface membranes to stabilise by binding with water molecules
45
Visking tubing is an artificial partially permeable membrane used to demonstrate diffusion. Glucose
molecules can pass through the pores in the membrane which are approximately 2.4 nm
in diameter.
Which of the following could pass through the pores?
1

bacteria

haemoglobin

ribosomes

glycogen

8
A 2 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 2 and 4 only

D none of these

46
In general, eukaryotic cells undergo division much slower than prokaryotic cells.
What is the reason for this?
A Eukaryotes break down the nuclear membrane during mitosis.
B Eukaryotes have many more mitochondria than prokaryotes.
C Prokaryotes do not contain any centrioles.
D Prokaryotic cells are a lot smaller than eukaryotic cells.

47
Refer to the following diagram, which shows events in the cell cycle:

In human beings, one of the known functions of a protein called p53 is to monitor the DNA and
regulate cell division. If the DNA is damaged, p53 will prevent DNA replication and will allow
the cell cycle to continue only after the DNA has been successfully repaired.
According to the information above, in a cell with damaged DNA the p53 protein is likely to

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A prevent progression of the cell from the G2 phase to the M phase.
B prevent progression of the cell from the C phase to the G1 phase.
C allow the cell to divide if it has reached the M phase.
D allow the cell to divide if it has reached the G1 phase.

48

10
Refer to the following diagram, which shows a pair of homologous chromosomes before and
during a crossing-over event:

Which one of the following diagrams represents a structure that could not be formed after a single
crossing-over event between the pair of chromosomes shown in the diagram above?

49
Cancer cells divide out of control, forming tumours.
Which statement describes the difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell?
50
A
Cancer cells do not undergo cytokinesis.
51
B
Cancer cells have a shorter interphase.
52
C
Cancer cells do not have metaphase.
53
D
Only cancer cells have mutated DNA.
54
The table shows the percentages of nitrogenous bases in four samples of nucleic acids. Which base is
adenine?
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bases

sample

uracil

19

31

30

19

nil

27

23

24

26

nil

25

25

nil

25

25

17

32

33

18

nil

60
Erythromycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the process of protein synthesis in bacterial cells. It is
possible that erythromycin would affect the
61
A
transcription of mRNA in the nucleus of the bacterial cell.
62

B
attachment of amino acids to mRNA.
63

C
movement of ribosomes along mRNA.
64

D
attachment of ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum of the bacterial cell.

65
An unidentified single- strand molecule was described as having the following features :

a complementary base pairing along some of its length

an area that can attach to a ribosome
a site to which a specific amino acid attaches

What is this unidentified molecule?

66
A
DNA polymerase
67
B
messenger RNA
68
C
RNA polymerase
69

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D
transfer RNA
70
In a DNA molecule, the base sequence AGT codes for the amino acid serine. What is the base sequence for
the anticodon on the tRNA to which serine becomes attached?
71
A
AGU
72
B
GAU
73
C
TCA
74
D
UCA

75
Which statements describe why a large animal has had to evolve a transport system?
1. diffusion occurs slowly over long distances
2. it has a high rate of gas exchange
3. it has a large surface area to volume ratio
A 1 only

B 3 only

C 1 and 2 only

D 1, 2 and 3

76
Each set of graphs represents data for blood vessels in the sequence:
art

vein

artery

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

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Which set is correct?

77

78
Which two statements about the Bohr effect are correct?
1
2
3

Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen increases the percentage of oxyhaemoglobin.

Decreasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases the percentage of oxyhaemoglobin.
Increasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide shifts the dissociation curve of haemoglobin

14
4

to the left.
In low concentrations of carbon dioxide haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen.
A 1 and 2

B 1 and 4

C 2 and 3

D 3 and 4

79
When transpiration is at a maximum rate, tree trunks decrease in diameter.
Which statement explains this?
A There is decreased suction pressure in the leaves.
B There is less adhesion between water and xylem vessel walls.
C There is less water in the xylem vessels.
D The water in the xylem vessels is under increased tension.

80
A large number of aphids were used to collect samples of the contents of the sieve tubes of a tomato plant.
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Different samples of the sieve tube solution were tested.

Which was the correct result?
Benedicts test

iodine in KI

before hydrolysis

after hydrolysis

blue

red

brown

blue

blue

blue / black

red

blue

blue / black

red

red

brown

81
82
Which statement is an example of epidemiological evidence linking smoking to lung cancer?
83
A
Chemical analysis of tar from cigarettes shows that it contains carcinogens.
84
B
Dogs made to inhale the smoke from cigarettes develop lung tumors.
85
C
The incidence of lung cancer in a population as more cigarettes are smoked.
86

16
D
When tar from cigarettes is rubbed onto the skin of the mice, the mice develop skin tumors.

87
The graph shows the volume of air breathed out quickly and with force, following a deep breath in, for three
different people, X, Y and Z.

What is an explanation for the differences shown?

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
A
X
Y

healthy lung function

Z

88
What would be seen in an electron micrograph of a bronchus wall?
1. cartilage cells
2. ciliated cells
3. exocytotic vesicles
A 1 and 2 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 2 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3

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89
The disease smallpox has been eradicated by a worldwide vaccination programme.
Which set of reasons correctly identifies the problems associated with planning vaccination programmes to
eradicate other diseases
TB

malaria

sickle cell
anaemia

cholera

invade gut cells

where immune
system less
effective

genetically
inherited recessive
condition

different vaccines
needed for active
and dormant-toactive forms

poor response with

malnourished children;
boosters then required

different stages
with different
antigens; invades
body cells

poor response with

malnourished
children; boosters
then required

genetically
inherited recessive
condition

different vaccines needed

for active and dormant-toactive forms

different vaccines
needed for active
and dormant-toactive forms

different stages
with different
antigens; invades
body cells

genetically
inherited recessive
condition

invade gut cells where

immune system less
effective

genetically
D inherited recessive
condition

different vaccines
needed for active
and dormant-toactive forms

invade gut cells

where immune
system less
effective

different stages with

different antigens; invades
body cells

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90
Scientists are concerned that avian (bird) flu caused by the H5N1 virus, could infect humans and cause a
pandemic.
If this occurs, which factors could help prevent humans spreading the disease?
1
2
3

killing all poultry

reducing all air flights
taking a course of antibiotics

A 1 and 2 only

B 2 only

C 2 and 3 only

D 1, 2 and 3

91
The following statements describe some of the stages in phagocytosis.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Bacteria become surrounded in a phagocytic vacuole.

Bacteria release chemicals that attract neutrophils.
Lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vacuole.
Receptor proteins on the neutrophil bind to the bacteria.

Which order defines the correct sequence for phagocytosis?

92
A
3241
93
B
2413
94
C
4132
95
D
1324

96
Some antibiotics are used in animal feed to reduce disease.
What explains why these antibiotics should not be used in the treatment of human disease?
97

98
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19
A
humans may be allergic to these antibiotics
99
B
human cells may stop responding to these antibiotics
100
C
pathogenic bacteria may develop resistance to these antibiotics
101
D
useful gut bacteria may be killed by these antibiotics
102
Where are antibodies and antigens found?
A
B
C
D

on surface of pathogen
antibody
antibody
antigen
antigen

on surface of macrophage
antibody
antigen
antibody
antigen

in blood plasma
antigen
antibody
antigen
antibody

103
Which description is correct for B-lymphocytes?

made from bone marrow

stem cells

processed in the thymus

release antibodies

104

105
Why is passive immunity effective for only a short time?
A antibodies are rapidly broken down
B antigens are rapidly broken down
C memory cells soon die
D phagocytes soon die

The diagram shows an arctic ecosystem.

20

106

How many trophic levels are represented?

A 3
B 4
C 5
What limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain?
107

D 6

108
A
biomass of autotrophs
109
B
efficiency of energy conversion between levels
110
C
net productivity of ecosystem
111
D
species diversity in ecosystem
112
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113
In an investigation, discs of 2.5 cm diameter were cut from leaves. Fifty discs were put into three identical
bags with different net sizes and buried in newly dug soil at a depth of 3 cm.
At 60 day intervals the bags were dug up and the leaf discs measured to see how much of the leaf area had
disappeared.
The table shows the percentage of leaf discs remaining in each bag.

time / days
0
60
120
180
240
300

percentage of leaf disks remaining

net size 7 mm
net size 0.5 mm
net size 0.03 mm
100
100
100
80
94
100
30
81
100
14
67
100
9
63
100
6
61
100

Which organisms are most important for breaking down the leaves?
A earthworms and beetles
B microorganisms only
C small invertebrates only
D small invertebrates and microorganisms

114 The diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle.

Which process is increased in poorly drained soil?

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[Turn Over