Name

Assignment

Shahid Siddique
:

Submitted to :
Class
:
Technology

OSI Model
Mrs. Hina Javed
Telecommunication

Al-Khawarizmi Institute of Computer Sciences

U.E.T Lahore

Open System Interconnection Model

OSI stands for Open System Interconnection, created by the International Standard
Organization. It was created as a framework and reference model to explain how
different networking technologies work together and interact. But it is not a standard
that networking protocols must follow. The OSI model describes how information
moves from an application programme running on one networked computer to an
application programme running on another networked computer. In essence the OSI
model prescribes the steps to be used to transfer data over a transmission medium
from one networked device to another. The OSI model is a seven layer model
developed around five specific design principles.

Whenever a discrete level of abstraction is required, a new layer should be

created
Each layer of the model should carry out a well-defined function.
The function of each layer should define internationally standardized
protocols.
The boundaries of the layers should be placed to minimize the flow of
information across interfaces.
There should be sufficient number of layers defined to prevent unnecessary
grouping of functions and the number of layers should also be small enough so
that the model remains manageable.

The seven Layers of OSI model from bottom to top are as below;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical

Application:
The application layer provides services to the software through which user
requests network services. Computer application software is not on the application
layer. This layer isnt about applications and doesnt contain any applications. In
other works, programmes such as Microsoft Word or Corel are not at this layer, but
browsers, FTP clients and mail clients are.

Presentation:
This layer is concerned with data representation and code formatting. In other
word this is a layer, usually part of an operating system, that converts incoming and
outgoing data from one presentation format to another (for example, from a text
stream into a popup window with the newly arrived text). This layer also manages
security issues by providing services such as data encryption and compression. Its
sometimes called the syntax layer.

Session:
The session layer establishes, maintains and manages the communication
session between computers. This layer establishes dialog control between the two
computers in regulating that which side transmits and when and how long it
transmits.

Transport:
The function define in this layer provide for the reliable transmission of data
segments as well as the disassembly and assembly of the data before and after
transmission. This layer handles recognition and recovery, manages end to end
control (for example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and error
checking. It ensures complete data transfer.

Network:
This layer handles the routing of the data, addresses and messages, translate
logical addresses and names in to physical addresses. It also determines the rout
from source to the destination computer and manages traffic problems (flow Control)
and such as switching, routing, and controlling the congestion of data packets.

Data Link:
This layer package raw bit from the Physical layer into frames (logical,
structures packets for data). It is responsible for transferring frames from one
computer to another, without errors. After sending a frame, it waits for an
acknowledgment from the receiving computer.

Physical:
This layer transmits bits from one computer to another and regulates the transmission
of a stream of bits over a physical medium. This layer defines how the cable is attached to
the network adapter and what transmission technique is used to send data over the cable.

BT
S

BT
S

BT
S

BSC

MSC

PSTN