AE1014 Air Traffic Control & Aerodrome Design NOL

AIRTRAFFICCONTROL
Magesh_MLecturer/REC
AirTrafficControl
Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground
based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air.
The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is:
y to separate aircraft to prevent collisions
y to organize and expedite the flow of traffic
y to provide information and other support for pilots when able.
Air traffic controllers are the people who
ho operate the air traffic
control systems to expedite and maintain a safe and orderly flow of air
traffic and help prevent midair collisions.
Ai T ffi C t l S t
AirTrafficControlSystem
TransmissionofSignals
Air Routes in Arrival & Departures

AirRoutesinArrival&Departures
Air Traffic Control Tower

AirTrafficControlTower
FlightProfile
V i
Fli h P fil
VariousFlightProfiles
y Preflight This portion of the flight starts on the ground and includes
y
y
y
y
y
y
flight checks, pushback from the gate and taxi to the runway.
Takeoff The pilot powers up the aircraft and speeds down the runway.
Departure The plane lifts off the ground and climbs to a cruising
altitude.
En route The aircraft travels through one or more center airspaces
and nears the destination airport.
Descent The pilot descends and maneuvers the aircraft to the
destination airport.
Approach The pilot aligns the aircraft with the designated landing
runway.
Landing The aircraft lands on the designated runway, taxis to the
destination gate and parks at the terminal.
Objectivesoftheairtrafficservices
The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to:
a) prevent collisions between aircraft.
b) prevent collisions between aircraft on the maneuvering area and
obstructions on that area.

c) expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.
d) provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient
conduct of flights.
e) notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of
search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.
Divisionsoftheairtrafficservices
y Theairtrafficservicescompriseofthreeservicesidentifiedasfollows:
1
1.
Airtrafficcontrolservice
y Areacontrolservice
y Approachcontrolservice
y Aerodromecontrolservice
2
2.
3.
Flightinformationservice
Alertingservice
10
Airtrafficcontrolservice
AreaControlService:
The provision of air traffic control service for controlled flights,
except for those parts of such flights which are under the jurisdiction of
Approach Control or Aerodrome Control to accomplish following
objectives:
a)preventcollisionsbetweenaircraft
p
b)expediteandmaintainanorderlyflowofairtraffic
Approachcontrolservice:
pp
Theprovisionofairtrafficcontrolserviceforthosepartsofcontrolled
flightsassociatedwitharrivalordeparture.
Aerodromecontrolservice:
Theprovisionofairtrafficcontrolserviceforaerodrome
,
p
thosepartsofflightswhichareunderthejurisdiction
p
g
j
traffic,exceptfor
ApproachControl.
11
Fli h i f
i
i
y Flightinformationservice:
Provideadviceandinformationusefulforthesafeandefficient
conductofflights.
conductofflights
y Alertingservice:
g
Notifyappropriateorganizationsregardingaircraftinneedof
searchandrescueaidandassistsuchorganizationsasrequired.
12
Vi l fli ht l (VFR Fli ht )

Visualflightrules(VFRFlights)
y Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of regulations which allow a pilot to
y
y
y
y
y
y
operate an aircraft
generally
enough
i
f in
i weather
h conditions
di i
ll clear
l
h to
allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going.
Specifically, the weather must be better than Basic VFR Weather
Mi i
Minimums,
as specified
ifi d in
i the
h rules
l off the
h relevant
l
aviation
i i authority.
h i
If the weather is worse than VFR minimums, pilots are required to
use Instrument Flight Rules.
Meteorological conditions that meet the minimum requirements for
VFR flight are termed visual meteorological conditions (VMC).
If they are not met, the conditions are considered instrument
meteorological conditions(IMC), and a flight may only operate under
IFR.
VFR rules require a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit, to control
the aircraft's attitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other aircraft.
A VFR flight is "conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules
13
y An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual flight rules which wishes
to change
with the instrument flight
g to compliance
p
g rules shall
y Communicate the necessary changes to be effected to its current flight plan or
y Submit a flight plan to the appropriate air traffic services unit and obtain a clearance prior
to proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace.
14
VFR Rules
VFRRules
y Except when a clearance is obtained from an air traffic control unit,
VFR flights shall not takeoff or land at an aerodrome within a control

zone or enter the
traffic
h aerodrome
d
ffi zone or traffic
ffi pattern:
y When the ceiling is less than 450M(1550 Ft) or
y When the ground visibility is less than 5KM.
y VFR flights
fli ht shall
h ll nott be
b operated
t d between
b t
sunsett and
d sunrise,
i
exceptt
when exempted by air traffic control for local flights and such training
flights of flying club aircraft as may be cleared by air traffic control.
y VFR flights
fli ht can nott be
b operated
t d
y Above FL50
y At transonic and supersonic speeds
y More than 100 NM seaward from the shoreline within controlled airspace.
airspace
y Expect when necessary for takeoff or landing or except by permission
from appropriate authority, a VFR flight shall not be flown

y Over congested area of city, town or settlements or over an open
openair
air assembly of
persons at a height less than 300M above the highest obstacle within a radius of
600M from the aircraft.
15
16
INSTRUMENTFLIGHTRULES(IFRFLIGHTS)
y Instrument flight rules (IFR) are regulations and procedures for
y
y
y
y
y
y
flying aircraft by referring only to the aircraft instrument panel for

g
navigation.
Even if nothing can be seen outside the cockpit windows, an IFRrated
pilot can fly while looking only at the instrument panel.
An IFRrated pilot can also be authorized to fly through clouds, using Air
T ffi Control
Traffic
C t l procedures
d
d i
designed
d to
t maintain
i t i separation
ti
f
from
other
th
aircraft.
Training is normally done in simulated IFR conditions with training aids
pap
pilot concentrate onlyy on the instrument p
panel.
such as block alls to help
Most scheduled airline flights operate under IFR.
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) are often used for sightseeing flights, aerial
photography, or lift services for parachute jumping.
Pilots flying under VFR are not permitted to fly through clouds. Many
noncommercial, private recreational aircraft also operate under VFR
whenever the sky is clear.
Under VFR,
VFR the pilot is primarily responsible for navigation,
navigation obstacle
clearance and maintaining separation from other aircraft using the see
andavoid concept.
17
IFRRules
y Allaircraftshallbeequippedwithsuitableinstrumentsandnavigation
equipmentappropriatetotheroutetobeflown.
y Except when necessary for takeoff or landing or when specifically
authorized
authority,
at
h i d by
b the
h appropriate
i
h i an IFR slight
li h shall
h ll be
b flown
fl
a level that is not below the established minimum flight altitude or
where no such minimum flight altitude had been established
y Over high terrain or in mountainous areas,
areas at a level which is at least 600M
above the highest obstacle located within 8KM of the estimated position of
the aircraft.
y Elsewhere at a level at least 300M above.
y An aircraft electing to change the conduct of flight from IFR to VFR
shall notify the app. Air traffic services unit specifically that the IFR
flight is cancelled and communicate the changes to be made to its
current flight plan.
plan
y When an a/c operating under IFR is flown in or encounters visual
meteorological conditions, it shall not cancel its IFR flight rules unless
p
and intended that the flight
g will be continued for a
it is anticipated
reasonable period of time in interrupted visual meteorological
conditions
18
InstrumentFlight
panelandEnroute
l d
Guidance
19
Types of Airspace
TypesofAirspace
y BasedonATCusage:
y ControlledAirspace:
ll d
y
ATC services are provided throughout the majority of airspace,

and its services are available to all users (private, military, and
commercial).
When controllers are responsible for separating some or all
aircraft, such airspace is called "controlled airspace.
y Uncontrolled Airspace:
y In contrast to "uncontrolled airspace is the airspace, where
aircraft may fly without the use of the air traffic control system.
system
20
BasedonATCServices(India):
(
)
ClassD:
y IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are provided with air
traffic Control service,

service IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and
receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights.
y VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights.
y Airspaces
p
in terminal areas,, control areas,, control zones and aerodrome
traffic zones have been classified and designated as class D airspace.
Class E:
y IFR and VFR flights are permitted, IFR flights are provided with air traffic
control service and are separated from other IFR flights.

y IFR flights receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights, VFR flights
receive traffic information in respect of all other flights, as far as is
practical.
y Class E is not be used for control zones.
y Airspaces in designated ATS routes outside terminal areas, control areas
and control zones, where air traffic control service is provided, have been
classified and designated
as class E airspace.
21
ClassF:
y IFR and VFR flights are permitted. All IFR flights receive an air traffic
advisory service and all flights receive flight information service,

service if
requested.
y Airspaces in designated ATS route segments outside terminal areas,
control areas and control zones, where air traffic advisory service is
provided, have been classified and designated as class F airspace.
Cl G
ClassG:
y IFRandVFRflightsarepermittedandreceiveflightinformation
serviceifrequested.
y AirspacesotherthanthoseinClassD,EandFhavebeenclassifiedand
designatedasclassGairspace.
22
23
24
Applicationofairtrafficcontrolservice
Airtrafficcontrolserviceshallbeprovided:
a)toallIFRflightsinairspaceClassesDandE
b)toallVFRflightsinairspaceClassesD
)
g
p
c)toallspecialVFRflights
d)toallaerodrometrafficatcontrolledaerodromes.
25
Provisionofairtrafficcontrolservice
Thepartsofairtrafficcontrolservice,shallbeprovidedbythevarious
unitsasfollows:
Areacontrolservice
l
Areacontrolserviceshallbeprovided:
a)
b)
byanareacontrolcentre(ACC);or
bytheunitprovidingapproachcontrolserviceinacontrolzoneorina
controlareaoflimitedextentwhichisdesignatedprimarilyforthe
provisionofapproachcontrolservice,whennoACCisestablished
Approachcontrolservice
A
h
l
i
Approachcontrolserviceshallbeprovided:
a)byanaerodromecontroltoweroranACC,whenitisnecessaryordesirable
tocombineundertheresponsibilityofoneunitthefunctionsoftheapproach
controlserviceandthoseoftheaerodromecontrolserviceortheareacontrol
Service.
b)byanapproachcontrolunit,whenitisestablishedasaseparateunit.
26
Aerodrome control service

tower
y Aerodrome control service shall be provided by an aerodrome control tower.
Operation of air traffic control service
In order to provide air traffic control service, an air traffic control unit shall:
a) be provided with information on the intended movement of each aircraft,
aircraft
or variations there from, and with current information on the actual
progress of each aircraft
b) determine from the information received,
received the relative positions of known
aircraft to each other
c) issue clearances and information for the purpose of preventing collision
between aircraft under its control and of expediting
p
g and maintaining
g an
orderly flow of traffic;
d) coordinate clearances as necessary with other units:
1) whenever an aircraft might otherwise conflict with traffic operated under
the control of such other units
2) before transferring control of an aircraft to such other units.
y Information on aircraft movements, together with a record of air Traffic control
clearances
l
issued
d to such
h aircraft,
f shall
h ll be
b so displayed
d l d as to permit ready
d
analysis in order to maintain an efficient flow of air traffic with adequate
separation between
aircraft.
27
UNIT 2
28
AREACONTROLCENTER
y In air traffic control, an Area Control Center (ACC), also known as
a Center, is a facility responsible for controlling instrument flight

rules aircraft en route in a particular volume of airspace (a Flight
Information Region) at high altitudes between airport approaches and
departures.
y A Center typically accepts traffic from, and ultimately passes traffic to,
the control of a Terminal Control Center or of another Center.
y Most Centers are operated by the national governments of the
countries in which they are located.
y The general operations of Centers worldwide, and the boundaries of
the airspace each Center controls, are governed by the ICAO
29
AREA CONTROL CENTER SEPERATION

AREACONTROLCENTERSEPERATION
30
AreaNavigation(RNAV):
y Area Navigation (RNAV) is a method of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
navigation
an aircraft
any course within
i i that
h allows
ll
i
f to choose
h
i hi a network
k
of navigation beacons, rather than navigating directly to and from the
beacons. This can conserve flight distance, reduce congestion, and
allow flights into airports without beacons.
beacons
y RNAV can be defined as a method of navigation that permits aircraft
operation on any desired course within the coverage of station

referenced navigation
signals or within the limits of a self contained31
system capability, or a combination of these.
Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is a type of

RequiredNavigationPerformance(RNP):
Performance
based Navigation (PBN) that allows an aircraft to fly a specific path
between two, 3 dimensionally defined points in space. RNAV and RNP
systems are fundamentally similar.
The key
y difference between them is the requirement
q
for onboard
performance monitoring and alerting.
A navigation specification that includes a requirement for onboard
navigation performance monitoring and alerting is referred to as an RNP

specification.
ifi i
O not having
One
h i
such
h a requirement
i
i referred
is
f
d to as an
RNAV specification.
RNP also refers to the level of performance required for a specific
procedure or a specific block of airspace.

airspace
An RNP of 10 means that a navigation system must be able to calculate its
position to within a circle with a radius of 10 nautical miles.
An RNP of .3 means the aircraft navigation system must be able to
calculate its position to within a circle with a radius of 3 tenths of a

nautical mile. Magesh_MLecturer/REC
32
RNPaidedRNAVRoute:
33
Verticalseparation
y Between the surface and an altitude of 29,000 feet
(8,800 m), no aircraft should come closer vertically

than
h 1,000 feet
f
or 300 meters (in
(i those
h
countries
i
that express altitude in meters), unless some form
of horizontal separation is provided.
provided
y Above 29,000
29 000 feet (8,800
(8 800 m) no aircraft shall come
closer than 2,000 feet (or 600 m), except in

airspace where Reduced Vertical Separation
Minima (RVSM) can be applied.
34
Horizontalseparation
y If any two aircraft are separated by less than the
vertical separation minimum, then some form of

horizontal separation must exist.
exist
y Herewediscussmoreon
y Proceduralseparation
y Lateralseparation
y Longitudinalseparation
g
p
35
36
Longitudinalseparation
y separated,
p
g tracks
y If two aircraft are not laterally
and are following
within 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are
said to be following the same route and some form of
longitudinal separation must exist.
y Longitudinal separation can be based upon time or distance as
measure by DME. The golden rule is the 15 minute rule: no two

aircraft following the same route must come within 15 minutes
flying time of each other.
y In areas with g
good nav aid cover this reduces to 10 minutes;; if the
preceding aircraft is faster than the following one then this can
be reduced further depending of the difference in speed.
y Aircraft
Ai
f whose
h
tracks
k bisect
bi
at more than
h 45 degrees
d
are said
id to
be crossing, in this case longitudinal separation cannot be

applied as it will
not be very long before lateral separation will37
exist again.
38
39
40
41
Flightplans aredocumentsfiledbypilotsoraFlight
DispatcherwiththelocalCivilAviationAuthority(e.g.
DGCAinINDIA)priortodeparture
DGCAinINDIA)priortodeparture.
42
43
Sample
44
45
Clearancesareissuedsolelyforexpeditingand
separatingairtrafficandarebasedonknowntraffic
conditionswhichaffectsafetyinaircraftoperation.
46
Rules
y The issuance of air traffic control clearances by air traffic
control units constitutes authority for an aircraft to proceed

only in so far as known air traffic is concerned.
concerned
y ATC units shall issue such ATC clearances as are necessary
y
to prevent collisions and to expedite and maintain an

orderly flow of air traffic.
y ATC clearances must be issued early enough to ensure that
theyy are transmitted to the aircraft in sufficient time for it

to comply with them.
47
Aircraft subject to ATC for part of

AircraftsubjecttoATCforpartof
flight
y When a flight plan specifies that the initial portion of a
flight will be uncontrolled, and that the subsequent

portion of the flight will be subject to ATC,
ATC the aircraft
shall be advised to obtain its clearance from the ATC unit
in whose area controlled flight will be commenced.
y When a flight plan specifies that the first portion of a flight
will be subject to ATC,

ATC and that the subsequent portion will
be uncontrolled, the aircraft shall normally be cleared to
the point at which the controlled flight terminates.
48
49
Definition
y On routes defined by designated significant points,
position reports shall be made by the aircraft when

over or as soon as possible after passing,
over,
passing each
designated compulsory reporting point.
y Additional reports over other points may be requested
byy the appropriate

pp p
ATS unit.
50
Contentsofvoicepositionreports
1)aircraftidentification
2)position
3)time
4)flightleveloraltitude,includingpassingleveland
clearedlevelifnotmaintainingtheclearedlevel
l
dl lif i i i h l
dl l
5)nextpositionandtimeover
6)
6)ensuingsignificantpoint.
i i ifi
t i t
51
Automatic
dependentsurveillance(ADS)
y The position reports shall be made automatically to
the
h ATS unit
i serving
i the
h airspace
i
i which
in
hi h the
h aircraft
i
f
is operating.
52
y AircraftIdentification
y BasicADS
y
y
y
y
y
latitude
l
i d
longitude
altitude
time
figureofmerit
track
groundspeed
rateofclimbordescent
y Airvector
y
y
y
heading
MachorIAS
rateofclimbordescent
y Projectedprofile
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
windspeed
winddirection
windqualityflag
temperature
turbulence(ifavailable)
humidity(ifavailable)
y Shorttermintent
y Groundvector
y
y
y
y Meteorologicalinformation
nextwaypoint
estimatedaltitudeatnextwaypoint
estimatedtimeatnextwaypoint
(next+1)waypoint
estimatedaltitudeat(next+1)waypoint
estimatedtimeat(next+1)waypoint
(
)
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
latitudeatprojectedintentpoint
longitudeatprojectedintentpoint
altitudeatprojectedintentpoint
timeofprojection
distancefromcurrentpointtochangepoint
trackfromcurrentpointtochangepoint
p
g p
altitudeatchangepoint
predictedtimetochangepoint
y Extendedprojectedprofile(inresponse
toaninterrogationfromtheground
y
system)
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
nextwaypoint
estimatedaltitudeatnextwaypoint
estimatedtimeatnextwaypoint
(next+1)waypoint
(
)
(next+2)waypoint
[repeatedforupto(next+128)waypoints]
53
UNIT 3
54
RADARSERVICES
55
Aradarsystemwillnormallyconsistofa
numberofintegratedelements,includingradarsensor(s),
radardatatransmissionlines,radardataprocessingsystem,
radar displays
radardisplays.
56
HowRadarWorks
Radio Detection and Ranging
A signal, at constant intervals is sent
through
oug the
ea
area
ea to
o be monitored
o o ed us
using
ga
antennae.
Any object in the path of the signal reflects

the part of the signal.
A receiver receives the signal which is

translated into a dot on the CRO
57
ExampleofRadaruseinanAircraft
58
Primary Surveillance Radar

Airport Surveillance Radar
Approach control primary radar used to detect and display an aircraft's
position in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth
information but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR
can extend up to 60 miles.
Air Route Surveillance Radar

Air route traffic control center (ARTCC) primary radar used primarily
to detect and display an aircraft's position while en route between
terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers to provide radar air
traffic control service when aircraft are within the ARSR coverage. In
some instances, ARSR may enable an ARTCC to provide terminal
radar
d services
i
similar
i il tto b
butt usually
ll more lilimited
it d th
than th
those
provided by a radar approach control.
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
PAR iis d
designed
i
d ffor use as a llanding
di aid
id rather
th th
than an aid
id ffor
sequencing and spacing aircraft. PAR equipment may be used as a
primary landing aid or it may be used to monitor other types of
approaches. It is designed to display range, azimuth, and elevation
information. Two antennas are used in the PAR array,
y, one scanning
g
a vertical plane, and the other scanning horizontally. Since the
range is limited to 10 miles, azimuth to 20 degrees, and elevation to
7 degrees, only the final approach area is covered.
59
60
Aradarsystemwillnormallyconsistofa
numberofintegratedelements,includingradarsensor(s),
radardatatransmissionlines,radardataprocessingsystem,
radar displays
radardisplays.
61
HowRadarWorks
Radio Detection and Ranging
A signal, at constant intervals is sent
through
oug the
ea
area
ea to
o be monitored
o o ed us
using
ga
antennae.
Any object in the path of the signal reflects

the part of the signal.
A receiver receives the signal which is

translated into a dot on the CRO
62
ExampleofRadaruseinanAircraft
63
Primary Surveillance Radar

Airport Surveillance Radar
Approach control primary radar used to detect and display an aircraft's
position in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth
information but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR
can extend up to 60 miles.
Air Route Surveillance Radar

Air route traffic control center (ARTCC) primary radar used primarily
to detect and display an aircraft's position while en route between
terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers to provide radar air
traffic control service when aircraft are within the ARSR coverage. In
some instances, ARSR may enable an ARTCC to provide terminal
radar
d services
i
similar
i il tto b
butt usually
ll more lilimited
it d th
than th
those
provided by a radar approach control.
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
PAR iis d
designed
i
d ffor use as a llanding
di aid
id rather
th th
than an aid
id ffor
sequencing and spacing aircraft. PAR equipment may be used as a
primary landing aid or it may be used to monitor other types of
approaches. It is designed to display range, azimuth, and elevation
information. Two antennas are used in the PAR array,
y, one scanning
g
a vertical plane, and the other scanning horizontally. Since the
range is limited to 10 miles, azimuth to 20 degrees, and elevation to
7 degrees, only the final approach area is covered.
64
Coordination of traffic under

Coordinationoftrafficunder
radarandnonradarcontrol
y Appropriate arrangements shall be made in any air traffic
control unit using radar to ensure the coordination of

traffic under radar control with traffic under non
nonradar
radar
control, and to ensure the provision of adequate separation
between the radarcontrolled aircraft and all other
controlled
ll d aircraft.
i
f
y To this end,
end close liaison shall be maintained at all times
between radar controllers and nonradar controllers.
65
Emergencies
y In the event of an aircraft in, or appearing to be in, any
form of emergency, every assistance shall be provided by

the radar controller,
controller and the procedures prescribed herein
may be varied according to the situation.
y The progress of an aircraft in emergency shall be
monitored and (whenever possible) plotted on the radar

display until the aircraft passes out of radar coverage,
coverage and
position information shall be provided to all air traffic
services units which may be able to give assistance to the
aircraft.
i
f
66
FLIGHTINFORMATIONSERVICE
y Recording and transmission of information on the progress
of flights
y Transfer of responsibility for the provision of flight
information service
y Transmission of information
67
Airtrafficadvisoryservice
y The objective of the air traffic advisory service is to make
information on collision hazards more effective than it

would be in the mere provision of flight information
service.
y Air traffic advisory service does not deliver clearances but
only advisory information and it uses the word advise or

suggest
suggest when a course of action is proposed to an aircraft.
aircraft
68
ALERTINGSERVICE
y When so required by the appropriate ATS authority to
facilitate the provision of alerting and search and rescue

services an aircraft,
services,
aircraft prior to and when operating within or
into designated areas or along designated routes, shall
comply with the provisions detailed in rules, concerning
the
h submission,
b i i
completion,
l i
changing
h
i
and
d closing
l i
off a
flight plan.
69
Whoisresponsible
y When alerting service is required in respect of a flight operated
through more than one FIR or control area, and when the position of
the aircraft is in doubt, responsibility for coordinating such service
shall rest with the ATS unit of the FIR or control area:
1) within which the aircraft was flying at the time of last airground radio
contact;
2)) that
th t the
th aircraft
i
ft was about
b t to
t enter
t when
h last
l t air
i ground
d contact
t t was
established at or close to the boundary of two FIRs or control areas;
3) within which the aircrafts intermediate stop or final destination point
is located:
y a) if the aircraft was not equipped with suitable two way radio
communication equipment; or
y b) was not under obligation to transmit position reports.
70
COORDINATION
y COORDINATION
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF FLIGHT

INFORMATION SERVICE AND ALERTING SERVICE
COORDINATION IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC
ADVISORY SERVICE
COORDINATION IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL SERVICE
COORDINATION BETWEEN ATC UNITS PROVIDING AIR TRAFFIC
SERVICE WITHIN CONTIGUOUS CONTROL AREAS
COORDINATION BETWEEN A UNIT PROVIDING AREA CONTROL
SERVICE AND A UNIT PROVIDING APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE
COORDINATION BETWEEN A UNIT PROVIDING APPROACH CONTROL
SERVICE AND A UNIT PROVIDING AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE
COORDINATION BETWEEN CONTROL POSITIONS WITHIN THE SAME
UNIT
COORDINATION BETWEEN AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES UNITS AND
AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION STATIONS
71
AE1014 - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND AERODROME DESIGN

72
INSTRUMENTRUNWAY
Runways
Numberandorientationofrunways
Manyfactorsaffectthedeterminationoftheorientation,sittingandnumberof
runways
runways.
y Theusabilityfactor,asdeterminedbythewinddistribution,whichisspecified
hereunder.
y Thealignmentoftherunwaytofacilitatetheprovisionofapproachesconformingto
g
y
p
pp
g
theapproachsurfacespecifications.
Whenanewinstrumentrunwayisbeinglocated,particularattentionneeds
tobegiventoareasoverwhichaeroplaneswillberequiredtoflywhenfollowing
instrumentapproachandmissedapproachprocedures soastoensurethat
instrumentapproachandmissedapproachprocedures,soastoensurethat
obstaclesintheseareasorotherfactorswillnotrestricttheoperationoftheaero
planesforwhichtherunwayisintended.
Thenumberandorientationofrunwaysatanaerodromeshallbesuchthat
y
theusabilityfactoroftheaerodromeisnotlessthan95percentfortheaero
planesthattheaerodromeisintendedtoserve.
73
INSTRUMENTRUNWAY
Choiceofmaximumpermissiblecrosswindcomponents
Choiceofmaximumpermissiblecross windcomponents
y Intheapplicationof3.1.1itshallbeassumedthatlandingortakeoffof
aeroplanesis,innormalcircumstances,precludedwhenthecrosswind
componentexceeds:
y C37km/h(20kt)inthecaseofaeroplaneswhosereferencefieldlength
is1500morover,exceptthatwhenpoorrunwaybrakingactionowingto
aninsufficientlongitudinalcoefficientoffrictionisexperiencedwith
somefrequency,acrosswindcomponentnotexceeding24km/h(13kt)
shallbeassumed;
y C24km/h(13kt)inthecaseofaeroplaneswhosereferencefieldlengthis
1200moruptobutnotincluding1500m;and
y C19km/h(10kt)inthecaseofaeroplaneswhosereferencefieldlengthis
l th
lessthan1200m.

74
LENGTH
OF PRIMARY/SECONDARY
LENGTHOFPRIMARY/SECONDARY
RUNWAY
Actuallengthofrunways
Primaryrunway
Theactualrunwaylengthtobeprovidedforaprimaryrunwayshallbeadequatetomeetthe
operationalrequirementsoftheaeroplanesforwhichtherunwayisintendedandshallbenot
lessthanthelongestlengthdeterminedbyapplyingthecorrectionsforlocalconditionstothe
operationsandperformancecharacteristicsoftherelevantAeroplanes.
[Note1.CThisspecificationdoesnotnecessarilymeanprovidingforoperationsbythecritical
aeroplaneatitsmaximummass.]
[Note2.CBothtakeoffandlandingrequirementsneedtobeconsideredwhendeterminingthe
lengthofrunwaytobeprovidedandtheneedforoperationstobeconductedinbothdirections
oftherunway.]
[Note3.CLocalconditionsthatmayneedtobeconsideredincludeelevation,temperature,runway
[Note3
CLocalconditionsthatmayneedtobeconsideredincludeelevation temperature runway
slope,humidityandtherunwaysurfacecharacteristics.]
[Note4.CWhenperformancedataonaeroplanesforwhichtherunwayisintendedarenotknown,
guidanceonthedeterminationoftheactuallengthofaprimaryrunwaybyapplicationof
g
generalcorrectionfactorsisgivenintheICAOAerodromeDesignManual,Part1.]
g
g
,
]
75
LENGTH
OF PRIMARY/SECONDARY
LENGTHOFPRIMARY/SECONDARY
RUNWAY
Secondaryrunway
Thelengthofasecondaryrunwayshallbedeterminedsimilarlytoprimary
runwaysexceptthatitneedsonlytobeadequateforthoseaeroplanes
whichrequiretousethatsecondaryrunwayinadditiontotheother
runwayorrunwaysinordertoobtainausabilityfactorofatleast95per
cent.
Runwayswithstopwaysorclearways
Wherearunwayisassociatedwithastopwayorclearway,anactual
runwaylengthlessthanthatresultingfromapplicationof3.1.6or3.1.7,as
appropriate,maybeconsideredsatisfactory,butinsuchacaseany
combinationofrunway stopwayandclearwayprovidedshallpermit
combinationofrunway,stopwayandclearwayprovidedshallpermit
compliancewiththeoperationalrequirementsfortakeoffandlandingof
theaeroplanestherunwayisintendedtoserve.
[Note.CGuidanceonuseofstopwaysandclearwaysisgiveninAttachmentA,
[Note
CGuidanceonuseofstop a sandclear a sisgi eninAttachmentA
Section2.]
76
WIDTHOFRUNWAYS
Widthofrunways
Thewidthofarunwayshallbenotlessthantheappropriatedimensionspecifiedinthefollowing
tabulation:
Codeletter
Codenumber
1a
2a
3
4
A
18m
23m
30m
B
B
18m
23m
30m
B
C
23m
30m
30m
45m
D
B
B
45m
45m
E
B
B
B
45m
F
B
B
B
60m
a.Thewidthofaprecisionapproachrunwayshallbenotlessthan30mwherethecodenumberis1or2.
[Note1.CThecombinationsofcodenumbersandlettersforwhichwidthsarespecifiedhavebeen
developedfortypicalaeroplanecharacteristics.]
[
[Note2.CFactorsaffectingrunwaywidtharegivenintheICAOAerodromeDesignManual,Part1.]
g
y
g
g
,
]
77
MINIMUM DISTANCE B/W PARALLEL

MINIMUMDISTANCEB/WPARALLEL
RUNWAYS
Minimumdistancebetweenparallelrunways
Whereparallelnoninstrumentrunwaysareintendedforsimultaneous
use,theminimumdistancebetweentheircentrelinesshallbe:
y C210mwherethehighercodenumberis3or4;
y C150mwherethehighercodenumberis2;and
y C120mwherethehighercodenumberis1.
[Note.CProceduresforwaketurbulencecategorizationofaircraftandwake
turbulenceseparationminimaare
containedintheICAOProceduresforAirNavigationServicesCRulesofthe
AirandAirTrafficServices(PANSRAC),Doc
4444,PartV,Section16.]
78

RUNWAYS
Whereparallelinstrumentrunwaysareintendedfor
simultaneoususesubjecttoconditionsspecifiedinthe
ICAOPANSRAC(Doc444)andthePANSOPS(Doc
8 68) VolumeI theminimumdistancebet eentheir
8168),VolumeI,theminimumdistancebetweentheir
centrelinesshallbe:
y C1035mforindependentparallelapproaches;
C f i d
d
ll l
h
y C915mfordependentparallelapproaches;
95
p
p
pp
y C760mforindependentparalleldepartures;
y C760mforsegregatedparalleloperations;
79

RUNWAYS
exceptthat:
a)forsegregatedparalleloperationsthespecifiedminimumdistance:
1)maybedecreasedby30mforeach150mthatthearrivalrunwayis
staggeredtowardthearrivingaircraft toaminimumof300m;and
staggeredtowardthearrivingaircraft,toaminimumof300m;and
2)shallbeincreasedby30mforeach150mthatthearrivalrunwayis
staggeredawayfromthearrivingaircraft;
b)forindependentparallelapproaches,combinationsofminimumdistancesand
associatedconditionsotherthanthosespecifiedintheICAOPANSRAC(Doc
4444)maybeappliedwhenitisdeterminedthatsuchcombinationswouldnot
adverselyaffectthesafetyofaircraftoperations.
[Note.CProceduresandfacilitiesrequirementsforsimultaneousoperationsonparallel
ornearparallelinstrumentrunwaysarecontainedintheICAOPANSRAC(Doc
4444),PartIVandthePANSOPS(Doc8168),VolumeI,PartVIIandVolumeII,
PartsIIandIIIandrelevantguidanceiscontainedintheICAOManualof
Si lt
SimultaneousOperationsonParallelorNearParallelInstrumentRunways(Doc
O
ti
P ll l N
P ll lI t
tR
(D
9643).]
80
81
82
83
CONTENTS
y Aerodromedata
y Basicterminology
y Aerodromereferencecode
y Aerodromereferencepoint
y Aerodromeelevation
y Aerodromereferencetemperature
84
WINDROSE
p
y
g
andtheirprobabilityofoccurrenceinaformatresemblinga
y Awindrosegraphicallydepictswindvelocities,directions,
compass
85
86
AERODROMEREFERENCECODE
87
AerodromeReferencePoint
y Anaerodromereferencepointshallbeestablishedforan
aerodrome.
y Theaerodromereferencepointshallbelocatednearthe
initialorplannedgeometriccentreoftheaerodromeand
shallnormallyremainwherefirstestablished.
shallnormallyremainwherefirstestablished
y Thepositionoftheaerodromereferencepointshallbe
p
p
measuredandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformation
servicesauthorityindegrees,minutesandseconds.
88
Example
AlNajafAlAshrafInternationalAirport
AerodromeReferencePointcoordinates
N3159.4,E04424.2
89
Aerodromeelevation
y Theaerodromeelevationandgeoidundulationattheaerodrome
elevationpositionshallbemeasuredtotheaccuracyofonehalfmetre
orfootandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservicesauthority.
y Foranaerodromeusedbyinternationalcivilaviationfornonprecision
approaches,theelevationandgeoidundulationofeachthreshold,the
elevationoftherunwayendandanysignificanthighandlow
intermediatepointsalongtherunwayshallbemeasuredtothe
accuracyofonehalfmetreorfootandreportedtotheaeronautical
informationservicesauthority.
y Forprecisionapproachrunway,theelevationandgeoidundulationof
thethreshold,theelevationoftherunwayendandthehighest
elevationofthetouchdownzoneshallbemeasuredtotheaccuracyof
q
p
onequartermetreorfootandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformation
servicesauthority.
90
Example
Elevation
32.9M(108ft)
91
Aerodromereferencetemperature
y Anaerodromereferencetemperatureshallbedetermined
foranaerodromeindegreesCelsius.
y Theaerodromereferencetemperatureshallbethemonthly
meanofthedailymaximumtemperaturesforthehottest
monthoftheyear(thehottestmonthbeingthatwhichhas
thehighestmonthlymeantemperature).Thistemperature
shallbeaveragedoveraperiodofyears.
92
Example
ReferenceTemperature
43.8C
93
Aerodrome dimensions and related

Aerodromedimensionsandrelated
information
y Thefollowingdatashallbemeasuredordescribed,asappropriate,foreach
facilityprovidedonanaerodrome:
y runwayCtruebearingtoonehundredthofadegree,
y striprunwayendsafetyareastopway,
y taxiwayCdesignation,width,surfacetype;
y apronCsurfacetype,aircraftstands;
p
yp
y theboundariesoftheairtrafficcontrolservice;
y clearwayClengthtothenearestmetreorfoot,groundprofile;
y visualaidsforapproachprocedures,
visualaidsforapproachprocedures
y locationandradiofrequencyofanyVORaerodromecheckpoint;
y locationanddesignationofstandardtaxiroutes;
y distancestothenearestmetreorfootoflocalizerandglidepath
d
h
f
fl l
d ld
h
elementscomprisinganinstrumentlandingsystem(ILS)
94

information(Cont)
y Thegeographicalcoordinatesofeachthresholdshallbemeasuredand
reportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservicesauthorityindegrees,
minutes,secondsandhundredthsofseconds.
y Thegeographicalcoordinatesofappropriatetaxiwaycentrelinepoints
shallbemeasuredandreportedtotheaeronauticalinformation
p
servicesauthorityindegrees,minutes,secondsandhundredthsof
seconds.
y Thegeographicalcoordinatesofeachaircraftstandshallbemeasured
andreportedtotheaeronauticalinformationservicesauthorityin
degrees,minutes,secondsandhundredthsofseconds.
g
95

information(Cont)
y Thegeographicalcoordinatesofsignificantobstaclesintheapproach
andtakeoffareas,inthecirclingareaandinthevicinityofan
andtake offareas inthecirclingareaandinthe icinit ofan
aerodromeshallbemeasuredandreportedtotheaeronautical
informationservicesauthorityindegrees,minutes,secondsandtenths
ofseconds.
y Thebearingstrengthofapavementintendedforaircraftoframpmass
greaterthan5700kgshallbemadeavailableusingtheaircraft
p
(
)
classificationnumberCpavementclassificationnumber(ACNPCN)
methodbyreportingallofthefollowinginformation:
y thepavementclassificationnumber(PCN);
y pavementtypeforACNPCNdetermination;
y subgradestrengthcategory;
b d
h
y maximumallowabletirepressurecategoryormaximumallowable
tirepressurevalue;and
y evaluationmethod.
evaluationmethod
96

information(Cont)
y Preflightaltimeterchecklocation
y Declareddistances
y takeoffrunavailable;
y takeoffdistanceavailable;
y acceleratestopdistanceavailable;and
y landingdistanceavailable.
g
y Conditionofthemovementareaandrelatedfacilities
y constructionormaintenancework;
y roughorbrokensurfacesonarunway,ataxiwayoranapron;
g
y,
y
p ;
y
y
y
y
Wateronarunway
Snow,slushoriceonarunway
Disabledaircraftremoval
Rescueandfirefighting
97

information(Cont)
y Visualapproachslopeindicatorsystems
y associatedrunwaydesignationnumber;
y ForanATVASIS,PAPIorAPAPIinstallation,thesideoftherunway
onwhichthelightsareinstalled,i.e.leftorright,shallbegiven;
onwhichthelightsareinstalled
i e leftorright shallbegiven;
y nominalapproachslopeangle(s).
y minimumeyeheight(s)overthethresholdoftheonslopesignal(s).
y Coordinationbetweenaeronauticalinformationservicesand
aerodromeauthorities
y informationonaerodromeconditions
y theoperationalstatusofassociatedfacilities,servicesand
navigationaidswithintheirareaofresponsibility;
y anyotherinformationconsideredtobeofoperationalsignificance.
98
DunsfoldAerodrome(UK)
99
Communications
General Info
Country
United Kingdom
ICAO ID
EGTD
Time
UTC 0(+1DT)
Latitude
510702 N
Longitude
003209 W
Elevation
172 feet amsl
Magnetic
Variation
4 W
Operating Agency
Dunsfold Park Ltd

Private Unlicensed Aerodrome
Operating Hours
PPR: By appointment only
Contact
+44 (0)1483 200 900 -
Dunsfold Radio
119.100 Mhz (Air / Ground)

Runways
ID
Dimensions
Surface
PCN
ILS
07/25
1880 x 45 M
ASPHALT
30
No
Lighting
ID
Approach
Threshold
Runway
07/25
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fuel
Jet A1
Available
Avgos
Available
JoiningInstructions
Communications
PPR - Aircraft should call DUNSFOLD RADIO (119.100 Mhz) at the earliest opportunity
when inside 10nm of the aerodrome
Circuit Pattern
Runway 07 right hand

Runway 25 left hand
Circuit Height
1000ft QNH
Navigation Warnings
At both ends of Runway 07/25 its width is twice that of the associated edge lights due to
extra pavement at one side
side. Since runway centre lighting is not installed
installed, pilots should
ensure that they are correctly lined up The base of the London TMA overhead is 2,500ft
The London Gatwick CTA is 1nm east of the aerodrome On occasions, high performance
military aircraft operate to and from Dunsfold Aerodrome
100
Minimum distance between parallel

Minimumdistancebetweenparallel
runways
Whereparallelnoninstrumentrunwaysareintendedfor
simultaneoususe,theminimumdistancebetweentheir
centrelinesshallbe:
y 210mwherethehighercodenumberis3or4;
g
3 4;
y 150mwherethehighercodenumberis2;and
y 120mwherethehighercodenumberis1.
101
NATUREOFRUNWAYSURFACE
e u ay e gt dete
es t e types o a c a t t at ay
Therunwaylengthdeterminesthetypesofaircraftthatmay
usethe
aerodrome,theirallowabletakeoffmassandhencethe
distancetheymayfly.
Therunwaysurfacetypemustbenotifiedas
bitumenseal;
asphalt;
concrete;
gravel;
grass;or
naturalsurface. Magesh_MLecturer/REC
102
DECLAREDDISTANCES
C
S
C
S
y Declareddistancesaretheavailableoperationaldistances
notifiedtoapilotfortakeoff,landingorsafelyabortinga
takeoff.Thesedistancesareusedtodeterminewhetherthe
take off Thesedistancesareusedtodeterminewhetherthe
runwayisadequatefortheproposedlandingortakeofforto
determinethemaximumpayloadpermissibleforalandingor
takeoff.
y takeoffrunavailable(TORA);
y takeoffdistanceavailable(TODA);
y acceleratestopdistanceavailable(ASDA);
y landingdistanceavailable(LDA);
103
(TORA)isdefinedasthelengthofrunwayavailableforthe
groundrunofanaeroplanetakingoff.Thisisnormallythe
fulllengthoftherunway;neithertheSWYnorCWYare
involved.
involved
(TODA)isdefinedasthedistanceavailabletoanaeroplanefor
completionofitsgroundrun,liftoffandinitialclimbto35
p
g
,
35
ft.Thiswillnormallybethefulllengthoftherunwayplusthe
lengthofanyCWY
(
(ASDA)isdefinedasthelengthofthetakeoffrunavailable
) d f d
h l
h f h
k ff
l bl
plusthelengthofanySWY.AnyCWYisnotinvolved.ASDA
=TORA+SWY
104
(LDA)isdefinedasthelengthofrunwayavailableforthe
groundrunofalandingaeroplane.TheLDAcommencesatthe
th h ld
runwaythreshold
105
106
107
108
y Supplementarytakeoffdistancesavailable(STODA).
ForTODAhavinganobstaclecleargradientofmorethan
1.6%,STODAmustbeprovided,exceptiftheSTODAisless
than800m.STODAmustbeprovidedforobstacleclear
than800m STODAmustbeprovidedforobstacleclear
takeoffgradientsof1.6%,1.9%,2.2%,2.5%,3.3%and5%,up
tothegradientassociatedwithTODA.Incalculating
STODA,caremustbetakentoensurethatashieldedobject
doesnotbecomecriticalforthelessertakeoffdistances
109
110
111
112
113
MainApron:
ConcretePCN43/F/C/W/T
Magesh_M
Lecturer/REC
114
RUNWAYWIDTH
U
y thedistancebetweentheoutsideedgesofthemaingear
wheels
y thedistancebetweenwingmountedenginesandthe
longitudinala isofanaeroplane
longitudinalaxisofanaeroplane
y thewingspan
115
Width of runways
Widthofrunways
y
y Thewidthofarunwayshallbenotlessthanthe
appropriatedimensionspecifiedinthefollowing
tabulation:
Magesh_M
Lecturer/REC
116
Example
1
RWY
10
28
BRG True and Mag
100T / 96 -16M
280T / 276 -16M
RWY dimensions
9.842 ft x 147.6 ft
3000m x 45m
9.842 ft x 147.6 ft
3000m x 45m
PCN
43
43
THR Coordinates
C
di t
THR Elevation
115.932 ft
89.986 ft
Slope
p of RWY/SWY
/
Unknown
Unknown
SWY Dimensions
Unknown
Unknown
CWY Dimensions
Unknown
Unknown
10
Strip Dimensions
Not calculated
Not calculated
11
Obstacle free zone
Not calculated
Not calculated
N 31 59
5935
35
E 044 2320
N31 59
5911
11
E 044 2510
117
118
VISUALAIDSFORNAVIGATION,VISUALAIDSFOR
DENOTINGOBSTACLESEMERGENCYANDOTHER
SERVICES
119
Winddirectionindicator
120
y Anaerodromeshallbeequippedwithatleastonewind
directionindicator.
y Awinddirectionindicatorshallbelocatedsoastobe
visiblefromaircraftinflightoronthemovementarea
andinsuchawayastobefreefromtheeffectsofair
disturbancescausedbynearbyobjects.
y
y j
121
y Thelocationofatleastonewinddirectionindicator
shouldbemarkedbyacircularband15mindiameter
and1 2mwide
and1.2mwide.
y Provisionshouldbemadeforilluminatingatleastone
windindicatoratanaerodromeintendedforuseat
night.
g
122
Landingdirectionindicator
123
Landingdirectionindicator
y Whereprovided,alandingdirectionindicatorshallbe
locatedinaconspicuousplaceontheaerodrome.
y Thelandingdirectionindicatorshouldbeintheform
ofa T .
ofaT
124
Signallinglamp
y Asignallinglampshallbeprovidedatacontrolledaerodromeinthe
aerodromecontroltower.
y Asignallinglampshouldbecapableofproducingred,greenandwhite
Asignallinglampshouldbecapableofproducingred greenandwhite
signals,andof:
y Beingaimedmanuallyatanytargetasrequired;
y Givingasignalinanyonecolourfollowedbyasignalineitherofthetwo
othercolours;and
th l
d
y TransmittingamessageinanyoneofthethreecoloursbyMorseCodeupto
aspeedofatleastfourwordsperminute.
y Thebeamspreadshouldbenotlessthan1 norgreaterthan3,with
negligiblelightbeyond3.
y Whenthesignallinglampisintendedforuseinthedaytimethe
intensityofthecolouredlightshouldbenotlessthan6000cd.
125
Signallinglamp
126
Signalpanelsandsignalarea
y Thesignalareashouldbelocatedsoastobevisible
forallanglesofazimuthaboveanangleof10
abovethehorizontalwhenviewedfromaheightof
300m.
y Thesignalareashallbeanevenhorizontalsurface
atleast9msquare.
y Thecolourofthesignalareashouldbechosento
contrastwiththecoloursofthesignalpanelsused,
g
p
anditshouldbesurroundedbyawhitebordernot
lessthan0.3mwide.
127
SignalArea
y Thesignalsthatmustbedisplayedareawhitecrossif
theaerodromeisunserviceable.
y Awhitedumbbellifaircraftareonlytousesealed
Awhitedumb bellifaircraftareonlytousesealed
movementareas.
y Awhitedoublecrosswhenglideroperationsarebeing
conducted.
y Inamajorglidingcentre,thedoublecrosssymbolis
permanentlydisplayed
permanentlydisplayed.
128
SignalArea
129
130
Runway
131
General
y Atanintersectionoftwo(ormore)runwaysthemarkings
ofthemoreimportantrunway,exceptfortherunwayside
p
g
p y
g
stripemarking,shallbedisplayedandthemarkingsofthe
otherrunway(s)shallbeinterrupted.
y Theorderofimportanceofrunwaysforthedisplayof
runwaymarkingsshouldbeasfollows:
y Precisionapproachrunway;
y Nonprecisionapproachrunway;and
N
i i
h
d
y Noninstrumentrunway.
y Runwaymarkingsshallbewhite.
k
h ll b h
132
General
133
General
y Taxiwaymarkings,runwayturnpadmarkingsand
aircraftstandmarkingsshallbeyellow.
y Apronsafetylinesshallbeofaconspicuouscolour
whichshallcontrastwiththatusedforaircraft
standmarkings.
t d
ki
y Ataerodromeswhereoperationstakeplaceat
night,pavementmarkingsshouldbemadewith
reflectivematerialsdesignedtoenhancethe
visibilityofthemarkings
visibilityofthemarkings.
134
Runwaydesignationmarking
y Arunwaydesignationmarkingshallbeprovidedat
thethresholdofapavedrunway.
y Arunwaydesignationmarkingshallconsistofa
twodigitnumberandonparallelrunwaysshallbe
supplementedwithaletter.
y fortwoparallelrunways:"L""R";
f t
ll l
"L""R"
y forthreeparallelrunways:"L""C""R";
y forfourparallelrunways:
forfourparallelrunways:"L""R""L""R"
LRLR
135
Runwaydesignationmarking
136
RunwayCentreLineMarking
y Arunwaycentrelinemarkingshallbeprovidedon
apavedrunway.
y Arunwaycentrelinemarkingshallbelocated
alongthecentrelineoftherunwaybetweenthe
runwaydesignationmarkings,exceptwhen
interrupted.
y Arunwaycentrelinemarkingshallconsistofaline
ofuniformlyspacedstripesandgaps.
f if
l
d t i d
137
RunwayCentreLineMarking
138
Thresholdmarking
y Athresholdmarkingshallbeprovidedatthe
thresholdofapavedinstrumentrunway,andofa
pavednon instrumentrunwaywherethecodenumber
pavednoninstrumentrunwaywherethecodenumber
is3or4andtherunwayisintendedforuseby
internationalairtransport.
p
139
Thresholdmarking
140
TRANSVERSE STRIPE
TRANSVERSESTRIPE
y
y Wherearunwaythreshold
istemporarilydisplaced
fromtheextremityofa
runway atransversestripe
runway,atransversestripe
shouldbeaddedtothe
thresholdmarking.
y Atransversestripeshallbe
notlessthan1 80mwide
notlessthan1.80mwide.
Magesh_M
Lecturer/REC
141
ARROWS
y Whenarunwaythresholdistemporarilydisplaced
fromthenormalposition,itshallbemarked.
y Allmarkingspriortothedisplacedthresholdshallbe
obscuredandtherunwaycentrelinemarking
convertedtoarrows.
142
AimingPointMarking
y Anaimingpointmarkingshallbeprovidedateach
approachendofapavedinstrumentrunwaywherethe
codenumberis2,3or4.
y Theaimingpointmarkingshallcommencenocloser
tothethresholdthanthedistanceindicatedinthe
appropriatecolumn
143
AimingPointMarking
Location and Dimensions of the Aiming Point Marking
a. The greater dimensions of the specified ranges are intended to be used where
increased conspicuity is required.
b. The lateral spacing may be varied within these limits to minimize the
contamination of the marking by rubber deposits.
c. These figures were deduced by reference to the outer main gear wheel span
which is element 2 of the aerodrome reference code at Subpart D, Table 1-1.
144
Touchdownzonemarking
y Atouchdownzonemarkingshallbeprovidedat
eachendofapavedrunwaywherethecode
numberis3or4
numberis3or4.
y Atouchdownzonemarkingshallconsistofpairs
ofrectangularmarkingssymmetricallydisposed
abouttherunwaycentrelinewiththenumberof
suchpairsrelatedtothelandingdistanceavailable
h i l d h l di di
il bl
and,wherethemarkingistobedisplayedatboth
theapproachdirectionsofarunway,
145
Touchdownzonemarking
Runway length
Pair(s) of markings
less than 900 m
900 m up to but not including 1200 m
1200 m up to but not including 1500 m 3

1500 m up to but not including 2400 m 4
2400 m or more
146
RunwaySideStripeMarkings
y Arunwaysidestripemarkingshallbeprovided
betweenthethresholdsofapavedrunwaywherethere
isalackofcontrastbetweentherunwayedgesandthe
shouldersorthesurroundingterrain.
y Arunwaysidestripemarkingshallconsistofastripe
placedalongeachedgeoftherunway.
147
Aimingpoint,touchdownzone
markings and Runway Side Stripe
markingsandRunwaySideStripe
Markings
148
TaxiwayCentreLineMarking
y Taxiwaycentrelinemarkingshallbeprovidedona
pavedtaxiway,andapronwherethecodenumber
is3or4insuchawayastoprovidecontinuous
guidancebetweentherunwaycentrelineand
aircraftstands.
y Ataxiwaycentrelinemarkingshallbeatleast15
cminwidthandcontinuousinlengthexcept
i id h d
i
i l
h
whereitintersectsataxiholdingpositionmarking
ortaxiwayintersectionmarkingorwhen
interruptedbyaninformationmarking
149
TaxiwayIntersectionMarking
y Ataxiwayintersectionmarkingshouldbedisplayedat
anintersectionoftwopavedtaxiwayswhereitis
desiredtodesignateaspecificholdinglimit
desiredtodesignateaspecificholdinglimit.
y Ataxiwayintersectionmarkingshallconsistofasingle
brokenline
150
151
Runwayturnpadmarking
y Wherearunwayturnpadisprovided,arunwayturnpad
markingshallbeprovidedforcontinuousguidanceto
p
p
g
enableanaeroplanetocompletea180degreeturnand
alignwiththerunwaycentreline.
y Therunwayturnpadmarkingshouldbecurvedfromthe
runwaycentrelineintotheturnpad.
y Theradiusofthecurveshouldbecompatiblewiththe
manoeuvringcapabilityandnormaltaxiingspeedsofthe
p
y
p
aeroplanesforwhichtherunwayturnpadisintended.
152
Runwayholdingpositionmarking
y Arunwayholdingpositionmarkingshallbe
displayedalongarunwayholdingposition.
y Atanintersectionofataxiwayandanon
instrument,nonprecisionapproachortakeoff
runway,therunwayholdingpositionmarking
th
h ldi iti
ki
shallbeasshown
y Wheretwoorthreerunwayholdingpositionsare
y
gp
providedatsuchanintersection,therunway
holdingpositionmarkingcloser(closest)tothe
runwayshallbeasshown
153
Runwayholdingpositionmarking
154
Intermediateholdingpositionmarking
y Anintermediateholdingpositionmarkingshouldbe
displayedalonganintermediateholdingposition.
y Anintermediateholdingpositionmarkingshall
consistofasinglebrokenline
155
Intermediateholdingpositionmarking
156
VORaerodromecheckpointmarking
y WhenaVORaerodromecheckpointis
established,itshallbeindicatedbyaVOR
aerodromecheckpointmarkingandsign.
p
g
g
y AVORaerodromecheckpointmarkingshallbe
centredonthespotatwhichanaircraftistobe
t d th t t hi h i
fti t b
parkedtoreceivethecorrectVORsignal.
y AVORaerodromecheckpointmarkingshall
consistofacircle6mindiameterandhavealine
widthof15cm.
widthof15cm
157
VORaerodromecheckpointmarking
158
ApronSafetyLines
y Apronsafetylinesshouldbeprovidedonapaved
apronasrequiredbytheparkingconfigurationsand
groundfacilities.
y Anapronsafetylineshouldbecontinuousinlength
andatleast10cminwidth.
y Anapronsafetylineshallnotbecolouredredwherean
A
f t li h ll tb l
d d h
aicraftwillcrosstheline
159
ApronSafetyLines
160
InformationMarking
y Whereitisimpracticabletoinstallaninformation
sign,theinformationshouldbeconveyedthroughan
informationmarking
informationmarking.
y Themarkingshallbeyellow.
Themarkingshallbeyellow
y Thecharacterheightshouldbe4m.
Thecharacterheightshouldbe4m
161
InformationMarking
162
163
General
y Anonaeronauticalgroundlightwhich,byreasonofits
intensity,configurationorcolour,mightprevent,orcause
confusionin,theclearinterpretationofaeronautical
groundlightsshouldbee tinguished screenedor
groundlightsshouldbeextinguished,screenedor
otherwisemodifiedsoastoeliminatesuchapossibility.
y Inparticular,attentionshouldbedirectedtoanon
Inparticular attentionshouldbedirectedtoanon
aeronauticalgroundlightvisiblefromtheairwithinthe
areasdescribedhereunder:
y Instrumentrunwaycodenumber4:withintheareasbeforethe
Instrumentrunway codenumber4:withintheareasbeforethe
thresholdandbeyondtheendoftherunwayextendingatleast4
500minlengthfromthethresholdandrunwayendand750m
eithersideoftheextendedrunwaycentrelineinwidth.
y Instrumentrunwaycodenumber2or3:asin(i),exceptthatthe
Instrumentrunway codenumber2or3:asin(i) exceptthatthe
lengthshouldbeatleast3000m.
y Instrumentrunwaycodenumber1;andnoninstrumentrunway:
withintheapproacharea.
164
165
Protectedzones
y Toprotectthesafetyofaircraftagainstthehazardous
effectsoflaseremitters,thefollowingprotectedzones
shouldbeestablishedaroundaerodromes:
y Alaserbeamfreeflightzone(LFFZ).
y Alaser
Alaserbeamcriticalflightzone(LCFZ)
beamcriticalflightzone(LCFZ)
y Alaserbeamsensitiveflightzone(LSFZ).
166
Protectedzones
167
Elevatedapproachlights
y Elevatedapproachlightsandtheirsupporting
structuresshallbefrangibleexceptthat,inthat
portionoftheapproachlightingsystembeyond
i f h
hli h i
b
d
300mfromthethreshold:
y Wheretheheightofasupportingstructureexceeds12
m,thefrangibilityrequirementshallapplytothetop12
monly;and
y Whereasupportingstructureissurroundedbynon
frangibleobjects,onlythatpartofthestructurethat
extendsabovethesurroundingobjectsshallbe
frangible.
168
Elevatedlights
y Elevatedrunway,stopwayandtaxiwaylightsshallbe
frangible.
y Theirheightshallbesufficientlylowtopreserve
clearanceforpropellersandfortheenginepodsofjet
aircraft.
169
Surfacelights
y Lightfixturesinsetinthesurfaceofrunways,
stopways,taxiwaysandapronsshallbesodesigned
andfittedastowithstandbeingrunoverbythewheels
ofanaircraftwithoutdamageeithertotheaircraftor
tothelightsthemselves.
g
170
LIGHTINTENSITYANDCONTROL
y Theintensityofrunwaylightingshallbeadequatefor
theminimumconditionsofvisibilityandambient
lightinwhichuseoftherunwayisintended and
lightinwhichuseoftherunwayisintended,and
compatiblewiththatofthenearestsectionofthe
approachlightingsystemwhenprovided.
pp
g
g y
p
171
Aerodrome light intensity settings
Lighting system
(1)
Number
of
required
intensity
settings
Intensity setting (%:percentage of required

output or cd:effective candelas)
(2)
(3)
1
HIGH INTENSITY LIGHTING

SYSTEMS:
Precision approach CAT II & III
(ALSF-2):
- steady burning lamps
0.2%
1%
5%
25%
100%
- capacitor discharge lights
450c
d
450c
d
2000c
d
2000c
d
20000cd
Precision approach CAT I

(SSALR):
0.2%
1%
5%
25%
100%
450c
d
450c
d
2000c
d
2000c
d
20000cd
Threshold and Wing bar lights
1%
5%
25%
100%
100%
Runway edge lights
0.2%
1%
5%
25%
100%
R
Runway
end
d lilights
ht
0 2%
0.2%
1%
5%
25%
100%
Runway centre line lights
0.2%
1%
5%
25%
100%
Taxiway centre line lightsMagesh_MLecturer/REC

5
0.2% 1%
5%
25%
100%
172
Lighting system
Number of required
intensity settings
Intensity setting (%:percentage of required output or

cd:effective candelas)
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
MEDIUM INTENSITY
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Precision approach CAT I
((MALSR):
)
4%
20%
100%
450cd
2000cd
20000cd
Simple approach light system

(ODALS)
300cd
1500cd
5000cd
Threshold lights
10%
30%
100%
Runway edge lights
10%
30%
100%
Runway end lights
10%
30%
100%
Magesh_M
Lecturer/REC
173
EmergencyLighting
y Atanaerodromeprovidedwithrunwaylighting
andwithoutasecondarypowersupply,sufficient
emergencylightsshouldbeconvenientlyavailable
forinstallationonatleasttheprimaryrunwayin
theeventoffailureofthenormallightingsystem.
y Wheninstalledonarunwaytheemergencylights
should,asaminimum,conformtothe
h ld i i
f
h
configurationrequiredforanoninstrument
runway.
174
AerodromeBeacon
y Anaerodromebeaconshallbeprovidedateachaerodrome
intendedforuseatnight,exceptwhen,inspecial
circumstances,thebeaconisconsideredbytheCertifying
Authorit asunnecessar upondeterminationthatitisnot
Authorityasunnecessaryupondeterminationthatitisnot
requiredbyoneormoreofthefollowingconditions:
y theaerodromeislocatedonornearafrequentlyusednightVFR
route.
y theaerodromeisfrequentlyusedbyaircraftnavigatingvisually
duringperiodsofreducedvisibility.
y itisdifficulttolocatetheaerodromefromtheairdueto
surroundinglightsorterrain.
di li ht t
i
y Theaerodromebeaconshallbelocatedonoradjacentto
theaerodromeinanareaoflowambientbackground
lighting.
175
Approachlightingsystem
y Theapproachlightingsystemdiffersaccordingto
runway:
y Noninstrumentrunway
y Nonprecisionapproachrunway
y PrecisionapproachrunwaycategoryI
y PrecisionapproachrunwaycategoryIIandIII
176
Example
E
l off approach
h and
d runway lilighting
hti
for runway with displaced thresholds
Magesh_M
Lecturer/REC
177
Magesh_M
Precision Approach
CategoryI Lighting System
Lecturer/REC
178
Visual Approach Slope Indicator

VisualApproachSlopeIndicator
Systems
y Avisualapproachslopeindicatorsystemshallbeprovided
toservetheapproachtoarunwaywhereoneormoreofthe
followingconditionsexits:
y Therunwayisnotservedbyanelectronicglidepathandtherunway
isusedbyturbojetorotheraircraftwithsimilarapproachguidance
requirements;
y Thepilotofanytypeofaircraftmayhavedifficultyinjudgingthe
approachdueto:
y
Inadequatevisualguidancesuchasisexperiencedduringanapproach
overwaterorfeaturelessterrainbydayorintheabsenceofsufficient
extraneouslightsintheapproachareabynight,or
Mi l di i f
Misleadinginformationsuchasisproducedbydeceptivesurrounding
ti h i d db d
ti
di
terrainorrunwayslopes;
179

Systems
y Thepresenceofobjectsintheapproachareamay
involveserioushazardifanaircraftdescendsbelowthe
normalapproachpath,particularlyiftherearenonon
visualorothervisualaidstogivewarningofsuch
isualorother isualaidstogi e arningofsuch
objects;
y Physicalconditionsateitherendoftherunwaypresenta
serioushazardintheeventofanaircraftundershooting
oroverrunningtherunway;and
y Terrainorprevalentmeteorologicalconditionsaresuch
thattheaircraftmaybesubjectedtounusualturbulence
y
j
duringapproach.
180

Systems
pp
p
y Thestandardvisualapproachslopeindicator
systemsshallconsistofPAPIandAPAPIsystems
conformingtothespecifications.
y PAPIorAPAPIshallbeprovidedwhenoneormore
oftheconditionsspecifiedinmanualexistin
accordancewiththefollowing:
y PAPIshallbeinstalledwherethecodenumberis3or4.
y PAPIorAPAPIshallbeinstalledwherethecodenumberis
1or2.
181
PAPI
y ThePAPIsystemshallconsistofawingbarof4sharp
transitionmultilamp(orpairedsinglelamp)units
equallyspaced Thesystemshallbelocatedontheleft
equallyspaced.Thesystemshallbelocatedontheleft
sideoftherunwayunlessitisphysicallyimpracticable
todoso.
182
Magesh_M
PAPI Sitting
and Angle of Elevation Settings
Lecturer/REC
183
APAPI
y TheAPAPIsystemshallconsistofawingbarof2sharp
transitionmultilamp(orpairedsinglelamp)units.
y Thesystemshallbelocatedontheleftsideofthe
runwayunlessitisphysicallyimpracticabletodoso
runwayunlessitisphysicallyimpracticabletodoso.
184
Magesh_M
APAPI Sitting
and Angle of Elevation Settings
Lecturer/REC
185
Obstacle Protection Surface

for Visual Approach Slope Indicator Systems
Magesh_M
Lecturer/REC
186
Aerodrome Flight Manoeuvring Area

AerodromeFlightManoeuvringArea
HazardLights
y Thedimensionsoftheflightmanoeuvringarea
shallpermitthecriticalaircraftarrivingand
departingtheairporttomanoeuvresafelyinboth
theallengineoperatingoroneengineout
configuration.
y Theobstaclefreeareashallbedeterminedby
drawingarcsofaradiusof2.3NMcentredoneach
d
i
f di f NM
d h
runwaythresholdandjoiningthosearcswith
tangentlinesandshallprovideaminimumof
100mverticalobstacleclearance.
187
Magesh_M
Flight Manoeuvring Area
Lecturer/REC
188
RunwayLeadInLightingSystems
y Arunwayleadinlightingsystemshouldbeprovidedwhere
itisdesiredtoprovidevisualguidancealongaspecific
pp
p
g
approachpath,forreasonssuchasavoidinghazardous
terrainorforpurposesofnoiseabatement.
y Eachgroupoflightsofarunwayleadinlightingsystem
Eachgroupoflightsofarunwaylead inlightingsystem
shouldconsistofatleastthreeflashinglightsinalinearor
clusterconfiguration.
y Thesystemmaybeaugmentedbysteadyburninglights
wheresuchlightswouldassistinidentifyingthesystem.
g
y g
y
189
RunwayIdentificationLights(RILS)
y Runwayidentificationlightsshouldbeprovided:
y atthethresholdofanonprecisionapproachrunway
whereitisnotpracticaltoprovideothervisualapproach
p
p
pp
aids;or
y whereextraneousnonaeronauticallightsorlackof
g
daytimecontrastdetractfromtheeffectivenessof
approachlightsorwherethethresholdisdifficultto
identifyandenhancedconspicuityisnecessary;and
y wherearunwaythresholdispermanentlydisplaced
fromtherunwayextremityortemporarilydisplaced
fromthenormalpositionandadditionalthreshold
conspicuityisnecessary.
190
RunwayEdgeLights
y Lowintensityrunwayedgelightsshallbeprovidedfora
runwayintendedforuseatnightwherethecodenumberis
1or2.
y Mediumintensityrunwayedgelightsshallbeprovidedfor
arunwayintendedforuseatnightwherethecodenumber
is3or4.
y Highintensityrunwayedgelightsshouldbeprovidedona
runwayintendedfortakeoffwithanoperatingminimum
y y
belowanRVRoftheorderof2600ft(800m)byday.
191
Runway Edge Light Mounting Height
Magesh_M
Lecturer/REC
192
RunwayThresholdLights
y Runwaythresholdlightsshallbeprovidedfora
runwayequippedwithrunwayedgelightsexcept
onanoninstrumentornonprecisionapproach
p
pp
runwaywherethethresholdisdisplacedandwing
barlightsareprovided.
y Therunwaythresholdlightsdescribedin,shallbe
placedintwogroupssymmetricallydisposed
abouttherunwaycentrelinewiththeoutermost
b h
li i h h
runwaythresholdlightspositionedtoalignwith
therunwayedgelightsandtheremainderspaced
y g g
p
atintervalsof3m.
193
WingBarLights
y Wingbarlightsshallbeprovidedonarunwaywherethethresholdis
displacedtoindicatethelocationofthedisplacedthreshold.
y Wingbarlightsshallconsistoftwogroupsoflights(ie.wingbars)each
Wingbarlightsshallconsistoftwogroupsoflights(ie wingbars)each
consistingof;
y threelightswhenusedtomarkthelocationofadisplacedthresholdfora
runway30morlessinwidth;
y fourlightswhenusedtomarkthelocationofadisplacedthresholdfora
runwaygreaterthan30minwidthbutnotgreaterthan45minwidth;
y fivelightswhenusedtomarkthelocationofadisplacedthresholdfora
runwaygreaterthan45minwidth;and
y sevenoreightlightswhenprovidedonaprecisionapproachrunway
categoryIIorIII
categoryIIorIII.
194
ExamplesMagesh_M
of Threshold and Wing Bar Lights
Lecturer/REC
195
RunwayEndLights
y Runwayendlightsshallbeprovidedforarunway
equippedwithrunwayedgelights.
y Runwayendlightsonarunwaylessthan45min
widthshallconsistofsixlightsarrangedintwo
groups,andonarunway45mandgreaterinwidth,
eightlightsarrangedintwogroups
eightlightsarrangedintwogroups.
y Runwayendlightmountingsshallbefrangible.
R
dli ht
ti h llb f
ibl
196
RunwayCentreLineLights
y Runwaycentrelinelightsshallbeprovidedona
precisionapproachrunwaycategoryIIorIII.
y Runwaycentrelinelightsshallbefixedlights
showingvariablewhitefromthethresholdtothe
point900mfromtherunwayend;alternatered
andvariablewhitefrom900mto300mfromthe
runwayend;andredfrom300mtotherunway
end.
197
RunwayTouchdownZoneLights
y Touchdownzonelightsshallextendfromthe
thresholdforalongitudinaldistanceof900m,
exceptthat,onrunwayslessthan1800minlength,
h
l h 8
i l
h
thesystemshallbeshortenedsothatitdoesnot
extendbeyondthemidpointoftherunway
extendbeyondthemidpointoftherunway.
y Touchdownzonelightsshallbefixed
unidirectionallightsshowingvariablewhite.
198
StopwayLights
y Stopwaylightsshallbeprovidedforastopway
intendedforuseatnight.
y Stopwaylightsshallbefixedunidirectionallights
showingredinthedirectionoftherunway.
showingredinthedirectionoftherunway
y Stopwaylightmountingsshallbefrangible.
Stopwaylightmountingsshallbefrangible
199
TaxiwayCentreLineLights
y Taxiwaycentrelinelightsshallbeprovidedona
runwayformingpartofastandardtaxirouteand
intendedfortaxiinginrunwayvisualrangeconditions
lessthanavalueoftheorderof1400ft(400m)except
thattheselightsneednotbeprovidedwherethereisa
lowvolumeoftrafficandtaxiwayedgelightsand
centrelinemarkingprovideadequateguidance.
200
Magesh_M
Taxiway Lighting
Lecturer/REC
201
TaxiwayIntersectionLights
y Taxiwayintersectionlightsshouldbeprovidedatataxiway
intersectionwhereitisdesirabletodefineaspecific
aeroplaneholdinglimitandthereisnoneedforstopand
gosignalsaspro idedb astopbar
gosignalsasprovidedbyastopbar.
y Taxiwayintersectionlightingshallconsistofatleastthree
fixedunidirectionallightsshowingyellowinthedirection
fi
d idi
i
lli h h i ll i h di
i
ofapproachtotheintersectionwithalightdistribution
similartotaxiwaycentrelinelightsifprovided.
y Thelightsshallbedisposedsymmetricallyabout,andat
90 to,thetaxiwaycentreline,withindividuallightsspaced
1 5mapart
1.5mapart.
202
ApronFloodlighting
y Apronfloodlightingshouldbeprovidedonan
apron,andonadesignatedisolatedaircraft
parkingposition,intendedtobeusedatnight.
ki i i i
d d b d i h
y Thespectraldistributionofapronfloodlightsshall
besuchthatthecoloursusedforaircraftmarking
connectedwithroutineservicing and/orsurface
connectedwithroutineservicing,and/orsurface
andobstaclemarking,canbecorrectlyidentified.
203
Aircraft Stand Manoeuvring Guidance

AircraftStandManoeuvringGuidance
Lights
y Aircraftstandmanoeuvringguidancelightsshouldbe
providedtofacilitatethepositioningofanaircrafton
anaircraftstandintendedforuseinpoorvisibility
conditionsunlessadequateguidanceisprovidedby
othermeans.
y Thelightsindicatingastoppositionshallbefixed,
unidirectionallights,showingred.
204
RoadHoldingPositionLight
y Aroadholdingpositionlightshallbeprovidedat
eachroadholdingpositionservingarunwaywhen
i i i
itisintendedthattherunwaywillbeusedin
d d h h
illb di
runwayvisualrangeconditionslessthanavalueof
theorderof1400ft(400m)
theorderof1400ft(400m).
y Theroadholdingpositionlightshallcomprise:
Theroad holdingpositionlightshallcomprise:
y acontrollablered(stop)/green(go)trafficlight;or
y aflashingredlight.
aflashingredlight
205
THANK YOU
THANKYOU
206

AE1014 Air Traffic Control &amp; Aerodrome Design NOL

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AE1014 Air Traffic Control &amp; Aerodrome Design NOL

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AIRTRAFFICCONTROL

Air Routes in Arrival & Departures

Air Traffic Control Tower

obstructions on that area.

Vi l fli ht l (VFR Fli ht )

to proceeding IFR when in controlled airspace.

VFR flights shall not takeoff or land at an aerodrome within a control

y Expect when necessary for takeoff or landing or except by permission

from appropriate authority, a VFR flight shall not be flown

flying aircraft by referring only to the aircraft instrument panel for

y An aircraft electing to change the conduct of flight from IFR to VFR

ATC services are provided throughout the majority of airspace,

traffic Control service,

control service and are separated from other IFR flights.

advisory service and all flights receive flight information service,

Aerodrome control service

a Center, is a facility responsible for controlling instrument flight

AREA CONTROL CENTER SEPERATION

y Area Navigation (RNAV) is a method of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)

y RNAV can be defined as a method of navigation that permits aircraft

operation on any desired course within the coverage of station

Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is a type of

performance monitoring and alerting.

A navigation specification that includes a requirement for onboard

navigation performance monitoring and alerting is referred to as an RNP

RNP also refers to the level of performance required for a specific

procedure or a specific block of airspace.

An RNP of 10 means that a navigation system must be able to calculate its

position to within a circle with a radius of 10 nautical miles.

An RNP of .3 means the aircraft navigation system must be able to

calculate its position to within a circle with a radius of 3 tenths of a

(8,800 m), no aircraft should come closer vertically

closer than 2,000 feet (or 600 m), except in

vertical separation minimum, then some form of

y Longitudinal separation can be based upon time or distance as

measure by DME. The golden rule is the 15 minute rule: no two

be crossing, in this case longitudinal separation cannot be

control units constitutes authority for an aircraft to proceed

to prevent collisions and to expedite and maintain an

theyy are transmitted to the aircraft in sufficient time for it

Aircraft subject to ATC for part of

flight will be uncontrolled, and that the subsequent

will be subject to ATC,

position reports shall be made by the aircraft when

byy the appropriate

Any object in the path of the signal reflects

A receiver receives the signal which is

Primary Surveillance Radar

Air Route Surveillance Radar

Any object in the path of the signal reflects

A receiver receives the signal which is

Primary Surveillance Radar

Air Route Surveillance Radar

Coordination of traffic under

control unit using radar to ensure the coordination of

between radar controllers and nonradar controllers.

form of emergency, every assistance shall be provided by

monitored and (whenever possible) plotted on the radar

information on collision hazards more effective than it

only advisory information and it uses the word advise or

facilitate the provision of alerting and search and rescue

IN RESPECT OF THE PROVISION OF FLIGHT

AE1014 - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND AERODROME DESIGN

MINIMUM DISTANCE B/W PARALLEL

AE1014 Air Traffic Control & Aerodrome Design NOL

AE1014 Air Traffic Control & Aerodrome Design NOL