A

MANUAL

VETERINARY
AND

THERAPEUTICS

PHARMACOLOGY

BY

E.

WALLIS

YORK

NEW

R.

WILLIAM
VETERINARY

F.R.C

HOARE,

PUBLISHER
851 " 853 Sixth

1900.

VS.

JENKINS,
AND

Avenue.

BOOKSELLER.

PREFACE.

The

following

important

work

and
and

is iatended

as

subject

extensive

pharmacology.

introduction

an

of

It

veterinary
divided

is

the

to

peutics
thera-

into

three

parts.
Part
with
of

I.

the

is

of

in

II.

is

author
in

and

in

the

therapeutics

to

agents

devoted

has

also

are

his

the

excellent

concise

general
the

briefly

manner

symptoms

actions

and

noticed

under

by

adopted
'

on

of

the

therapeutics,

plan

work

viz., that

remedies

of

general

to

followed

Therapeutics,'
uses

deals

in

in

it

manner.

Part

Bruce

and

diagnosis

relation

medicinal

general

the

of

subjects

disease

uses

introductory,

Materia

Dr.

Mitchell

Medica

and

actions

and

the

discussing

and

physiological systems

of

the

body.
III.

Part

again
the
in

the

plan

deals

author

has

adopted

by

discussing

the

body,

tissues

By

to

until
this

with

their

method

arranged
Dr.

actions

their

they

special

effects

become
the

the

Mitchell

actions

Bruce,

from
on

and

therapeutics,

their
the

of

drugs

which

on

consists

first contact

various

here

organs

with
and

eliminated.
student

is

enabled

to

thoroughly

PREFACE

iv

understand

actions of medicinal agentsand

specific
employment in the treatment of disease.

the

their rational

to group
possible
in action,
a
similarity
togetherthose drugs possessing
will be found
and he ventures to hope that this method
them
to following
accordingto their natural
preferable
orders or alphabetically.
Toxicologyhas onlybeen briefly

author has endeavoured

The

touched
on

on

whenever

necessary,

subjectthe

this

far

as

as

tion
and for further informa-

student is referred to

more

tentious
pre-

text-books.
of drugs has
preparation
etc.,are
characters,
impurities,

outline of the

Only an

botanical

given,and

omitted, as the author

does

not

consider

been
posely
pur-

these

importanceto the veterinarystudent of the

present day, whose time has alreadysufficient demands
ployment
it in masteringthe action of drugs and their emupon
matters

of

in the treatment

of disease.

wholesale chemists have relieved both

practitioners
of trouble by preparing
and students of a vast amount
time and energies
and our
drugs in a reliable manner,
more
are
now
usefullyemployed in endeavouring to
discoveries in the
keep pace with the ever-increasing
science of therapeutics.
A specialchapterhas been devoted to Anaesthetics
of the importanceof this subjectin the
in consequence
presentday, and in it the author has giventhe results of
observation with reference to the employment
practical
of chloroform in veterinary
surgery.
information is givenon
In the Appendix some
practical
of prescribing
and dispensing,
the subject
togetherwith
wliich it is hoped will prove
examplesof prescriptions,
The

'

of

some

The

'

assistance to the student.

author
which

ance
gratefully
acknowledgesthe valuable assisthe has received in the preparationof this

PREFACE

work

from

Professor

J.

Maequeen, Eoyal Veterinary

London
College,
; also from Professor P. Smith, A.V.D.,
press
Army VeterinarySchool,Aldershot. He has also to exhis indebtedness

to

Professor

W.

cipal
Williams, Prin-

VeterinaryCollege,
Edinburgh,for sound
ceived
reteachingon all details of therapeutics

of the New
and

rational
both

his eminent
The

as

student from

works

author

is

on

medicine
veterinary

which must
imperfections
this kind,in consequence

attempt may

of the many

fullyaware

for reference

his able lectures and from

and

stimulate

of

and surgery.
omissions and

exist
necessity

in

work

of

posal
of the limited time at his dis-

research,and he hopes that the

some

abler hand

to

complete the

task.
student
If it should prove of assistance to the veterinary
in commencing the consideration of an important and
the proserve
indirectly
fession
feel
that
a
slightdegree,the author will
been amply rewarded.

and
often difficultsubject,
even

to

his efforts have

18, Cook

Stkeet, Ooek,

December,

1894.

thus

and

Medioa

Pinlay Dun,

Mr.

Veterinary Medicines,
Materia

CONSULTED.

WORKS

OF

LIST

Therapeutics,

Dr.

1882.
Bruce.

Mitchell

Therapeutics, Dr. Einger.

Medica
and
Materia
Therapeutics, Dr. Phillips.
Mr.
the
British
to
PharmacopcBia,
Companion
Squire, 1894.
Materia
Medica, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Dr.
of

Handbook

P.

H.

C. Wood.
The

Specific

Action

of

Messrs.

Drugs,

and

Burness

Mavor.
de

Precis
Pharmacie

Th^rapeutique,
V^tdrinaires, M.

Veterinary Pharmacology

de

Mati^re

Medicale,

Cagny.
and
Therapeutics,

et

de

P.

Mr.

J. B.

Gresswell.

Veterinary Posology^
The

Principles

Professor
The

and

Mr.

Practicd

Principles

of

Veterinary Medicine,

and

of

Practice

Veterinary

Surgery,

Williams.

Equine

Medicine,

Professor

Veterinary Physiology,

Eobertson.

Professor

Smith.

Equine Medicine, Mr. J. B. Gresswell.

of Medicine,
Dr. A. Flint.
Principles and Practice
Journal
of Gomparative Pathology and Therapeutics.

Manual

The

Banham.

A.

Williams.

Professor

The

G.

of

The

Veterinarian.

The

Veterinary Journal.

The

Veterinary

The

American

Becord.

Veterinary

Bevieiv.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface

iii

List

op

Works

vi

consulted
-

PAET

I.

CHAPTER

I.

INTEODUOTOEY.

Clinical

of

Importance
Materia

Medioa

Observation

General

"

CHAPTEE
DIAGNOSIS

The

Art
"

of

AND

Diagnosis

Treatment

Pulse

"

THE

of

connected

Importance of
The
Symptoms

"

Correct

Pulse

of

Temperature

DISEASE.

OP

of

Weakness
Condition

The

"

SYMPTOMS

"

the

with

Membranes

GENERAL

and

"

"

II.

"

Strength

Pharmacology
Toxicology

"

Therapeutics

Diagnosis

Varieties

"

Pulse"

the
"

Symptoms

Visible

Fever

of

Mucous

Symptoms

"

Varieties
Respiratory
furnished
of Respiration
Symptoms
by the
Cough
of the Body and Extremities
Condition
of the Surface
and
tions
Excrefurnished
by the Secretions
Symptoms

connected

with

Functions

the

"

"

"

"

6"24

..----

CHAPTER
THE

Physiological Action
Treatment

of

Manner

Disease

USES

AND

ACTIONS

"

III.

"

OF

in which

Plan

for

DHU0S.

Drugs act
Description

in

the

of

the

CONTENTS

Actions of a
in or on
the
Action

Drug

Local
SpecificAction

Action

Immediate

"

Blood"

Action

"

Local
25"31

Remote

"

------

IV.

CHAPTER
PKESCEIBING.

ON

Contra-indications
the Remedy
crasy
Idiosynwhich
Circumstances
modify the Action of
Medicines
The Modes
and Forms
of Administration
Animal
of Drugs
The
of
Species
Age and Size
The Effect of Diseases
The Dose
Frequency Time
Accumulation
The
Duration, Toleration,Habit,
Effect of Climate and Surroundings
Combinations
Chemical
and Physiological
scription
Incompatibles The Pre31
47

Selection

of

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

------

"

PAKT
OENEBAL

II.

THEBAPEUTIGS.
CHAPTER

INTEODnOTOEY.

Four

Considerations

of

General

Therapeutics Health
Action Pathology
Pharmaco-dynamics Physiological
of Recovery Different
Recoverv^-Natural
Means
of Treatment
Kinds
Rational and Empirical Treatment
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

48"56

--.-..

CHAPTER
DIGESTION

"

n.
THE

MOUTH.

Relations "Pharmaco-dynamics Sialagognes

Physiological
"

"

Anti-sialagoguesDemulcents
"

"

tions
PathologicalRela-

Loss of Taste
Disorders of the Secretions of
the Mouth"
Salivation
tions
Derangements of the Excreof the Mouth
Glossitis" Natural
Recovery
"

"

"

"

Therapeutics

57

"

g2

CONTENTS

ix

CHAPTER
DIGESTION

III.
THE

"

STOMACH.
PAQK

Relations
Physiological

Pharmaco-dynamics Digestive

"

"

Alkaline
Stomachics
Gastric Stimulants
Sedatives
Gastric
Gastric Disinfectants
Tonics
Astringents Gastric or Stomachic
Specific
Stimulants
Nervo- muscular
Antacids
Carminatives
PathologicalRelations
Dyspepsia Acute Indigestion
Chronic
and
Indigestion Gastritis,Acute
Pienalvia
Hoven
Gastric
Chronic
Pyrosis
Natural
Catarrh
ment
Recovery
Therapeutics Treatof Acute
of
Chronic
Indigestion Treatment
of Gastritis
62
77
Treatment
Indigestion

Adjuvants
"

"

"Gastric

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

" "

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER

Relations
Physiological

IV.

Emetics

Pharmaco-dynamics

"

"

VOMITION.

ON

"

Natural
Pathological Relations
Therapeutics The Use of Emetics

Anti-emetics
"

"

"

"

CHAPTER
DIGESTION

"

V.

THE

"

"

Recovery
81
77

INTESTINES.

Drastics
Pharmaco-dynamics
Saline
Purgatives
Astringents Constringents
Nervo-musCathartics
Cathartics and
Hydragogue

PhysiologicalRelations

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Nervo-muscular
oular Intestinal Stimulants
Sedatives
Cholagogues Anthelmintics

Intestinal

"

"

"

"

"

Vermicides

"

Vermifuges

Diarrhoea
Large Intestines

PathologicalRelations

"

"

the
of
and
Volvulus
Colic" Enteritis
Intussusception
Colic" Natural
Flatulent
Recovery Therapeutics
Treatment
:
of Purgatives Contra-indications
Uses
of
Colic ; of Enteritis ;
of Diarrhoea ; of Flatulent
81
Intestinal Obstruction

Constipation Impaction
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Uses

of

Enemata

of Using"

"

Ures

of

99

VI.

CHAPTER
ON

"

ENBMATA.

Rectum-tube

Smith's

Nutritive Enemata

Mode

"

100"103

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

VII.
LIVBE.

THE

PACE

CholaPharmaco-dynamics
PhysiologicalBelations
Relations
Jaundice
Affections
Pathological
gogues
Natural Recovery Therapeutics 103
of the Liver
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER

"

109

VIII.

THE

PhysiologicalRelations

BLOOD.

gical
Pharmaco-dynamics PatholoRelations
Plethora
Ansemia
Affections
of
the Blood
Natural Recovery Therapeutics
110
117
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER
OE

METABOLISM,

IX.
PEOCESS

THE

OP

NTJTEITION.

PhysiologicalRelations
Pharmaco-dynamics Action
Alteratives
Natural
PathologicalRelations
Therapeutics
"

"

"

"

"

THE

CHAPTER

X.

CIECULATOEY

SYSTEM.

PhysiologicalRelations

"

of
Recovery
117
125
"

Direct
Pharmaco-dynamics
Stimulants
Direct Cardiac
Depressants
Functional
Disorders
of the
PathologicalRelations
Heart
Organic Diseases of the Heart
Haemorrhage
and
its Consequences
Natural
peutics
Recovery TheraTreatment
of Functional and OrganicDiseases
of the Heart
Treatment
of Hsemorrhage Syncope
Venesection : Uses and Contra indications
125
1^2
"

Cardiac

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER
THE

Relations

"

dynamics Expectorants
Expectorants Pathological
Cough Natural
Recovery
-

"

"

Dyspnoea
Therapeutics
"

SYSTEM.

Pharmaco

"

Disinfectant

"

XI.

EESPIEATOEY

PhysiologicalRelations

"

"

"

"

142

"

153

CONTENTS

CHAPTER
THE

XII.

NEEVOUS

SYSTEM.
PAGE

PhysiologicalRelations
Stimulants

Pharmaco
Anaesthetics

Local

Local

"

Motor
Stimulants
Anaesthetics
Narcotics
Depressants
Relations
Pain
Hypnotics Pathological
Paralysis
Delirium
Unconsciousness
Natural
Recovery
171
153
Therapeutics The Use of Anodynes
"

"

Motor
"

-dynamics

"

"

General

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER

"

Different

"

Xlir.

THE

PhysiologicalRelations

KIDNEYS.

Pharmac6-dy namics

"

Classes of

Diuretics

"

Diuretics
Renal
Depressants
R
elations
Different
Forms
of Bright's
Pathological
Disease
Azoturia
Hsemo-albuminuria
Oxaluria
Natural Recovery Therapeutics TheUseof
Liuretics
Treatment
of Various Renal Affections
171
183
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER
BODY

THE

HEAT

AND

"

XIV.

ITS

REGULATION

; THE

SKIN.

Pharmaco-dynamics
retics
Diaphoof DiaphoreticsAnhydrotics
Causes
of
Antipyretics PathologicalRelations
Pyrexia Changes produced by Pyrexia Varieties of
Disorders
of Perspiration Natural
Fever
Recovery
and Antipyretics
Therapeutics Uses of Diaphoretics

PhysiologicalRelations
Different

"

"

"

Forms

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

183"194
CHAPTER
OF

THEKAPEDTICS

THE

XV.
THE

SURFACE

OF

THE

BODY.

irritants
Theory of
Uses of CounterCounter-irritation in Therapeutics"
Cold and Hot
and Allied Measures
Baths
irritants
Poultices
Surgical
Applications Fomentations

Pharmaco

dynamics

"

Counter

-:-

"

"

"

"

"

Antiseptics Disinfectants

Applications Deodorants
Styptics Caustics and
Astringents Stimulants
cinal
Vesicants
Escharotics
Anodynes Actions of Medidriatics"
Agents on the Eye Local Ansesthetics" My"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Myotics

195"207

xii

CONTENTS

III.

PART

TREBAPEUTIGS.

SPECIAL

I.

CHAPTEK
INTKODUCTOKY.

PAGE

Drugs Preparations Alkaloids

OrganicPrinciples

Classificationof

..---.

The

'208
"

213

MBDIOA.

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER
iNOBGANic

Alkalies
Potassium
and
its
Salts
Sodium
and its Medicinal
Calcium
its Medicinal
Compounds
Salts
Magnesium and its Medicinal
214"240

on
"

Neutral

II.
MATERIA

INOEGANIC

General
Remarks
Medicinal
Salts
Ammonium
and
and its Medicinal
Salts

CHAPTER
THE

"

"

"

III.

MATEEIA

MBDIOA

Continued.

"

Metals
Salts
Lead
and its Medicinal
Antidotes to
Lead Salts
Argentum Nitrate Zinc and its Medicinal
Salts
Copper and its Medicinal Salts Antidotes to
Iron and its Medicinal
Copper Salts Aluminium, Alum
Salts" Mercury and its Preparations Antidotes,
Mercury and Zinc Cyanide Phosphorus Hypophosand
Sodium
Arsenic
and
its
phites of Calcium
parations
Preparations Antidotes to Antimony and its PreSubnitrate
Antidotes to Bismuth
241
291
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

CHAPTER
INORGANIC

The

Non-metallic

MATERIA

Elements

IV.
MEDiCA

"

Chlorine

Continued.

"

"

Iodine

and

its

Preparations Bromine and its Preparations Sulphur

and its Preparations Carbon and its Preparations
"

"

"

292"307

CONTENTS

CHAPTER
INORGANIC

V.

MATERIA

MEDICA

Continued.

"

PAGE

Inorganic Acids
Hydrochloric Acid

Acids

SulphuricAcid

Nitric Acid
Nitro-muriatic
Acid
Boric Acid
Chromic
Acid
Acids
Acetic
Acid
Organic
Acid" Tartaric Acid" Water
308"324
"

"

"

"

Borax

"

"

"Citric

"

"

"

CHAPTER
THE

Alcohol

Forms
Uses

"

Alcohol

CARBON

of Alcohol
Indications

"

VI.
COMPOUNDS.

Actions
of Alcohol
cinal
Mediand
of
Contra-indications

"

"

325"335

------

CHAPTER
THE

CARBON

VII.

COMPOUNDS

Continued.

"

the Action
General Remarks
of Ansesthetics
on
Actions
of Chloroform
Oxide
Chloroform
"

of

Nitrous

"

"

Chloroform

Stages

"

Anaesthesia
Toxic
Effects of Chloroform
of
Chloroform
Anaesthesia
Analysis
Specific
Uses of Chloroform
Method
of Administration
and
Precautions
Anaesthesia
ferent
Difto be observed
during
Forms
of Apparatus Period of Time
Amount
of Drug requiredand Recognitionof the Condition
o"
Anaesthesia
Administration
to
of Chloroform
the
of
Chloroform
Actions
Other
Uses
Ether
of
Dog
and
with
Chloroform
Comparison
Specific
Ether,
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Uses"

Liquor

Sodii

Ethylatis

COMPOUNDS

CARBON

336"357

VIII.

CHAPTER
THE

Continued.

"

Hydrate Chloralamid
Sodium
Paraldehyde Sulphonal Amyl Nitrite
of
Nitrous
Ether
Nitrite
Nitroglycerine Spirit
Carbolic Acid
Aqua Laurocerasi
Hydrocyanic Acid
Creolin
Resorcin
Pyoktanin AntiNaphthalin
Kairin
Cbinoline
Phenacetin
pyrin Antifebrin
Creasote
lodof
Tm
Salol
ThaUin
Ichthyol

Hydrate of

Chloral

Cro ton-chloral

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Aristol-

"

Vasehne

"

"

"

"

lodol"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

358"384

CONTENTS

xiv

THE

CHAPTER

IX.

VEGETABLE

KINGDOM.
PAGE

Aconite

Stavesacre

Veratrine"

"

Colchioum

"

Opium

Morphine

"

Cocaine

KINGDOM

VEGETABLE

Continued.

"

Apomorphine

"

Indica
394-413

Cannabis

"

"

------

XI.

CHAPTER
THE

393

"

X.

CHAPTER
THE

385

KINGDOM

VEGETABLE

Continued.

"

Stramonium
Belladonna
Hyoscyamus
Atropine
Curare
Lobelia
Conium
Tobacco
Duboisine
pine
PilocarJaborandi
Calabar
Bean
Physostigmine
Gelsemium
of Muscarine
Nitrate
Ergot
414
Caffeine
Nux
Vomica
Strychnine
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

KINGDOM

"

CHAPTER
THE

443

Continued.

"

Stropbanthus Squill

"

"

XII.

VEGETABLE

Digitalis Convallaria

"

CHAPTER
THE

"

"

"

444-

"

451

XIII.

VEGETABLE

KINGDOM

Continued.

"

General Actions

Bitters : Calumba
of Simple and Aromatic
Aurantium
Hydrastis.General
Quassia Gentian
Volatile Oils : Oil of Cloves
Actions of Aromatic
Oil
Oil of Origanum
of Peppermint Menthol
Thymol
Oil of Rosemary
Oil of Lavender
Ginger Anise
Anise
Arnica
Oil
of
Oil of
Turpentine TerePitch" Oil of Cade"
Oil of Tar"
bene" Resin"
Oil of
Oil
of
Benzoin
Eucalyptus Camphor
Juniper
Balsams
and
Benzoic
Acid
of Peru
Tolu
Myrrh
Asaf oetida
Galbanum
Valerian
Ammoniacum
Actions and Uses of Mustard
Capsicum Mustard
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

as

"

Counter-irritant

"

"

452

"

473

CONTENTS

XV

CHAPTER
THE

VEGETABLE

XIV.
laNGDOM

Continued.

"

PAGE

Purgatives

Oil

Croton

"

Jalap

"

Elaterium

"

GamOolooynth boge
Podophyllin Aloes

Scammonj;
"

"

"

"

"

"

the Administration
of Aloes
Superpurgaits Treatment
Aloes in the Treatment
of
of Aloes
Senna
Spasmodic Colic Contraindications
Linseed
Oil
Cascara
Bhubarb
Castor Oil Raw
Taraxacum
EuonySagrada Syrup of Buckthorn
min
479"495
Hints on
tion and

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

XV.

CHAPTER
THE

Kamala

Santonin

"

Kino

"

"

Kousso

"

Continued.

"

Acid
Catechu
Pyrogallic
Hamamelis
Ipecacuanha Buchu

Gallic Acid

Logwood

"

"

"

"

"

"

498-504

-Pareira

XVII.

CHAPTER
KINGDOM

VEGETABLE

THE

Soap"

Tragacanth
"

Gum

Barley Water-Wheat
Chaulmugra Oil

"

KINGDOM

VEGETABLE

Oil" Hard

of
Salicylate
.

Soda"
505"515

XVIII.

CHAPTER
THE

Continued.

"

Acid"
Cinchona" Quinine" Salicylic
Salicin" Thioform

Olive

496,497

XVI.
KINGDOM

VEGETABLE

THE

Acid

"

"

"

CHAPTER

Tannic

Continued.

"

Areca-nut
Spigelia Pomegranate Root Bark

Filix Mas

Anthelmintics:
"

KINGDOM

VEGETABLE

"

Continued.

Soap" Glycerine"Treacle"

Soft

Acacia
-

Linpeed
Mallow
Marsh

Liquorice
"

"

Flonr"

Starch"
-

"

515"520

xvi

CONTENTS

XIX.

CHAPTER
ANIMAL

THE

KINGDOM.
PAGE

Lanoline

"

Ood-liver Oil
Spermaceti Gelatine
Precautions
in
to be observed
Oantharides

^Lard

"

"

"

Honey"
Blistering

"

"

521"527

APPENDIX.
PHABMACY.

VETEBINABY

Importance of Accuracy and Neatness in Dispensing

sures
Symbols Relation of MeaWeights and Measures
Metric System
Domestic
Measures
to Weights
and
Importance
Prescription-writing
Prescribing
Different
of writingPrescriptions
in a Clear Manner
used in Prescriptions
Parts of a Prescription Abbreviations
The Approximation of Doses in Mixtures
Table for approximatingDoses in the Different Sizes
of Phials
Table for computing Different Strengthsof
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Solutions
Hints on
the Administration
of Medicines
to the Different
of
Patients
Precautions
in
Species
Fluid
Medicines
Forma
of
Powders
administering
Electuaries
Hypodermic and Intratracheal Injections
Administration
of Medicines
by Toope's Trocar and
Cannula
Medicine
Chest
Examples of Prescriptions
628"552
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

Index

"

553"560

......

COKRIGENDA.

Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page

'

'

36, line 8, for Intei tracheal read Intratracheal.'

226, line 14, for p. 293 read ' p. 296.'
226, line 15, after Sodii Salicylasadd ' (seep. 510).'
226, line 16, after ' Sodii Hypophosphis add ' (seep. 275).'
236, line 2 from boitom, for p. 276 read
p. 275.'
after
line
add
16
261,
'(seep. 370).'
acid' add ' (See p. 513).'
291, last line,after dithiosalicylic
374,line 10, for intertracheal read 'intratracheal.'
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

THERAPEOTICS

VETERINARY

be sufficientfor him

It will not
in

reliefin another
out

similar remedies

because

case

one

of the

case

every

case

which

are

vis medicatrix

disease, and
the

that

reason

agent acts,and

medicinal

placedbefore him.
what
also recognise
must

student

The

; he must

tions
merits, accordingto the indica-

its

on

remedies
prescribe
happened to afford

nature

same

each

the rationale of how

treat

to

is termed

the

of nature to cure
the power
he will learn
this power
appreciating

naturce, or

by

consists

rational treatment

groundwork of

helpingthe efforts of nature as

which
or remedies
usingno means

much

in

and
possible,
likelyto frustrate
as

are

them.
He

also,as he studies the effects of the different

be often struck by the fact
agents clinically,

will

medicinal

that in many
ascribed to the

use

that caused

nature

It will also be

diseases which

rather than the

the so-called

instances

course
course

of the disease

and

"

the

which

arise

We
to the

pay

that there
on

by

reality

very few
of medicinal

are

means

is termed

treat the

cure;

in

secondaryeffects

"

pneumonia. Here
lung,so as to shorten

the
we

know

best

we

attention
special

temperature,and

that it must
directed

are

and
patient,
as

of

case

efforts

our

strengthof
may

in

primary disease.

directlyon

act

him

we

effect is

cure.

can

Take, for instance,a

cannot

particular
drug,it was

act
directly
bringabout what

we

majorityof

of

certain curative

apparent to

agents,and
the

where

cases

to combat

to

any

run

we

the

definite

keep up the
complications

can.

to the character of the

the

pulse,

movements
respiratory
and also to the digestive
system, and by every means
possibleendeavour to promote the appetiteand tempt
the patientto partakeof nourishing
and easily
digested
to

INTRODUCTORY

food.

The

is placedat great disadvantage

veterinary
therapeutist
as
compared with his confrere in human
medicine.
The latter has only the individuals of his own
speciesto deal with ; he can form his diagnosisboth on
information
derived from
the patient himself, termed
subjective
symptoms, and also on the symptoms which
he observes by an
examination
of the patient,termed
objective
symptoms.
The veterinarytherapeutist,
the other hand, has
on
patients to deal with which, being incapable of the
afford him anythingin the way
powers of speech,cannot
of subjective
symptoms.
All

be directed

his efforts must

to the observation

of

quires
objectivesymptoms, to appreciatewhich correctlyrebined
a
long period of study,and careful trainingcomhas
zealous
clinical study. He
to treat
with
careful study,
different speciesof animals, each requiring
his general therapeutical
in order to make
knowledge
which exist in the different
applicableto the peculiarities

animals.
rational

Thus,
manner

to

requiresa

that

requiredin

the

may

be said with

reference

He

from

has

either

diseases, of

similar

diseases

also often to

attendants

the

treat

of

clinical

horses,and

cattle in

trainingto
the

same

to the diseases of

dogs.
historyof a

case
depend on the
and,
very ignorant or unreliable,

from blame
rule,anxious to shield themselves
and, as often occurs, the remedies
responsibility;
as

or

he

and the instructions given are not carried out

prescribes
manner.
in a satisfactory
also find that cases
not
are
In veterinarypracticewe
until the disease is well
often brought for treatment
of its existence not having
established,either by reason
or
been noticed in the earlystages,or because the owners
themselves,such
attendants have been tryingremedies

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

being often irrational and injuriousto the

patients.
be clearly
It must
impressedon the student that no
of knowledge derived from text-books or lectures
amount
remedies

to treat diseases

him

will enable

in their various

must
manner
; he
satisfactory
clinical study with theory,and never
and to
of a case
course
attentively,
improvement and the effects of the
employed.

in

combine

phases
careful

fail to watch
note

the

medicinal

the

signsof
agents

also cultivate his powers of observation in

order to be able to notice any changeswhich may occur
He

must

in the condition

of

a
.

affection,and

also

to

diagnosticsymptoms
patient.
We

have

now

patientduring the course of

correctlynote the presence
of
during his examination

to consider

the

meaning

an

of
a

of the term

Pharmacology.
In

and

former

times this term

referred to the

preparation

of the various

tion
drugs,as well as to a consideraof their chemical and physiological
actions.
It is
to the action of the
now
as referring
generally
recognised
various drugs on the different organs of the body in a
source

state of health.
The

the

subjectof

Materia

Medica

will teach

the student

of each

drug,its technical name, its formula,

its properties,
the preparationsmade
of by the
use
its impurities,
the substances with which
therapeutist,
it is compatibleor incompatible,
and its doses for the
sources

various

animals.

notice the

In

subjectof

the technical

of the

name

this work

materia

of each

drug which

are

it is not

medica

intended

further than to

to

give

drug,its source, the preparations

in use
in ordinary
practice,

and the doses for the different animals.

INTRODUCTORY
We

shall also notice

in

are

possessionof

those

drugsconcerningwhich

we

definite facts with reference

certain

to their

ledge,
action,and, as a result of this knowphysiological
of their application
of disease.
in the treatment

We

shall find that there

which
to

explain in

cannot

we

medicinal

are
a

their

agents

in

use

manner
as
satisfactory
know
we
by experience

action ;
therapeutical
that they produce certain results,but the manner
in
which they produce these results is not at all clear. The
number
of such agents, we
shall find,is graduallydecreasing
as
our
knowledge of pathologyis increasing.
addition

In

medicinal

uses

treatment

of

details of
with

the

As

to

of

the

various

we
disease,

hygiene,and

have
the

of the

drugs employed

to notice

some

and

actions

of the

importantpointsin

in

the

major

connection

of sick animals.

care

result of

consideration

our

our

knowledge, gainedfrom
and

tion
considera-

of each

drug,we are
and these
enabled
to collect certain facts and principles,
classed under the heading of General Therapeutics.
are
of drugs which
also class a certain number
We
semble
recan
of the

actions
special

each
but
have

other

we

shall

actions which

than

of the

In

find, in many
entitle them

to be

placedunder more
will vary according

heading,and such actions

which treats of
doses given. Toxicology,
various poisons in the system, with

appearances
brief notice in Part
each

ings,
separate headinstances,that drugs

in their actions under

one

to the

uses

and

the

the effects
the

antidotes, will

mortem
post-

receive

of
III.,in the separate description

agent.
the next

Diagnosisand

subjectof

chapter we

shall consider the

the General

Symptoms of Disease.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

IT.

CHAPTEE
DIAGNOSIS

OF

SYMPTOMS

GENERAL

THE

AND

DISEASE.

of disease is

firsbessential in the rational treatment

The

and if,from the obscurity

or
nondiagnosis,
development of the symptoms, at our first examination
have then to direct
of the patient,
this is impossible,
we
a

correct

efforts to

our

The

themselves.
the
in other

We

of whatever

the treatment
art

symptoms

of diagnosisconsists in

symptoms presentedinto signsof disease

words,

which

we

have

to

we

come

term

the

consider

at the true

originof

sent
preranging
ar-

; or,

the symptoms,

cause.

that there

are

some

symptoms

practisedeye that by
disease from
of them we can distinguish
one
recognition
the other.
Such are termed diagnostic
symptoms. If a
set of symptoms
are
peculiarto a certain disease,they
termed pathognomonic.
are
We
have also to notice what are termed
the general
symptoms of disease,which are those changes occurring
in many
and varied diseases,
and which, in conjunction
with diagnostic
symptoms, lead us to a correct diagnosis,
and also enable us to judge of the condition of the patient
which

and

are

characteristic

so

to

the

the indications for treatment.

They

the

first

amination
phenomena looked for in the exof a patient,
and in the absence of diagnostic
with reference
symptoms they give us valuable information
to primary indications for treatment, and are also
of vital importanceduringthe course
of long and severe
are

affections.
Thus

we

of

have
the

symptoms

pulse; (2) the

connected
visible

mucous

with

(1) the

dition
con-

viembranes

DIAGNOSIS

AND

GENERAL

SYMPTOMS

(3)the temperature; (4)the respiratory

functions;. (5)the
surfaceof the body; (6)the secretions and excretions.
All these

will merit
this

proceedingto
value of

with

compared
We

shall have

we

in
diagnosis

correct

short consideration

the

; but before

notice
briefly

to

the treatment

indications

of disease

afforded

the

by

be cognizantof the fact that there

must

affections

presentingsymptoms

to

symptoms

do

the

indicate

not

disease ; or, in other

treat the affection

to

words,

us

if

by actingon

as

toms.
symp-

are

many
notice,which

our

true

of the

nature

to endeavour

were

we

the

the

symptoms,

the

symptoms

to

should

we

not be successful.

We

with

meet

would

lead

organs,

where

cases

to infer that

us

affected

are

arise from

different

and

other causes,

system

Take, for example,

certain

organ,
disease,whereas in

by

of reflex action

means

of organs

of

case

often

find

would

we

to

value, as
all

eases

and

our

treat

the

ascribe

the brain
would

cause

to

be

efforts will then

be

treat

the

ascertain
Or

take

disorder
the cause,
that

where
and

is

Here

on

the animal

as

of little
must

in

possible,

to

the

as

as

to

possible.

diabetes

constant

mentary
ali-

try and

endeavour

much

known

viously,
Ob-

Or,
of the heart,

must

we

sideration,
con-

it.

remove

useless

is affected with

passingurine.
continually

we

parasitesin

this

affection in horses

be
;

disorder

be

of the heart ;
act

affection.

when

directed to

it would

and

careful

would

cause

testinal
in-

stomach, and

stillat work

again,take a case of functional

arisingfrom indigestionor from
canal.

brain

the

symptoms

affected with

in the

symptoms

to ascertain

endeavour

reality,
by

the

which, without

symptoms

set of

or

altogether.

dog

or
foreignbodies
parasites,
we

presented

sipidus,
in-

thirst,

Here, along with

the

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

agents,we have to inquireafter the

qualityof the food,and change it,as the affection is in
due to deleterious changes in the food.
reality
Many other instances might be cited of the same nature,
various
or
such as a cough, depending on indigestion
be treated accordingto its
must
other causes, which
of medicinal

use

; then

source

have

we

to

dental

have

been

system, due

examples

sufficient
the

symptom,

of

set

or

etc.
irregularities,

shown

symptoms,

But

to consider that there

have

we

of the

are

gestive
diBut
to

ascribingany

their real cause,

to

alongwith a physicalexamination
a correct
diagnosis.

demonstrate

to

be in

careful he should

how

student

derangement of the

of

cases

patientto
many

and
form

instances

it
in which
brought under the notice of the practitioner
is not possibleat the time to form a correct diagnosis,
of the symptoms or from noneither from the obscurity
symptoms.
development of diagnostic

Thus,

take

of

case

that

affection termed

common

influenza.
In

one

case

have

we

presentedto

and

case

have

we

the

occurrence

of

and coldness of the extremities

with staringcoat
rigors,
in another

us

weakness

generalmuscular

of the hind

ties
extremi-

etc.
debility,

find the

temperature is 104" or 105", pulse and

accelerated,
respiration
accompaniedby almost total loss
of appetite. But these are symptoms
to many
common
We

affections ;
affected in

pleurisymay

day or

What, then, are

Obviouslyit
can

; either

so

the

supervene,

be able to ascertain

until he

predictwhat

cannot

we

be

or
pneumonia, bronchitis,

of which

presence

we

shall

would
sure

will become

physicalexamination of the chest.

indications for the therapeutist?

by

the

organs

not

of

be

correct

wise

to

defer

diagnosis.

treatment

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

10

But

in

stomach, such

simple colic and affections of the

acute
etc.,also in cases
indigestion,

of

cases
as

pain exists in systems other than the digestive,

such as pleurisy,
etc., he is enabled more
nephritis,
to form
readily,
by studyingother symptoms presented,
and to bring to his assistance valuable aids
a diagnosis,
in the way of therapeutic
agents.
of simple colic,depending on
a
Thus, in the case
coats of the
of the muscular
spasmodic contraction
it is
due to the presence of irritating
ingesta,
intestines,
should
clear that,in addition
the pain,we
to relieving
also direct our efforts to the removal of the cause
by the,
and
administration of mild purgatives,
such as ol. lini,
where

also

by

will

remove

the

In

the

the

other

enemas.

of irritation and

source

of the

recurrence

of

administration

Such
thus

remedies

prevent

pain.
stated,appropriatetreatment

instances

adopted in addition to the alleviation of the

existingpain. Thus, in the case of affections of the
urinarysystem accompanied by pain,we have to bringto
aid a chemical and microscopical
examination
of the
our
must

be

urine,in addition

presented,before
suitable
prescribe
In the

to

we

careful observation of the

form

can

correct

symptoms

diagnosisand

treatment.

majorityof

cases

of affections of the

respiratory
on
treating

has to depend more

system, the practitioner
the general symptoms which present themselves,instead
of

the organs affected.

on
endeavouringto act directly
The pulseand temperature will require
careful watching,
and the strengthmust be kept up by stimulants if necessary,
and by temptingthe animal to partakeof nourishing
and easily
digestedfood.
The

irrational treatment
sedatives and

of former

ministeri
days,viz.,by adetc.,combined
by blood-letting,

DIAGNOSIS
with

severe

AND

SYMPTOMS

11

and pouringquantities
of
counter-irritation,

fluid foods down

to

GENERAL

the animal's

throat,can

onlybe

ascribed

of the disease could

prevalentidea that the course
be cut short by the adoptionof such measures.
In considering
the subjectof the generalsymptoms of
a

disease,the student will find much

for reflection.

scope

As

selves
remarked,such symptoms cannot by thempreviously
lead him to a correct diagnosis,
but they afford
him valuable indications as to the condition of the patient,
and as a guide to the adoptionof therapeutic
measures
of febrile affections.
duringthe course
shall first consider the indications afforded by a
We
studyof the character of
The

As

we

are

of the

that the

aware

heart,and

heart is maintained
once

the

the

Pulse.

we

pulseis an
that so long as

index of the

the action of the

have lifein the

animal,we

great importanceof the character

dition
con-

see

at

of the

pulseto

make

himself

therapeutist.

It is essential that the student

familiar with

the character

should

of the

healthypulsein the
different animals, so as to be able to appreciatethe
note
changesinduced by disease. He should carefully
its volume, before he proceeds
its tension,its regularity,
to be described.
to studythe alterations presently
which is sent
The pulseis usuallyregardedas the wave
throughthe arterial system with each contraction of the
heart.

depends on

Its. character
and also
itself,
and the

on

the condition

of the

heart

the condition of the walls of the bloodvessels,

and quantityof
quality

the blood

itself.

cannot
circumstances,we
Depending on so many
at observinghow
easilyits character may
surprised

be
be

VETERINARY

12

modified,and when

by which

draw

to

If the

we
controlled,

will be

heart is affected

palpablethat
according to

the

pulse

must

be

that,

aware

close and

conclusions,a very

correct

careful examination

wonderful mechanism

regardthe

we

the heart is

order

in

THERAPEUTICS

required.
by organicdisease,then
will

be

altered

it is

character

in

parts of the organ affected. If the

walls of the arterial vessels are
relaxed,the blood will
easilyinto the veins, and, as a result, the
pass more
the

arterial tension

will be

shght,and the pulsewill feel soft

also large. The
wave
pulsemay

and
compressible,
for an
extra
and may be mistaken
become
exaggerated,
such a condition being termed dicrotism.
pulse-beat,
of the blood itself be altered,
If the quantityor quality
there will also be a change in the character of the pulse.
but not always,have a
animals generally,
Thus plethoric
strong,full pulse.
such as purimra
Then, in certain diseases,
hcemorrhagica
in cattle,the qualityof the
in horses and red water
be found
the pulse may
is deteriorated,and
blood
or trembling,
fluttering
appearingto have a double beat,
So that the student will clearly
with the artery relaxed.
in diagnosis,
if
of a grave error
the greatpossibility
see
of the pulse alone,
the character
to depend on
he were
without takingother symptoms into consideration.
There
is a common
cases
tendency to ascribe many
where
or
irregularity
intermittencyin the pulse-beats
and

occurs

to be

find the

due

cardiac

whereas
affection,

disorder to be functional,and
of the

The

to

normal

digestive
organs

standard

of

the

or

we

often

dependingon

nervous

pulse of

rangement
de-

affections.
the

horse

is

generallystated to be 40 beats per minute, but this is

subjectto variation as regards nervous
temperament,
excitement, etc.

DIAGNOSIS
In

act of

the

even

sufficient to

breed

GENERAL

cattle the pulse cannot

guide,as

The

AND

cause

SYMPTOMS

13

be

regardedas a reliable
act of approaching
the animals will be
increased pulsations,
also does the
as

rumination.

pulse of the dog varies,accordingto the size and

of the animal,from 80 to 100 per minute,and, in

judgingof its character,it is essential that the animal be

not excited in any way, and be quietly
approached and
handled.
The

varieties of the

pulsewhich are found in veterinary

practicerequirefor their appreciationcareful clinical
varieties are recognised
:
study. The following
1. The
frequentpulse,or its reverse, the infrequent

pulse.
2. The

quickpulse,or its reverse, the slow pulse.

3. The largeand the small pulse.
4. The
also
compressibleand the incompressible,
termed the hard and the soft pulse.
1. The

beats in
As

FrecLuent Pulse
a

is referable to the number

of

giventime.

remarked, this
previously

number

may

vary within

certain limits in individuals of different temperaments.

Exercise
which

or

excitement

will return

will

to normal

cause

when

frequentpulse,

the animal

becomes

passive.
of the digestive
Again,excessive repletion
organs will
find in
increase the frequency of the pulse,and we
the various fevers and in inflammations

of visceral organs

frequentpulseis usual in the primarystage.

will increase the frequency
of
Moderate
blood-letting

that the

extreme
causes
pulse-beats
; excessive blood-letting
which is also found in diseases characterized
frequency,
and debility.
by great prostration

the

The

Infrequent Pulse is often associated with slowness

14

VETERINARY

it is found in

of brain

cases

conditions of the

THERAPEUTICS
in
disorders,

digestive
system, in

some

disordered

diseases in which

of
in cases
changes in the blood occur, and sometimes
of the heart.
fattydegeneration
2. The Quick Pulse.
In this variety
each beat occupies
of
less than the usual time, althoughthe whole number
pulsationsin a given time may not be increased. It
depends on the mode of contraction of the ventricles.
"

It is found

in

where

cases

and also
irritability,

nervous

there
in

some

is great increase of
of valvular
cases

disease of the heart.

The

Pulse is the

Slow

it there is
3. The

slower

the

contraction

quick pulse.

usual.

the volume

is

It

either

occur

In

of the ventricles.

Large Pulse is that form in which

greater than
and may

of the

reverse

depends on various conditions,

with strengthor with feebleness of

pulsations.

arteryfull in volume, but the

the impulseweak, and the arteryyieldfeeble,
pulsation
ing
Thus,

we

have

may

to the pressure

We

find such

the

of the

finger.

condition in

of

pulmonary
congestion.Here the fulness of the arteryis palpable,
but the pulsations
are
weak, due to excessive congestion
of the pulmonary vessels. This has been termed
the
and it is benefited by a moderate
straction
aboppressedpulse,'
of blood,which relieves the overgorged
vessels.
a

cases

severe

'

The

Small

smaller than

heart, from

Pulse

is that form

in which

the volume

is

usual ; it may arise from feeble action of the

of the
anaemia, or from excessive tonicity

arterial coats.
4. The

Hard

Pulse arises from

coat of the arterial walls.

is

to the
incompressible

smallness

of the

contraction of the

In this condition the

touch,and

pulseit is

lar
muscu-

termed

when
'

artery

associated with

wiry,'or

'

thready.'

DIAGNOSIS

We

AND

GENERAL

find this character

of

SYMPTOMS

15

tions
earlystagesof inflammamembranes, such as pleurisy,
peritonitis,

serous

in the

etc.

affections which

In

the

pulse,in

beingin

hard, the arteries

called the acme

of the
stages,sometimes
the fever is established,
the pulsechanges

character,the arterioles relax,it becomes

yet being weakened, it is largeand full.

When

find

we
by rigors,

state of contraction.

when
affection,

not

in

ushered

the first stages,small and

In the second

its

are

the

disease exhausts

but
larger,

comes
patient,the pulse be-

the

and short and feeble.

compressible,
the hard pulse is associated with largeness,
Sometimes
and
which pulse is described as quick,full,
as in laminitis,
bounding.
more
softer,

The

presents several varieties.

Soft Pulse

small, soft pulseis found to occur towards the end

of slow, exhausting diseases ; the tension of the arteries
is small, the impulse of the heart weak, and the amount
The

of

blood

propelledat

deficient.

We

may

each

ventricular

also find this condition

contraction
in

some

is

cases

of anaemia.

Strength and

the purposes of
the indications for treatment,

of Pulse.

Weakness

For

"

prognosis,and
diagnosis,
it is important for the student to distinguish
strengthof
pulse.
pulsefrom a, fullbut feeble
tinuous
In a strong pulsethe impulse is vigorous; there is conresistance

to

pressure,

and

certain amount

of

fulness.
On

the

feebleat
with

slow

hand,

other
the

same

action

we

may
time, which
the

of

heart

find the

pulse full but

generallyassociated

is

and

relaxation

of

the

arterial coats.
Intermittent

Pulse,

"

In this form

of pulsean

occasional

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

16

beat is missed.

often,or

This

periods. We
irregular

at

regularperiodsand

at

occur

may

tinguish
be careful to dis-

must

intermittent and

irregular
pulse.
In the latter form the beats diifer in length,
force,and
serious condition,
character ; it is a far more
beinggenerally
between

an

an

due to cardiac disease.

An

intermittent

or
syncrasis,

may

be due

pulsemay
arise from

to individual

from

or
indigestion

idio-

nervous

and functional diseases.

It may be compatible
with perfect
health,and there are
animals with an intermittent pulse which
never
many
to be affected

seem

it in any way.
this brief description
of the varieties

by

Having concluded
of pulse usuallymet
indications which
"

cannot

It is

with, we

to consider

now

the

these various forms

obvious,as

peutist.
give to the therapreviouslyremarked, that he

be too careful to avoid

relyingon

the character of the

take other

symptoms

is to ascribe

have

baste in his

pulse,and

that he

into consideration in

the altered

conditions

diagnosis,
by
has to

addition,if he

to their real

cause

and

suitable treatment.
prescribe
Thus, in the quickfull pulsewhich usuallyaccompanies

sthenic
and

diseases,such

will
febrifuges

be

while in the full soft

as

laminitis,the

such
indicated,

pulse found

as

tr.

may

assume

of such
a

weak

and
diseases,

aconiti,
etc.,

in the febrile stage of

affections we
be careful
must
respiratory
effects of sedatives,
depleting
knowing well
nature

of sedatives

use

how

to

avoid

the

the debilitating

quicklythe pulse

character.

Again, if we find a frequentsmall and compressible

lants,
pulse,it indicates the administration of alcoholic stimuwhich have the effectof strengthening
the weakened
heart, reducingthe frequencyof the beats,and lessening
the

of the
compressibility

bloodvessels,

VEtERINARY

18

TBERAPEUTICS

removed

is either not

pigment

the blood

from

is

or

absorbed,
re-

yellow tingein the visible mucous

of the blood, such
membranes.
In depraved conditions
exists in purpura
as
hEemorrhagicathere is noted the
brane.
mempresence of petechialspots in the visible mucous
we

find

In anaemia
in

of

condition

occurs
haemorrhagethis pallidity

is found, and
pallidity
suddenly.

of the Schneiderianmucous
A slate-coloured appearance
where
the poisonof
membrane
is found to exist in cases

glandersis present in

the

system, and

it is in this

brane
mem-

that the characteristic

The

condition

merits

ulcers appear.
of the buccal mucous
membrane

attention.

our

In

of

cases

and dysindigestion
pepsia

find it foul and

soapy, the
in the dog.
beingfurred,especially
we

This

membrane

is found

affections,and
of saliva,
in
over-supply
and

fauces.

have been

The

As

an

cases

aid to

without

flammator
inan

of irritation of the mouth

is found

teeth,and also where

administered

tongue sometimes

dry in cases of febrile and

moist,due to
excessively

A similar condition

of the

also

gularities
to exist in irre-

medicines
irritating

proper

dilution.

Temperature.

and
diagnosis,

as

an

indication

to

the

therapeutistof the condition of his patient and his

of a febrile affection,
too much
progress duringthe course
importancecannot be attached to the information gained
In the primary
by the use of the clinical thermometer.
affections we
enabled
are
to recognise
stages of many
the serious condition of the patient,
and prescribesuitable
before complications
treatment
manifest themselves.
serious contagious
In some
enabled to
we
diseases,
are
virus in the system
recognisethe existence of the specific
before diagnosticsymptoms
appear, e.g., pleuro-pneu-

DIAGNOSIS

AND

GENERAL

19

SYMPTOMS

monia

in cattle,
and glanders
in horses in the
contagiosa
chronic form.
of a febrile affection,
Again,duringthe course
with acute inflammation
of important organs, by
payingclose attention to the temperaturein conjunction
with
other
can
judge with tolerable
symptoms, we
and the results
accuracy of the condition of our patient,
of

treatment.

our

We

when

that

know

the

temperatureremains

high

patientis in a serious condition,and we can also

of a relapseduringthe progress
recognisethe occurrence
the

of

disease

the appearance
of a sudden rise in the
In extensive surgicaloperations
and in

by

temperature.
severe
wounds, the temperature is also

givingus
which

indication

an

be

may

of the extent

useful

guide,

of irritative fever

present.

on
an
temperature of the horse may
but this is liable to variations
average be stated as 100'4",

normal

The

in

degree.

small

in the very

animals, and
the average.
During the
is

as

rule

higher in

aged

of febrile

course

higherin

the

young than in adult

it may
be found below

the temperature
affections,

evening than

it is advisable
possible,

when

and

It is

in the

morning,
tions
dailyobserva-

that two

be taken.
Pever.

"

Under

the term

fever

phenomena besides
such as changes in

included

the abnormal

comitant
conmany
temrise in perature,

the character of the

pulse,

the nerthe secretions and excretions,

vous
respirations,
system, these changes varyingin degree according

the

to

are

the nature

either
have

of the affection of which

precursor

also to
of

wounds, when

or

an

accompanying symptom.

recognisethat
or
operations,
it is termed

the fever is but

fever may

follow the

occur
as
may
irritativefever.

We

formance
perresult of

20

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Simple Fever.

"

That

we

of fever,unconnected

have

in the horse the

rence
occur-

with any

change
appreciable
in internal organs, and arising
of any accompanying
independently
well aware
as
a
we
are
affection,
perfectly
result of experience. Such a condition we
term
simple
state of the majority
a disturbed
fever. It is essentially
of the chief functions of the body,arisingfrom causes
which we are not able to explainin a satisfactory
manner.
Various causes
tions
are
suggested,such as sudden variain temperature,fatigue,
sudden changes in hygiene
and

dietetics.

must, however,

We

simplefever,if not
patients are kept
serious

that
recognise

treated in

with
affections,

rational manner,

dealingwith

Symptoms

connected

When

consider

cases
or

of

if the

may

internal organs.
The subjectof fever will be
section

such

develop into far more

perhaps inflammatorychanges in

work,

at

many

againnoticed
Therapeutics.

General
with

the

under

the

Kespiratory Functions.

the

frequencyof diseases of the

and the variety
respiratory
system in the equine species,
and importance of such affections,
the necessity
we
see
for a careful studyof the symptoms under this heading.
There is a close relationship
between the functions of
and circulation in health,the proportion
respiration
being
about one respiration
to three or four pulsations
; thus,
taking the average pulse of the horse at about 40 per
would
be from 12 to 15 in the
minute, the respirations
we

time.

same

This

does not exist

relationship
especially
duringrumination,when
70

or

80

about 10.

per

minute, while

the

in the bovine

the

species,

pulsemay rise to
respirations
be
may

DIAGNOSIS

AND

GENERAL

SYMPTOMS

21

During exercise or exertion in a state of health this

is generally
maintained.
lation
relationship
Thus, if the circube increased,there is a largeramount
of Wood
passingthrough the lungs requiringaeration,which is
providedfor by an increase in the number of respirations.
But

result of disease

this relation is

disturbed,
and we may have an increase in the number of pulsations
out of all proportion
of respirations,
to the number
or the
be greatlyincreased without
a
responding
correspirations
may
increase in the pulsations.
The indications afforded to the therapeutist
by changes
in the character of the respirations
portant,
various and imare
but we
have to remember
that they are
not
of respiratory
affections. Thus, we
always diagnostic
have accelerated respirations
difficultbreathing
or
may
as

in many
acute
dition
diseases,due to either an altered conof the blood or perverted
functions of the nervous

system.
We

acceleration

have

of the

in
respirations

volvulus,etc.,also in many
enteritis,
peritonitis,

cases

of

cases

of

cardiac affection.

symptoms, togetherwith a
of the chest,will lead us to ascribe

of other

consideration

examination
physical
the changes in the character
true

of the

to their
respirations

cause.

of this alteration in
as to the causes
may inquire
the character of the respirations,
or, as it is termed when
We

severe,

dyspncea.

These

involved
first stageswe
the

thoracic

movements.

various,and

are

causes

by

the disease.

have

pain,which

walls, and
In

hence

depend

upon

the structures

in the
Thus, in pleurisy,

hmits the movements

impedes

the later stages,when

the

of

respiratory

there is effusion

22

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

into the

chest

cavity,there

is mechanical

resistance

to

pneumonia and
bronchitis we
have the exudation
causing interference
with the passage of the air,and hence increased respiratory
movements
are
required.In affections of the larynx
there may
be extreme
dyspnoea,from its calibre being
the

of air to

entrance

the

lungs.

In

diminished,etc.
There

breathingwhich we may
observe in different affections,
which are of great importance
aids to diagnosis.
as
In this varietywe
1. Abdominal
find that
Breathing.
certain varieties of

are

"

the

animal

endeavours

thoracic walls
made

are

up

as

by

to

much
the

as

limit

the

and
possible,

action

of the

of the

movements

these movements

abdominal

muscles

beingbrought into play; the ribs beingfixed as much as

ing
there is the appearance
of a hollow line extendpossible,
along the lower borders of the false ribs from the
sternum
to the anterior spineof the ilium.
Such a condition is found to exist in cases
of pleurisy
and
hydrothorax, the respirationsbeing performed

quicklyand incompletely.
2. Thoracic

muscles
extra

"

In

this

kept in abeyance

movements

for the
This

are

Breathing.
of the

as

thoracic

varietythe abdominal
much
and
as
possible,
walls

have

to make

up

deficiency.
condition

is observed

in

cases

of flatulent

and in extensive abdominal

ascites,peritonitis,

Another

colic,

tumours.

with is that termed

met
varietyof respiration
irregular.We find it occurringin that affection termed
broken wind,' where the inspiratory
is permovement
formed
whilst the expirarapidlyand in a jerky manner,
tory
is performed slowly and
with
double
a
action,
of the abdominal
muscles.
especially
"We have also to notice that symptom termed a cough..
'

DIAGNOSIS

AND

GENERAL

SYMPTOMS

23

cough,although
a very trivialmatter
in some
cases,
is a very importantone
in others.
It occurs
as
a
symptom of respiratory
affections,
beingthen generally
due to some
irritationof the larynx,
bronchial tubes,etc.,
and

an

effort is made

which
A

to

the

remove

of this irritation,

source

effort is generally
involuntary.

cough, however, may

depend

other

on

causes

than

irritationof the

air-passages
; thus,we
may have a cough
of indigestion,
intestinal parasites,
presentin cases
etc.,
such a form beingtermed sympathetic.
There are many varieties of cough met with, all being
of interest to the therapeutist
aid to diagnosis.
as an
The Moist
Cough is met with in the secondary stages
of catarrhal

and
affections,

indicates

that there is

an

increased secretion of mucus,

etc.
The Dry Cough presentsseveral modifications.
It is present during the firststagesof catarrhal affections,
when
In

cases

the secretion of the

of

the
painful,
In

folliclesis arrested.

mucous

that

pleurisythe dry cough

forced expiratory
movement
affection termed

characteristic

broken

dry cough, which

is

becomes

short and

causingpain.
wind

there

is

short,shallow,and

and usually
suppressed,
single.
The

Chronic

modifications

from

varies in

that

of

and presents
intensity,
deep sound to that verging

cough found in broken wind. In that disease

the cough is deep and hollow,and in
termed 'roaring,'
where cough occurs
from the irritationof teething,
cases
termed a dental cough,it is loud and paroxysmal.
The value of the character of a cough as an aid to
with other symp=
when
taken in conjunction
diagnosis,
valuable,but we must be careful to
toms, is certainly
attribute it to its real cause, and prescribe
appropriate
on

to the

Cough

treatment.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

24

normal

of the

surface

ordinaryconditions,the
extremities are of an equable

under

and

state

body

Surface

Body and Extremities.

of the

In

of the

by the Condition

furnished

Symptoms

and the

temperature.
In severe
inflammatory diseases the generalsurface of
the

body

and

the

We

find

ears

cold

body, it generallyindicates
coat, with severe
a staring
stages of

fatal termination.

rigors,in the
in

affections ; and

some

extremely
perspiration

will be found

if,in addition, there be

cold; and
over

legs and

the

monitory
pre-

of indigestion

cases

parasitesin the alimentary

tion
there is a dry,scurfycondicanal, and improper feeding,
has lost the glossand feel of
of the skin, which
health,and to which the term hide-hound is applied.
the

In the
a

primary stagesof

diminution

such

the

as

of

action

some

condition

soon

particularorgans,

skin, the kidneys,or the bowels.

of

functions

The

Excretions.

febrile affections there is often

of all the secretions ; such

to increased

givesway

and

by the Secretions

furnished

Symptoms

of

presence

secretory organs

are

diminished

early stages of inflammatory diseases. Thus,

in the primary stages of pleurisythe surfaces of the
tion
pleuraeare dry,there being arrest of the natural secrein

the

the disease

; as

with
and

continues, the secretion returns, but

largeamount

mucous

membranes

of

inflammatoryeffusion.
are

affected in

similar

Glands
manner

by inflammatory diseases.
The
as

condition and

those

modified

character

of many

such
excretions,
of the bowels, the kidneys,the skin, are
also
tion
by the effects of disease,and will merit atten-

in the section

on

General

Therapeutics.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

26

The

Action

of

Drug

is

certain

dynamical effect

produces on separate organs or on the various

organs of the body.
demonstrated
The
been
actions of drugs have
by
systematicexperimentson animals.
The
in which each drug is attracted to certain
manner
effect on various
portionsof the body, and has a special
and in some
cases
only on portions of vital
organs,
manner.
systems,we cannot yet explainin a satisfactory
know
Thus, for example, we
by experiment that
strychnine,no matter by what channel it enters the

which

it

system, will stimulate the

motor

tracts

of the

spinalcord,

violent convulsions.
largedoses will cause
find that in small
From
a knowledge of this action we
doses strychnineis beneficial in paralysis
depending on
imperfectaction of the cord and general want of nerve
and

in

tone.

experiments that chloral

the
on
hydratehas a specialaction on the brain,digitalis
heart,ergotof rye on the bloodvessels and on involuntary
and circulatory
muscular
tissues,belladonna on the respiratory
supply of the iris,
systems and on the nervous
and from
this knowledge we
enabled to apply these
are
of disease.
different drugs in the treatment
the preciseaction of a
When
have demonstrated
we
drug on the healthyanimal, we term it the jpliysiological
action of the drug.
As we shall see further on, the actions of many
drugs
which
will depend on
is administered,
the amount
know

We

whether

in

as

the

result

medicinal

of

doses, in maximum

doses, or

in

toxic doses ; also on the duration of the periodof administration,

and on the intervals between each dose.
As

rule,we

and
circulatory

find
nervous

that most

drugs which act on the

systems,if givenin excessive

THE

ACTIONS

doses,will have

AND

USES

OF

oppositeeffect

an

DRUGS

27

to that which

they

producein medicinal doses.

Thus,
system,

every stimulant to
if administered
in

depressant.Again,any set
by largedoses,will become
nerve

the

heart

and

circulatory

largedoses, will
of nerves,

act

as

if over-stimulated

paralyzed,as

also will the

centres.

It will also be

found

that

drugs

which

act

the

on

system producetheir effects by actingon different

have a special
effect on motor
portionsof it. Thus, some

nervous

nerves, others

on

in the medulla

act
sensory ; some
and cord,others act

on

the

centres

nerve

the sympathetic

on
chiefly

system.

nervous

All these actions will

requirespecialstudy when the

actions of the various drugs are being treated of separately.
Thus we
shall have to closely
follow the effects
of a drug in its journeythrough the body, from the
channel by which it enters the body to its excretion by
the various organs.
such
act
Some
locally,
etc.
astringents,

have
effects,
Most

stomach

as

others, with

remote

action

on

demulcents, caustics,
or

without

such

at

distance.

organs

local

drugs administered by the mouth enter the

vessels and absorbents of
from the capillary
and
small
intestines,
being carried by
and

mesenteric
the round

portalvessels.

of the circulation in

Some

substances

very short space

of

culation
cir-

the
the

make

time,

provedby experiment.
The full effect of drugs is,as a rule,not produceduntil
they reach the organ or tissue on which they have a
After remaining iu the system for a
specialaction.
from the body by one
variable time, they are removed
either unchanged or
or several of the excretorychannels
altered in their chemical composition.
as

has been

28

VETERINARY

During
have

may

THERAPEUTICS

this process of excretion from the body drugs

action on the channels through which
a special

they pass.
We

inquireas

now

may

to the

we

dies
adoptionof the majorityof remetheir physiological
actions.
The
is simply the physiological
action
For the purposes
of
by disease.

that the

state

may

is founded

on

action
therapeiitical

exercised

drugs
Briefly,

of disease.

believed to act in the treatment

are

in which

manner

modified

or

we
description

divide the

may

of remedies

use

into two

great classes:
1. Those
The

intended

are

action
physiological

morbid
which

which

condition which

of such

exists

aniipathically.

to act

the

agents overcomes

by producing a

condition

is

oppositeto it.
directly
lants
stimuExamples. Purgativesin cases of constipation,
in debility
and depression,
in diarrhoea,
astringents
This division is more
etc.
to the treatment
of
applicable
"

symptoms
2. Those

such

local diseases.

and

which

disease which

Examples.
"

diuretics in
This

The

cases

is

etc., due

of

diaphoreticsin febrile
accompanied by dropsy.
use

nature's

method

of

of diarrhoea in

occurrence

to

i.e.,
allopathically,

short able
managethe existing
disease.

overcomes

often

example,the

to act

administered,cause

when

agents as,

intended

are

unnatural

or

cases,

for

recovery
of

cases

food.
irritating

indigestion,
By this

the

ingestaproducing the irritation are removed

from the alimentarycanal.
This
point is of interest to the therapeutist,
it
as
means

teaches

him

that he

must

spontaneous diarrhoea

not

endeavour

instances it is desirable to administer

order to

helpnature

to

in

immediately;
remove

the

cause

to

check

fact,in

this
some

laxative
slight
of

in

irritation.

THE

When

ACTIONS

we

certain line of
the

drug:on

actions
of

on

USES

to consider

come

separately,we

AND

the actions of each

of entrance

the various vital

as

29

advantageto
research,commencing with the

the channels

must,

DRUGS

shall find it of

far

as

the

to

drug

follow

effect of

body,the

systems,the various channels

and any actions

excretion,

We

OF

specialorgans or
for the
account
possible,
on

tissues.
various

phenomena presented,
althoughwe shall encounter many
difBiculties in such a study from the complex manner
in which
some
drugs establish their actions,while in
others many
pointsin this respect are not as yet
known
As previously
or understood.
remarked,
definitely
intimate knowledgeof physiology
will be requiredin
an
order to follow the various actions in a systematic
manner,
and to understand the complex effects on the different
divisions of the

nervous

system.

The
for

following
planwill be found
the purposes of description
:

the most

convenient

Local Action.

1. The Immediate
2. The

Action in

3. The

Action.
Specific

or

on

the Blood.

4. The Bentote Local Action.

1. The

We

may
(a)The

Local Action.

Immediate

subdivide this into

effects

producedby

membranes.
exposedmucous
(b)The immediate action

the

of the

drug

on

drug when

the skin

or

it reaches

and intestines.

the stomach

Examples. The immediate local action of belladonna,

in the skin and
the sensory nerve-endings
i.e.,
depressing
the capillaries
; and its action when
coming
contracting
"

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

30

in contact

with

i.e.,
actingas
For

the

anodyne.
examples we

stomach,

an

other

appHcationof

the

note

may

effect of the

skin,which acts as a
effect of sulphateof zinc when it comes
the walls of the stomach, actingas an
to the

cantharides

vesicant,and the
into contact

of the

membrane

mucoua

with

emetic.
2. The
Most

agents

Action

are

absorbed

alimentarycanal, and
plasma.
Such
and not
of

such

in

enter

substances, as

or

the Blood.

on

the

into
into

the
its

effect in the blood

an

it,or, in other words, the blood

on

from

compositionof

the

rule,have

blood

acts

the

part

ever,
We
shall have to notice,howconveyingmedium.
some
exceptionsto this rule,where some
drugs,
have a distinct action on the corpuscles
as quinine,

of the blood.
3. The

This is
the

usuallythe

and
circulation,

SpecificAction.

chief action

of the

is attracted

to

drug.

certain

It leaves

tissues and

effects thereon.
producingsome
specific
Examples. The action of alcohol on the brain
strychnineon the spinalcord.

organs,

"

4. The

This

is

certain

Remote

Local

effect which

and

of

Action.

drugs produce
during their excretion from the system by the various
The
kidneysare the chief channels
excretorychannels.
of excretion for drugs after they have passed throughthe
tissues and organs ; next come
in order the lungs,skin,
bowels, mouth, and mammary
glands. Such drugs are
either excreted in the same
form as they were
adminisa

some

0^
tered
the

iPBESCRIBtNG

in the form of the

or

31

productsof decompositionin

system.

As these

drugspass throughthe excretoryorgans, they

exert
certain iniiuence on
a
them, which
may
resemble their immediate
local action.

may

Examples. The effect of belladonna and hyoscyamus

the urino-genital
on
organs, which exert an anodyne or
of irritation of the bladder or of
effect in cases
soothing
"

the urethra.

CHAPTEE
ON

PRESCRIBING.

familiar with
perfectly
the various actions of the different drugs,and their application
for therapeutical
purposes, based on a knowledge
to utilizethe
he will then be in a position
of such actions,
of disease,
the art of
different agents for the treatment
which is termed prescribing.
this is attemptedfor the first time,he will find
When
When

the

IV.

it rather
of

student

has

become

difficultmatter.

largenumber

at his

He

must

select an

agent,out

command, which will best

meet

of his case, and in such a selection he must

exigencies
pay attention to many importantdetails.
studied
The art of prescribing
may be most conveniently
heads :
under the following

the

of the Bemedy.

1. The Selection

2. Contra-indications.
3.

Idiosyncrasy.

4. The

Circumstances

"

which

modify the

Action

of

Medicines.
5. Combinations

6. The

"

Chemical

oompatibles.
Prescription.

and

InPhysiological

VETERINARY

32

THERAPEUTICS

1. Selection

The

selection of the

of the art of

of the disease must

selected which

drug

purpose, but which

be detrimental
may
leads

This
in

our

us

to

must

Remedy.

is the most

remedy
prescribing.

The nature
a

of the

be

studied, and
carefully

possesses actions suitable for our

not
possess other actions that

to the

case.

of the second

consideration

importantpart

heading

viz. :
list,
2. Centra-indications.

We

that

say

certain

certain diseases,when
effects which

would

it

might possess
for example, we

we

be

is contra-indicated

drug
are

to
prejudicial

action which

one

that

aware

it

the cases,

would

in

produces
although

be of service ;

opium is contra-indicated in
diseases of the respiratory
with shallow,embarrassed
organs
breathing,also in congested and inflammatory

conditions

that

say

brain

of the

and in affections of the

kidneys.
Again, purgativesare contra-indicated in inflammatory
conditions of the intestines,and depressantremedies
are
contra-indicated in all typhoidand debilitated cases, and
of nephritis. The contradiuretics in cases
indications
irritating
of the various drugs will be noticed when
we
consider the therapeutical
value of each medicinal agent.
3.

By
some

In

this term

is meant

Idiosyncrasy.
a

which
peculiarsusceptibility

possess to the action of certain medicines.

the majorityof instances this means
increased susceptibility,
animals

though we sometimes
Examples. Purgatives.Some
"

affected

by

even

go into

with

cases

even

moderate

the medicinal

horses

dose

superpurgation
; on

where

meet

of

with
are

the
very

reverse.

severely

aloes,which

the other

hand,

dose has littleor

we
no

may
meet

effect.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

34

Some are not intended to be absorbed,but

occasionally.
local
such as gargles,
insufflations,
to act only locally,
and local anodynes.
anaesthetics,
1. By the skin, or

paintedon the surface,or

of dry powder.
but some
local effect is desired,
may

skin,either rubbed

the

appliedin the form

Usually only a
become

with

continuous

membrane

mucous

in

or

absorbed.

the throat ; insufflations to the

nasal cavities and facial sinuses ; liniment of belladonna

Examples. Garglesto
"

appliedto painfulparts; cocaine as a local

in inflammatoryconditions
the use of atropia
and the various collyria
employed.
2. By the mouth, both
and

the stomach

administer

form

The
found

either

the

medicines

of either

in the form

cases

some

and
intestines,

from
system chiefly
may

in

of the eye ;
on
locally

to act

to be absorbed

stomach

by

anaesthetic J

and

into the

duodenum.

the mouth

We

in various ways,

aries.
balls,drenches,powders,or electu-

of

electuaryis convenient when

dangerous or impossibleto administer

it is

the

other forms.

Thus, in

cases

of acute

there
laryngitis,

is great

danger

in the administration of drenches ;,from the irritablecondition

of the throat,
there is a risk of the animal struggling
and

the fluid

enteringthe trachea
can
cases
we
placethe

In such
form

of

be

as

agent in the

belladonna,potass,chlor.,etc.,there

tetanus, we
We

medicinal

the molar teeth,when

between
it
electuary
onlybecome absorbed,but in the case of such

beneficial local effect

manner,

bronchial tubes.

an

will not

agents

and

and

cannot
we

will also

produced. Again,in

administer

find the form

of

remedies

in

electuary
very

cases

the

of

usual

valuable.

also refer to the administration of ol. crotonis as

quick and effectual purgativein cases where others
may

ON

35

be administered ; this agent will produceits effect

cannot

when

PRESCRIBING

placedon

the

tongue.

3. By Subcutaneous
method

the

introduced

active
under

or

Hypodermic Injection. In this

"

of
principle

the

skin

or

the

drug

into

the

in

solution is

subcutaneous

tissues

of a syringeand hollow needle.

It conby means
stitutes
the quickestand surest mode
of bringingthe
system under the influence of a drug.
the active principleat once
By this means
gains
entrance to the circulation,
and producesits specific
effect
with certainty
and rapidity.
The introduction of the agent is simple; the bulk of
fluid should be as small as possible,
and should be prepared
so

not

as

to irritate the tissues.

The

part selected should be one where the skin

and thin,such as that of the chest or neck.
up, the needle is then
the fluid forced in by the syringe.

A fold of skin is taken

into

it,and

is loose

pushed

the part is gentlymanipulated,

so
completion,
of the fluid.
as to favour the absorption
of the solutions being
by reason
Mishaps may occur
irritant or too largein bulk, or the syringeand needle
not beingperfectly
aseptic; in such instances irritation,
occur.
abscess,and sloughing
may
is of great value in veterinary
The hypodermicmethod
the full action of the drug,and is
as it ensures
practice,
would
not be
appliedin cases where other means
easily
take too long a
the drugs would
where
or
practicable,
After the

time to act.
In

cases

of violent abdominal

to administer

medicines

by

the

painitis often impossible

mouth, and much

of the

of inflammation
of the intestines
dose is lost ; also in cases
of absorption
from the
there is very little power

alimentarycanal.

36

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

4. Intravenous

direct into the

quicldy;

but

"

venous

this is

its drawbacks

as

purposes,

substance
irritating

advantages.

No

manner,

any

nor

By injectingthe agent
system, it produces its effects very
peutical
method
rarelyadopted for thera-

Injection.

are

be

can

which

substance

than

more

has

its

used in this

the

of

power

albumen.
coagulating
5.

Injection. The

respiratorymucous
membrane
as
possesses very rapid powers of absorption,
has been proved by experiment.
into the trachea is practised
The injection
of medicines
in cases
of that parasiticdisease termed
husk,' or
hoose,' in cattle,where the object is to act directly
the parasites.A mixture
on
containingturpentineand
other agents is employed for the purpose, and is introduced
into one
of the spaces between
the ringsof the trachea.
fluids which gain entrance
chial
to the bronAny irritating
membrane
mucous
cause
distress,
great respiratory
and
mechanical
bronchitis
cause
or
pneumonia.
may
It is said that fattyoils are not absorbed
by the bronchial
mucous
membrane, but are rejectedby the trachea and
Intertracheal

"

'

'

nostrils.
These

of

points are

fluids to horses

importance when

cattle in the form

or

of

administering
drenches, as it

happen, from keeping the head too high,from the

of the animal, or from laryngitis,
that a portion
struggles

may

of the fluid may

a

very

find its way

intended

to

to
or
capillaries,

As

trachea,and

the

cause

serious condition of the animal.

6. By Inhalation.
are

down

examples of

chloroform

and

"

By

the

enter

act

this method

on

the

the former

ether

as

blood

volatile substances
from

bronchial

we

have

the
tubes

pulmonary
and

chioles.
bron-

the inhalation of

and
generalanaesthetics,

of the

ON

latter

have

we

various

PRESCRIBING

37

the inhalation of

steam, medicated with

soothingremedies, such as

disinfectant and

ol.

eucalypti,
creolin,etc." of great value in cases
of
bronchitis,
the exudation,
lessening
irritability,
softening
and preventing
therein.
decomposition
{b)The Modifying Effect of Different Speciesof Animals
the Action
on
of Medicines.
the speciesof
Briefly,
animals which
called upon to treat are horses,
we
are
cattle,
sheep,pigs,and dogs.
"We shall have to consider carefully
the differences in
"

action of the various

species,such

medicinal

differences

agents in these different

mainly depending on

special

arrangements of certain vital systems in each.

There is only a slight
difference in the arrangement of
the circulatory
and respiratory
systems in these various
the action of medicinal agents is
species
; consequently,
uniform on these systems.
tolerably
In the nervous, digestive,
and cutaneous
ever,
systems,howa

marked

distinction exists in the different species,

that the action of

so

ably
drugs on these systems is consideraccordingto the speciesto which theyare

modified
administered.

We

may

take

highlydevelopeda system
be the effect of

or

it

as

rule that

the

more

organ is,the greaterwill

have a specific
action on it.

aa

agents which
Thus, opium and its alkaloid,morphia,which in the
cerebrum
of man
causes
deep stuporin
highly-developed
largedoses,acts in the horse as a motor excitant,
causing
the animal

walk

to

and in
direction,

round

some

oases

and

round

the

violent delirium

box

in

one

occurs.

have

peculiarities
physiological
many
with reference to the digestive
to notice,
system.
especially
In the horse

we

the intestines very capacious,

there is little
and, accordingto the results of experiments,
The

or

no

stomach

is

small,and

from
absorption

the stomach.

38

THERAPEUTICS

VETETtTNARY

The

arrangement
is

stomach

portiondoes
There

not

membrane

mucous

of the

tinuation
portion being a conof the oesophagus; and this
membrane
secrete gastric
juice; the villous portion

cuticular

the
peculiar,

of the

secretes

the

of

juice.
digestive
such
other peculiarities,

the true
are

vomition
instead of

in

the

horse,

hydrochloricin

again referred to
of
generaltherapeutics

be

the

and

in

as

presence

the

of lactic acid

the

gastricjuice.

the

section

this

of
inability

These

dealing with

will
the

system.

about two-thirds
carry away
of the food,while in dogs only 5 per cent,

In the horse the excreta

of the water
is

got rid

of in this

manner.

escapes by
per cent, of the water
in carnivora is 70 percent.
the kidneys,while the amount
In herbivora

In herbivora

the

lungs and

only 30

is removed
70 per cent, of the water
by
skin,while in carnivora only 30 per cent,

escapes in this

manner.

Vegetablepurgativesact better than mineral in horses,

the latter being very uncertain.
The purgativegenerally
resorted to is aloes,which acts
the largeintestines.
on
chiefiy
when
Emetics
have no action in the horse, even
given
in large doses; some
to have
sedative
a
may
appear
effect.
The

kidneys are

easilyacted on by diuretics,but the

skin is not so readilyacted on
in man,
that to
as
so
enable diaphoretics
to produce their effect,
the animal
be warmly clothed,
must
otherwise the agents will pass
off by the kidneysactingas diuretics.
The horse is very insusceptible
to the actions of sedatives.
Many drugswhich produce a sedative and soporific
effect in man
act in this animal
as
citants,
excerebro-spinal
when
even
given in largedoses.

ON

In cattle

find

we

to the actions and

PRESCRIBING

39

great differences to ezist with regard

doses of medicinal

agentsas compared

with the horse.

These

animals
and

perament,
usuallyof a dull,phlegmatictempossess a peculiararrangement in the

alimentarycanal

are

; the stomach

is divided into four

partments,
com-

of which

onlythe fourth division is capableof

performingthe function of digestion.The firstdivision,
termed
the rumen,
is of enormous
size,and capableof
of ingesta.The intestines are
holdinga largeamount
small in proportion,
and we
remark
that affections
may
of this portionof the alimentary
canal are rare compared
with those of the stomachs,which
are
a fruitful source
of disorder in ruminants.

Very largedoses
an

of which
effect,

most

of

purgativesare requiredto produce

saline

diluted
purgatives
largely

prove

beneficial.

Large

doses of stimulants

and

tonics

and

kidneysare

are

required
not readily

also

in these

animals

acted

citant
to either the exthey are not susceptible
effects of opium or its alkaloids to any
soporific

; the skin

on, and
or

extent.

We

have

to consider

that

affections in cattle it is often

the animal

destroyedfor

in many
more

cases

of serious

advantageousto

the butcher

than

to have

have
the

the risk of expense, and to have the animal

die of the disease.
Taking into consideration the usual

owner

run

value of

cattle,we

should be careful to avoid administer-

to impart a disagreeable
likely
etc.
flavour to the flesh,such as ether,oil of turpentine,
"With reference to sheep,similar observations will apply;
they usuallytake aboub one quarter the doses of cattle.
Dogs resemble man to a certain extent. The alimentary
affected by purgaand easily
canal is short and straight,

iug substances

which

are

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

40

tives,of which

is

combination

to
preferable

large

singlepurgative.
is readilyacted on
The stomach
by emetics, and the
is very easily
act of vomition
producedin this animal ;
thus,dogs by instinct obtain a certain grass, which has
when they feel deranged from any source
emetic effect,
an
dose of

of irritation in the stomach.

In

bear in mind

in order
possible,

as

agents used should

that the

from

to

is necessary

dogs,it

for

prescribingmedicines

be

as

palatable

having them

to avoid the risk of

pelled
ex-

the stomach.

Although in
medicinal

agents

dogs

instances

many
as

man,

still there

example,they will

For

take similar doses of

take

notable

exceptions.
large doses of

are

very

compared with man, and very small doses of

calomel and oil of turpentineas compared with him.
to the
Pigs are similar to dogs in their peculiarities
action of medicines, of course
making allowance for
aloes

as

increase of doses

of their increased

account

on

(c)The Influence of Age

each speciesvary very much
that,as

remember

diminutive

Young

in

animals

of

is necessary

to

As

Size."

size,it

rule,the smaller the size the

more

be the dose.

should
animals

and

size.

are

readilyacted

more

adults,and in very old animals

have a greatereffect,
as the vital organs

on

by

medicines

medicinal

than

agents

weakened

become

by

age.
We
may

remark

that the

animals, such

as

foals

susceptibleto

the

action

the

mildest

forms

employed.
{d) The Effect
In

cases

and

of Diseases

of fever the

alimentarycanals
and
dogs,
young
of purgatives,
and
moderate

on

doses

the Action

arterial tension

of young
are

that

very

only

should

of Medicines.

is

be

"

altered,and

42

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

as

have

we

that

seen

and

also

The

doses

doses

which

stances,
they depend on so many circumand ments.
individual peculiarities
tempera-

on

generallylaid

down

it is safe

begin with

to

affections,
however, in which

drugs in such
be produced

doses

that

before

any

are

the smallest useful

; there

it is necessary

are

many

to administer

effects will
physiological
therapeuticalresults will be

their

obtained.
As

stated,the
previously

taken
may

into

consideration.

for

With

reference

to

horses,we
of

half the dose, and

adult,two-year-olds

an

two-thirds.
three-year-olds
With reference to dogs no fixed
much
as
so
depends on the size

rule

can

and

breed.

however, state that

it is safer to

small

be

patient must

roughlythat yearlingsrequireone-third

calculate

the dose

of the

age

doses when

in most

cases

treatingone

of these

be laid down,
We

may,

prescribe
patientsfor the

firsttime.
With

both for horses and dogs,a

regard to purgatives,
of
proper dose should be given,and if a sufficient amount
purgationis not produced,the agent is kept in the system
results.
longerthan necessary, and much nausea
(/)FrecLuency. We prescribemedicines to be given
either in a singledose or to be repeated in certain doses
at certain intervals. Thus,purgatives
are
given
generally
in one
and stimulants
dose, tonics twice a day,febrifuges
at short intervals,
and so
to keep up their effect,
so
as
that the effects of one
dose will not have passed away
before the next is given.
We
take advantage of natural tendencies
(g) Time.
"

"

in order

to

stomachics
secretion.

assist the action

are

Acid

drugs. Thus, alkaline

given before feedingto increase gastric
stomachics are givenafter feeding,
when
of

the

natural

acid

ON

PRESCRIBING

is

deficient.

43

Drugs

tendency to

irritate the

mucous

stomach

administered

either

or

are

which

membrane

have

the

of

along with

the

food

after feeding.
immediately
Example. Arsenic.
"

Some

requirea specialpreparationof
before

canal

in which

it is essential that

by being kept
beforehand,so as

time
a

administration.

soft condition.

of

to

When

careful to administer
times

on

feedingin

the

alimentary
For example,purgatives^
the horse be properlyprepared

bran

mashes

have

the intestinal contents

for

reasonable

iodine,we
prescribing

it at

proper

must

interval between

herbivorous animals,so

as

in
be
the

to avoid

the insoluble iodide of starch

of such animals

contains

beingformed, as the food

largeproportionof starch.

The
Qi) Duration, Toleration, Habit, Accumulation.
lengthof time duringwhich a drug may be administered
depends on circumstances.
There are
some
drugs which, after administration to
"

the

individual for

same

their characteristic
to

resist

would
of such

even

have

certain

and
effect,

to lose

system can be made

in fact,such doses as

the

very largedoses
toxic effect in other individuals ;
"

time, commence

examples

drugsare opium and arsenic.

We
remark
arsenic,we have
that,in prescribing
may
increase
with small doses,and to gradually
to commence
to its
them as the system of the patientgets accustomed
to infer that there are
effects. By accumulation we mean
certain drugs which, when given in repeateddoses for a
effects at
periodof time,may not produce any'appreciable
first,when after an indefinite period of administration
effects in a
they may suddenlyexert their physiological
marked
degree. Such drugs are said to be cumulative,
mercury, strychexamplesof which we find in digitalis,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

44

these
nine,etc.,and in prescribing

we

must

be careful that

quickly
they are not allowed to enter the system more
than they can
be excreted.
(i)The Effect of Climate and Surroundings. Narcotics
in cold
in hot than
said to act more
are
effectually
climates.
Chemical reactions and the protoplasmic
ments
movefacilitated by a slightly
elevated temperature.
are
In damp, humid
climates the animal system becomes
relaxed and out of tone ; hence smaller doses of drugs
borne than in dry,bracingclimates.
The effect of
are
surroundingshas a material bearing on the subjectof
crowded
prescribing
; horses kept in badly ventilated and overstables are
generallyprone to diseases of a
or
debilitating
typhoidnature, and do not stand depletive
Well-bred
animals in good condition and in
measures.
attacked
matory
surroundings,when
by acute inflamproper
diseases,bear depletionwell,and the effects of
"

sedatives

are

beneficial.

In canine

must be careful in distinguishing

we
practice
the varieties of patientsin prescribing
; for example, the
to an
indoor life and the
pet dog, always accustomed
of the table,will requiredifferent treatment
excesses
to
the sportingdog, or one accustomed
to an outdoor lifein

the

country.

of the circumstances
Having concluded the description
which modify the actions of medicines,we will now
sider
conthe fifth importantsection of the art of
prescribing,

viz. :
5. Combinations"

Chemical

and

Physiological

Incompatibles.
It is often found

with

another

the action

in

of the

of

advantageto combine one druowill increase

so that one
prescription,
other, or neutralize any unpleasant

ON

PRESCRIBING

45

effects. To

combine
effectually
drugs we must be perfectly
acquaintedwith their chemical compositionand
and also with their physiological
actions.
properties,
In the combiningof certain drugs,
chemical reactions
may occur, and either a useless or dangerouscompound
be formed.
Such drugs are said to be chemically
may
with each other. There are
patible
incomsome
incompatible
drugs,however, which we do combine, but we
of the actual compound which is formed, and
are
aware
which

suits

our

purpose.
For example,the familiar white

so useful
lotion,

as

an

incompatible,
is,technically
astringent
application,
speaking,
beingcomposed of a mixture of acetate of lead
and sulphateof zinc in water, the result being the
formation of acetate of zinc in solution,
and the sulphate
of lead,which, beinginsoluble,
is thrown down as a white
Persalts of iron are incompatible
with substances
precipitate.
rich in
Chlorates
chemical

tannin,such

should

cinchona,etc.
be prescribed
with iodides,
as

not

change occurs

as

which

may

irritationof the

cause

stomach.
There

are

bles which
in the

him
vice

many other examples of chemical incompatiwork

the student will learn when at practical

pharmacy ;

his

that acids should

knowledgeof chemistrywill

with alkalies or

be combined

not

teach

versa.

Attention

mixing

must, however, be drawn

substances

which

are

to
likely

to
cause

the
an

danger

of

explosive

mixture.

Thus, chloride of lime mixed

with

plosive
sulphurforms an exand sulphuricacid
turpentine

compound. Oil of
is also dangerous,and the same
may be said of chlorate
of potashand sulphur.
Other examples are
permanganate of potash and

46

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

cbromio

acid,mixtures of chlorine with ammoniacal

nitrates with

organic bodies, etc.

The

chief

salts,
incom-

the heading of each

under
patibleswill be mentioned
drug in specialtherapeutics.
those drugs
we
mean
incompatibles
By physiological
neutralize the effects of each

which
such

agents are

also termed

other in the system ;

physiological
antagonists.
of strychnineon the motor

example, the action

bean on
the
tracts of the spinalcord and of Calabar
the former stimulating,
the
same
regionis antagonistic,
latter depressing
and paralyzing,
the same
region.
Advantage is taken of the knowledge of the actions of
of
antagonistic
drugs to form reliable antidotes in cases
are
some
poisoning. There
drugs which, although
incompatibleas regards certain actions,
physiologically
useful to combine in therapeutics.
are
Thus, morphia and atropiaare antagonistic
as regards
their action on the pupil,but are very useful in combination
also employ some
sedatives and anodynes. We
as
to a slightdegree to overcome
drugs which are antagonistic
certain unpleasanteffects,
such being termed correctives.
For

6. The

As

result of

the

sections,the student
remedies

which

Prescription.
consideration

will

now

of

the

be able to

preceding

combine

the

he

judges will be of benefit to his

in a handy and legible
patient,the writing of which
form for the dispenseris termed the prescription.
should contain as few drugs as possible,
Prescriptions
irrational proceedingto combine
as it is an
of
a number
these agents, without
paying attention to the specific
action of each.
The

classical prescription
is forined

lines,as' follows

on

certain definite

ON

PRESCRIBING

47

1. The Basis ; that is,the selection and form of preparation

of the drug which itis intended to employ. The selection
of the

drug

as

which

is to

2. The

this is the

produce the

Adjuvant.

is intended

which

is the most

importantpart of the prescription,

chief portionof the combination
effect.
special
therapeutical

This

"

is the addition

to assist and

hasten

of

some

agent

the action of the

basis.
3. The Corrective,which
of the

or

modifies the action

basis,and preventsunpleasanteffects.

4. The
added

limits

so

Vehicle
as

Excipient. This is

or

"

the

to have

in
preparation

some

substance

convenient

form

for administration.

Example of
R.

Classical Prescription.

Barb., 3v.
Ext. belladonnse,
3ss.

Aloes

P.

3iizingiber,

Theriacee,q.s.
Ft. bol. i.

purgativeball for the

horse,the aloes is the basis;the belladonna is the adjuvant,
the action of the aloes ; the gingeris the
as it increases
as it prevents griping
; and the treacle is the
corrective,
the substances
mixed
are
or vehicle in which
excipient,
to make
a bolus of proper consistency.
so as
We may remark, however, that there are few prescriptions
written accordingto these fixed rules,as in many
are
only
instances the basis and the vehicle or excipient
prescribed.
will be again
The
subject of prescription-writing
on
veterinary
pharmacy.
referred to in the addendum
In

this,which is

formula

for

II.

PART

THERAPEUTICS.

GENERAL

CHAPTBE

I.

INTRODUCTORY.
The

of

subject
of

the

evidence

the

measures,

for
We

shall

for

rules

that

find

be

general

of their

that

it is

application
done

is to

principles,
And

application.

present

with

the

have

to

We

careful

the

are

result

knowledge

of

of the

Experience,
of

this

answer

may

this
and

sound

treatment,
cases

of

the
in
the

lay

down

physiological
method

beneficial
the
same

course

of
on

action

and
or

these

the

and

principles

and

drugs.
is

the

open

certain

termination
to

and

facts

experimental
of

their

successful

the

regards

treatment,

effects

of

in

points

experience,
of

as

certain

disease,

that

of

valuable

; all

measures

obtained.

are

and

strict

judgment

how

to

as

experiment

It is founded
of

the

application

by stating

although

particular

either

tions
indica-

and

consideration

important

inquire

may

to

therapeutical

of

principles of general therapeutics

We

therapeutic

of

operation,

impossible

requires special knowledge

reasoning.

usefulness

the

tion
considera-

employment.

the

can

of

rationale

their

includes

general therapeutics

of

immediate

utility
to

evidence

method
a

jection.
ob-

of

series

of

effects

of

50

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY
There

are

many

degrees or

of
gradations

health

to

the terms disorder or disease.

a,pply
state of the body is no.t a constant
The
physiological
ing
surroundone
; it is capableof beingacted on by various
which influences are themselves constantly
influences,
changing, such as temperature, air,food, etc. Thus,
country horses can thrive on a different qualityof food,
those in well-kept
to what
and in different surroundings,
to
accustomed
to ; but it is possible
stables in town
are
which

we

cannot

get animals
We

accustomed

to these different influences.

also to consider

have

that

it is

to
possible

have

changes in organs which are not vital,without

alteration in what we term the health of
any appreciable
the animal.
In veterinary
practiceit is impossibleto
in many
instances the exact period
determine definitely
there is a departurefrom the normal state and
at which
of disorder or disease,as our patients
the commencement
are
incapableof the powers of speech,and the first symptoms
have to be noticed by the attendants,who are not
alwaysgiftedwith keen powers of observation.
Except in cases which are characterized by the appearance
of pain,the usual symptoms first noticed by the
attendants are dulness and loss of appetite,
etc.,and it
is quite clear that many
affections will be in a definite
stage of developmentbefore such cases are broughtunder
certain

the notice of the

practitioner.

(2) Pharmaco-Dynamics

"

Physiological Action.

"

We

certain power
of interference over
the physiological
state of an animal.
We can
alter the character of

possess

the

food and

the

system of feeding
;

modify his surroundingsin the way

order exercise or keep him at
we
can
clothingto the body ; and lastly,
we
his

system

certain medicinal

of

we

etc. ;
ventilation,

rest ;
can

able to

are

we

can

introduce

apply
into

agents to modifyor Increase

FOUNDATIONS

OF

RATIONAL

TREATMENT

the functions of certain organs.

and

the action thus exerted

The

This

or
power
them by such
acting^physiologically
on

terra

we

51

science

which

"

disease,as

for the former

into

"

of

modifying
pharmaco-dynamics.

term

difficult to draw
cannot

we

hne between

a definite state
recognise

It is also difficultto

term.

or
physiological

means,

action.
physiological

relates to the power

we
physiological
activity
(3)Pathology. It is

health and

term.

we

control

iato morbid

or

The

fluences
separate in-

pathological.
to recognise

changefrom what we are accustomed

as health,when
term disorder,
we
definite,
or
sufficiently
when
marked
and attended with decided suffering,
more
disease.
This is the aim

(4)Recovery.

"

of the

and
therapeutist,

in this direction he is

it is

of the

and

ably assisted by nature, and

greatestimportance in treatment to imitate

help such efforts of nature, and not to retard them.

not only for reThe body possesses certain provisions
covering
but also for preventing
from the effectsof disease,
disease.
We
have

have
to

ascertain

as

patientswill recover
to their
utility

dogs used
may

not

that in

in such

Of

owners.

so

is liable to be continuous
unfit
practically

life will be of

source

The

as

him

no

would

to

or

chronic

as
benefit,

after

of

consideration
cattle it is of

which
affection,
to

our

efforts to sustain

long and expensive

benefit to his owner,

be

of

be

said with reference to the

no

case

so as
frequently,

recur

for work, all

to be of practical

in the

course,

necessary, but in horses and

importance.
supreme
from
If a horse is suffering

illness he

manner

companions or pets,such

as

be

veterinarypracticewe
as
possiblewhether our
definitely

consider

to

but

of loss.
same

may

majority

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

52

of

of

cases
or

mares,

In
in

fractures,except
which

mares

be
may
for any

limb

to

apt

are

work, and

of

recovering,or
is there

is no

of

We

no

of the

will be

animal
humane

chance

being fattened
be

condition

plications
com-

fitted
un-

proceeding

the commencement.
of the animals

butcher,

for the

resorted

to, as

not

only

purpose, but also

injuringthe qualityof

to

medicinal

no

agents
loss of condition,
which

the meat, besides the

carcase

the most

of treatment

the expense

the risk of the

that the

must

of repose,

state

such

reasonable

their

destruction

experienced
difficulty

and

destroyedat

ifthere
cattle,

immediate

ensue,

brought about

will be to have him

In

limb in

fractured

brood

as

utihzed.

so

of the

horses, in consequence

keeping the

the

be

can

such

in animals

soon

leaves

value.

also refer to diseases not

onlyincurable,but
also dangerous to other animals
and to mankind, by
of their contagious
reason
nature, such as glanders,
rabies,
Here
etc.
treatment
is out of the question,
and compulsory
slaughterbecomes the most beneficial measure.
In canine
practice,however, with the exceptionof
rabies,the majorityof diseases among favourite animals
without
the same
requirethe skill of the practitioner,
consideration
of practical
in the event of recovery.
utility
There
six means
which the body possesses by which
are
variation of functional activity
be secured and morbid
can
may

influences

can

be

of recovery

means

are

as
therapeutist,
by a
to prescribe
a line of

of

and

met

These

overcome.

of the

greatestimportance to the

consideration
treatment

natural

of them

he

is enabled

best suited to the indications

case.

1. Reserve

Force.

"

of latent force which

; this is termed

The

body possesses

certain amount

is called into action when

reserve

and
force,

we

have

it is

quired
re-

examples

NATURAL

MEANS

OF

RECOVERY

in the increase of size of muscles

called into

53

when

they are

stantly
con-

action,and also in the heart,which

force when requiredfor great exertion.

possesses reserve
2. There is a Power of overcoming the Cause of Disorder.
"

Thus, if the

action,the
tissues

force is

reserve

called into
beingconstantly
be enlargement
of
or hypertrophy
have examples of this in hypertrophy

result will
We

or

organs.
of the left

when
ventricle,

it has

work

extra

to

perform in cases of some valvular lesions. This is termed

compensation. Also in enlargementof one kidneywhen
the other is diseased.
3. The

Cause

of the Disorder

be expelled

may

by Kegu-

latingMechanisms.

Example.

The

"

the stomach
when

is

4. Vicarious

work

of another

in the blood
This may
disorder.

be taken

has

givesthat

an

of

of

case
a

"

to

of

four

are
now

importance.

the functions

accumulates
intestines.
the effects of

insuringrest, e.g. the loss of

engorgement of the stomach,

repairto

our

find that nature

certain extent

by

curred
oc-

sesses
pos-

means

activity.

foundations

engage

in

perform the

where

remove

tines.
intes-

necessary rest.
anatomical
changes have

power
increase of nutritive

will

cases

effort to

an

Repair. ^When
we
as- the result of disease,

By

There
which

as

organ

the

of

example,in

power

after

appetiteseen
6.

dog when
purgation

where,

occurs

endeavours

organ

; for

This

"

the urea
kidneysare suspended,
and is excreted by the skin and

5. Nature

which

Compensation.

one
affections,

of the

in the

overgorgedwith food, or of
of irritating
ingestairritatesthe
presence

the

certain

of vomition

occurrence

of Rational

and
attention,

Therapeutics
are

of

great

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

54

1. The

organs of the
natural forces.

2. We

have

of

certain power
forces.
a

these natural

in obedience

body act

ing
to surround-

or modifying
controlling

3. We

regarddisorder or disease as the result of some

disturbinginfluence actingon glands,tissues,or organs ;
the phenomena produced are what
would
we
expect in
those

affections of which

knowledge of
4. The

their

of organs, and

state,if the disease is

These

are

not

too

accurate
tolerably

all very

far

important

endeavour

to

to

advanced, will

him

return

normal.

considerations

natural

promote

the anatomical

even

if the influences become

as they indicate
therapeutist,
advantageof these numerous

and

pathology.

functions

to the normal

have

we

that

he

to

must

the
take

forces in his treatment,

return

to the

normal

state
as

by actingin accordance with these forces as much

possible,
or counor, when
teracting
necessary, by neutralizing
the effects by the employment of other forces.

Diflferent Kinds

We
a

will

now

generalmanner
1. Preventive

of Treatment.

consider the various kinds of treatment

in

Treatment.

Hygiene is the science and

art of preserving
health,and, as will readilybe seen, it is
founded
on
an
accurate knowledgeof physiology.
Prophylaxis recognisesthe causes
of disease at work,
and avoids or counteracts
them by every possible
means.
Infection may
be guarded against by avoidingall
of it ; by the system of preventiveinnoculation,
sources
or by the administration of certain drugs,which
have the
effect of renderingthe system capable of resisting
the
action of the morbid influence
; for example,the adminis"

DIFFERENT

tration

of

KINDS

hyposulphisas
dog.

2. Immediate
the

Treatment.

TMENT

temper
dis-

includes the Removal

and
dietetics,

to

55

preventiveof

This

"

Cause, attention

medicinal

TREA

sodii

in the

of

OF

the

of

use

agents.

For

from
the

of indigestion,
due to engorgeexample,in eases
ment
of the stomach,we
the indigestible
food
remove
the stomach
by the administration of an emetic in
dog, and a purgativein the horse ; we destroyand

in the intestinal
parasites
vermicides and vermifuges.

canal

remove

This is nature's third method

3. Symptomatic
nature's
to

remove

fourth

method

neutralize

must

is, of course,
mentioned, as

or

not
we

Expectant

cause

6. Rational

before

is that which

is

unable

are

in the

as

to the effects of the morbid

Treatment.

and

we

select such remedies

We

symptoms presentedto
and
developed,
diagnosis.

at work

If

This

"

system,we
correct its effects in the body. This
that just
desirable a method
so
as
are
now
treatingthe effects instead of

removing the cause.

an
oppositedirection
4.

Treatment.

of recovery.

morbid

the

of

means

of recovery.

Palliative

or

by

In this form

"

before

us

it is

the

disease
form

to
possible

Empirical Treatment.
is founded

on

we

"

an

act in

cause.

treat

the

is

fully

accurate

Rational

ment
Treat-

chemical,physiological,

knowledge,and on a consideration of the

pathological
by nature, which we have described.
powers possessed
perience,
Empirical treatment is founded on the results of exmust
and is not guided by any laws ; but we
stated,that many of our most
remember, as previously
in
in this manner
were
valuable remedies
prescribed
and

former

times, and their value ascertained

of recoveries,

hjthe

sta,tistics

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

56

vanced,
and pathological
knowledge adphysiological
became
of pharmaco-dynamics
and also the subject
of such remedies were
better understood,a largenumber
ment,
entitled to be placedunder the heading of rational treatand the tendency of the present day is to make
empiricism give way to rationalism,and thus render
therapeuticsa perfectscience. As well expressedby
As

our

Bouchard,

'

will
therapeutics
the

next

by

future

of rational

peutics
theraphysiological

be realized when

is controlled
In

for the

indications

the

statistical.

series of

will consider

chapters we

the

of the different vital systems of the

generaltherapeutics
and as explaining
body, and for convenience of description,

system will be

the rationale of treatment, each

five sections,as follows

under
1. A

the

brief

system

2. The

of
description

in the

horse,cow,

pharmaco-dynamics

of non-medicinal

use

3. The
and

the physiologicalrelations of
and

dog.

of the
when

measures

system, and
"

rather
derangements beingselected,

parts,so

as

also the

required.

pathological relations of the system

of the

noticed

to illustrate the

than

disorders
actual disease

actions and

uses

of remedies.
4. Natural

recovery

"

notice

being

also taken

of the

limits of treatment.
5. Rational
four

therapeutics

precedingsections.

"

which

will be founded

on

the

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

58

submaxillarygland is supplied by the chorda

tympani,which suppliesdilator fibres to the vessels,and
The

gland-cells.
suppliedby a branch of
the

secretoryfibres to
It is also

the

givesconstrictor fibres to the walls

supplyingthe part.
The nerve
supply of the parotidconsists
and the sympathetic.

which

3. The
the

to

sensory

nerves

cerebrum

and

whether

bitter
to

through the
II.
1. Food.

We

"

; these

chorda

to be crushed

2. We
the

by

the

which

medulla, from

tympani.

alter the

of
quantityand quality

the

order the
food ; thus, we
can
the hay to be chopped, as we may

of the
or

desirable for different

see

in

impressionsof taste,
mitted
impressionsare trans-

Pharmaco-dynamics.

can

the form

food,and
oats

pharyngeal
glosso-

stomach, modifyingits functions,

fluence
salivary
glandsof the mouth, which they in-

the

to

of the

reflected to the

they are
and

artery

the

medulla

specialcentre

of the

receive and transmit

of the mouth

sweet

or

sympathetic,

cases.

influence the sensory apparatusof the mouth

administration
of aromatic
bers
bitters,
by the memcan

of the

spirituous
group,

Aromatic

bitters increase

and

acids.

by

the relish for food

by

lating
stimu-

fluids in the mouth

digestive
stomach, as will presentlybe described.

the secretion of the

and

also in the

These

increase

digestionof

the

the

fluids of the mouth

Examples.
"

relish for

food, and

by

increase

same

and

an

stomach.

Aromatic

oils,
gentian,quassia,etc.

Sialagogues increase the secretion

the

providefor the
of the digestive

greater number

apparatus,diluted mineral

of saliva.

of stimulants

acids,and

These

of the

clude
in-

sensory

acids.
vegetable

DISORDERS

We

OF

MOUTH

THE

59

divide

into those which act locally

by
sialagogues
beingabsorbed and actingon the glandstructure directly,
and specific
"which act on the terminations of
sialagogues,
the nerves
in the salivary
selves,
glands,or on the cells themby whatever channel they enter the system.
As examples of ordinarysialagogues
have dilute
we
mineral acids,vegetable
etc.,which
acids,and their salts,
have the effect of removing thirst.
have jaborandi
As examples of specific
we
sialagogues
and its active principle
iodine,and
pilocarpine,
mercury,
physostigma.
Indirect emetics,such as antimony and ipecacuanha,
also act as sialagogues.
Anti-sialagogues are those drugs which diminish the
secretion of

saliva,such

potashand

soda.

as

dilute solutions of

the

Specificanti-sialagogues act upon

such
also

in

opium

coveringto

its active

secretorynerves,

atropine,
principle

excess.

Demulcents

natural

and

belladonna

as

as
alkalies,

substances

are

afford

which

artificial

fauces, when

mouth, tongue, and

the

an

the

secretion fails.

linseed-tea,
Uxmnples. Mucilaginous preparations,
gums, honey, syrups, etc.
"

PathologicalRelations.

III.

1. In

the

food

If mastication

disorders.

various causes,
not be in
2. Loss

find the

we

cause

of Taste.

"

in
digestion

This

occurs

of

digestive

properlyperformedfrom

it follows that the food

fit state for

is not

chief

in herbivora

the stomach.

in fever and

catarrhal

and is often associated with loss of the

affections,
of

smell,a

matter

of

will

great importancein

our

sense

patients,

60

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

"which

much

depend so

with

beinginterference
3. Disorders

of

the smell

on

food,the result

appetite.
of the Mouth.

of the Secretions

"

In

acute

of saliva and drynessof

deficiency
of
cases
fauces ; also in long-standing
and
the mouth
indigestion.This condition also occurs when largedoses
istered.
of such drugs as opium and belladonna have been adminfebrilediseases

consists in

Salivation
It

have

we

depends on

is also termed

and

causes,

many

secretion of saliva.

excessive

an

It arises from

of the

action

and

diseases
or
irregularities
food on the mouth
irritating

of

disease of the

also from

ptyalism.
teeth, the

tongue, and

centres,and in affections

nervous

of the

pharynx ; also from the presence of a foreignbody

the oesophagus,
the result of the adminand occurs
istration
as
of certain drugs,such as mercury, to the effects
which
and dog are
the cow
susceptible.
particularly
givenin too largedoses,iodine has a similar effect.

in

of
If

4.

Derangements

the

dog

cases

of

find

we

in

an

Excretions

some

of the

from

offensive smell

digestive
derangements ;
the base of the

of tartar round
and

of the

Mouth.

the

mouth

"

In
in

also from accumulations

teeth,from diseased teeth,

affections.
respiratory
inflammation

tongue, arises from

and from chemical irritants,
the administration
or
injuries
of medical
diluted,such as spts.
agents not sufficiently
ammon.
aromat., ol. tereb.,
potash,and soda.
or
Glossitis,

IV.

The

sense

Natural

of taste returns

of the

Recovery.
when

the febrile affection

subsides.
Salivation

ceases

the offensive odour

cause

is removed.

after the removal

from

of the cause, and

the breath also disappears
if the

SIALAGOGUES

AND

V.

will

We
diseases

AROMATIC

61

Therapeutics.

consider

now

BITTERS

in
originating

the

rational

treatment

of

the mouth.

1. Attention

to the Food.

2. Disorders

of the

The

precautionof avoiding
food of an irritating
nature, the mode of ensuringproper
of the food
mastication of the food,and the preparation
to the requirements
of the case.
according
The

Sensory Apparatus of the Mouth.

of saliva
deficiency

dilute mineral
which

have

the

etc.
fevers,

the

effect of

by

with

as

borax

and

diluted,such
sulEciently
will have

chronic

the

mouth,

that weak

prescribe

we

appetitewe

rouse

the

will be treated

the Mouth

actingon

it.

of

astringent
gargles,
solutions of potass,chlor.,
use

demulcents.

the action of

will be found

In

by the

and water

honey, etc., and

results from

thirst.

from

and

cause

Glossitis will be treated

such

of

must

bitters with alcohol.

3. Unpleasant Excretions
the
by ascertaining

be treated

acid tartrate

in loss of

aromatic

"

by
potash,

removing

dryness of

and
bitters,

of taste

nerves

in

acids, and

with
indigestion,
aromatic

"

In

cases

where

it

medicinal agents not

irritating

of ammonia, it
preparations
with honey
solutions of vinegar
as

beneficial effect.

4. Defects of the Mechanical

attention
requirespecial

and

Apparatus of the Teeth will

interference.
surgical

If due to the action of

to the cause.
according
drugs their employment must be

ceased and belladonna

administered.

5. Salivation

must

be treated

and
concludingour consideration of the mouth
attention
have to draw
to an
contiguous parts, we
imaginary disease of the palatinebars of the mouth,
is due to a temporary
termed lampas. This, in reality,
of the partsin young horses duringthe process
congestion
In

62

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

of dentition ; and

the

in adult horses

parts are

swollen in

indigestion.Obviously,the rational treatment

will depend on
acting on the cause ; but the most
in such cases
abominable
cruelties are
often perpetrated
who, with a red-hot iron, endeavour to burn
by farriers,
of

cases

the swollen

away

membrane.

of horses will
credible that any owners
hardlyseems
permit such barbarityin the present enlightenedage, but
have to confess from experiencethat some
we
persons,
otherwise
believe the ignorantideas of grooms
intelligent,
and farriers on this subject.

It

CHAPTEE
DIGESTION"

III.
THE

STOMACH.

I. PhysiologicalRelations.
In

commencing

attention

to the fact that

of taste

nerves

this brief

produce in

gastricfunctions,and
alkaline secretion
proper
of the
An

substances
a

that

of the

we
description,

reflex
proper

mouth

which

must

draw

stimulate the
of
activity

manner

insalivation with
renders

the food

state for

the
gastricdigestionby increasing
gastricjuice.
importantlaw must be noticed,viz.,that acid
stimulate alkaline

the
the

in

flow

stances
sub-

and alkalies stimulate

secretions,

acid secretions.
In

the

stomach

has

diiferent

speciesof patientswe

varies in arrangement, and

that

find that the

this variation

important bearing in pharmacology

therapeutics.
a

very

and

DIGESTION-

THE

In the horse the stomach

size of the animal

and

STOMA

is small in

various reasons, the occurrence

under certain grave conditions of

of the
of

intestines.

vomition,except

is impossible.
disease,

rarely empty, althoughit has been

to
shortlyafter food enters it commences

proved that

pass on to the intestine.

The food entering
the empty stomach

pylorus. As
on,

the

is

organ

but

63

comparisonto

the volume

to

Por

This

CH

food is

more

the

taken,the

passingout

amount

same

does

to the

on

passes

process goes
not

equal that

coming in.
When

the feed is finished,

this passage of ingestainto
the duodenum
will pass
ceases, or onlysmall quantities

out, and

long time elapsesbefore

the stomach

is really

best condition of the organ for the function

of digestion
is when it is two-thirds full.
The

empty.

Other

importantpointsin connection with the stomach

of the horse are that onlya portion
of the mucous
brane
memis capableof secreting
a
viz.,the
fluid,
digestive
villous portion.
orifices are situated close
Also the cardiac and pyloric
and the cardiac orificeis contracted exceptwhen
together,
food is entering.
difference in appearance between the cuticular and
villous mucous
membrane, and the situation of the organ,
The

which

rests

abdominal
In

the

on

colon,and is not in

walls,are

ruminants

the

of which
dilatations of the
It is

only in

other

contact

pointsworthy of

stomach

is divided

the firstthree may

with

the

note.

into four

partments,
com-

be considered

as

oesophagus.
the

fourth

division that

true

gastric

changes occur.
The

stomach
and

of the

ruminant

"

nivorous
pig is a type between the carall portions
of it do not possess

64

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

digestion.There are two acids

in the pig ; for the first hour
formed in gastricdigestion
afterwards
the acid is lactic,and
two of digestion
or
of this animal empties
acid.
The stomach
hydrochloric
itselfvery slowlywhen no fresh food is given.
and coated throughThe stomach
of the dog is large,
out
with a mucous
membrane
gastric
juice.
secreting
from three
We
may studythe functions of the stomach
:
standpoints
the

same

of

powers

1. The

secretion of

gastric
juice.

2. The

movements

in the organ

foods
3.
1. The

derived

and

their passage

ferment

mixing of

to the intestines.

Absorption.

gastricjuice is an acid secretion, which

from
the gastricglands. The
acidityof

secretion in the horse has been

presence
believed

on

for the

of lactic
to

be

be due

acid,while in other animals

this

to the

the

acid

hydrochloric.The digestive
verting
pepsin,which has the power of con-

present

is termed

proved to

is

is

proteidsinto peptones.
The gastric
juiceis stimulated to flow by the following
agencies: (a) the mechanical presence of food ; (6)by
the products of digestion
the
; (c)by impressionson
nervous
centres, such as tastes, etc. ; (d)by the presence
of the saliva and

any

dilute alkaline fluids at the mouths

of the

tubules.
gastric
2. As digestionproceeds,the gastricvessels dilate,
there is movement
of the muscles
of the gastricwalls,
in the food,and what we
term
complex changes occur
the chyme is formed.
3. As

the

the result of

stomach

about

digestive
changes,we
40

hydrates
per cent, of the carboof the food have been converted into sugar, and
to

50

find that in

66

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

mainder,

as

effect on

the

of the

stimulation

it

while

omasum,

pneumogastricshas
produces contraction

no

of

the other three divisions.

Pharmaco-dynamics.

II.

inquireas to the power we have of acting

the stomach.
on
physiologically
admit
must
With regardto horses and ruminants
we
of interference
our
that from physiological
peculiarities
power
of dogs,so that in our
is far less than in the case
consideration of the following
pointswe shall have to
draw attention to any important differences which may
We

now

may

exist in this
1. Food.

"

respect.
have

We

quantityand qualityof the

diet for certain
order special
the periodsof feeding. We
water, and make
as

regardsthe

time

the proper

ensure

of

We

can

and

pay attention to
regulatethe supply of

cases,
can

feeding. We

mastication

the

over

food of animals.

it is allowed

that

sure

of control

great powers

at

can

and

proper

use

time
to

measures

insalivation of the

food.
2. The

Power

of Interference

(a)Alkaline stomachics
juice. They consist of
sodii

with

increase
dilute

the

Gastric Juice

flow of the

alkaline

bicarb.,etc., administered

increase

the

"

gastric

such
solutions,

before

"

feeding.

as

The

of the

flow will also increase the amount

salivary
of gastric
juicesecreted.
(6)DigestiveAdjuvants. If the constituents of the
administer
dilute
we
gastricjuice are deficient,
may
hydrochloricacid or pepsin,or both combined, either
alongwith the food or immediatelyafter feeding.
"

3. The Power

over

to the Nerves

of the
sensibility

the Nerves

of

of the Stomach

the Stomach.

nerves,

and

cause

"

These

"

lants
(a)Stimu-

increase the

increase of not

only

STOMACHICS

67

the local but also the

generalcirculation ; they increase

dilate the vessels,
and produce
glands,

the
a

of the
activity
of hunger.
feeling
These

include aromatic

such
bitters,

the

such
bitters,

gentian,
simple
of
spirituous
preparations

calumba, and

as

as

same.

(6)Gastric

sedatives reduce the

sensation

nerves;

and

the

of the gastric
sensibility
reflection of impressionsis

lessened.
These

include

opium

and

belladonna,bismuth, and

dilute

hydrocyanicacid.
There are certain drugs also actingas gastric
sedatives
which have the power
of arresting
disorder of the mucous
membrane,
These

are

(c)We

such

as

creasote, creolin,and

carbolic acid.

termed
can

to the

gastric
disinfectants.
act on the gastric
nerves
by applireflexly
cations
such as fomentations,
epigastrium,
poultices,

counter-irritants.
4. The

Power

of the

Gastric

Gastric Circulation.
to the nerves,

stimulants
the blood

the

over

supply,such

as

Circulation

"

lants
(a)Stimu-

Those

agents which are

and increase
dilate the vessels,
and alcohol,
aromatics,bitters,
"

etc.

render the local gastric

circulation
(") Gastric astringents
less active. They are indirectly
gastricsedatives.
Examples. Dilute acids,opium, salts of zinc,lead,
it.
tannic acid, and substances containing
"

5. The

Power

(a) Gastric

or

over

the

Movements

Stomachic

"

Under

the

Stomach

this head

"

we

acid and dilute

hydrochloric
acid. These, by increasing
nitric and nitrohydrochloric
of the
the acidityof the chyme, increase the uaovements
also to include specific
have
We
nervo-musstomach.
such as nux
vomica and its active princular stimulants,
have

such

agents

as

dilute

Tonics.

of

THERAPEUTICS

VETERTNARY

68

of the

to the walls

tone

ing
specialaction in impartits
stomach, and increasing

have

ciple,
strychnine. These

movements.

of the
Stomach.
These include gastric
sedatives,such as opium
and dilute hydrocyanic acid ; also alkalies,given after
meals, which reduce the acidityof the contents.
diminish

lohich

{V) Substances

the

Movements

"

6. The
Stomach

(a) Antacids.

"

with

of Interference

Power

neutralize the contents

"

These

are

the

Contents

substances

stomach, such

of the

of the

which

alkalies.

as

(b) Gastric Disinfectants. These have the effect of

correctingthe process of decompositionin the contents
of the stomach, and preventingthe formation of gas, and
"

include

carbolic

acid, creasote, creolin,aromatic

oils,

etc.

(c)We may also note the use of antidotes

poisoningas coming under this head.
7. Carminatives.
the

"

gastricnerves,

These

substances

are

in

which

cases

of

stimulate

increase the

excite
gastriccirculation,
the muscular
contractions,and probablyrelax the cardiac
in dogs. They possess more
oriiice of the stomach
than
a local effect,as
tion
previouslyremarked; generalstimulaalso occurs
form
of diffusible
one
; thus they are
stimulants.

Examples.
"

Aromatic

and

pungent oils,alcohol,ether,

etc.
III. Pathological Relations.
The

chief

cause

of disorders

of the

stomach

in

all

animals

be attributed to errors
of feeding.
may
In the horse the stomach
is by no
so
means
subjectto

disease

as

in ruminants

the intestines have

to
are

and

the most

dogs,because in
important part

perform,consequentlywe
more

liable to be affected

find that the

by

disease.

this animal
of

digestion

latter organs

DYSPEPSIA

The

69

holds

good in ruminants. As we have

ah-eadymentioned, the large and complicatedstomach
performs the major part of digestion,
hence it is more
-while the intestines are rarely
affected
prone to disorders,
in comparison.
In the dog, althoughderangements
of the stomach are
reverse

of the ready power

of
frequent,still,in consequence
vomition possessedby this animal,
many serious affections
are

avoided.
In the horse affections of the stomach

very serious;
effect in this

are

thus,in engorgement, as emetics have no

animal, and as food improperlyprepared is
the action of the
are

to

apt

the small size of

of food

retained

pyloricstructures, very fatal

when
so
we
ensue, especially
the organ in comparison with

by

tions
terminaconsider
the bulk

usuallytaken.

Dyspepsia,

or

is in ruminants

derangement of the gastricdigestion,

and dogs an affection of very common

occurrence.

We

have

also to consider

effects of this disorder may

it has
the stomach, still,

that

althoughin

horses the

be attributed

to
directly
testinal
an
important bearingon inof the
affections in an indirect manner
by reason
sary
alimentarymatter leavingthe stomach before the neceschanges have been producedin.it,so as to fit it for
intestinal digestion.
There are many
ways in which derangement of gastric
be brought about, and for all practical
digestion
may
tions
refer to the followingcondibriefly
may
purposes we
most
as those
commonly met with in all animals :
with engorgement of the
(a)Acute indigestion,
not

stomach.
without engorgement
(6)Indigestion
"

(c)Gastritis

"

acute

and chronic.

digestion,
chronic in-

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

70

1. For all these different conditions

food must

but to the

causes,

we

can

be attributed

assignmanyfirst placein

as regardsthe conditions (a)and (6).

causation,especially
with engorgement is
Thus, in the horse indigestion
in quantity,
of food too abundant
generallydue to ingestion

and

without

quicklyswallowed

proper

and

mastication

insalivation.
noticed.
particularly
and
These
when
especially
given in large quantities,
not properly
when the horse is hungry and fatigued,
are
and acted on by the saliva,the result being
masticated
that they are
rapidlyswallowed, and being unfitted to
be acted on by the stomach, are retained in it,causing
of the

distension

rupture of
Such

of this organ,

walls

of
paralysis

gases,

be

foods must

action of cooked

The

the

walls,and

the formation

of

terminate

in

even

may

the latter.

foods

the character of bulk

have

bilityand

and

indigesti-

of

the

in

fermentation

liabihtyto undergo
not
stomach, although they may

necessitybe

in-

nutritious.
In

cattle
with

rumen

distension

due

to the

is not

have

we

the conditions of distension of the

of that

with
organ
of the food,termed
of
ingestion

accustomed

the introduction

to

gases,

fresh green

of sohd

matters

food

the

latter

when

former

in such

mentation
fer-

from

derived

hoven,the

such, and

also

plenalvia,and

solid matters, termed

generally

the animal

dependingon
amount

paralyze the organ by over -distension,such as

food, chaff,potatoes,etc. In the dog engorgement

as

to

grain,
of the

is

reheved
by spontaneous vomition,
generally
or
by the animal naturallyeatinga certain grass of an
einetic nature;
consequentlywe see those conditions

stomach

noted

under

headings(5) and (c)oftener than actual

engorgement. As regards conditions other than the

CAUSES

OF

GASTRIC

of
quantityand quality
we

2.

note

may

and
Irregularities

DISORDERS

the food
the

as

causes

71

of

indigestion
gastric

:
following

diseased conditions connected with

the teeth.
3.

Deficiency
ofgastricjuicein relation to the amount
secretion
of the food taken ; also diminution of the gastric
aftercases of severe illness.
4. Deficiency
or
of the acid of digestion,
of the pepsin

ferment.
5. Disorder

of the

In

we

from

one

case

which

cause

muscular

functionsof the

stomach.

may have feebleness of the movements,

the contents
not
are
exposed in

gastricsecretion ; there is also

feebleness of the expulsive
and the chyme is kept
efforts,
too long in the stomach, digestion
beingthus retarded.
of the peristaltic
We
have in another case excess
may
which
has the effect of causingthe food to
movements,
before gastricdigestionis completed.
enter the duodenum
if water
be given to
A similar effect will occur
the food beingwashed
horses immediatelyafter feeding,
out of the stomach, and causingintestinal derangement.
find indigestion
animals
6. In young
occurring
we

proper

manner

to

the

earlyan age, and

intervals,
allowingthe young animal to suckle at irregular
stances
is working daily. In such inthe dam
such as when
diarrhoea is usuallythe chief symptom present.
termed pyrosis,
of excessive acidity,
7. The occurrence
manifested by the animal having a tendencyto lick walls,
eat clay,etc.
origin.
8. Arising
from nervous
tines,
in the intesoriginating
These are due to impressions
liver,kidneys,etc.
9. Organicdiseases of the stomach.
opium,
actions of certain drugs, such as
10. The

from

removal

from

the

dam

at too

72

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

for medicinal

arsenic,digitalis,
etc.,administered
If from

be

any of the

digestion
gastric
of a heavy feed

enumerated

causes

poses.
pur-

properlyperformed in the case

the constituents are onlypartially
acted on
acid decomposition
with the formation
of organicacids,and
ensues
have instead of normal
we
chyme a fermenting mass,
in excessive formation of gas.
resulting
The
heart and neighbouringorgans become
impeded
in their action, the nerves,
vessels,and glands of the
not

"

"

stomach

and

become

of

the
irritated,

pallidhue, and

tenacious

The

mucus.

causingvomitingand
In

the

the

centres

nervous

swollen

is covered

surface

with

irritated,

are

of gas in the
horse,if no relief be

eructations

of the

case

membrane

mucous

dog.
given,very

serious and

fatal results may

rence
ensue, either in the occurof cerebral complications
or
rupture of the organ.

If not severe, the contents

may pass on to the intestines,

of the latter by irritation and
by

causingderangement
of excessive acidity.
reason
After the acute
state

of the

be

may

passed off,the

membrane

mucous

secretion of
There

have

symptoms

and

mucus

pain and

of

loss of

"

be

In this form

almost

causes

the attacks

continuous.

mentioned, and

It may

Chronic

less severe,

are
occur

be looked

must

cessive
ex-

digestive
power.
all of which will
appetite,
arrest

requireappropriatetreatment.
loithout Engorgement
(6)Indigestion
"

with

continue

may

morbid

from

tion.
Indigesbut

any

upon

as

may

of the
a

very

troublesome

disorder in all

further on, a
is sometimes

catarrh
speciesof chronic gastritis
or gastric

in

for
responsible

animals,and, as
chronic

we

shall

see

indigestion,
especially

dogs.
Prom

whatever

cause

the

disorder

proceeds,in

all

74

TEERAPEVTICS

VETERINARY

Also

the action of

find

in cattle due to
gastritis
irritant poisons.
In the dog acute gastritis,
the
affecting
we

coats,is seldom

mucous

and

tant
the result of irri-

except as

seen

muscular

poisoning.
have, however, to notice a very serious disorder of
of congesthis animal, termed gastric
catarrh,consisting
tion
We

or

with

subacute

of the

inflammation

of the organ,
great irritability

retain food

that it will neither

so

arise from

It may

medicines.

nor

membrane,

mucous

the

long-

foods, or the presence of

indigestible
parasitesor of foreignbodies in the stomach.
It has a tendency to extend to the intestines,
causinga
continued

of

use

very fatal condition.

IV.
In

of

cases

the

Natural

Recovery.

with engorgement
indigestion
of vomition

occurrence

affords

in the

dog,

but the aftereffects

relief,

interference.
requiretherapeutical
In

horses and

requiredboth
which

to

cattle

the

remove

and

of the organ,

organicdiseases
palliative.
V.

"

cause

effectual
to treat

means

are

the effects

remain.

In

1.

prompt and

order,and

onlyin

is

one

can

onlybe

Therapeutics.

Prophylactic Treatment

first in

treatment

of

(a)Dieting. This comes

the most
important details
"

"

the

preventionof the various conditions which

have mentioned, but also in their treatment.
we
such as the administration
of
{b)By artificial
means,
acid or pepsin,either with or after feeding,
hydrochloric
not

in

cases

where

these

are

deficient.

(c)By increasingthe gastric secretion

this is not secreted in sufficient amount,

in

cases

such

as

where

by

the

TREA

TMENT

OF

GASTRIC

administration of aromatic
alkaline

stomachic.

"with bicarbonate
This is

an

For

of soda

AFFECTIONS

75

with alcohol and

bitters,

an

example, tincture of gentian

givenbefore feeding.

imitation of the natural

insalivation of the

food.
2. Immediate

Treatment.

to

are

the

evacuate

of its contents, to relieve

to neutralize the excessive

pain,if it be present,
and to expelor absorb
acidity,

the gas which may be formed.

find that
In the horse we
to the stomach

power

with
indigestion

acute

exists,the indications

engorgement
stomach

When

"

it is necessary

alimentarycanal by means
effect of removing the excess
If combined

with

administration

of

to act

on

the whole

which
purgative,

has the

of food from

the excessive

of oil of

the functional

restore

to

this organ.
formation of gas, the

in
turpentine

purgativedose of
linseed-oil will be of service,
while if pain be present we
in addition a few doses of sulphuric
ether. If
prescribe
this pain is not relieved,
it will be necessary to employ
the hypodermicinjection
of morphine.
The

addition

acid and

of

an

to render
alkali,

the contents

less

fitted for their passage into the intestines,

will be indicated,,
such as the bicarbonate of soda with
more

aromat., and

spts.ammon.

gentian.

We

aromatic

an

remember

must

engorgement of the stomach

the
in the

extreme

and rupture of
complications
will be required.
prompt treatment

In cattle the

the stomach

rumen

which

and
become

omasum

are

affected

the
activity,

as

the organ,

of

gards
reso

the divisions of

by engorgement

and

sion
beingthe diviIn these
liable to chronic indigestion
or to gastritis.
be directed to expelthe conanimals all our efforts must
tents
of saline and
from the divisions impactedby means

loss of functional

abomasum

as

danger

horse, both

cerebral

that

such
bitter,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

76

and to encourage
return to
a
oleaginouspurgatives,
normal state of activity
alreadystated.
by the means
be
In the dog, if the impaction of the stomach
relieved by spontaneous vomition, it will be necessary
administer

the

not
to

emetic.

an

3. Treatment

of the Effects.

"

If much

of the
irritability

sedatives will be indicated.

remains, gastric

stomach

requirerest,so tliat onlysmall amounts

of easily-digested
food should be allowed ; if there be
doses of stimulants
moderate
much
of strength,
prostration
The

organ

will

will be useful.
and

Small

tr. gentianco., administered

to restore

excess

before

secretion of the

the normal

neutralize

of bicarbonate

doses

of

alkaline

of soda

will help
feeding,
and
gastricjuice,

mucus

which

may

be

present.
treated

by carefully
the cause, and by strict attention to feeding
ascertaining
and to the times of feeding. The flow of the gastric
secretion
but this must
not be overdone.
requirestimulation,
may
4. Chronic

The

indigestion is to

be

acid of the

gastricsecretion or the pepsinmay be

and will requirethe administration
of digestive
deficient,
adjuvantsafter feeding.
The nervo-muscular
structures
ing,
may requirestrengthensuch
the
of nervo-muscular
administration
as
by
stimulants and tonics,such as nux
vomica
and quinine.
If there is a tendency to excessive fermentation
in the
disinfectants will be indicated.
If there
contents,gastric
be

condition

of chronic

catarrh

of the

mucous

brane,
mem-

will be required,
such as kino,
gastricastringents
catechu, and substances containingtannin.
5. Gastritis is to be treated by securingas much
rest
and quietudefor the stomach
tives
as
possible,
gastricsedabeingemployed,and demulcents.

VOMITION
In the

dog the

AND

stomach

EMETICS

becomes

affection,persistentvomition
neither food
acid

medicine

nor

i. to
(gtt.

will
carbonates,

be

77

very irritablein this

being present,
be retained.

can

that

so

Dilute

cyanic
hydro-

with bismuth, and alkahne

gtt.iii.)

found

and the food

irritation,

useful in
be of

must

allayingthe gastric
bland, mucilaginous

Externallypoulticesand fomentations to the

abdomen
should be adopted.
6. In organicdiseases of the stomach
treatment
our
can
The different symptoms presented
onlybe palliative.
will requiretherapeutical
the lines already
measures
on

nature.

laid down.

CHAPTEE
VOMITION

ON

AND

IV.
ACTIONS

THE

AND

USES

OF

EMETICS.
I.

Foe

various

does

not

PhysiologicalRelations.

physiological
reasons,

occur

in

horse

the

the act

except under

of vomition

very

grave

conditions.
pathological
In ruminants

we

find the act very

rare, and

although

arrangement would
appear that the physiological
find the reto render the act easily
we
verse
performed,

it would
tend

to be the case,

so

that it is reasonable

to conclude

vomitingcentre is either very

rudimentaryor not sensible to ordinaryimpressions.
In the dog the act of vomition is very easily
induced,
that

both

in these

as

an

animals

the

effort of nature

to

the presence of irritating

or
by the action of emetics.
In the act

of vomition

relieve the stomach

from

food,and
indigestible

there

are

contractions

also

of the

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

78

fibres
longitudinal

of the

CESophagus,which
muscles

cardiac orifice; the abdominal

the

contract, and

compress
orifice is closed.

and the

stomach, while

dilate the

diaphragm
the pyloric

reflex one, depending on afferent nerves

from the fauces,stomach, abdominal
viscera,
peritoneum,
The

etc. ;

act

is

medulla, situated close

in the

centre

efferent

; and

centre

to the abdominal

nerves

Vomiting may
also

and

areas,

be

nerves,

the

to the

phrenic

and

muscles.

from
produced by impressions

by direct

piratory
res-

irritation of the

distant

centres,

nervous

the presence of certain substances,as apomorphia,

In the act of vomiin the blood flowingthrough them.
such

as

tion there
the

besides

certain associated

are

conditions which

of the contents

evacuation

of the

occur,

stomach.

generallyprecedesthe act. The

be forciblyemptied of bile,which
gall-bladdermay
and become
the stomach
enter
piratory
expelled. The resmay
is stimulated, expiratorymovements
centre
occur, the chest is compressed,the respiratory
passages
cleared.
are
Perspirationis excited,and 'the cardiac
and vascular centres are depressed.
Thus,

flow of saliva

II.

Emetics
when

those substances

are

administered.

emetics

Direct
cause

Pharmaco-dynamics.

Emetics

are

which

produce vomiting

of two

kinds

1, direct

2, indirect emetics.
emetics

emesis

by

are

those

which, given by the mouth,

local irritation of the

nerves

of

the

stomach.

Examples. Sulphate of zinc,sulphateof copper, and

the popular emetics, such
salt and warm
as
water,
"

mustard

and

water, etc.

VOMITION

AND

Indirect

emetics

the

body ;

enter

THE

USES

OF

EMETICS

79

emesis

by whatever channel they

reachingthe blood,they act on the

cause
on

in the

vomiting centre

far greater
medulla, and cause
than the direct emetics,and also depressthe
depression

other centres

in the medulla.

Examples. Apomorphine, which

is the

"

known, and
and

be administered

can

ipecacuanha.The

quickestemetic

mony,
hypodermically
; anti-

last two

act both

as

direct

and indirect emetics.

avert

Anti-emetics

arrest emesis

or

which

1. Substances

reduce

vomiting centre,such

of the
irritability
chloral,opium,
amyl nitrite,

as

the

bromides.
to the

2. Sedatives
such

as

such

as

afferent

of the

nerves

stomach,

acid,dilute alkalies,
bismuth, dilute hydrocyanic
limewater,water givenas hot as it can be borne,

and ice.
such
actingindirectly,

3. Measures

and blisters to the

III.

We

have

epigastrium.

Pathological Relations.
conditions

two

tations
fomenpoultices,

as

to

consider

1, excessive

vomiting.
vomiting; 2, defective
Excessive

vomiting

may

in

occur

stomach, of the brain,and of other

occur

the

from

action

irritation of the
of retained

effects of certain
Defective

sometimes

organs.

It may

vomitingcentre, such
in the

urea

as

the
also
from

blood, or from

the

poisons.

vomiting, with
from

affections of

attempts

either direct

or

at

occurs
retching,

indirect stimulation

of

by narcotics,no natural
poisoning
attempt at vomitingoccurs, and emetics maybe urgently
to get rid of the poison.
required
the centre.

In

cases

of

80

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Natural

IV.

Vomiting may

Recovery.

after the

cease

been removed

has

cause

persist,
calhng for interference.
If allowed to continue,the irritability
of the gastric
becomes
membrane
mucous
increased,also the sensibility
and prostration
of the vomitingcentre, and greatweakness
due to want of nourishment, is apt to ensue.
of strength,

but in

some

cases

it may

V.
1. Excessive

The firstindication in the treatment

Vomiting.

"

of excessive
if possible
remove

administration

it ; while if the

remove

the cause, and

the presence of

vomitingis to ascertain
it. In the dog,if due to

food,the
irritating
to

Therapeutics.

of

emetic

an

will

help

in the second

vomiting occurs

with irritation of the gastric

mucous
stageof indigestion,
sedatives will be indicated. If due to the
membrane, gastric

then suitable antidotes will be given.

presence of a poison,
If the vomiting be due to some
injuryor disease of the

brain,nervous

such
sedatives,

will be useful.

ammonium,

bromides

as

If

we

of

ascertain

potassiumor
the

to

cause

intrinsic poison,such as urea

be the presence of some
in
the blood,which
irritates the vomitingcentre, we must

endeavour

to

remove

bowels, kidneys,and
cause,

the

we

must

nerves
gastric

such

it

by increasingthe

skin.

endeavour
and

reasons,

we

to

reduce

fail to

the

of the

ascertain

Vomiting

"

the

of
irritability

the centre

agents as opium, dilute

2. Defective

If

action

by the administration
hydrocyanicacid,etc.

the

Use

the consideration

of

Emetics.

of the

above

"

For
will

of

vious
ob-

only

apply to animals which have the power of vomition,as

the dog and pig,because horses and ruminants
do not
where
the
respond to the action of emetics. In cases
presence

of

food
indigestible

is not

removed

by

spon-

82

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

chyme enters the small intestines,it meets

three digestive
fluids,viz.,the bile, coming from the
liver ; the pancreatic
juice,from the pancreas ; and the
succus
entericus,from the glandsof the small intestines.
As a result of the complex chemical changes which occur,
the chyme becomes
changed as follovys: it changes its
When

the

character,and becomes alkaline in reaction,and

physical
in a fit state for absorption
by the lacteals and vessels of
the intestines.

with the intestines

In connection
1.

we

have

to consider

3. Peristaltic,

Absorption; 2. Excretion;

action,or

transit ; 4. Evacuation.

chyme passes along the small

absorbed by the
certain portionsof it become
intestine,
to the
lacteal and portalsystems ; it is then carried on
large intestine,where a further absorptiontakes place,
the remainder
forming the faeces.
An importantpoint to notice is that a certain amount
1.

"

of fluid passes

the blood
If

As the

Absorption.

from

the intestine

to

the

blood,and

from

to the intestine.

absorptionbe

slow

into the intestine from

there will be

more

fluid directed

the

mission
blood,and more
rapidtransof the contents, and, as a consequence,
the faeces
will assume
On the other hand, if
a liquidcharacter.
be active,there will be less fluid poured
the absorption
out, the transit will be slower,and the faeces will be of a

firm character.

only explainthe absorptionof water and salts

of diffusion,
or
by the portal system on the principles
This process will depend on
osmosis.
the amount
of
and proteids
in the bowel as compared with
water, salts,
We

those

can

in the

and the

blood,and

of
activity

2. Excretion.

"

also

on

the nature

the circulation

In

the small

of these

throughthe

salts

veins.

intestine there is

large

DIGESTION"

INTESTINES

83

of

amount

watery excretion,which is greater than the

absorbed, consequentlythe contents are fluid.
excretion
is accomplished by the process
of
from the vessels,and also by the glands of the

amount

This
osmosis

intestine

beingacted

3. The

by

THE

Transit

by

on

of the

influence.

nervous

Contents.

This is

"

accomplished

of

action.
peristaltic
Peristaltic action is governed by
means

the

nerves,

action, and
The

the

action

of certain

irritated,increasingperistaltic
vagus, when
the splanchnics
it.
inhibiting

intestines

also contain

local

capable of sustainingthe action

of outside nerve-supply.

ganglia,which are
the bowel independently

of

The

ordinarystimuli consist of the presence of ingesta,

and probably of a certain proportion of gases in the
intestine ; also by the presence
of the bile,which
creases
inperistalsis.
The

intestinal movements
the action

diminished

by

4. The

General

effect is

The
is

also either increased

are

of different medicinal

Effects of Evacuation

than

more

local one,

of the

agents.
Bowels.

the whole

as

among

(1) A

certain
This

blood.

the liver thus

(3)

of water

amount

is

ing
follow-

principaleffects :

the
especially

bile is cleared

(2) The
and

the

"

system

in active purgation. The

influenced, especially
are

or

out

is removed
with

case

from

the

some

small

from

the

tives.
purga-

intestine,

stimulated.
indirectly

Deleterious

substances

are

removed

ingesta and
system, also irritating

from

parasites from

the
the

intestines.

(4) The
pressure
flows

more

circulation
is lessened

freelyin

in the

is

modified, the

and the blood

bloodvessels,
portalsystem. The circulation

in the
the

abdomen

84

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

in the

liver is rendered

more

the

free and

of

volume

the
reduced, the cerebral circulation is depressed,
circulation in the kidneys is increased, and diuresis is
blood

induced.
readily

more

II.

Phannaco-dynamics.

modify the action of the intestines in various

either by attention
to the
food, by increasing
ways,
action, by increasingthe intestinal secretion,
peristaltic
or
by modifyingabsorptionand excretion.
We

can

1. Food.

We

"

must

attention to the fact that perfect

pay

is one
of the most important
in the stomach
digestion
and preserving
a
factors in promoting intestinal digestion
of the intestines.

action

proper

food

If the

it is

intestine before

the

enters

properly

of the

irritation
gastricsecretion,it will cause
intestinal mucous
membrane, settingup either

colic

enteritis,
or,

acted

on

or

the

by

as

effort of nature

an

to

it,

remove

spontaneous diarrhoea.
Certain

articles of

coarse

food, such

bran, have

as

the

increasingthe action of the intestines and acting

laxatives,and are largelyused for this purpose.

eifect of
as

2. Agents

We

which

divide

may

act

upon

these into:

(c)Constringenis.
(a)Drastics. These
purgatives.They cause
and

cavity of
mild

the

catarrh

(a)Drastics

"

;
ih)Astringents

often

dangerous

vessels,
dilatation of the intestinal blood-

transudation
intestines.
of the

Bloodvessels.

Intestinal

powerful and

are

"

the

of fluid

the

They produce

intestinal

liquidevacuations, and

into

condition

membrane,

mucous

require to

walls

be

and
of

and

prescribedwith

great caution.

Examples. Croton-oil,gamboge, elaterium.

These purgativesare indicated in cases
where
"

imme-

SA LINE

diate

P URGA

purgationis necessary,

brain, etc.,and

TIVES

such

croton-oil has

85

in affections of the

as

the

advantageof being
capable of administration in patientswhere there is
to swallow,beingsmall in bulk,and actingwhen
inability
placedon the tongue.
These contract the
(b)Intestinal Vascular Astringents.
"

walls

of

the

intestinal

of the

amount

bloodvessels,and

watery excretion,and

of the
liquidity
Examples.

thus

reduce

the

diminish

the

fseces.
Salts

"

of

lead, diluted

mineral

acids,

etc.

(c)Intestinal

These
have
a
special
Gonstringents.
action on the tissues supportingthe small vessels of the
intestinal mucous
membrane
; theyincrease the compactness
diminish the circulation,
and reduce
tissues,

of these
the amount

"

of exudation

through the

vessel walls.

Examples. Persalts of iron, tannin, and

containingit,such as catechu,kino, etc.
"

3. Agents

Saline

influence

which

Purgatives. These
"

in the intestinal

wall, and

cavity of

the

absorbed with
and

partly excreted

glands,a

certain

Excretion

"

modify the process of osmosis

produce two importanteffects.

the

intestine.

certain amount

into

and

the flow of fluid from the bloodvessels

First,they increase
into

Absorption

substances

Secondly,they

are

vessels
of fluid into the blood-

general circulation,being again

into
the intestine by the intestinal
As a
portion being again absorbed.
the

result of these processes, a fluid evacuation

is not yet
occurs, the rationale of which

of the bowels

stood.
clearlyunderauthorities,saline purgatives

also act

Accordingto some
action
by increasingthe peristaltic

tines.
of the intes-

Examples of Saline Purgatives.Sulphateof magnesia,

sulphateof soda.
"

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

86

These

purgativesrequireto
proportion of water in order

in

be dissolved

the

produce

to

proper
desired

effects.
4. Agents

which

Intestinal

the

influence

Glands^

(a) Carthartics and Hydragogue Garthartics. Mercurials

moderately increase the secretions of the intestinal
glands, and saline purgativesalso act as glandular
"

stimulants.

Hydragogue cathartics producevery fluid evacuations,

and also probablyact on the vessels and nerves.
etc.
Examples. Jalap,colocynth,podophyllin,
(h)Substances ivhich directlydiminish the Intestinal
diminish the
Secretions. Opium, lead,and lime directly
"

"

Alkalies

intestinal secretions.

produce a similar
acidityof the chyme, when
5. Agents which
of

the

many

Intestines.
substances

muscular
Drastics
will
has

cause

As

"

we

with
by interfering
given in full doses.

effect

which

act

act

in

increased

have
on
or

reflex

directly
in-

their carbonates

the

Structures

influence the Nervo-Muscular

coat, the nerves,

even

and

already seen, there are

the intestines through the
a

combination

manner.

of the
peristalsis

of both.

Thus, croton-oil
intestine before

it

left the stomach.

Intestinal Stimulants.
These
are
(a)Nervo-Muscular
and the mildest of
as
generallyknown
simpleimrgatives,
the group are termed
such as castoror laxatives,
aperients
etc.
oil,raw linseed-oil,
or
Simple purgativesact chiefly
the intestinal muscles, and cause
less
on
a much
entirely
than that produced by saline or cathartic
fluid evacuation
the portal and general
with less action on
purgatives,
"

circulation.

Examples. Aloes,rhubarb, etc.

with a carminative,to
They are generallycombined
excessive
muscular
contraction.
prevent pain from
"

ANTHELMINTICS
Certain

drugs

such

nux

as

its power

of

assist the

87

action

of

such

purgatives,
vomica, belladonna,the latter acting by
the inhibition of the splanchnic
lessening

nerves.

(6)Nervo-Musmdar
the movements
on

the

of the

Intestinal Sedatives." These

arrest

either directly
or by acting
intestine,

nerves.

Examples."Oi^ium,morphine, lead,etc.
action by
Bismuth, chalk, etc., diminish peristaltic
membrane,
forminga protectivecoatingon the mucous
and indirectly
and irritability
the acidity
by diminishing
of the contents.
All

6.

the

substances

under

this

are

gents.
astrin-

action of the
Cholagogues. These increase peristaltic

"

intestines

the
by increasing

flow of the

natural stimulant of the muscular

into

heading

coat.

bile,which

They are

is

divided

the
(a)Direct cholagogueswhich stimulate directly
liver-cellsand the gall-bladder.
stimulate the
which
Indirect cholagogues,
indirectly
out the bile which is present
secretion by clearing
biliary
,

in the

and thus
intestine,

fresh flow is induced.

sulphate
Examples ofDirect Cholagogues.Podophyllin,
"

of

soda, etc.

Examples ofIndirect Cholagogues.Mercurials,such as

etc.
calomel,pil.hydrargyri,
that most
have also to mention
purgativesare
We
direct
are
and that many purgatives
indirect cholagogues,
while all cholagoguesare purgatives.
cholagogues,
kill or expel
which
medicines
are
7. Anthelmintics
"

from
parasites
are

their various locations in the

divided into

1.

body. They

without
which expelthe parasites
Vermifuges,

of

88

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

These
belong to the group
necessitydestroyingthem.
of cathartic purgatives,
and by their action the parasites
are

removed

from

the intestine in the excreta.

destroy the parasites,and it is clear

that a combination
of both a vermifuge and a vermicide
will be advantageous.
certain
Certain vermicides
have a specialaction on
speciesof parasites.Thus, areca-nut and the extract of
male shield fern are useful for acting on
the varieties of
2.

Verviicides

tapeworm, santonin
thread- worms,

anthelmintic

for round

found

in the rectum,
such

enemata,

The

worms.

oxyures,
best acted on

are

decoctions

as

of

or

by
quassia or

aloes.
Oil of

turpentineis a valuable anthelmintic in horses

and cattle,but requires
to be used with great caution in
dogs. All anthelmintics act better when the stomach and
intestines are
moderately empty and the contents soft,
and in many
instances the medicinal
agents will require
repetition. Small doses of salines and mineral tonics
will also be useful to induce a healthy condition
of the

alimentarycanal.
The

parasitesinfestingthe

cattle and

lambs

of
injections

acid,etc.

III.

the above
to

of such

upon

agents

By this method
expelled.

oil of

as

the

tine,
turpen-

are
parasites

Pathological Relations.

heading we

consider, and

may

affections of the intestines

to their

acted

tubes of young
by intertracheal

sisting
speciallyprepared,generallycon-

amounts

directly
destroyedand

Under

best

solutions

of small

carbolic

are

bronchial

are

frequencyin

have
remark
seldom

the

ditions
followingcon-

that in ruminants
met

horses and

with

dogs.

in

parison
com-

90

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

tinuance

in

is also

food.

dr}-articles of
common

secretion
biliary

Defective

cause.

regard constipationas but a symptom of

condition rather than as a disease.
some
existing
those
Dogs, especially
kept as pets, with pampered
appetitesand insufficient exercise, are very subjectto
often leadingto serious
deficient action of the intestines,
We

must,

conditions.
In

of

foals,shortlyafter birth,there

due
constipation

to

to
inability

loss of tone

in the muscular

action of the

This

"

completely arrest

and

accumulate

contents

consequences.

may depend
tinal
coat, whereby the intes-

3. Impaction of the Large Intestines.

on

block the passage.

the double colon is often the seat of this

being

food
affection,
dry, bulky, indigestible
Calculi

cause.

also

obstruction, and

of

causes

are

the

posing
predis-

formed

concretions

and

vrith
mechanicallyinterfering

parts

in the
tumours

sometimes

are

with.

met

intestine is

of the
dog,impactionwith paralysis
with, and
occurrence
very frequentlymet

In the
an

the

bowels, and

In the horse

intestine

condition

off the meconium,

pass

lead to grave

which, if not relieved,may

be

may

of

occurrence

animal.
may

is

sometimes

symptom

In

symptoms.

paralysisof

this animal

assume

very

We

foreignbodies

and

may

of the

hard

and is

the
i.e.,

cases,

extremities

accumulations

of the

of faecal matter

character, causing serious

also

sharp

refer

bones

to

the

swallowed

of

presence
as

of

causes

dog.

Intestines,or

frequentoccurrence
spasmodiccontraction

very

such

hind

the

intestinal obstruction in the

4. Spasm

in

present

peculiar

Colic, is

in horses.

of the muscular

referable
generally

to

an

affection of

It consists
coats

of

of the intestine,

in feeding,
irregularities

INTESTINAL
the

of

processes

digestionnot

mastication, salivation,and

being properlyperformed

gastric
various

from

Irritation is set up in the intestines,

leadingto

causes.

the

91

AFFECTIONS

of the

occurrence

which

symptoms

recogniseas

we

those of colic.
5. Inflammation
the most

fatal affections to which

arise from

may

is one
or Enteritis,
Intestines,

of the

various

causes

of

the horse is liable. It

; in

instances it is

many

to assignany definite cause,

and authorities
impossible
not yet agreedas to whether
are
and uncolic if severe
checked

will terminate

affection has

distinct

originand

of its own.

course

Enteritis consists in inflammation

of the

the latter

in enteritis,
or whether

of the

the largebeing oftener

intestines,

coat

mucous

attacked

than

the small.

As the disease progresses, all the coats of the

intestines become
involved in the inflammatoryprocess.
In

some

the disease

cases

postmortem appearances
of blood
a

form

of

the

apoplexy

ordinaryform
6. Volvulus
grave

into

of these

than

rather

organs

other

aid of the

venture

hope

in

forms

hopelesscases,
generally
therapeutist.However, we

are
lesions,

beyond the

the

near

future, when

surgery shall be better understood

that surgical
interference may be

7.

the

tion
showing extensive extravasacavityof the bowels, resembling

Intussusception,and

and

benefit in such

rapid course,

very

an

of inflammation.

intestinal

to

runs

of
and

may
abdominal

appliedto animals,
brought to bear with

as

cases.

Tympanitis of the

that condition in which

Intestine,or

Flatulent

Colic,is

there is distension of the bowels

by the presence of gas, arisingfrom food which easily

undergoesfermentation,the pain not being so acute as
in the spasmodicform,but the constitutionaldisturbance
greater.

92

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Tympanitismay
disease,where
also

in

occurs

progress of another
prominent feature. It

during the

occur

exhaustion

is

of obstruction of the intestines from

cases

and

calculi,
tumours, and other mechanical causes,
always be regardedas a very grave symptom.
IV.

As

Natural

to

Recovery.

often find that diarrhoea is

stated,we
previously

effort of nature

material
irritating

some

remove

When

this

symptoms

but

shall find that

measures

the

cease,

will be

or
irritant,

to

we

requiredeither
combat

cause

to

excessive

an

from

is removed

the intestinal canal.

may

must

the

therapeutic
removal

help the
symptoms

of

in many

cases.

conditions noted, the aid

pathological
will be required,
as
therapeutist
spontaneous

In all the other

of

the

recovery

is seldom

seen.

V.
The

Uses

Therapeutics.

of Purgatives.
"

The

present a very extensive surface

is essential in
and great care

intestines of the horse

of
the

mucous

membrane,

administration

of

of superpurgativesin order to avoid the occurrence

days prior to the
purgation. If possible,for two
should be preadministration
of a purgative,
the animal
pared
to
render
the
by being fed on bran-mashes, so as
soft and easily
intestinal contents
acted on, and thus to
avoid any irritating
effects as much
as
possible.By this
smaller dose of the purgativewill suffice
means
a much
to bringabout desired results.
Up to the present the drug chiefly
employed to produce
purgationin the horse is aloes,administered in the form
of a properly-prepared
bolus.
Saline purgatives
have an
uncertain action in this

animal,while the

use

of

laxatives,

USES

such

as

wish

act

on

the

indicated

intestines

effects.
irritating
The
animal
having
moderate

PURGATIVES

are
linseed-oil,

raw

to

OF

93

in

without

cases

where

danger

we

of any

been

dose of aloes be

properlyprepared,if a
in the morning,
administered

in from ten to twelve hours.

purgationwill usuallyensue
The animal should have gentlewalking exercise until the
to operate,when
he should be placed
physiccommences
in his stall,
with proper clothingapplied,
and a liberal
bran-mashes
allowed,care being taken
supplyof warm
off the
to avoid cold drinks by having the chill taken
water
In

allowed.

ruminants, in consequence

the stomach

of the

development of
ingestacontained

and the

of
large amount
is slow and often uncertain,
therein,the action of purgatives
time
the average
being twelve to sixteen hours.
Saline purgativeslargelydiluted give the best results,
while in obstinate

croton-oil with

cases

calomel

are

to be

preferred.
take about one-fourth the dose required
Sheep generally
for cattle.
Sulphate of magnesia largelydiluted or
castor-oil

are

the safest

agents; drastics such

as

croton-

oil should be avoided.

is easilyinduced, the alimentary
dog purgation
small and the ingesta not
canal being comparatively
or jalapwith calomel,givesthe
bulky. Either castor-oil,
that the
best results,while it is important to remember

In the

preparedin as palatablea form as

vomition.
as to avoid the tendency to produce
so
possible,
Purgativesgenerallyact in from fiveto eighthours in
should be assisted by
this animal, and in obstinate cases
mixture

should

be

the administration of
In the

well.

pig either

enemas.

castor-oilor

sulphateof magnesiaacts

94

TtlERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

will

We

consider the

now

relations
therapeutical

of the

conditions.
following

Intestinal
Deficient

1.

and

what

the

as

ordinaryconstipationto
is total

there

great gravity,in which

of
perhaps paralysis

bowels, with

degree

in

varies

Action

Intestinal

is known

of Purgatives.
gents,
Use of Astrin-

Activity" the
Treatment
of Diarrhea.

Intestinal

2. Excessive

1. Deficient

the Use

Action"

from

condition of
of the

stoppage

coat

the muscular

of

the intestine.
In

the

be directed to the
of

exercise,and
If the

found

to

the

of

coat

condition

due

food, to the

to the

chronic,it

the

nux

cases

should

be
generally
stimulants

of

purgation has been induced

purgative. Thus, medicinal

donna,
vomica, with small doses of aloes and bellavery

administration

In

will

nervo-muscular

in which
intestine,

will be found

sulphateof

amount

the muscular

administration

doses of

must

of
of tone, or torpidity

will be indicated,after free

by

to the
digestion,

cause

of the liver.

state

become

icant

Attention

removed.

and

discovered

first be

must

the
ordinary constipation

of

treatment

useful in such

saline

of

cases,

with

sional
occa-

cholagogues,such

as

soda.
the intestines,violent tives
purgaof oleaginouslaxatives
be avoided,the use

of

impaction of

beingindicated,with
administered by means

the liberal

of

purgativeenemata,
of a special
long tube.
of colic,
In cases
or
generally
of the intestines,
spasm
of irritating
due to the presence
ingesta,an oleaginous
purgativeshould be administered,with an antispasmodic
to relieve the pain.
Besides the use of purgatives
Other Uses of Purgatives.
use

"

for the

conditions

we

have

mentioned, there

are

many

USES

other

OF

PURGATIVES

importantindications

95

in which

they are employed

with benefit.

(a)For

the Beduction

of the General Blood Pressure.

In cases
of cerebral congestion,
of dropsy due to overloading
of the portalsystem and systemicveins,hydrathe
gogue cathartics and salines are very useful,
relieving
and removinga largeamount
of fluid by the
circulation,
"

intestines.

ip)At

the commencement

such
due to

as

wounds,

of

laminitis,irritative
lymphangitis,

fever

etc.

(c)In cases of
purgativeshave

inflammation
a

beneficial

intestines the excrementitions

of the loss of function
the

tions,
inflammatoryaffec-

some

of the liver and

kidneys
action,removing by the
matters which, by reason

of the former

organs, remain

in

system.

canal parasites,
{d) For removing from the alimentary
and also for relieving
of irritating
the stomach
ingesta,
of engorgement of that organ leadingto
and in cases
cerebral complications.Also in cases
of diarrhcea due
to the presence of irritating
material in the intestines,
moderate
ment.
a
aperient is the first indication in treatIn

inflammatory
in peritonitis,
in volvulus and
conditions of the intestines,
in hernia, etc., purgativesmust
be
intussusception,
movements
increase the
avoided, as peristaltic
studiously
of the intestine
diseased condition,and temporary paralysis
Contra-indications

must

be aimed

of

Purgatives.
"

at.

of a debilitating
nature, such as
Again,in all cases
etc.,purgativeshave a
affections,
influenza,respiratory
and if their use is absolutely
and weakening effect,
depressing

required,only
employed,with the use

the

mildest

of enemata

laxatives should
in addition.

be

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

96

2. Excessive
Diarrhoea.

The

"

the

to ascertain

of

Treatment

Activity" the

Intestinal

step in the treatment of diarrhoea is

it. If due
remove
cause, and, if possible,
first

of

to irrational methods

attended

horses,
animals, especially

Some

to.

be immediately

should

feeding,these

subjectto an attack of diarrhoea without any

appreciablecause, and requirecareful attention in the
taken
that the food is
way of feeding. Care should be
properlyacted on in the mouth, and also that gastric
is
and that the animal
is properlyperformed,
digestion
are

very

proper time.
the diarrhoea is

watered

at

Unless

excessive,it will be advisable,

the presence of irritating

ingestain the intestines,to help the efforts of nature to
in

where

cases

the

remove

it is due

by

cause

to

of

the administration

oleaginous

an

laxative.
In young
animals, where the
the milk being deteriorated in

similar

intervals,a
irregular

affection is often due

to

allowed

at

and
quality,
should

course

danger of intestinal catarrh,with weakness

superveningif the condition is allowed to
treatment
beingadopted.
If the diarrhoea be

cholagogueswith
as

due

to

diuretics

If it be due

such
alkalies,

adopted at

bearing in mind, however,

the commencement,

useful.

be

renal
in

to excessive

bicarbonate

of the

great

patient,

continue

out
with-

hepaticdisorders,

or

moderate

doses

of
acidity

of soda

the

or

will be

the

duodenum,
chalk,should be

administered.
If the diarrhoea
cause,

we

that these

are

after
persists
compelledto treat

should

before treatment
intestinal
muscular

not

be

our

efforts to

remove

the

the effects,
remembering

allowed

to

continue

too

long

is

adopted. For this purpose we prescribe

constringentswith intestinal nervo-

sedatives.

Substances

containingtannic acid,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

98

pain by the administration of

which
opium and its alkaloid,morphia,
We
combined
with atropia,are those in generaluse.
have to consider that in this affection very largedoses of
horses
these drugs will be tolerated,and as in many
excitants,
those agents mentioned
act as cerebro-spinal
a
it will be necessary to administer
and fail to giverelief,
hypnotic,such as chloral hydrate or the drug cannabis
indica,which is now
coming into favour as a valuable
anodyne for the horse.

subduing the
anodynes, of

The

excessive

Treatment

Impaction

or

other

Causes.

In

"

Intestine

of the

of Obstruction

these

the

cases

due

to

use

of

as
strong purgativesis also contra-indicated,

likelyto
cause
ous
rupture of the intestinal wall,or enteritis. Oleaginand
be administered
laxatives should
purgative
enemata
perseveredin, the long rectum tube being of
If we
enabled to diagnose
vast service in such cases.
are
the case
to be a paralyzedcondition of the colon,with

hypodermic
is
with
pilocarpine,
injectionsof eserine, combined
results,the
indicated, and has given most
satisfactory
former of these drugs causing energeticcontractions of

accumulation

the

of the contents,then

muscular

coat

of

the

secretion of the intestinal

secretion

the

latter

only hasten

the fatal

increased

sive
causingexces-

glands.

If the obstruction be due to other causes,

will

of

intestines,with

the
fluids,

of the intestinal

use

this treatment

besides causingexcessive
result,

pain to the animal.

state that in all intestinal disorders,
we
Finally,
may
efforts
where pain is a prominentsymptom, our immediate
should be directed to subdue
it,as pain, if allowed to
continue, will lead

serious results.

of
always diagnosethe cause
then indeed our efforts should
paincorrectly,
If

we

could

to very

abdominal
be directed

TREATMENT

to

OF

INTESTINAL

AFFECTIONS

this cause, and treat the effects which

If we
are
positivefrom our observation

remove

remain.

judgment of the symptoms

spasmodic colic,due to the

presence

in the

rational

the

99

then the
intestines,

administration

of

that

certain

of

case

is

may
and

one

of

irritating
ingesta
would

treatment

be

cathartic

immediately. But,
symptoms presentedare

in all cases
the
unfortunately,
not sufficiently
diagnosticto enable
and the primary symptoms
certainty,

to

us

do

this with

of abdominal

pain

be the precursor
of very serious conditions,where
but would
active purgatives
would
be not onlyinjurious,
may

increase the
take

into

tendency to

consideration

fatal result.

the

cathartic dose will take to

which

is not

an

have

time

also to

which

effects in

horse

prepared.

in such

of

of

produce its

Practitioners differ in their

treatment

length

We

cases,

some

active cathartic

opinionswith reference to
tration
advocatingthe adminison

the first symptoms

of

spasmodiccolic being shown, with an antispasmodicto

relieve the pain ; others regard the relief of the pain as
time administer
of primary importance,and at the same
which, in the event of a more
an
oleaginousaperient,
of
be productive
cannot
serious condition supervening,
injuriouseffect. We may add that the latter is
any
the practicerecommended
by authorities on human
medicine.

100

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

CHAPTER
ENEMATA.

ON

compositionsintroduced
followingtherapeutical
poses
pur-

fluids of various

Enemata

are

into

rectum

the

VI.

for

the

1. To

procure

evacuation

2. To

restrain

severe

3. To

destroyand

4.

diarrhoea.

parasitesin this location.

soothingeffects on the
procure

remove

reflex action to

By

of the bowels.

pelvicorgans.
5. To

act

as

nutrients to the
is

the mouth
1. Enemata
the

bowels

water

impossibleor

for the purpose

be either
may

with soap rubbed

up

of

linseed-oil,or

In either of these instances

action to be

merely a

of the rectum,

local

contra-indicated.

procuringevacuation
simple,consistingof warm
such
therein,or ptirgative,

raw
injectionsof castor-oil,

aloes.

feedingby

system when

one

but to stimulate

we

solutions

do not

by removing
the whole

of

as

of

intend the

the contents

intestinal tract

to increased

action.
peristaltic
of simple enemata, to effect this purpose
In the case
it
to introduce
is necessary
of fluid,
a largeamount
so that
the lower portionof the intestine shall be distended,and
the action of the parts beyond this excited.
To
certain
be
perform this effectually
points must
attended to.
We
consider that the largecolon is
must
that portionof the intestine which is usuallyaffected by
impaction,etc., and that this part is out of reach of

mechanical

interference.

great lengthof the

rectum

Also, we
and

have

to consider

colon
floating

of the

the

horse,

ON

the former

being about

ENEMA

TA

two

feet in

101

length,the

latter

about ten feet.

To

simplyinJQctfluids into the rectum with an ordinarysyringeand short tube in the hope of actingon impaction
located in the largecolon must
of necessity
be a failure,
has been injected,
it will pass
as, after a certain amount
of a portionof the
the contents
out, and simply remove
rectum.
What
our
objectshould be is this : to ensure
that the fluid shall find its way
there for
and remain
possible,
excite the

action
peristaltic
requiringit.
The

tube

rectum

as
a

of the

invented

and

far up the intestine

certain

period so as to
portionof the intestine
recommended

Smith, A.V.D., for this purpose

instrument

in

precautionsare

is

by
most

impactionof the colon,but

necessary in usingit. The rectum

cases

of

firstbe cleared of all excreta

as

as

far up

useful
certain

should

with
possible

is
vaseline,
the best pattern of the
attached to the enema
syringe,
latter being that invented by Winton, which is slow and
the hand.

The

tube,beingwell smeared

as

fessor
Pro-

with

duced
carefullyintrointo the rectum, and the syringe
slowlyand steadily
dilated by the fluid the
As the bowel becomes
worked.
be easilypassed along,no force being used at
tube can
of fluid can
be
amount
a large
By this means
any time.
introduced into that portionof the intestine where its

steadyin

action

its action.

The

tube

is

now

and
productiveof benefit,
be likely
to remain.

will be

portionwill
Of course,

in

cases

of

severe

abdominal

where

certain

pain it would

In such
to use such a tube.
impossibility
tration
instances the pain should firstbe relieved by the adminiscutaneous
of anodynes, either by the mouth
or
by subinjection.
in eases
of impactionof
The long tube is onlyrequired

be

matter

of

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

102

half the

of about

colon, a tube

the

lengthsufBcingfor

ordinarycases.
should be careful to
In using purgativeenemata, we
at a time,so as to ensure
employ only moderate amounts
that they shall be retained for a proper period.
Here again we find the long tube of infinite service in
of castor-oil and raw
of impaction,a mixture
cases
linseed-oil carefully
injectedproducing most favourable
results.
In canine

practicefor

essential factor

an

long tube is
impactionof the

similar purposes, the

in the

of

treatment

dog we find in these cases a condition of

of the stomach, so that it is impossible
great irritability
tered
to cause
remedies to be retained when adminisoleaginous
by the mouth, as vomition quicklyoccurs.
also refer to the excellent results obtained by
We
may
of impactionof
of glycerinein cases
the use of enemata
of
of suppositories
the
bowels, and in dogs the use
often is most
glycerine
satisfactory.
In the

colon.

In

of flatulent distension

cases

of enemata

the

use

are

medicated

by

is administered

substance, so

as

to

well
avoid

being

mixed

its

2. Enemata
bowels

bland

some

effect
irritating

in

to act

of

cases

as
severe

sedatives

and

the

on

diarrhoea

to
astringents

should

be

small

bulk, the basis being of boiled starch medicated

tincture
or

of

opium,

substances

3. Enemata
are

oil of

membrane.

mucous

lead

such

that the

taken

with

find

we

when
especially
very beneficial,
the addition of such agents as

turpentine,asafoetida,etc., care
former

of the bowels

medicated

and

such
astringents,

as

the
in

with

acetate

of

containingtannin.

the rectum
destroyparasitesinfesting
with some
weak
vermicide, such as quassia,
to

solutions of tincture of iron,or solutions of

common

salt.

ON

^. Enemata

of

ENEMATA
water

warm

the intestinesand

]03

effects on
produce soothing

neighbouring
organs,

and

useful in

are

the pain of cystitis

reducing
and pelvicand

abdominal

pain generally.
5. Nutritive

employed in
also
swallowingis difficultor impossible,
and in painfulorganicdiseases of
vomiting,
Such
of

enemata

enemata

should

are

from
The

the intestinal

nutrient

in

composed

to favour

tion
absorp-

membrane.

mucous

material

as

persistent

the stomach.

be small in amount, and

bland,unirritating
materials,so

where

eases

should

be

prepared in

form

capableof beingfreely
absorbed,such as by the addition
of pepsin and dilute hydrochloric
acid,or by adding a
ferment, such as mixing a portion of the
pancreatic'
of an ox or pig with meat, both being reduced
pancreas
to a state of fine division,
and rubbed togetherwith warm
water.

Eggs are capableof beingabsorbed

of peptonization.

VII.

CHAPTEE
THE

without the process

LIVER.

I. Physiological Relations.

The

largestgland in the body, and

important functions to perform,not only

liver is the

several

with

the

process

of

but
digestion,

has
cerned
con-

also with

tion
may note the formaof the supplyof sugar to
of the bile,the regulation

nutrition and excretion.

the

system,the storingup

remember

that

the

liver

Thus

we

glycogen. We have
is an
excretoryorgan

of

also to
;

thus,

104

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

into

converted

nitrogenousproductsof digestionare

certain

and

in

acid

uric

and

urea

this organ,
from the body.

rendered

capableof being excreted

Another
pointworthy of attention is that there is no
in the horse, so that the bile flows into the
gall-bladder
intestine accordingas it is prepared in the liver ; in the
the bile
is present in which
other animals a gall-bladder
absence
of the
is stored up until it is required. The
in the horse is accounted for by the fact that
gall-bladder
less amount
is continually
in this animal food in more
or
passingalong the small intestines,so that the bile is in
demand,

constant

food

remains

certain

only requiredwhen
and
The

in the

time

the

chyme

functions

briefly
they may be stated as
and saponifyingof fats, and
in its action

pancreas

in
the

on

the intestine and

by

and

the

returned

secreted

mixes

fasces.

and

to

in

the

bladder.
gall-

important ;

The

contents, and

the

promotior^of

view.
with

great importancefrom

The
the

bile which

chyme

liver,from

whence

flows into

is not

all

got rid

reabsorbed

they

are

again

carried to the intestine.

II.

We

denum,
duo-

very

salts become
The biliary

the

the

in the intestines.

therapeutical
pointof

of

follows

of the bile is of

circulation

are

to

emulsifying
an
as
auxiliaryto the
starch,the preventionof putrefaction

intestinal

action
peristaltic

The
a

the

on

passes

bile

of the

the

stomach, the bile is

interval it is stored

the

in

animals,in which

in other

while

Pharmacodynamics.

influence the liver in various ways :

1. Food.
The amount
of food allowed will influence
can

"

the

secretion

of

of

bile,the

glycogen stored

will also have

amount

of

up ; the

similar influence.

urea

nature

and

the

portion
pro-

of the food

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

106

certain definite

duce

phenomena

in the organ

and in the

generalsystem.
processes in the organ are disturbed,the
composition of the excretions is altered, and certain
The

chemical

symptoms
in the

changes in

the organ
which we

1. Jaundice

it has

attention
disease

due

"

or

that

4. In far-advanced

may

in

in the formation

must,

however, draw

cases

many

the bile

of extensive

be absent.

pain,evidenced

by

uneasiness.
in the off shoulder
of liver

oases

and

have

catarrh,and the presence

termed

We

may
exhibition of

hepatic structure

circulation,we

important

reabsorptionof

to

symptom

lameness

3. Persistent

few

are

disturbance

some

be the

may

colickysymptoms

in the

to

fact

the

due to structural

recogniseas generallypresent:

secreted.

been

to

not, there

or

of the liver this

2. There

whether
liver,

of the bile,or

secretion

after

functions of the

the natural

and

as

of certain

blood

symptoms

of the presence
consequence
products. In the disturbance of

observed

are

the

in horses.

with changes
diseases,

obstruction
occurrence

to

the

portal

of intestinal

of fluid in the abdominal

cavity,

ascites.

dogs,obstinate and persistent

vomiting.
changes in the general system, the result

5. In
As

of the

liver,we
and

may

note

of the

generalnutrition.
of urea,
The
urine contains an
the colouring
excess
is increased,and leuoin and
matter
tyrosinare present.
The bile is altered in qualityand quantity,
causingeither
diarrhoea, with pale,foul evacuations,or constipation.
The glycogenicfunction of the liver may
be disturbed,
givingrise to the presence of sugar in the urine,one of
the leadingphenomena of that disease termed
diabetes
nervous

system

mellitus.

interference with

disturbance

orders
of dis-

HEP

We

A TIC

remark

may

frequentoccurrence

2.

3.
4.
1.

liver affections

are

of

very

dogs,less often seen in horses and

instances they are not diagnosed
many
affections usuallymet with are :

The
facility.
1.

1 07

in

and that in
cattle,
with

that

A FFECTIONS

Congestion
of the Liver.
or Inflammationof the
Hepatitis,
Chronic Diseases of the Liver.
Parasitic Diseases of the Liver.

vascular arrangement
of blood in its
the condition of excess

Congestion of the Liver.

of the liver renders

Liver.

"

The

capillary
speaking,
system one which is,comparatively
We
divide this condition into :
easilyinduced.
may
(a)Passive congestion
; (b)active congestion
; (c)
biliary
congestion.
form met
(a)Passive Congestionis the most common
It consists of obstructed blood-flow in the portal
with.
and hepaticveins,depending upon a reflux of blood from
external

and

organs

viscera,such

surfaces,with

disease of certain

the heart and

lungs.
sive
depends on an increased or exces(6)Active Coiigestion
supply of blood to the gland,in which the capillaries
of the portalvein or hepaticarteries become distended.
of the liver accomamount
A slight
of adtive congestion
panies
while over-feeding
the process
of digestion,
on
of
a
highly stimulatingfood, without
proper amount
this condition.
exercise,tends to intensify
(c)BiliaryCongestionconsists in overloadingof the
bile-ducts with bile,and depends on either or
minute
the
In one
both of the conditions just described.
case
and
bile-ducts are pressedupon by the engorged vessels,
the bile is preventedfrom escaping; in the other,there
of bile secreted from the extra supplyof blood,
is excess
and

the ducts

as

are

not able to

remove

it.

108

THERAPEUTICS

VETElilNARY

All

conditions,if frequentlyoccurring,lead

these

bilious contamination

changes in

the

of

blood

the

the usual

with
liver,

and

structural

to

train of

to

symptoms.

2.

of the fibrous
Hepatitis,
consistingof inflammation
of the component
coveringof the liver,or of inflammation

gland structure
the

of the organ, is not

results of
to be

with

met

postmortem examinations

more

3. Chronic

usuallyfound

dogs

dition
con-

of

than

the

in horses

cattle.

or

The

forms

as

the

of

occurrence

carcinomata, sarcomata,

and

morbid

tubercle

be noted.

must

4. Parasitic

Diseases

Among

these

of the

the Distoma
termed

of

are

ance.
great import-

hepaticum

in

sheep,causing that

of
of

affection

liver-rot.

In most

from

rest, while

IV.

Natural

the

aid

Recovery.

of the

will be retherapeutist
the usual nausea
nence
abstiproduced may cause
stimulatingfood, and thus give the organ
bilious vomitingand bilious diarrhoea in dogs
cases

but
qiiired,

help to

The

Liver

mention the cysticform

may
in the horse,and the presence

we

the Taenia eohinococcus

will

the

usuallysupposed.
Liver are
more
commonly

liver; also

growths, such

show

albuminoid
cirrhosis,
fattydegeneration,

are

lardaceous

or

diagnosed,but

than is

common

Diseases

in

often

remove

the

of bile.

excess

will

general depressionand constitutional symptoms

consider
We
must
treatment.
require immediate

that

in

treatment

cases

of extensive

is the

Therapeutics.

treatment

feedingand exercise,and
and

of the

change palliative

only resort.
V.

Preventive

structural

will
to

consist
proper

excretoryorgans.

in

attention

condition

of

to

tion
diges-

TREA

The

TMENT

OF

immediate

patientsin

the

to clear out

A TIC

administration

followed up by doses of
soda or of magnesia.

of

109

in all classes "f

cholagoguecathartic

the intestine.

salines,such

This

the

as

small doses of calomel

cases

also bicarbonate

A FFECTIONS

will consist

treatment

all bile from

In chronic

HEP

should

sulphateof
indicated,

are

of soda

givenafter feeding.Dilute
acid,with quinineand stomachics,are
hydrochloric
in bringing
about a healthycondition of the organ.
In

cases

where

there

are

severe

effects

be

as

nitro-

useful

result of

hepaticdisorder,we must direct our efforts to relieve

them
well as
as
acting on the organ itself. Thus,
obstinate vomiting,which is often present in dogs,must
be relieved by gastricsedatives,
such as bismuth, dilute
hydrocyanicacid,hot fomentations to the abdomen, etc.
If there be much
debilitypresent stimulants may be
small doses of opium when
and even
pain is
required,
as

remedies

these

present ; but

as
they
possible,

are

should

likelyto

be avoided
cause

further

as

much

hepatic

disorder.
In

cases

of

congestionof

portalcirculation. This
be followed up by the administration of
the sulphatesof magnesia and
soda,
and thus help to afford relief
diuretics,

indicated to relieve the

are

treatment

should

salines, such

as

also act

which

tics
the liver,hydragogue cathar-

as

to the liver.

of diabetes

In the treatment

first

results have

opium

and

eodeia, such
cases.

much

been

use

the

feedingis of

amyloid substances
as possible.
the best
of drugs in this affection,

importance, saccharine

being avoided as
As regardsthe

mellitus

obtained

and

from

the

administration

of

morphine,morphia and
principles,
drugs being borne in large doses in such

its active

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

110

OHAPTEE

VIII.
BLOOD.

THE

bearing
regard the blood as a fluid medium
important relations to all organs of the body, such
material
and
in conveying nutrient
relations consisting
and
to the tissues,
carryingaway the results of
oxygen
few primary affections of the
tissue activity.There
are
blood itself,
but morbid
changes occur, depending on its
of supply,and also on
the organs performingthe
source
important functions of excretion, such changes beingof
specialinterest to the therapeutist.
We
have also to notice an
important fact,viz.,that it
of drugs
is through the blood that the active principles
of the body, on which
reach the organs
they produce
their specific
and few drugs act directlyon
the
effect,
We

may

blood itself.
I. Physiological Belations.
The

of
liquor sanguinis or plasma, is the medium
tween
benutrition, carrying the various nutritive materials
the different organs
of the body, and removing
the products of the vital processes,
viz.,the carbonic

acid,water,

salts,etc.

urea,

It has

an

reaction,

alkaline

depending on the presence of salts of soda, and varies in

composition according to the difi'erent active organs
through which it is passing,so we may regard it as
having a process of supply, of expenditure,and of
excretion.
The

White

Corpuscles

are

believed

to

have

special

nutritive function.
The

Ked

Corpuscles have

carryingoxygen

from

the

the

important

lungs to

the

function

tissues,and

of

con-

THE

sist chiefly
of

component

of
haemoglobin,

; the chief salts

in combination

with

II.

We

can

1. By

and the

BLOOD

111

which

iron is

those of

are

important
potassium,generally
an

phosphoricacid.

Pharmaco-dynamics.

influence the blood in various

ways

This

Influencing its Supply.

"

be

can

plished
accom-

by modifying the food,by alteringthe digestion

hepaticfunctions.

2. The

reduced

Alkalinity of the
within

certain

Plasma

limits.

be

can

It

increased

is increased

or

the

by

earths,of which
but salts of sodium,
quickest,

administration

of alkalies and

alkaline

potassiumact the
althoughactingslower,have a more
permanent effect.
Alkalies may
also act indirectly
by combining with the
uric acid, and
by the kidneys. It is
being removed
acids
difficultto reduce the natural alkalinity,
as mineral

salts of

administered

enter

potassium,sodium,
effect in
have a partial
of

3. The

Plasma

Expenditure.

of neutral salts

the blood in the form

etc.,but

citric and

tartaric acids

this direction.

by acting

influenced

be

can

the

on

etc.,
Thus, by purgationthe water, salts,

"

throughthe portalsystem. By diuretics,

phoretics
by the kidneys is increased,and by dia-

be influenced

can

the

excretion

the functions

skin

of the

nutritive value of the blood

can

are

stimulated.

be increased

The

by sparing

organs of vital energy and of waste,

of water
be
can
muscles, and the amount

the action of the

such

as

the

increased by withdrawing a certain

of venesection.
the operation
4. Influence

such

as

over

the White

quinine,reduce
and

which

cause

the

their

increase

amount

of blood

by

Corpuscles. Certain drugs,

"

number

movements

intestinal

of the white
to

cease.

puscles,
cor-

stances
Sub-

absorptionincrease

112

THERAPEVTICS

VETERINARY

the

productionof

the white

such
corpuscles,

aromatic

as

oils,etc.
5. Influence

over

the Red

"

of red
in

corpusclescan be increased,and
hoemoglobinaugmented, by attention

air,exercise,etc.

The

administration

forms

directlyincreases the
phosphoricacid either alone or
or

other

bases

has

either

their constituents
to

food, digestion,

of iron in suitable
of

amount

haemoglobin;

in combination

similar effect.

number

(a)The

Corpuscles.

with iron

Substances

which

directlyor indirectlyimprove the quantity or

qualityof the hasmoglobinare termed hamatinics.
{b) Some substances combine with the hsemoglobin,
'

reduce

it to

and
as

certain

the

extent, and interfere with its quantity

arsenic,citrates,and
The

number

which

The
toxic

of the

oxygenating power

such
corpuscles,

tartrates.

of the red

corpusclesis reduced by lead,

also acts indirectly
with digestion.
by interfering
oxy-hmmoglobinof the corpusclesis reduced by
doses of certain drugs,such as iodine,turpentine,

dilute

hydrocyanicacid.
(c)Oxygenationcan be reduced,and the oxygen made
stances
to adhere more
firmlyto the corpuscles,
by such subalcohol
and
as
quinine. Nitrous oxide gas
interferes with
oxygenation indirectlyby taking the
and not by combining
place of the oxygen in the corpuscles,
with the hemoglobin.
chemically

III. Pathological Relations.

These
purpose
we

are
a

numerous

short

have

and

important,but

for

present
Broadly speaking,
our

will suffice.
description
two
conditions
great pathological

of the

vital fluid,viz. : 1. Plethora; 2. Ancemia.

In plethora there is

excess

of

blood,gentrallyfound

in

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

114

In

that

known

disease

'

as

albumin

of the blood is in

in

affection in horses

that

of

parasiticaffections

in

dropsy, and
sheep.

red

the

'

water

in

cattle,the

degenerated condition
termed

in

liver

; and

azoturia,or hcemoin the blood, which

of albumin
there is excess
globinuria,
has undergone some
complex chemical changes,which
render it capableof producing certain morbid
phenomena
to rise,convulsions,and
in the system, such
as
inability
of dark-coloured

the presence

(c)The

be in Excess

of Fibrin may

Elements

fibrin is formed

The

"

urine,etc.

in

affections,such

in certain

excess

or

Deficient.
matory
inflam-

acute

also be increased

it may
irritants.

In

subjects,

some

as

rheumatism

acute

of external
by the application
exhaustingdiseases,and in emaciated

in excess.
the fibrin may
also be formed
There is deficiency
of fibrin,
and, as

result,imperfect

coagulationof the blood, in all conditions where there is

imperfectoxygenation of the blood. Thus, in subjects
which have died from
asphyxia the blood is found in a
condition, dark in colour,and

semi-fluid

does

not

late
coagu-

until

exposed to the air. Various poisons,such as

hydrocyanicacid,have a similar effect.
In low fevers of a typhoid character,such as influenza
in horses,with unsanitary,
badly-ventilated
surroundings,
the blood

becomes

gravitateto
swellingson
and

the

the

termed

character,and
of the

tends to

body, forming

extremities,the abdomen, the head, etc.,

of

group

the organs

petechiseon

the

visible

mucous

to that affection
symptoms belonging

hceniorrhagica.

purpura
Effects

of

of

Defective

defective condition is
When

fluid in

depending parts

appearance

membranes,

(d) The

the

very

cause

of

of excretion

Excretion."

Chyle

in

anaemia, etc.
are

disordered

or

dis-

NATURAL

RECOVERY

eased, products accumulate

arrested
in the

in

115

the

blood.

defective excretion of urine

or

Thus, in
accumulates

urea

blood,acting as a narcotic poison,and in smaller

as
an
irritant,
giving rise to the pathological

amounts

condition

termed

Again, in

urc"mia.
conditions
pathological

severe

the carbonic

organs,

blood to such

extent

an

acid
to

as

of the

tory
respira-

accumulate

may

in the

asphyxia.

cause

Keduction
of Oxy-hsemo(e)Deficiency of Haemoglobin
globin. Deficiencyof hEemoglobin may
depend on the
want
of a sufficient quantityof blood as a whole, on want
of a sufficient proportionof red corpuscles,
or on
deficiency
of the individual corpuscles
in haemoglobin.The result
in its oxygenating powers,
is that the blood is reduced
"

"

and

the functions

performed in

are

not

manner.

proper

of

Some
of
phosphorus,etc.
others seize and
hfemoglobin,
the result being that reduced
becomes

dissolved from

throughthe

Those
abnormal

Natural

of

condition

of the

to

normal.

become

be often
There

is

poison,such
the

the

affections

will return

these

unite

combine

with

the

oxy-

with

the oxygen,
which
hsemoglobinis left,

corpusclesand

diffused

blood.
IV.

when

systems

oxy-haemoglobin
may be brought about by
administration
of certain drugs in poisonous quantities,
such as dilute hydrocyanicacid,iodine,turpentine,

Eeduction
the

of the different vital

the

normal
The

Recovery.
blood

supplyand
state

skill of the

requiredto

which

when

depend

on

an

of the excretions
these

influences

ever,
will,howtherapeutist

assist the efforts of nature.

of a
limit to recovery when
large amounts
carbonic acid,have entered the blood,and
as

has
htemoglobin

been

reduced.
excessively

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

no

Therapeutics.

v.

indications under

The

facts which

alreadylaid

have

we

1. Plethora.

be based

the

on

down.

this condition

reduce

To

"

heading will

this

it is manifest

of exercise be

enforced,that excessive
of stimulatingfoods be withheld, and the
quantities

that

amount

proper

excretoryorgans kept in
2. Ansemia.

agents which

principles,in
the blood.
on
directly

act

of the

albumin

the

where

cases

be treated

must

dietetic

hygienic and
In

condition

This

"

order.

proper

general

on

connection

blood

with

is deficient

be given to the
strict attention must
degenerated,
of nitrogenousfoods, along with the administration
chlorate of potash.

or

In

fibrin is

the

where

cases

and
deficient,

use

of

there is a

tendency to extravasations,etc.,drugswhich act directly

the blood,such as chlorate of potash with some
on
paration
preof iron, will

be

indicated

to

this

overcome

condition.
If
in

as

of

cases

rheumatism,
These

sodium, etc.
of the

cause

its excretion

disorder,and
from

the

poisons in

Certain

the

to increase

wish

we

of the blood, such

alkalinity

administer

we

also combine

salts of

with the

probable

their diuretic action

by

sium,
potascause

system.
the blood, the result of imperfect

excretion,will be treated by

either

actingon the organs

other
at fault, or, if this be impossible,by acting on
in carryingoff the deleterious
organs, and thus assisting
products. Thus,
bowels

and

poisonfrom
in that

is

excess

the

in

cases

skin to increased

the

system

action,so

; also

affection of horses
of

of ureemia

unable

termed

to carry

as

adopt a

we

nitrogenousproducts

kidneys are

we

stimulate

the

to remove

the

similar

azohiria,where
in the

off.

course

there

system, which

METABOLISM

In

the
deficiency
of hcemoglohin
will be careful attention

and

117

the

vital functions

first essential to treatment

hygiene and

to

of the

dietetics

system. We

addition, prescribeagents which

must,

in

of
power
of haemoglobin
to the red
have

the

the chemical elements

restoring
corpuscles.These are preparationsof iron with potassium
salts ; for example,the sulphateof iron with the
carbonate of potassium,care
being taken,however, that
and the action of the intestines are not interfered
digestion
with.
In

such as the
of oxy-hcBinoglobin,
poisoningby carbonic acid, hydrocyanicacid,
of reduction

cases

effects of

diate.
will be of little avail unless it be imme-

etc.,treatment

attempted is to sustain the

circulation and respiration
by stimulants and artificial
of the system
in hopes to preserve the vitality
respiration,
All

by making
remained

that

use

be

can

of the

which
oxy-haemoglobin

OR

METABOLISM,

I.
our

IX.

PROCESS

THE
AND

ACTIONS

THE

interest

have

active.

CHAPTEE

Aftee

may

USES

OF
OF

NUTRITION."

ALTERATIVES.

PhysiologicalRelations.

notice of the different

in connection

with

the

pointsof therapeutical

blood,we

shall

now

be

bolism,
complex subjectof metaof the tissues and the
which includes the activity
developmentof force by protoplasmin the presence of
blood. This subjectis an importantone with reference

in

positionto

to the actions and

consider

uses

the

of many

medicinal

agents.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

118

If

of any definite structure,such

shall find the followingphenomena in

take the

we

muscle, we

with it :

case

First,a free and proper

blood

as

nection
con-

supply;

second, a certain force duringthe periodof contraction,

and
heat, and producing certain
developing energy
genous
chemical substances, such as carbonic acid,water, nitrobodies,and probablyurea ; third,after the blood
and a
has passedthrough the muscle, it loses its oxygen
certain

amount

for the

and takes
proteids,
of excreting
them
purpose

it has become

of

venous

In this process

up
"

the waste
in other

ducts
pro-

words,

blood.

the molecules

of the muscle

are

mixed

plasma,and
tissue
an
importantpointto note is that when any living
is in combination
with metabolic materials,and forming
certain results,such as force and
other products from
them, that the molecules of this livingtissue become
This change
changed or altered to a certain extent.
will depend on the character of the blood or plasma
supplied. Again, the character of the force generated
and of the productsproduced,and the chemical constitution
will
of the active protoplasm of the living
tissue,
vary accordingto the variation in the blood supplied.

with the oxygen

We

thus

there is

and

certain elements

of the

that in every organ and tissue of the body

relation between
of the plasma
the character

see
a

suppliedand the character of the protoplasm,the

actingand reactingon the other.

According to
different organs
formed

from
in

energy,
The

there

the
and

structure
we
tissues,

them, and

each

case

and
find

functions

of

one

the

different substances

played
particularkinds of force disfor example, secretion,nervous

etc.
process
are

many

of metabolism

points

in

'

is still very

connection

with

obscure,and
it

requiring

INFLUENCES

OVER

METABOLISM

elucidation. The precisemanner

in which

119

the

products
used up in the system, and the forms
digestion
are
which
they undergo before being broken down into
carbonic acid,water, and nitrogenous
compounds, is not
understood.
yet clearly
It is not always possibleto
bolism,
judge the state of metaor the process of nutrition,
in the body with any
degreeof accuracy. We may consider the amount
of
force displayed,
such as the tone of the muscles,the rate
of

of

growth, etc.,and also the material consumed"

the amount

of food taken

the

productsof
can
glean some
clinical study.

but when

"

metabolism

accurate
fairly

condition of the
of the

organs

is,the excretions

we

"

opinionas
kidneys,and

in certain

of other
instances,

body.

power

dynamics.

of interference which

of metabolism

process

to examine

come

form
can
we
physiologically,
to the functional activity
and

II. Pharmaco-

The

is,

very valuable information to help us in

For example,by an examination
of the

and
urine,both chemically
a

that

"

we

that

heads
following

be

may

we

over

the

under

the

possess

considered

the Blood and its Constituents.

over
Influence
the Excretions.
By Means ofincreasing
By actingon the TrophicCentres.
By the Use of Medicinal Agents.

1. The
2.
3.
4.

1. The
whole
can

Influence

has been

on

Metabolism

alreadynoticed

influence metabolism

(a) Acting on

through the blood

in the last

We

by

"

the constituents

of

the

supplyingcertain foods suitable for

view, as, for example, the specialmode
of

chapter.

as

blood

by

means

the purpose in
of feedingfor

120

l^HERAPEOTICS

VETERINARY

horses in

for pregnant animals, and

training,

nursingyoung.
We may employ certain agents which
of

cases

of certain organs
debility

; such

act

for those

foods in

as

agentsare

termed

nutritive tonics.

alcohol,etc.
Exajnples. Cod-liver-oil,
(b)By increasingthe supply of oxygen in the blood
metabolism
This can
is increased.
be broughtabout by
a proper
supply of fresh air,and by the administration
"

of hamatinio

(c)We

such
tonics,
increase

can

iron.

a
protoplasmicactivity
by giving

vyhich
of exercise,
plasma and oxygen.

amount

proper

of

amount

2. By

Means

of increasing the

be influenced ;

can

as

includes also

Excretions

thus,by actingon

the

metabolism

skin,stomach,

intestines,
liver,
kidneys,and lungs,the removal

productsof
3. By

tissue

body

the

of the
the

as

extremes

by applying to
of heat

or

The

the

surface

cold, or

can

be

of the

lation
causing stimu-

of mustard, etc. ;
parts by the application

impressionsproduced are

the afferent

of the

is hastened.
activity

acting on the Trophic Centres metabolism

influenced,such

proper

nerve

nutritive

carried to the centres

by

be increased

by

fibres.
of
activity

part

may

on
of friction,
it,such as by the application
actinglocally
and by the use
of stimulating
exemphfied by hand-rubbing,
liniments,composed of ammonia, alcohol,turpentine,
camphor, etc.
The action of such applications
is both direct,
and also
reflex through the medium
of the trophicnerves.
They
cause

dilatation of the vessels of the

lation
part,increased circu-

and

of

and the removal

of the products
absorption,
tissue activity
is hastened by the lymphatics
and veins.

Such

agents are

termed

local alteratives or

local tonics.

122

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

the
by influencing

and secretions of the skin

vessels and

; belladonna

nerves

the terminations

of the

chorda

in the

tympani nerve

effects beingdrynessof the mouth

gland,the

of the

gland,by paralyzing
salivary
submaxillary

secretion of the

due to

arrest

an

causes

cutaneous

and

throat,

of saliva.

want

Alteratives.

"

It

difficult to

is

of
althoughwe are aware
by the administration
under this heading.
We
employ such drugs

the

of

to

alteration in certain morbid

tissues and

of the

organs
effects are

define

an

alterative,

effects protherapeutical
duced
the class of drugsincluded

exert

beneficial effect
of the

conditions

body.

The

manner

or

various
in which

brought about is not always easy of

a
explanation.We may regardalteratives as possessing
the
certain power
of exercising
the tissues,
^.e.,increasing
nutritive activity,
some
complex change in the
effecting
protoplasmand molecules of the part in other words,
of work performedby the part.
the amount
increasing
but also
Not only have medicinal
agents this effect,
diet and surroundingshave an importantbearingin the

these

"

direction.

same

We

may

divide

agents possessingthe power

metabolism

(a) Those
such

the

as

increase Metabolism.

which

agents
manner

into two classes

"

These

include

arsenic, sulphur; and

iodine,mercury,

in which

fluencing
of in-

each of these is believed to act will

tion
heading of each drug in the secon
SpecialTherapeictics.
We
regard all as being taken into combination
may
with the protoplasmof the tissues,
which they have a
on
action,then being removed in the metabolic prospecial
ducts,
and
during the whole process a certain change

be described under

is induced

in

the

the

molecules

of

the

part, nutrition is

PATHOLOGICAL

hastened,and

healthyexercise

123

RELATIONS
of the tissues is

brought

about.

[h) Those

which

have

the

Metabolism.
Effectof diminishing
These agents have-certain specific
actions on the
blood and on the protoplasmof the tissues. As examples
of this class we may take alcohol and quinine.
Alcohol is a substance
capable of being very readily
oxidized in the tissues ; consequently,
it absorbs a large
"

of oxygen from the cells of the tissues,while it

also possesses the power
in a
of renderingthe oxygen
amount

firmer state of combination

of
corpuscles

with the red

the

blood.
The

oxygenationof the tissues occurring

less freely,
the activity
of tissue changesreduced
points
of great therapeutical
importancein connection with the
employment of this agent in febrile affections.
Quinine also interferes with oxygenation,and thus
efiiectsare

"

checks

metabolism.

It also

firmer state of combination

It is probablethat

salicin,etc., also
ferments

renders

the

oxygen

in

with the red

drugs

diminish

corpuscles.
as
quinine,antipyrine,
activityof the natural

such
the

of metabolism.
III. Pathological Relations.

There

are

dependingon
remark
can

large number

of

diseased

disorders of metabolism.

that the most

be ascribed

to

errors

frequentcause
of diet and

conditions

we
Briefly,

of such

may
disorders

neglectof hygiene.

food,without proper exercise,

stimulating
influence on generalnutrition,
as well as
has a disturbing
vital organs, such as the liver,
kidneys,etc.
on
Thus,

Want

excess

of

of proper

resultingin
metabolism.

an

food

leads to

an

enfeebled character

anaemic
of

the

condition,
process

of

124

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

External

such as
influences,
etc., may
give rise

changes

sudden
to

perature,
of tem-

tions,
catarrhal affecchills,

etc.

the

of specific
organisms in
presence
to
the various phenomena peculiar

The

usual symptoms

of

Such

disturb metabolism

each, with the

be also mentioned

fever,may

of metabolism.

ducing
blood,in-

organisms are

as

orders
dis-

supposed to

by their own life in the tissues,

and also by their reproduction,
and the products of their
changes enteringthe blood, the result being a general
infection of the system, with the generalsymptoms of
fever,viz.,high temperature, functional derangement,
wasting,and increased excretion.
As other examples of disordered metabolism
we
may
mention
the different forms of degenerationof tissues,
the presence
of unnatural
growths,such as cancer, and
the various forms of inflammatoryconditions.
both

IV.

Some

of the

Natural

disorders

spontaneously,
being of
We
a

2.

have to
normal

of metabolism

will

disappear

temporary nature.
mention
ing
two greatpowers of nature in restorcondition of metabolism, viz. : 1. Reaction ;
a

Bepair.
In

some

instances,
however, anatomical

in tissues and

organs,

forminga

V.

Under
at

Kecovery.

our

The

changesappear

limit to recovery.

Therapeutics.

this

headingonly a slightsketch of the

command
be given,the subjectbeingso
can
first indication

metabolism

in

the

treatment

is to ascertain the cause,

it or act upon

it.

and

means

sive.
exten-

of disordered

either

remove

THE

For

CIRCULATORY

example,
the

ensure

in

the

action

of

of

treatment

the

125

SYSTEM

rheumatism

bowels, liver,and

we

kidneys,

besides

an
prescribing
agent such as salioin,which is
supposed to act directlyon the specific
poison in the
that disease.
system which causes
to act directly
In other instances we find it impossible
is to treat the
the cause,
that our only resource
on
so

symptoms.
In affections such
skin

as

such
prescribealteratives,
These we
iodide of potassium,etc.
specialeffect on metabolism, and
on

There

the structures
are

arsenic,sulphur,

as

we

action

of diseases of the

certain forms

to have a
suppose
certain beneficial

of the skin.

other affections dependingon

many

disorders

culosis
diseases" examples, tuberspecific
treatment
and cancer, in which our
can
only be
the chief considerations
being,attention to
palliative,
general nutrition,by allowing highly nutritious foods

of

such
nutrition,

and

as

and
cod-liver-oil,

prescribing
agents such as
symptoms as they arise.

X.

CHAPTEE

I.

The

above

su"6cient to notice

interference.

Relations.
Physiological

system

therapeutist;but
with which

we

SYSTEM.

CIRCULATORY

THE

bating
com-

is
for

some

possess

one
our

of

great importance to the

present purpose

pointsof

it will be

interest in connection

certain powers

of influence

and

126

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

The

under

1.

I.,

in Part

considered

alreadybeen

heading of The General Symptoms of Disease.

important pointsfor the student to notice are

the

Some
that

has

Pulse

"

The

Heart

automatic

Nervo-muscular

action, which

intracardiac
in the

is

depends

Organ
on

the

ganglia,and
excites

organ

that the presence

and
the
these ganglia,

possessing

of
presence
of the blood

strengthof

the

systoledepends on this pressure of the blood.

coronary arteries supply nutrient blood to the heart.
2. The

Heart

of
consisting

is

provided with

The

Regulating Mechanism,

"

{a) The Cardiac Centre in the Medulla.

Nerve
(b) The Vagus or Inhibitory
Supply.
(a)The Sympatheticor Accelerator Nerve Supply.
(a) The Cardiac Centre is subjectto many impulses
from a varietyof portionsof the body, such as from the
viscera,skin, central nervous
system, lungs, and even
from

the heart itself ; this centre

receives

these

afferent

impressions,which are then reflected to the heart as

motor
impulses either by the vagus or sympathetic.
aiferent impressions from
The
the heart itself travel
tions
through the vagus ; in a normal condition these sensanot perceivedby the individual,
but if greatly
are
and palpitation
augmented by any cause, pain,distress,
occur, being reflected to the praecordium.
The cardiac centre is also affected by its blood-supply,
depending on the qualityof the blood and the bloodpressure

in it.

(b) The Vagus

over

the movement

connected
be

has

with

the

effect
or
inhibitory
controlling
of the heart,its terminations
being
intracardiac ganglia. If the vagus
an

stimulated,the beats of the heart

are

reduced

in force

THE

CIRCOLATORY

127

SYSTEM

and

be divided,the heart beats

frequency; if this nerve
the sympatheticnerve,
rapidly,
ovyingto its antagonist,
havingfull power.
This inhibitory
action of the vagus can
be excited by
reflex impressionscarried to the medulla, such as by
shock or by injuries
to the abdominal
region,etc.
(c) The Sympatheticis the antagonistof the vagus in
its action on
the heart, it being the augmenting or
creases
accelerator nerve.
Stimulation
of the sympatheticinthe action
reduces

of the

the number

sympatheticnerve
spinalcord, and is

vagus is in constant
the heart.
3. With

nerve

of beats of the heart.

The
the

heart ; division of this

has

in constant

not

in its

action

reference

to the

extensive

with

connection

inhibitory
power
must

Pulse, we

the

action,while

over

notice that its

lengthof the
diastole or dilatation of the ventricles,
as the lengthof the
systoleor contraction varies only to a very slightextent
If the diastole be long, an
under any circumstances.
infrequentpulseis the result ; if it be short,there will be
a frequentpulse.
During diastole the ventricles are beingfilledfrom the

frequency and

character

depends on

the

auricles and

veins,and the nervo-muscular

beingrested

and

interest,as
4. The

we

are

nourished,pointsof greattherapeutical

shall

Arteries

structures

see

further

controlled

are

on.

by

"

(a) The Vaso-motor Centre ;

(b) Vaso-constrictor Nerves, Vaso-dilator Nerves,
besides

a local
possessing

(a) The
the

fourth

Vaso-inotor

nervous

Centre

ventricle in the

passing out

from

mechanism.

is situated in the floor of

medulla; by

this centre

the

means

tone

pulses
of im-

of the

12B

TUERAPEVTICS

VETERINARY

bloodvessels of the

they beingdilated
Certain

exist in the

centres

centres, all of which

medulla.

The

centre

viscera, surface

also local
in the

to the centre

is

sions
subject to impres-

temperature, sensations,

by the qualityand character of

through it ; thus, deficiencyand
circulating
stimulates
in oxygen
the blood
it, causing
of the arterioles and
a
raising of blood-

also is affected

etc.,and
the

as

subordinate

are

vaso-motor

the

from

required.
spinalcord, and

contracted

or

controlled,

and

is maintained

body

blood

poverty of
contraction
pressure.

It

also be acted

can

depressed.
that, although stimulation
stimulated

or

such

is found

as

to

drugs,beingeither

must, however, be

We
of

this

centre
in

vessels,it may

of the small
in inhibition of the

certain

by

on

aware

causes

some

striction
con-

result

cases

in vascular dilatation,
part,resulting

diseased

in certain

occur

conditions.

centre from
impressionsreachingthe vaso-motor
peutical
which
is of great theraheart have a specialeiJect,
importance.

Afferent
the

In

the

where

cases

causing distress,or even

action,impressionsreach
the vagus
and

; these

are

impulsesare

nerves,

is distended

heart
a

tendency

the cardiac

transferred
to

sent

with the result that

failure of its

to

centre

by

by

centre,

the vaso-dilator

the vessels become

blood-pressurefalls,and
readily,and
empty itself more
is termed
provisionof nature
the

the

heart

becomes
the

of

means

to the vaso-motor

vessels

the

blood,

with

relaxed,

is enabled
relieved.

to
This

depressormechanism

of the circulation.

(6)
These

Vaso
are

constrictor

distributed to the muscular

bloodvessels,both
vaso-motor

Nerves, Vaso-dilator

centre.

sets

If

being
the

under

walls
the

Nerves.
of the

control

vaso-constrictor

nerves

"

small
of

the
be

VETERINARY

130

Pharmaco-dynamics.

II.

For

conveuience

influence which,

THERAPEUTICS

o"

we

we
description,
over

possess

1. The

Total

2. The

Heart.

the

"

in Circulation.

of Blood

Volume

consider

may

3. Tlie Arteries.
4. The

Capillaries.

5. The

Veins.

1. The

Total Volume

influenced

by

of Blood

venesection.

the tension of the whole

blood pressure
remember
increased

By

this

means

we

may

be

reHeve

can

and also reduce the

circulation,

in the heart
that

in the Circulation

these

and

ever,
lungs. We must, howeffects are only temporary, as

absorptionoccurs

the tissues and

from

tines
intes-

into the circulation.

2. The

Heart.

"

We

heart

by actingboth
supply.
(a)Agents which

apparatus Direct

influence

can

its intrinsic and

on

act

on

Depressants.
A healthycondition

action

of the

extrinsic

nerve-

the hitrinsic nervo-muscidar

Cardiac

"

the

Stimulants

of the

Direct

"

system, with

Cardiac

dition
proper conof the blood, renderingthe coronary
circulation
active,constitutes a natural direct stimulus to the action

of the

heart.

ammonia,

drugs,such

ether,etc., act

Carminatives
the

Certain

act

as

direct and

be
as

stimulants.

indirect cardiac

depending on reflex
membrane
through the

system. The heart may

reflex stimulation,such

alcohol,digitalis,

direct cardiac

as

latter

gastricmucous

as

action
central

stimulated

lants,
stimu-

from

the

nervous

indirectly
by

counter-irritation

over

the

and by inhalation of ammonia,

regionof the prsecordium,
also by the cold douche and by flagellation.

THE

Direct

CIRCOLATORY

Cardiac

depress the

SYSTEM

Depressants."These

intrinsic nervo-muscular

131

either soothe

or

apparatus of the

heart.

They include drugs, such as opium, dilute

hydrocyanic acid, aconite, chloral, chloroform, etc.
we
depressthe same
Indirectly
apparatus by the
may
of purgatives,
and diaphoretics,
use
diuretics,
by warm
to the prsecordium,
by the generalhot bath,
applications
have the power
of shortening
and by agents which
the
diastole of the heart.

(b) We
that
the

can

is,the
brain

nerves
influencethe afferent
of
means
by which impressionsare

from

depressedby

heart

the

itself.

the administration

These,

of such

the heart

"

"

carried to
nerves

are

drugsas opium,

chloral,belladonna,etc.
nerves
(c)The inhibitory

of the vagus

of

the heart

in the heart

"

the
i.e.,

nations
termi-

may be stimulated by
the action of the heart

etc.,and
drugs as digitalis,
less frequent. The
rendered
same
such

"

structures

may

be

and the action of the heart increased in

depressed,
frequency,by such drugs as belladonna, hyoscyamus,
amyl nitrite. There are many drugs which, given in
largedoses,have a similar effect.
be either stimulated or depressed
The cardiac centre may
(fZ)
by certain drugs.It can be stimulated by digitalis,
alcohol, ether, chloroform, in their primary actions ;
it is also stimulated
by belladonna,and by such local
of cold
counter-irritation and the application
as
measures
be depressedby such drugs as alcohol
It can
douches.
after their first stage,also by aconite,
and chloroform
chloral,dilute hydrocyanicacid,opium, etc.
It is thus clear

that

we

regardto its frequencyby

either through the cardiac
The

diastole

can

bs

can

influence the heart with

of

actingon the vagus

tions.
centre or throughits terminaeither lengthened
or shortened.
means

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

132

of

matter

of
therapeutics
all drugs which

the

that

the
accelerating
large doses, prove

action

may

the effect of
in

of the heart, if continued

cardiac

also remark

subject. We

have

the

with

in connection

great importance

be

to

depressants.
Arteries.

3. The

the arteries

the

have

We

"

the

by actingon

of

power

influencing

followingstructures

This can be stimulated by

[a) The Vaso-Motor Centre.
such drugs as alcohol,chloroform,etc.,in their primary
stages, and temporarilyby ammonia, ether, digitalis,
the
It can
also be stimulated by such measures
etc.
as
of cold to the surface of the body, by counterapplication
of the skin, and
irritation to areas
by inhalation of
ammonia, which stimulates the trigeminus. It can be
by alcohol and chloroform in the second stages,
de-pressed
and by opium,dilute hydrocyanicacid,aconite,
belladonna,
of anodynes,heat,etc.
etc. ; also by the local application
the Vaso
Constrictor
Nervous
(6)By Acting on
"

Mechanism

in the Arterial Walls.

This

"

can

be stimulated

in the primary
and strophanthus,
drugsas digitalis
Locally,by the applicationof cold,
stages, and lead.
and
saline solutions,
and by evaporationof spirituous
such
as
by lotions of rectified spirit,acetic acid, or

by

such

chloride of ammonium.

Such

astringents.
(c)By actingon the
We
can
bring about

measures

are

termed

local

vascular

"

Vaso-dilator Nervous
vascular

dilatation

Mechanism.

by

the action

alcohol,belladonna, nitrite of amyl, etc. Poultices

and hot fomentations have a similar effect,
as also irritants
to the skin,such as mustard, etc.
We term such agents
and
in realitythey
local vascular dilators,
to be
prove
of

local

stimulants.
circulatory

4. The
manner

Capillaries. We
"

similar to that

can

act

on

justdescribed.

areas
capillary

in

PATHOLOGICAL

RELATIONS

133

(a)The

be dilated and the blood-flow

can
capillaries
increased through them by the application
of local heat,
and by rubefacients,such as mustard, etc. If
friction,
the application
be more
severe, such as by the application
of

similar to that

vesicant,a process

of infl.ammation

will be

broughtabout.
be contracted, and the bleodcan
(6)The capillaries
flow through them
diminished
by the applicationof
such as lead and
extreme
cold,and also by astringents,
have a similar effect,
silver. Oonstringents
by constringthe capillaries
; e.g.,
ing the connective tissue supporting
tannic and gallic
taining
acids, and vegetablesubstances conthese, such
5. The
influence

Veins.

catechu,kino, etc.

as

We

the veins.

over

of heat, and
application
reaction will

increase

by

the

by

cold ; but

the heart and

the

blood pressure in the

purgativesrelieve the

and

secretion

arteries,we

in the veins.

the pressure

diminish

also,by acting on

can

them

little

dilatation.

cause

or

can

contract

by actingon
(6)Indirecthj,
can

but
possess
dilate them

(a)Directly,we

"

We

excretion,lessen

system. Thus hydragogue

portalsystem, and saline diuretics

venous

relieve the renal veins.

III.
we
Briefly

may

Pathological Relations.

regardthese

1. Functional
2.

3.

Disorders

occurrence

essential that
in
diagnosis

Disorders

the

of the

headingsof

"

Heart.

OrganicDiseases of the Heart.

Hamorrhage and its Consequences.

1. Functional
common

under

we

such

of

Heart

the

in all classes of
must

be

cases,

so

careful
as

to

our

to

of

are

very

patients. It
make

the
distinguish

is

correct

symp-

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINAnr

134

presentedfrom

toms

those

heart,and also

of the

depending

to ascribe such

organicdisease
to

symptoms
in

these disorders

in order to treat

real causes,

on

their

rational

manner.

may divide these disorders of the heart and vessels

into three classes,depending on their causes
:
We

dependingon

(a) Those

of

in animals

actingin
the
or

reflex

medulla, such
irritation from

nervous

such

temperament

nervous

causes,

as

; also

ment
excitecauses

centres in
through the nervous
as derangement of the digestive
organs ;
in the stomach
the presence of parasites

manner

and intestines.

(h) Those depending on changes in the qualityand

quantity of the blood, such as in the conditions of
in the
The
centres
nervous
anaemia, plethora,etc.
medulla
muscular

(c)
such

disturbed, also the vessels and

are

as

depending on contamination
also
of septicaemia,
cases

in

nervo-

of the heart itself.

structures

Those

the

of
in

the

the

blood,

specific

diseases.
We

heart may
as

also remark

may

influenza, the
-which

is

disorder

of the

sequel to epizooticdiseases,such
bility,
symptoms disappearingwhen the de-

as

occur

functional

that

present

as

result

of the

disease,has

passed off.
It is essential in all

cases

of functional

disorders of the

hasty diagnosisbe avoided, as repeated

examinations
often requiredbefore we
arrive at
are
can
It isoften surprising
what distressing
correct conclusions.
symptoms may be presentin cases dependingon digestive
in the stomach
derangements and the presence of parasites
and intestines,
leading one to the suspicionthat such
symptoms may be due to organic disease of the heart
unless careful observation be perseveredin.
heart

that

ORGANIC

AFFECTIONS

2. Organic Diseases
than

would

be

OF

THE

of the Heart

imaginedby

the clinical examination

of

are

HEART

far

135

common

more

the information

patients. It

gained from
is when
making

that we
find many
instances
post-mortem examinations
of well-marked
organicdisease which had not produced
symptoms during life,or that these
any appreciable

symptoms had

been

not

detected,or had

ascribed

been

to diseases of other organs.

The

organicdisease of the heart found

in horses and dogs is that of fattydegeneration.
This
affection is often met with in the case of aged animals in
most

common

high condition
Of

valvular

mitral and
the

and with insufficient exercise.

affections

aortic valves

conditions

being

often

found

often combined
may
takingthe

often than

more

and

together in
heart

with

we

with

meet

of obstructive

affections of the

We

we

of

of the

latter.

mention

may

the

blood

to the
passage
the aorta
from

valvular affection

and

here

combat

we

disease,

of the

and
during systole,
during diastole. In order
extra

an

as

an
a

condition

to

of nature's

example

of

that
in its

regurgitates

of work

amount

mena
pheno-

are

is obstructed

aorta

have

by

of treatment.

first effects

left ventricle

the

this the heart has

acute

lesion of the aortic valves ; this will

The
progressive.

from

As

pericarditis.

indications in the way

In disease of the aortic valves the course
is

others,

endocarditis,

also afford valuable

induced

of the

lesions
regurgitant

the

illustrate the effectsof

case

disease

overcome

to

perform,
efforts to

hypertrophyof

the

wall of the heart occurs, in order to enable it

This is termed compensation;
to perform the extra work.
of the increased demand
but after a time, in consequence
muscular

for nutrition

to

nutrition becomes

supply the

extra

muscular

force,this

with the result that

insufficient,

cam-

136

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

jpensation
fails,and

overdistended

cavity,it becomes
its walls

mitral
blood

symptoms

grave

of the ventricle fails to

contraction

cavity is

then

become

dilated.

valve

becomes

with blood

conditions

the

left

distended, and

distended

is interfered

the

tole,
during diasresult

now

The

the
the

occur:

during systole

auricle,the pulmonary

the
and afterwards
rightventricle,
impeded in their function. As a

veins become

as

incompetent, and

becomes

into
regurgitates

circulation

completelyempty

stretched,and

Other

set in.

the
by this means
rightauricle,become
result the systemic

and the circulation in the viscera

with, leadingto the

of

occurrence

dropsy,

intestinal

min
hgemorrhage,and also to the presence of albuin the urine.
Eespirationis interfered with, and
also the supply of arterial blood to the system, so that
the various complications
cause
a fatal termination.
3.

and

Haemorrhage

produces certain
blood,

and

also

sufficient in

its

Consequences.

effects in the
to the

amount,

Haemorrhage

"

system due

fall in the

condition

to the

blood

loss of

pressure.

If

termed

syncope, or
of the
inability

This
fainting,will occur.
depends on
heart to supply a sufficient amount
of blood to the brain,
the result being loss of consciousness and of the power
of
maintaining the standing position,the ansemia of the
brain producinga condition of generalmuscular
paralysis.
The same
effects are
of cardiac
produced by any causes

failure.
of

In

practicesyncope
veterinary

common

occurrence.

internal

We

meet

is not

with

it in

condition
cases

of

and
hsemorrhage,such as uterine haemorrhage,
haemorrhageas the result of wounds (accidental
after
or
also occur
operations).It may
by the accidental entrance
of air into the jugularvein duringthe
operation
.

of venesection.

THERAPEUTICS,

VETERINARY

138

vital fluid to

the

to restore

condition ; and

normal

after debilitating
diseases,generaltonics
existing

if

will be

indicated.
treatment

2. In Organic Diseases

with

remarked
and, as previously

always

not

may

to

reference

horses, it

to
a

commence

of

course

with them.

treatment

the

In

advisable

be

onlybe palliative,

can

should be the
ventricle.
of which

of valvular

treatment

preventionand

Various

means

lesions,the chief

aim

of dilatation of the
adopted for this purpose,

removal

are

the

be
following
may
(a)Avoidance of exertion as

noted

much

so
possible,

as

as

to

lower

the intraventricular pressure.

(b)By increasingthe Cardiac Poiver.
the

accomplished by
stimulants, such
ammonia,

etc.

be

the

paid to
of

The

administration

At the

are

proper

(c)By increasingthe
endeavour

we

of the

drugs

Time

such

as

to avoid

danger to

blood

nutrient

ments
derange-

the heart.

is also of

importance,
supplythrough the

to the cardiac walls.

of Cardiac

Best.

"

By

this

the power of contraction

to prevent over-distension of it,and

certain amount

cardiac

to increase

ventricle,and

also to afford
In

the

arteries be maintained

coronary

means

of

source

quantityand qualityof
a

direct

be

can

time,strict attention should

same

digestivesystem, so

in order that

This

digitalis,
strophanthus,alcohol,

as

it,which

of

"

as

of rest to the heart.

digitalis,
strophanthus,etc.,

we

agents in this respect. These, besides

acting as direct cardiac stimulants,also stimulate the
inhibitoryapparatus in the. heart and medulla; they
the heart, and thus favour
lengthenthe time of filling
possess

the

valuable

venous

raised,as
vaso-motor

flow
the

into

aorta

nerves

are

it ; the

is

arterial pressure

is also

and the
completelyfilled,
stimulated.
We
thus clearly
can
more

TREATMENT

how

see

"which

OF

lI^l^MORRn

in the
they act beneficially

exist

as

different conditions

result of lesions of the

139

AGE

aortic valves

alreadydescribed.
It is obvious

that such

drugswill be
compensationperiod, but

during the
greatestservice

when

this

contra-indicattd
will be

to fail and

commences

of

the

tion
dilata-

results.

[d) By

Treatment

of the Symptoms. These are usually

cardiac
distress and
pain, also pulmonary distress,
dropsy,and visceral congestions.
In the treatment
of cardiac distress,
with
oppression
and pain,cardiac sedatives,
such as opium and chloral,
"

be indicated ; but in the

may

of these

use

criminati
agentsgreatdis-

and

judgment is necessary, as they may also

act as
dangerous cardiac depressants. Locally, hot
and rubefacients to the regionof the heart,
fomentations
of belladonna,often giverelief.
or the application
In

pulmonary distress

ammonia,
this

are

should
such

as

This
which

and

be

may

be

under

chief reliance in combating

our

agents which

on

as

present, in
the

act

3. The

heading of

The

effects will,however, engage

has
danger,the therapeutist

his aid.

will be

be indicated to relieve

of Haemorrhage.

heading of Syncope.
In internal haemorrhage, a

which

Kidney.

external haemorrhagebelongsto the

The

on

manner

cases

Treatment

engorgement
the heart itself,

diuretic,relieves the dropsy

will
purgatives
visceral congestions.

In certain

as

the pulmonary
relieving

digitalis.
agent,actingalso

described

the

useful ; but

symptom

expectorants,such

stimulant

our

"

The

domain

treatment

of

of

Surgery.

attention under the

of very great
to bring different agents to
condition

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

140

from the
speaking,internal haemorrhage occurs
Briefly
In the case
of
stomach, intestines,lungs and uterus.
the stomach, intestines,and
lungs, medicinal agents
termed

hamostatics

are

made

use

of.

agents,also

These

tures
be classed according to the strucstyptics,
may
upon which they act.
(a) Those actingon the blood, by increasingits power
albumin.
of coagulation
or
By this means
precipitating
hsemorrhagefrom the part may be subdued.
Examijles. Tannin and substances containingit,such
as
catechu,galls,
logwood, etc. ; also salts,such as alum,
of iron, etc.
acetate of lead, persalts
(h)Those agents producing contraction of the broken
vessels,such as acetate of lead, ergot,the local application

termed

"

of cold

of

or

heat, such

as

water

at 110"

to 120".

tissues,
(c)Those agents which act on the perivascular
the
them, and thus compressing and closing
constringing
vessels. These include the substances justmentioned,
bleeding
viz.,acetate of lead,persaltsof iron, tannin,and
substances containing
it,etc.
addition

In

the

to

of haemostatics

use

in

internal

find it of advantage to administer

haemorrhage, we
cardiac and generalsedatives with careful judgment, so
as

to reduce

the

force but

not

ihe poiver of the

heart, and

perfectrest. I'or these purposes opium in

its different preparations
is especially
useful.
In cases
of cerebral haemorrhage,hydragogue purgatives
are
useful,by dilatingthe mesenteric vessels,and
thus relieving
the cerebral vessels,
and also withdrawing
also to

certain
In

to

ensure

amount

of fluid from

the blood.

haemorrhage from the stomach, due

portalcongestion,we employ purgativesin a cautious

manner

some

cases

for

of

similar purpose.

4.' Syncope.

"

In

veterinarypractice,as

previously

VENESECTION

stated,syncope,

is not
fainting,
or
as
haemorrhage,
or

of uterine

cases

from wounds,
haemorrhage
In its treatment
the

141

often
a

except in

seen

result of excessive

etc.

the chief indication will be to restore

suspended action

of the heart

by

the

employment

both direct and indirect cardiac stimulants.

positionalso favours

The

of

bent
recum-

the restoration of the

blood

and

blood pressure in the cardiac centre in the medulla.

As direct stimulants to the heart,ammonia, in the form

of

spts. ammon.

urgent

aromat., and
the

cases

alcohol

useful.

In

ether must

be

are

of
hypodermicinjection

employed.
As

indirect

we
stimulants,

of cold to the cranial

towels, the solution

of

mention

the

held

the

application
with wet
region,flagellation
may

ammonia

to

nostrils,

etc.

In

of
concludingthe subjectof the therapeutics
circulatory
system, we may givea passingnotice to
value of venesection.
therapeutical
As

is well

known, this

measure

at

was

one

time

the
the

discrimin
in-

employed in the treatment of all affections,

and although
rarelypractised
by some veterinary
surgeons
in the present day, there is no disputing
the fact that in
suitable
In

it is of the

cases

of

cases

pulmonary congestionin

condition,the result
are

not

in

vessels and

of over-exercion

fit state to

of blood

greatestbenefit.

undergo it,a

relieves the

the

horses

when

in

high

the animals

moderate

tion
abstrac-

pressure in the pulmonary

of the largeveins and right

engorgement
side of the heart,and thus changes the character of the
pulse,which, as a result of the conditions mentioned, we
and oppressed.
find to be small,indistinct,
Other affections in which venesection
are

in
meningitis,
phrenitis

the

is found of benefit

earlystages,and

also- in

that form
stomach

known

those

stomach

as

that in all

tend

which

to

indicated,and

character,such as
the second stagesof

this

also in

above, venesection

act but in

cannot

by debility,

characterized

cases

assume

mentioned

affections

the

staggers.

etc.,and
affections,
epizootic
the

to reflex action from

of brain affection due

It is obvious
or

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

142

detrimental

is contramanner.

of in the form
made
use
largely
It is also
of scarification of locallyinflamed
areas.
of
in the treatment
availed of by some
practitioners
laminitis by bleedingat the toe in the affected feet,or at
to the beneficial
the coronets,though this is a measure
as
effect of which there is a divergenceof opinion.

Local venesection

is

XI.

CHAPTEE
RESPIRATORY

THE

I.

PhysiologicalRelations.

respiratorysystem is to supply
blood,and to carry off by expirationthe

of

function

The

SYSTEM.

the

to the
oxygen
carbonic acid,water,

The

acts

of

heat,etc.,formed in the tissues.

are
respiration
governed by the respiratory

centre, which

is situated

in the

medulla

close

to

the

This centre is
deep originof the pneumogastricnerves.
affected by impressionscarried to it by afferent nerves,
not only from
the respiratory
and lungs,but
passages
also from all parts of the body by which
its activity
is
movements
modified,and by reflex action the respiratory
are

influenced.
The

quahty

of

the

blood

circulatingthrough this

THE

R ESP

affects it

centre

IRA

TOR

143

S YSTEM

a
considerably,

deoxidized

condition

leadingto stimulation of the centre,and increasingthe

in which the changes
respiratory
activity.The manner
in the blood produce these effects is not yet definitely
known
time they were
ascribed to excess
of
; at one
carbonic acid in the blood.
The

is the

and

vagus
carries

the

heart, and

We

have

the

control

specialafferent

of

nerve

respiration,

impressionsfrom the whole surface of the

to the centre.
If these impressions
respiratory
passages
be excessive,they also reach
the cerebrum, causing
sensations of distress,
oppression,or irritation,which
referred more
less to the respiratory
are
or
organs.
An importantpoint to consider is that in a condition
of diminished oxygenationof the blood, not only is the
centre stimulated,but also the cardiac and
respiratory
vaso-motor
centres,leadingto a slowing of the action of
also to consider
of

that

medulla, by

the

the bronchi.
the

the

arterial resistance.

bronchi

are

of the

reason

under
motor

in the respiratory
originate
regulatingthe calibre of
in
impressionsoriginating
effect on
the
produce an

of the vagus which

supplyingthe muscles

filaments
centre

in the

increase

an"

By

this

means

respiratorypassages

bronchi.
With
may

reference

to

the

be stated that in the

mechanism

of

horse,under

it
respiration,
stances,
ordinarycircum-

only the last ten pair of ribs take any share in

the eight true ribs are
covered by the
as
respiration,
from any cause, the
scapula; but when dyspnoea occurs
elbows

are

turned

and
auxiliaries,
in

respiration.

out, and

thus

certain number

other

muscles

act

as

of the true ribs assist

VETERINARY

144

THERAPEUTICS

II. Fharmaco-dynamics.
We

"which

ways,

can

heads
following
1. The

Air.

we
ventilation,

the

the

influence

can

"

be

respiratorysystem
convenientlystudied
attention

By paying
can

ensure

from

inhalations,medicated

hot

to

the

the

and

;
can

can

proper
also,by the

otherwise, of
'

or

water, produce effects

on

in

by artificially

ensure

We

details of

of oxygen

amount

proper

air

of

under

surrounding the animal

regulatingthe atmosphere, we
temperature of the respiredair.
use

in various

the

steam

respiratory

passages.
2. By

influencingthe Blood

and

Circulation.

The

"

red

corpuscles,
being the carriers of oxygen, are important
agents in modifying respiratoryactivity;so that by.
fluences,
of food, drugs, natural inacting on these by means
can
etc.,we
produce beneficial effects on the
respiratory
system. The circulation also is of importance
in modifyingthe respiratory
functions.
3. By influencing the Lungs and Air-passages
(a)By
acting on the AfferentNerves of the BespiratoryOrgans,
either stimulating
These
them.
or
nerves
are
depressing
stimulated by ammonia, and depressedby opium, chloral,
and
chloroform,and ether. They are soothed by wa,rm
moist
to the walls of the
air,and by hot applications
Abnormal
chest,and to a slightextent by demulcents.
"

"

sensations connected

with the

respiratory
organs may be
modified by these nerve
depressants.
(")By actingon the Circulation of the Vessels of the
Bronchi.
The circulation can
be increased by stimulants
to the generalcirculation,
also by digitalis
and aromatic
oils.
The
bronchial circulation can
be depressedby
heat, by generalvascular depressants,
such as aconite,
etc.
ipecacuanha,alkalies,
"

VETERINARY

14G

THERAPEUTICS

the chest ; also

donna
by applyinglocal anodynes,such as bellasituation.
soothingliniments,to the same

and
5. We
from

act

can

the

on

Tracts

the Respiratory Centre,

Respiratory Muscles, and

on

of the

the Spinal Centres

These

of the

Apparatus

the Nervo-muscular

on

Impulses

Efferent

be stimulated

by
strychnine,which acts both reflexlyand directlyby
increasingthe vigourof the spinalcentres.
Electricity
trunks, such as to the phrenics,
applied to the nerve
or
intercostals,
directlyto the muscles, also stimulates
the same
regions. These regionscan be depressedby
opium, which has the effect of depressingthe whole
of the

Chest

and

Larynx.

efferent mechanism.

be

controlled

bandages
connection

to

"

The

with

chest may
applicationof suitable

the

chest walls, a
wounds

of the

movements

directlyby
the

can

and

Expectorants increase the amount

of the

character

respiratory
passages,

so

and cattle these

action

an

obtained

to

as

in human

as

from

of the natural
and

facilitate their

agents do
the

tions
secre-

also

modify their
expulsion. In horses

not appear

to have

beings,the
of medicated

use

of

importancein
of this region.
injuries
matter

as

beneficial

best results

being

inhalations.

In

dogs, however, expectorants are of great therapeutical

value.
Expectorantsmay act upon the bronchial glands,
upon

"

the muscular

bronchial

circulation

cordingto

their action

these

and
on

the
the

2. Sedative

respiratorycentre.

we
circulation,

may

the
Ac-

divide

Stimulant

Expectorants.
Expectorants.

Expectorantsinclude

gum-resins,balsams, etc.,demulcents
food.

bronchi,upon

agents into
1. Stimulant

1.

of the

structures

ammonia,

scilla,

and

liquid

warm

PATHOLOGICAL

Sedative

2.

RELATIONS

Expectorants include

ipecacuanha,the

inhalation

147

alkalies,iodides,

of steam, and

hot

tions
applica-

to the walls of the chest.

In

view
of

groups
3.

of their

specialactions,we

expectorants as follows

Expectorantswith

These

form

other

Sedative

Effect on Nerves.
generallyformed by combining expectorants,
camphor, ipecacuanha, ammonia, etc., with

are

such

may

as

opium, and

are

of

advantage in

"

the

treatment

of

some

affections characterized
respiratory
by irritation and
cough.
4. Expectorantsivhich have a Special Action on
the
Sputa. (a) Those which increase the water of the
bronchial mucus,
and thus the liquidity
of the sputa;
"

these include saline

(b)Disinfectant

expectorants,iodine,etc.
expectorants include aromatic

etc. ; these

balsams,

and

membrane,

mucous

produce an

increased

and

The

also

then

by

on

and

disinfectant
the

the

excreted

flow of mucus,

deodorant, and
secretion

absorbed

are

oils,

pulmonary
from it ; they
exert

effect both

surface of the

mucous

septic,
anti-

an

the

on

brane.
mem-

oil of

eucalyptus is of specialvalue in this

well as employed as an
as
respect,being given internally
inhalation.
with

such

Disinfectant

agents

as

inhalations

carbolic

can

also be made

acid,creolin,etc.,and

are

of the

highesttherapeutical
importance,not only promoting
the dischargefrom the bronchial tubes in cases
but reducingirritation,
and rendering
of bronchitis,
the
dischargeaseptic.
III.

The
include

diseases
a

Pathological Relations.

and

largenumber

disorders

of the

of abnormal

respiratory
system

conditions,to which

148

VETERINARY

passing

them

notice

into two

1. Those

be

only

can

great classes

given.

have been

We

divide

may

depending on changes in

which
and

THERAPEUTICS

the blood and

alreadynoticed

in

lation,
circu-

ChaptersVIII.

IX.-

2. Those

depending on changes in the nervo-muscular

apparatus,of the respiratorysystem, also in the lungs
and air-passages,
the respiratory
centre, and the afferent
and

efferent

of communication.

nerves

affections of the

In

chitis,
respiratory
organs, such as bronpulmonary congestion,pneumonia, pleurisy,
etc.,
have
we
circulatory,
inflammatory,and degenerative
changes occurring as predominant conditions,varying
of the disease,and
according to the stage and severity

producing certain anatomical

changes in the parts.
have the pulmonary
Thus, in pulmonary congestionwe
vessels engorged with blood ; in bronchitis,
the bronchial
obstructed
tubes become
by inflammation of their mucosa
and swelling,
and by the presence
of catarrhal products,
be retained,causingirritation of the nerves,
which
may
and

vessels.

pneumonia, the condition of consolidation renders

portion of the lung incapableof performing its

In
that

function, while

gangrene

result

may

from

different

causes.

In

specificaffections of the lung, such

marked
degenerativechanges also occur.
that in all such

affections the

be directed to the

must

effects of the morbid

efforts of the

relief of the

changes,as

in

tubercle,

as

It

is clear

practitioner

the
symptoms, i.e.,

he has very littlepower

of the disease.
or
cause

the seat
on
acting directly
the following
will
Amongst these effects,

demand

tion
atten-

1.

Dyspnoea.

"

Disturbed

varies
respiration

in

degree,

NATURAL

and

is

natural

the blood when

with.

effort to increase

149

the

oxygenationof

from

this process
any cause
cohdition is due to stimulation

The

centre,which

is

the blood

[a)By

RECOVERY

broughtabout in two

is interfered
of the
ways

ratory
respi:

circulating
throughit beingdeficient

in oxygen.

(6)By exaggeratedimpressionscoming to it from,the

lungsand air-passages.
These two causes
are
usuallycombined, as the morbid
interfere with the proper
changes alreadymentioned
aeration of the blood in the lungs,and also cause
tion
irritaof the pulmonary branches of the vagus.
2. Cough, is a very common
symptom of respiratory
and has alreadybeen noticed in Part I.,under
affections,
the headingof The General Symptoms of Disease.
3. Expectoration. In horses the products of the respiratory
dischargedthrough the
passages in disease are
"

nostrils in the later

stages,but in the earlier stages a

largeproportion
passes into the mouth, and is swallowed.
The process of expectoration
is a most important one
to
the therapeutist.
4. Pain, Irritation,
from abnormal
and Oppression, resulting
conditions of the respiratory
organs, are symptoms
demanding all possiblerelief.

IV.

There

are,

Natural

perhaps,no

Kecovery.

affections which

indications

of the efforts of nature

than

of the

those

to

give us

overcome

clearer
disease

respiratory
system, and it is of the
to recognise
highest importance for the practitioner
these efforts,
to afford them every possible
so as
aid,and
to

avoid

them.

any

line of treatment

likelyto

interfere with

150

VETERINARY

The

condition

THERAPEUTICS

dyspnoea,to a certain extent,is an

effort of nature to increase the oxygenationof the blood
the force and frequencyof the respiratory
by increasing
of

must, however, consider that this

We

movements.

tends

soon

relief.
affording
of the morbid

to

dition
con-

aggravate the distress instead

endeavours

Nature

to

influence

remove

by removing the
by expectoration.

of

the effects

excessive

tions
secre-

by which nature
endeavours
to afford relief thus,in dyspnoea,
auxiliary
muscles are called into action alongwith those of respiration,
and the healthyportionsof the lung tissue take on
Vicarious

action

is another

method

"

increased

function.

V.
In the treatment

Therapeutics.

affections hygienicand
respiratory
dietetic measures
of first importance. Pure
air,a
are
allowance of
an
proper temperature of the surroundings,
nutritive food,and careful nursing of the
easily-digested
details which never
should be lost sightof.
are
patient,
No

hard

medicinal
on

and

of

fast

rules

treatment, seeingthat

the organs

so
affected,

as

laid

be

can

cannot

we

either

down

to

remove

as

act

regards
directly

the

cause

inflammatory action, if
such be present. The strengthof the patient
will demand
the condition of the pulseindicating
the use of
attention,

or

cut

short

stimulants

or

the

course

otherwise.

of the

The

excretory organs

should

be

kept in as normal a condition as possibleby acting

gentlyon them, such as helping the skin to perform its
functions by the use
the
of clothingand diaphoretics,
kidneys by the administration of saline diuretics,and
the bowels, should their action become
torpid,by the
allowance of small doses bf sulphateof magnesia and the
use

of enemata

if necessary.

The

temperature,as indi-

TREATMENT

OF

DYSPNCEA

151

eatingthe degree of

fever

and
importance,

requireappropriateattention

administration

will

adopted,and

great
the

by

excessive interference should be avoided.

into its cause.

of

dyspnoeawe must
dependingon acute

If

carefully
inquire
bronchitis

stages,saline expectorants will

the
liquefying

bronchial

tubes.

After the

ammonia

besides

with

their

as

of service in

steam, will help to

overcome

of the bronchial
vascularity
earlystage is passed,stimulants,such
camphor, etc., are indicated,which,

expectorant action, sustain

the heart and

the

action

centre.
strengthenthe respiratory

medicated

with

of the

are

be

in the

secretions ; while the inhalation

of warm,
moist air,such
the dryness and extreme

oils

of

symptom

of

In the treatment

as

antipyretics.Above all things,no

calculated to depress the patient should be

measures

first

present,is

disinfectant

of

tions
Inhala-

agents and

aromatic

favouringexpectoration,
greatestservice,

preventingthe dischargesfrom becoming putrid or

of
of heat by means
purulent. The external application
woollen rugs wrung out of very hot water, and appliedin
to the walls of the chest,givesgreat
manner
a proper
and

relief in

of this kind.

cases

In Dyspnoea

we

pneumonia from

in acute

occurs

find that

mutual

Respiratory Area, such

Diminished

from

the

air and

the

consolidation of the
blood

cannot

as

lung,
into

come

movements
contact, so that increased respiratory

'occur,with acceleration of the cardiac

being that the air

constantlyrenewed.

is

action,the results

changed
constantly
These

are

and

the

efforts of nature

blood

to provide

blood, and the practitioner

to assist them.
Thus, the generalsystem
must endeavour
to be sustained,and the action of the heart
will require
for the

aeration

watched, so
carefully
when

necessary,

and

of the

that stimulants may

be administered

secured
possible
everything

for the

VETERINARY

152

comfort

TBERAPEUTICS

of the

patient,the accompanying fever being

combated
which are not depressing.
by measures
In Dyspnoea with
termed
Asthma,'
Spasm, commonly
'

which

is

affection due to spasm of the circular

fibres of the bronchial tubes,depending on some
an

of the

impressionspass out
direct depressants
to
bronchi,such

as

as

muscles, we

the nervo-muscular

by

distinct affection

employ
of the

This affection

authorities classed with

some

'broken

reflex

structures

belladonna,hyoscyamus, etc.

in the horse is

disease known

to the bronchial

tion
irrita-

which

centre, by
respiratory

or

vagus

lar
muscu-

wind,'but

others

either

that

regardit

earlystageof the latter. In

and
dogs asthma is of comparatively
frequentoccurrence,
often givesrise to very distressing
symptoms. Inhalations
-ofsteam often giverelief,
while hot applications
to the walls
as

of the chest

are

or

as

useful ; in

an

severe

cases

counter-irritation

diffusible stimulants and antispasmodics

maybe required.Internally,
of ether or chloroform
such as spirits
giverelief,
in small

doses, or

mixture

of carbonate

of

ammonia,

of ether, with an
tion.
aromatic, is a useful combinaspirits
Powerful
such as opium,
respiratory
depressants,

etc.,are
as

to be avoided in

to
they are likely
Cough, depending

cases

an

increase
on

with

cases

threatening
asphyxia,

that condition.

is
affections,
respiratory

effort of nature

to

remove

some

in

some

obstruction

but often proves a most

respiratory
passages,
distressing
symptom demanding relief. As far as possible,
powerful depressantsof the respiratory
centre, such as
from

the

are
narcotics,

to be avoided

diseases, and

in

in the

treatment

of

tory
respira-

distressing
cough other means
should have the preference.
In affections such as laryngitis
it may
be dangerous,
if
to administer
remedies
in the usual
not impossible,
as violent fits of coughingare
manner,
produced,during

154

VETERINARY

human

THERAPEUTICS

it
medicine,still,

attention with
the treatment

is

system which

reference

of various

to

deserves

the action

of

ful
care-

drugs

and

diseases.

The

of the nervous
sive
physiology
system is a very extenas its distribution is universal throughoutthe
subject,
body, and the student is referred to the excellent manual
on
Physiology,'
by Professor P. Smith, for a
Veterinary
consideration of the chief pointsin connection with it.
'

For
those

it will be

present purpose,

our

portionswhich

relations

of

are

of interest

suflScient to notice
in the

therapeutical
higher nervous

the

system, such as the

tary
centres,representing
sensation,consciousness,and volunmotion.

I.

Physiological Relations.

Nervous

tissue possesses
the power
of displaying
or
force when
acted on by certain influences.
discharging
This

power

influence

produces it is
producingit is termed

result of the

force than
action

property is termed

which

the act of
If the

or

ordinary,we

stimulation.

termed

If the

be the
it

ordinary,we term the

and the action depression.
Por practicalpurposes
we
may
the
system on
plan :
following
1. The

Terminal

the

displayof

displayof

influence

arrange

Nerve-endingson
in the Organs.

3. The

Body and
AfferentNerves.
Spinal Cord.

4. The

Cerebru?n,or Brain Proper.

5. The

Nerves.
Efferent

2. The

more

stimulant, and

result be the

force than

irritant,and

an

irritation.

influence
term

The
irritability.

the
less

depressant,

the

the

nervous

Surfaceof

THE

In

addition

NERVOUS

this

to

great importance. We

find that most

this

also that the efferent

nerves

in

may add the

is a portionof

which
viscera,

governed by centres
cerebrum, and that
the viscera

155

plan,we
arbitrary

of the

mechanism

nervous

SYSTEM

the

of the viscera

are

medulla, spinal cord,

mechanism
between

is

or

partly reflex ;

these

and

centres

connected with the sympathetic

intimately
the viscera possess
nervous
system, and that,in addition,
intrinsic ganglia,
by which their automatic action is chiefly
carried

are

on.

The

following
physiological
pointsare of interest
regardto the actions of drugs on the parts named :
The Brain consists of motor
over
centres,presiding
of the

movement

food,

limbs,and

also for the mastication

the
of

It also consists

of sensory centres for the

and others for
of sight,
taste,and hearing,

etc.

specialsenses
general sensation.
addition

with

to

These

the function

different
of the

functions
as

organ

are

the centre

in

of

etc.
consciousness,intelligence,
In the domestic

compared

animals

the

with

the cerebrum

posteriorparts of

is of small

the brain

size

and the

being the
spinalcord, while in the human
is well developed. As a result of these facts,
cerebrum
the cerebrum, such
find that certain drugsactingon
we
while
effects in man,
as
opium, produce marked soporific
in the domestic animals such agents produceless depression
of brain function,and frequentlycause
deranged

size of the

motor

function and

convulsions.
three

importantfunctions,
of nervous
reflexaction,and origination
viz.,conduction,
force. It transmits sensory impulses to the brain and
The

Spinal Cord

from

medulla, and

impulsesto
The

the

Medulla

possesses

the

latter organs

it conveys

motor

muscles, glands,etc.
contains various

centres

essential to

life.

156

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

such
which

centre,the
respiratory

the

as

renders

this organ

of the

one

centre, etc.,

cardiac

important in

most

the

body.
Before proceedingto
can
bringto bear on the
have

system, we
states

1. Sensation.
carried

at the

commencing
All organs

portionsof the nervous

followingphysiological

the

the

is

of

result

and

impression
nerve, generally
an

by an afferent
periphery,and referred

cerebrum

the

to

we

This

"

which

the influences

different

to consider

conditions

or

notice

tissues in the normal

thereto.

state

sensitive ;

are

"When,
proceed from them.
is
however, they are disturbed by any cause, perception
aroused,and a condition of pain may be the result. We
the constant
existence of sensation in a quiescent
term
state common
sensibility
but actual sensations

do not

2. Motion.
as

centre, and
muscles

to

be

may

efferent
a

garded
generallyrein a nervous
due to an impulse originating
beingconveyed by an efferent or motor nerve

The

"

act

muscular

or

produced by
m.otor

or

reflex

of

Muscular

organs.

stimulation

nerve-tracts.

by

manner

is

movement

stimulation

of

It may
of some

any

contraction

part

of

the

in
originate
portionof the

also

sensory nerve-tract,beingreflected throughthe centres.

3. Consciousness is a physiological
state partlydepending
and partlyassociated
perceptions,
the will. Generallyspeaking,it
perfectstate of the whole sensory
our
present purpose we may regard it

with

the presence of
the intellect and

will

depend

on

apparatus,but
as
can

residingin
exert

"

is not

supposed

for

the cerebral

influence

4. Sleep.

which

on

to

"

The

by

means

real nature

convolutions,over

on

we

of certain
of

drugs.
healthysleepis

yet clearlyunderstood.

depend

which

diminished

It is

metabolism

matter

generally
of the

THE

of the

matter

gray

II.

portion of

would
such

assume

very

extensive

an

157

due

to

deficient

impaired qualityof it, or to

of the tissues following
exhaustion.
activity

diminished

This

SYSTEM

cerebrum,either

blood, or

of

Supply

NERVOUS

an

Pharmaco-dynamics.
the

if considered in detail,
subject,
the system is
as
largeproportions,
one, and the actions of drugs on its

different portionsare

many

and

diverse.

For

practical
purposes, it will suffice to givean outline
of the action of drugs and other measures
the chief
on
to those which
portionsof the system,givingpreference
of

are

to the

use

therapeutist.

It is needless to remark

of the
physiology
the
so
nervous
system is not yet clear in all portions,
diseases of it stillrequire
further investigation,
and as a
of drugs are yet far from
result the actions and uses
beingclearlyunderstood.
will first consider

We
over

well

as

common
even

may

"

the

which

power

we

possess

the

sensibility,

common

specialsenses.

stimulants

have

the

of

power

increasing

also the sensation of a part,which

sensibility,
the
on
give rise to pain. Most act directly
may act primarily
vessels,excitingthe circulation as well as the

fibrilsin the

nerve

will include

This

that of the

(a)Local

on

the

as

"

1. Sensation.
as

that

and
tissues,

some

nerves.

have the

application
of extreme
iodine,
heat,extreme cold (temporarily),
and irritants such
volatile oils such as oil of turpentine,
as
mustard, and cantharides in its primary efi'ects.
As

examples

Alcohol

and

of local

ether,when

stimulants,we

their vapour

is

confined,also

158

act

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

; and

local stimulants

as

certain

salts,if

metallic

strong, have the same

sufficiently
such as silver,
effect,
copper, zinc,etc.,actingas caustics
or
astringents.

appliedin

solution

that the

to understand

It is necessary

sensations

duced
pro-

central,although
reality
be referred to the periphery. The
higher
they may
centres
stimulated,and the impulses,while being
are
the spinal
carried to the cerebrum, also act partly on
and medullary centres, producing reflex impulseswhich

by

may

act

Thus

local stimulants

on

we

in

are

and the viscera.

muscles

tating
irriespecially
sensory impressions,
stimulate not only consciousness, but also
that

see

ones,

throughthem some
of the importantviscera. For example, the cold douche
rouses
consciousness,and also excites the respiratory
movements.
centre, causingincreased respiratory
the vital centres

in the

It will thus

seen

be

medulla, and

that

local stimulants

may

become

generalstimulants.
of the
(b) Local anesthetics reduce the sensibility
and finally
their power
terminal
remove
nerve-endings,
used for the relief of
of receivingimpressions. When
agents
pain, they are termed local anodynes. Some
such as belladonna,
fibrils,
directlydepress the nerve
aconite,cocaine, opium ; others,such as alcohol,ether,
volatile oils,etc.,have

similar effect when

their action

cold, such as that produced by

prolonged. Moderate
also certain
the evaporationof ether,acetic acid, etc.
is

"

saline

such
solutions,

possess
are

an

as

that of chloride of ammonium

anaesthetic effect

applied;

while

anaBsthesia of the
of
irritability
destroysit.

nerves,

the
cold

extreme

part.

on

parts to which
will

Moderate

while

extreme

cause

heat

they

absolute

reduces

heat

"

the

prolonged

OVER

INFLUENCES

We

employ

MOTOR

agents,such

certain

SYSTEM

159

to act as
poultices,
bining
they bring about by comas

anodynes,which effect
of heat and moisture.
the properties
The heat
relieves the pain by actingon the bloodvessels,
dilating
and relieving
them, promotingosmosis and the migration
of corpuscles,
effect which is assisted by the presence
an
local

of moisture.

(c)We
By the

act

can

the tnonhs

on

of

the

afferentnerves.

drugs,such as opium, we can

interfere with the carrying of impressionsfrom
the
the nerveperipheryto the sensory centres by depressing
trunks
We

of certain

use

themselves.
mention

may

which

neurotomy

"

of the nerve, thus

carried to the sensory

(d) We

act

can

themselves

by

familiar

operation viz.,
surgical
relieves pain and lameness by section
preventingpainfulimpressionsbeing
a

centres

"

from

the diseased

part.

the sensory and perceptive

centres
of agents termed
narcotics;
group

on

that

generalanaesthetics and generalanodynes,

under the head of Gonbe noticed presently

these include
which

will

sciousness.

agents,
Among the group of narcotics,we find some
such as opium,which interfere with the afferent impressions
of the system" that is,at their
from all portions
formation,in the

entry to the sensory

2. Motion.
of the

nervous

"

We

more

possess

power

system presidingover
we

also

in

irritants

conduction,and

at their

centres.

sensation,because

directlyand

of their

course

can
a

act

reflex

producingmuscular

that

over

motion
motor

on
manner

"

portion

than

parts both

viz.,by

movements,

over

and

local
local

them.
depressantsarresting
We

find that different

of the motor

apparatus.

drugs act

on

different portions

160

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

stimulants may
of the cerebrum.

{a)Motor

"

ether in their

They

act

may

on

doses,and chloroform

the medulla.

donna,
Thus, ammonia, bella-

strychnineexcite
muscles
by acting on
respiratory
ether and

convolutions

primarystages.

and

and

the motor

on

Alcohol in moderate

Examples.
and

act

chloroform

the

of

movements

the

the

in their

centre,
respiratory
primarystageshave a

similar effect.

They

act

may

on

the motor

of

centres

the

Thus, strychnineproduces convulsions

these
stimulating
Local

motor

the

nerves,

stimulants

act

on

the terminations

apparatus, and
have the

examples,we

rubbing to parts,the

cold

and
circulation,

local

by powerfully

centres.

terminal

As

spinalcord.

the muscles

employment

douche, etc.,which

increase

of the

muscular

selves.
them-

of handrouse

nutrition

the
and

activity.Electricityis also in use as a local motor

stimulant,and strychninepossesses a similar action.
(b)Motor Depressants. Large doses of alcohol,ether,
and chloroform
depressand finallyparalyzethe motor
"

convolutions of the

arrest
cerebrum, and thus completely

all voluntarymovements.
The

functionsof

motor

the medulla

are

depressedby

opium, aconite,chloral,
etc.,and by largedoses of alcohol
and chloroform, which
produce paralysisof
ultimately
the respiratory
death by this means.
centre, and cause
The motor
centres in the spinalcord are depressed
by
physostigmineand other drugs,the result beingparalysis
of the limbs when
The

and

motor

other

channels
The

nerves

largeamounts
themselves

drugs,which

when

motor

cause

administered

are

administered.

depressedby conium
through these
paralysis

are

in sufficient amount.

are
nerve-endings

depressedby

belladonna

162

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

1. Those

the

which

cerebrum,

primarilyon the convolutions of

then depressing,and
stimulating,

act

first

their functions,
finally
arresting
producingthe
of unconsciousness.

The

in the

vital centres

condition
medulla

but until consciousness is completely

depressed,
in the vital centres occurs.
removed, no serious depression
also

are

Chloroform

and

the

rnost

agents

and

ether act in this manner,

commonly

the

for

used

are

hence
of

purpose

generalana3sthetics.
2. Those

agents which

vital centres

involve the

in the

medulla

condition

of

at the

before

the

there is

dangerousdepressionof

and

As

cerebrum
same

time, so that

unconsciousness
the

and the

is

centres

produced
of respiration

circulation in the medulla.

examplesof

such

It is needless

chloral.

used for the purpose

agents

we

to remark

may

that

give opium
such drugsare

and
not

but are
removing consciousness,
frequentlyemployed,and are of great importancewhen
prescribedin suitable doses,as generalanodynes. For
such purposes
of
we
employ them to arrest perceptions
and to soothe and prevent pain in
pain,to induce sleep,
the great vital organs
of the body when
such are disordered
or

of

diseased.

Hypnoticsare agents which

and

include

bromides.

narcotics,such

They

do not

act

promote
as
so

or

producesleep,

opium, chloral,etc.,also
readilyon animals as on

in consequence
of the cerebrum
of the former
beingso well developedas in the latter.

not

man,

We
such

may
as

remark

that

certain

aconite,paralyzethe medulla

consciousness, and

depressants,
before they remove
dangerous agents,

nervous

consequentlyare
never
employed for general ansesthi-tic
great care in their use as nervous
requiring

purposes,

and

sedatives.

PARALYSIS

III.
In

163

Pathological Belations.

the pathological
relations of
considering

system, it will be sufficient for

1. Disturbances
that the condition

varietyof

Sensation

of

termed
and

causes,

be due

organs, and may

is referred,and

where

nervous

purpose to notice the

the varied morbid conditions

to which

principal
symptoms
giverise.

the

our

"

pam

Pain.
will

We

are

depend

arise from

may

"

aware

on

great

different sets of

to the part to which it

directly
it originates,
or
by reflex action

we
regions. Briefly
may state that whatever
tissues or organs are affected,givingrise to the condition
in the nerveof pain, we
regard it as originating
may
supply,connectingthe peripherywith the sensory centres

affect other

in the cerebrum.

Severe
on

go

serious effectsif allowed

pain producesvery
It is

unchecked.
and

nervous

centres

taken

in connection

powerful depressantof

of vital organs
with the morbid

; and

such

condition

to

the

actions,
on

which

show the student the great

pain depends,will clearly
importanceof pain as a generalsymptom of disease.
2. Paralysis. This is a symptom dependingon various
morbid conditions of the nervous
system. Paralysis
may
of
the
have
affect different portions
body : thus,we may
of the posterior
extremities,paralysisof the
paralysis
the

"

of the bladder,etc.
intestines,
paralysis
We
a

of
largevarietyof diseases,
to rise in
Thus, we have inability
azoturia in horses,also in injuries

find this condition

diversified nature.

that affection termed

spinalcord. In
fever; and in dogs we
to the

in

some

also in the later

cases

in

cattle we
find
of

find it in

cases

of milk-

tremities
paralysisof the hind eximpactionof the intestines,

stagesof rabies.

164

VETERINARY

3. Excessive

Motor

included conditions

"

such

to

state

extremityto

one

of the

various

of any

part
the other,and

through the
actingreflexly
4. Disturbances
conditions

of

to

of Consciousness.

(6) Delirium,
occur

of exhaustion.

these

As

are

turbance
dis-

some

"

include

These

the

in

in

the

blood

due
fainting

of the

brain,and

poisons also produce

Many

is removed

aided

seen

direct

on

to

as

conditions
excitement,which
are
diseases,and leadingto a state
many

Natural

Many disorders of the

organicchanges have
cause

from

and

IV.

the

some

"

injuriesto the head ; on

supplyto the cerebrum; such as is
haemorrhage; on organicdiseases
result of narcotic poisons.

on

in

centres.

depend
may
interference
with

to

tions,
of affec-

produces effects by

{a) Unconsciousness,which

found

; also

tract

motor

in others

which

area,

sensory

of the

are

be included.

large number
causes, being due

in

occur

heading

convulsions,etc.

spasm,

of the viscera may

conditions may
and depend on

morbid

as

this

Under

Activity.

disturbed movements
The

THERAPEUTICS

by

the

ditions.
con-

Recovery.

nervous

depending
disappearwhen

system

tendency to
either by natural
therapeutist.

it is difficult in

these

instances
many
symptoms presentedto their real cause,
under such circumstances
efforts can
our

not

means

to

or

when

ascribe the

it is clear that

onlybe directed
to the alleviation of the conditions placedbefore us.
One importantpointnever
to be lost sightof is that
severe
pain should always be checked as earlyas possible,
what it depends on.
matter
no

THE

OF

USE

V.

ANODYNES

165

Therapeutics.

consideringthis portion of the subjectwe will

follow the headingslaid down
in the previoussection,
which, as we have stated,deal only with a view of the
principal
symptoms.
In

1. Disturbances

of Sensation

the Use

"

of

Anodynes.

Pain, as the chief indication of disturbances

of

"

sensation,

treated by first ascertaining

its cause
rationally
this is possible.As we have already
as far as
remarked,
pain acts as a powerfuldepressantof the centres and
should be
viscera,and hence the aim of the therapeutist
to relieve this distressing
as possible,
symptom as speedily
which
takingcare, however, to accomplishthis by means
to the general
detrimental
will not act in a manner
likelyto increase the gravityof
system,or in a manner
the affection on which the pain depends.
have to consider that not
In veterinarypracticewe
only is the "relief of pain necessary from its depressing
the vital systems, but also that the patients
effects on
seriouslyinjurethemselves by rollingabout in a
may

must

be

reckless

in their endeavours

manner

to

obtain

relief;

besides,there is the danger to the attendants from the

cinal
mediof administering
and also the impossibility
latter,
agents.

by animals' in a varietyof ways,

dependingon the speciesand the individual temperament
of the patient. In the horse excitement
generally
prevails,
his
about violently
either rolling
or walking round
various postures being
stall,and lying down carefully,
Pain

assumed

is exhibited

dependingon

Clinical observation
the student

the nature
and

to discriminate

exhibited,and

to

ascribe

of the affection.

experiencealone
between
the

will enable

the varieties of

symptoms

pain

to their true

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

166

He

cause.

manifestations

the

betweeu
distinguish
pain depending on abdominal

be careful to

must

of

tions
affec-

those due to affections of other organs, such

and

as

of the

brain,etc.
kidneys,pleurae,
be made
Correct diagnosisin such cases
must
by
paying attention to the generalsymptoms presented,and
also to the historyof the case, and to special
symptoms,
present at the time of examination,
apparent as the disease is developed. The

which, if
become

not

of

brain, whether
be

must
coverings,
to other

to say that

clear when
of

marked

the

its

similar effects due

stomach

turia,the

have

cases

continued

due
evidently

to

some

no

tions
affec-

delirium.

in certain

such
affections,

of violent convulsive

occurrence

by

are

by reflex action, produce

of
brain,causing a combination

pain and

Then, again,we

distinctions

may,

of the

of

such

consider, for instance, that

we

disorder

the evidences

severe

from
distinguished

of

or

causes.

It is needless
means

of its substance

ditions
con-

tions
affec-

delirium, excitement, etc.,depending on

of the

may

until the
morbid

azo-

in

movements,

patientbecomes

cause

as

actingon

worn

the

out,

nervous

not in such cases

or
pain reallyoccurs
cannot
we
our
definitely
patientsdo not
say, because
of speech.
possess the power
Chronic degenerative
'diseases of the kidneys will also,
in some
cases, produce various degreesof pain,evidenced
by the peculiarpostures assumed
by the patients.
In cases
of volvulus and intussusception
of the intestines
the most violent strugglesare
often witnessed, the
pain becoming so intense that the patientseems
able
incapof controlling
his actions.
In cases
of brain affections,
whether
occurring as
primary affections or due to reflex irritation from the

system.

Whether

stomach, the horse becomes

so

violent in the first

stages

THE

that it is

USE

OF

ANODYNES

167

impossibleto approaelihim

or

to administer

medicines.
In

cattle

shown

evidences

of

either

pain

in great

excitement,with excessive motor movements,

by great dulness accompaniedby a grunt or

or

low

also find the

we

repeated.
frequently
In dogs pain is manifested either by low moans
or
by
shrieks,dependingon severity.Different postures are
moan

also assumed.
The

alleviation of

of Anodynes.
of

pain.

To

These
make

it is necessary
ascertain

to

to

will

clearlysee

on

of

use

anodynesin

to arrive at

the

and

act

pain leads us to inquireinto the use

are
agentsprescribedfor the relief

of

cause

the

the

that in all cases

Nevertheless,there
exists,and where

are

to

scientific

manner

diagnosis that is,

correct

"

and

pain

effects which

have
so when
we
especially
for a diagnosis.

to

remain.

it,

remove

The

student

this will not be

depend on

possible,
objective
symptoms

certain conditions
it

where

pain
employment

by the
of what are termed
indirect anodynes; these attack the
of the pain, while they do not
act directly
on
cause
of local affections
tissue. For example,in the case
nervous
abscess
characterized by pain, such
a
as
an
or
of
means
foreignbody in a part,we make use of surgical
warm
fomentations,etc. But
relief,also of poultices,
local affections sometimes
even
requirethe use of either
local direct anodynes or generalanodynes. Again, we
find

that

become

we

can

remove

local irritants,such

local

actions, such

as

mustard, etc., may

anodynes, supposedto be due to certain

and conof the irritability
exhaustion
ductivity
as

of local

and to dilatation of the

nerves

etc., effects which will be described

Counter-Irritation.
may
Purgatives

act

as

in the

vessels,

chapter on

indirect anodynes
in some

cases,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

168

such

colic due

agents

to

the

remove

combine
effect

impaction of

in

as

with

of

presence

the

spasmodic

in

or

ingesta;
irritating

these
to

it is often necessary.

But

cause.

them

stomach

the

in order

anodynes

to

the

remove

the pain.
i.e.,

"

the

irritability
of nerves
belladonna, opium,
by local means
; such are
of morphia,
cocaine, and also the hypodermic injection
and generally.
which acts both locally
Local

Anodynes

General

employed to

are

Anodynes

of medicinal

important group

most

are

reduce

relieve

agents in veterinarytherapeutics.They

by depressingthe
sensory centres in the cerebrum, or by diminishingthe
of the sensory nerves,
or
by a combination
conductivity
of both methods.
Some such as chloral hydrate act as
sleep,and
pure and powerfulhypnotics that is, cause
prevent the perceptionof pain by their action on the
Others, such as opium,
sensory centres of the cerebrum.
and its active principle,
morphine,produce a paralyzing
pain, no

matter

from

what

source,

"

effect

the sensory nerves

animals.
hypnoticsin some

As

we

shall see,

however, when

therapeuticsof opium
of

of all organs,

on

and

and

treatingof

also act

as

the

its alkaloids in the

special
majority

horses, instead of a hypnotic effect,these

drugs produce excitement, and act as oerebro spinal
in largedoses ; and
stimulants,even when administered
cases

in

as

such

effects are

productiveof

depressingaction on
it requiresrest, we
viz.,cannabis indica

the
have
"

nervous

to

which

harm

by

system

depend
possesses

on

of their

reason

at a

time when

another
the

drug
"

propertiesof

actingas an efficient anodyne, both by producingdirect

the sensory nerves.
hypnoticeffects as well as depressing
A pure hypnotic,such
chloral hydrate,although proas
ducing
sleepby its action on the convolutions of the

170

VETERINARY

3. Excessive

Spasms, convulsions,
accordingto their cause.

Motor

Activity.
"

also

treated
rationally
in young
of
dogs cases
teethingor to the presence

etc.,are
We

THERAPEUTICS

meet

fits due

convulsive

in the
parasites
treated by aperients
intestinal canal.
Such
are
cases
and stomachics,and by anthelmintics, according to the

either to

of

cause.

Cases

of

instances

epilepsyare

the

is often

bromides

of the

administration

which

dogs, in

in

with

met

of service.
In

affections such

the

tetanus, in which

as

correct

of treatment
pathologyis not yet discovered,various means
are
adopted ; but it cannot yet be said that the
of one
use
drug givesbetter results than another.
In

cases

of convulsions

the

determine, it may

cannot

such

as

abate

to

opium, chloral hydrate, cannabis

of

cases

convulsions

such

we

prescribedrugs
indica, etc.,to

symptoms.

affections

the

azoturia, where

as

deleterious

agent actingon
the nervous
system, it is of the greatestimportance to
the action of the various excretoryorgans, such
ensure
the

as

depend

of which

cause

be necessary

the violence of the

In

exact

on

some

bowels, the skin, and

the

and
purgatives,diaphoretics,
avoidingnarcotic agents as
other

diuretics
much

as

when

the

use

of

necessary,

possibleuntil

the

fail.

means

4. Consciousness.

"

In

where

delirium

is

prominent
depressants,
carefully
regulated,

cases

symptom, cerebral
indicated,such as chloral,bromides, etc.

are

In
the

loss of
nature

injuriesof
to

kidneys,by

the

which

state

may

we
consciousness,

of
the
of

the

case.

head,
the

become

our

heart

If

clearlyinquireinto

must

the

condition

attention

and

the

should

be
be

due

to

directed

respiratory
system,

depressedalong with

the convolu-

THE

tions

of the

cerebrum, the

171

of

centres

and
respiration
bein^ involved by the injury. In such cases
be employed,
must
measures
includingcardiac
and artificialrespiration
if necessary.
But in

circulation
restorative
stimulants

of loss of

cases

KIDNEYS

where
consciousness,

the vital centres

are

should avoid stimulants as

we
seriously
depressed,
much
as
possible,as they are likelyto increase the
the circulation
existing
injuryto the brain by stimulating
in a state of
through it, when it should remain
quietude.
not

CHAPTBE
THE

XIII.

KIDNEYS.

Although

organicaffections of the kidneys are by no

means
so frequentin our
patientsas in human
beings,
consideration
of
these important organs is necesa
still,
sary,
there are many
as, independentof chronic diseases,
abnormal
of the

states

the

demand

the attention

therapeutist.Also, the kidneys,beingvery

organs

in

with which

met

of

excretion,can
of

removal

deleterious

be availed of

as

portant
im-

auxiliaries

materials,dependingon

affections of other organs.

I.
The

blood

function
and

PhysiologicalRelations.

of the

from

the

kidneysis

system

the

to

1. The

the

Bulk

of the Water

of the Urine

the

and

waste

body, the excretion thus

termed
the urine. Briefly,
the urine may
of the kidney.
arise from two portions

productsof

from

remove

poisonous
formed
being
be stated to

is removed

from

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

172

Malpighianbodies, the blood

the eil'erent
is always high,because
in which
pressure
vessels are smaller than the afferent. The watery portion
then transudes into Bowman's
capsule,and thence into
the blood

by

of the

means

the tubules.
2. The

of the Urine, viz

Solid Portions

the urea,

uric

acid,hippuricacid,and many salts,dissolved in a small

of fluid,are
amount
separatedfrom the blood by the
convoluted

cells of the

cells
epithelial

These

tubules.

surround them
vessels which
capillary
materials mentioned, and these
the organicand inorganic
is passing through the tubules
join the water which
derived from the Malpighian bodies.
According to Ludwig, there is a partialreabsorption
of the water, which is excreted
by the Malpighiantufts.

separatefrom

The

the

renal vessels

system

of the

nerves

also

the

in

the

on

cells of

Amount

food, the
the bowels

theory,
filtration

from
of

the

Urine

quantity of
and skin.

same

the

remove

epithelial
organic and

blood.

depends

fluids
The

the

possessedby

tubules, which

inorganicmatters
The

secretory
recognised

no

difference in pressure between the

Malpighian bodies and the tubules ; and
of

elective power

the

are

consists of

of Urine

i.e.,the existence
blood

there

kidneys.

Secretion

The

and

of nerves,

the control of the vaso-motor

under

are

on

the

taken, and

secretion

nature

the

of the

activityof

of urine is increased,

by cardiac stimulation,
during the period of digestion,
such
and also by contraction of superficial
bloodvessels,
the skin. The organicmatters
as by the action of cold on
of
increased by nitrogenousfood, and the activity
are
of the
the renal epitheliumwill depend on
the activity
circulation and on the qualityof the blood.
The following
pointsare also of importance:

173

DIURETICS

The

Quantity of

secreted

Urine

by

Q^ pintsfor the twenty-fourhours. In

is 21 to 28 pintsfor the same
period.
Garni

excrete

vora

cattle the amount

by the kidneysthe major portionof

the water

they drink,while herbivora

part by the lungs.
The Reaction

is about

the horse

of the Urine

excrete

in herbivora

is

the

greatest

the
alkaline,

alkalinity
being due to the presence of carbonate of
potash. In carnivora the reaction is acid.
Accordingto Professor Smith, uric acid does not occur
normallyin the urine of the horse,and he regardsuric
acid in herbivora as replacedby hippuricacid.
II.

We

act

can

agents termed

Pharmaco-dynamics.

urinaryexcretion by

the

on

means

of

diuretics.

Diuretics may be defined as agents which

kidneysand increase the secretion of urine.

act

on

the

Obviously,
regard to the

just noticed with

relations of the kidneys,their functions
physiological
be increased in a varietyof ways, which, for convenience
can
of description,
as follows :
we
classify
may
from

1.

what

have

we

increase the Volume

Agents which

is, the

amount

of water

Evidentlythis will
2.

Agents which

Solids.

"

1. The

These

be

excreted

Agents which

from

the

Excretion

"

that

glomeruli.

throughthe
accomplished

affect the

will act

of the Urine

of the

tion.
circula-

Urinary

through the
chiefly

blood itself.

volume

of the Urine

increase

the

produce their effects in different ways, as follows :

in the generalarterial
(a)By raisingthe blood-pressure
without affecting
the
system, includingthe renal arteries,
pressure in the veins.
This can be accomplishedby

the
increasing

amount

of

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

174

the

system
such

agents are

; also

the

increases

which
fluids ingested,

the administration

by

of water

amount

lants,
of cardiac stimu-

ammonia,
alcohol,digitalis,

as

termed

in

etc.

Such

diuretics.

cardio-vasculM'

body will produce

vessels.
the peripheral
a similar effect by constricting
(6) By Agentswhich dilate the Benal Arteries. These
increased
cause
quantityof blood in the renal arteries,
while the generalarterial pressure
and that in the renal
the vasoveins remains
These act locally
unaltered,
motor
on
and conof the kidney,causingdepression,
sequently
nerves
dilatation of the renal arteries. They include
of nitrous
in the second stage of its action,spirits
digitalis
camphor,
ether, volatile oils and resins,such as turpentine,
The

action of cold

on

the surface of the

"

etc. ; also

The

agents such

action of cold

as

alcohol,belladonna,etc.

the surface

on

of the

body produces

reflex dilatation of the renal vessels.

All these

agents are termed local vascular diuretics.

a more
By combining agents in classes (a)and ("),
fuse
provolume

of urine will be the result.

2. The Agents which

Solids may

the

be divided

of
activity

affect the excretion

into

the renal

of solids and

two

classes.

and
epithelium,

certain amount

of the

Both
hence

Urinary
influence

the

tion
excre-

of water.

affectthe Belial Epithelium through

the General Gomposition
of the Blood. General measures,
which
include the compositionof the food,the perfection
of the process of digestion,
the action of the liver,etc.,
and
the causes
producing such normal performanceof
functions,all have an effect in alteringthe composition
of the urinarysolids.
The chemical
reaction of the urine
is not affected by the administration of the mineral acids,
the majorityare excreted in the form
of neutral salts.
as
The vegetableacids,such as citric,
tartaric,and acetic
(a) Those

lohich

"

DIURETICS

acids,combine

with

alkaline

175

bases,and

excreted

are

as

alkaline carbonates.
administration

The
effect

the urine

on

has

Ammonia

"

of alkalies

that is, in the

this

not

produces an

as
effect,

case

alkahzing

of carnivora.

it is broken

up in the

system.
Manner
the
on
(h)Those Agentswhich act in a Special
Benal Einthelium. Potash
stimulates the renal lium,
epithe"

and is excreted
of its salts,
such

as

the

carbonate.

Soda

in certain

phosphate,has a similar effect,

but in a far less degree. Magnesia and calcium are also
stimulants of the renal epithelium.
special
All these salts mentioned, while acting as
special
stimulants of the renal epithelium,
also carry with them
of fluid from the venous
a certain amount
plexusaround
the tubules,and thus produce a condition of diuresis.
Such

agents

as

the

termed

are

and
saline diuretics,

are

of

therapeutist.We do not recognise

them
the renal circulation,
but
as
affecting
directly
as
actingindirectly
by their influence on the venous
plexusesaround the tubules, thus producingeffects on
and especially
the blood pressure
the renal circulation,
on
great importanceto

the

in the veins.
In addition

medicinal

to

agents

we
diuretics,
possess a group of
and
the aromatic oils,oleo-resins,

saline
in

effect on
the renal epithelium.
special
excreted by the renal epitheliumin
These
are
part, either unchanged or altered by decomposition
during their passage. They also carry away a certain
This action varies accordingto the
of water.
amount
agentsemployed.
in some
in largedoses,may
Some, such as turpentine

balsams, which

cases

have

diminish,in

and may

even

others

increase,the bulk of the urine,

producehaemorrhagefrom

the

glomeruli.

176

VETERINARY

3. Renal

Sedatives

THERAPEUTICS

the
Depressants diminish directly

or

of the renal epithelium,

activity
producing their action
by their influence through the blood. We may mention
this power
opium and its alkaloid,morphine,as possessing
in a marked
degree.

III. Pathological Relations.

Chronic

practice,and

acute

be

cannot

organs
There

said

be

to

disorders

however,

are,

commonly

kidneysare rare in veterinary

inflammatory affections of these

affections of the

of

character, composition,and

renal

of the

with, characterized

met

occurrence.

common

functions
in

by changes
the

of

volume

urine.

the
As

give azoturia, or hgemoexamples of these, we

may
that
and diabetes insipidusin horses, and
globinuria,
affection termed

'

red

hasmo-albuminuria,in

water,' or

cattle.
As

cases

of chronic

inflammatory affections

of

the

with
met
both in horses and
kidneys are sometimes
relations
dogs,it is necessary to study the pathological
of this system as briefly
as
possibleon the following
lines

of the Fluid

1. Disorders

Changes

on

General

in the

be referable to

Portion

of the Urine

Blood

Pressure.

of the

General Arterial Pressure.

be due to disease of the

may
by which the arterial pressure

condition

the
the

venous

pressure

These

may

"

(a)Diminution
"

"

depending

is raised ;

so

is lowered

that, as
in

the

heart

"

"

This

tation
e.g., dila-

is lowered

and

regards the kidney,

afferent

vessel

of

the

and raised in the efferent vessel. The result

glomerulus,
is passive congestionof the kidneys. The
urine
is

lessened in amount,

both

of fluid and

also of the total

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

178

renal bloodvessels

These

cause

may
vessels,and

of the renal

of abdominal

viz.,the presence

"

the

interfere with

thus

trunks

the

on

pressure

largements.
en-

renal

circulation,
resultingin the presence of albumin, blood,
there may
be supprescases
etc.,in the urine,or in some
sion
of urine.
3. Morbid
the

Conditions
These

Kidney.

"

are

of

the

Secreting Epithelium

of

also found

in

the lesions

among

Bright'sdisease. The cells lose their function,

becoming diseased ; they obstruct the tubules,and press
the venous
plexus,causing interference with the
upon
of

cases

circulation

the fluid

blood, and

of the

portionof

The

results

and

of

are

The

also with

the urine

through

the

filtration of

the

glomerulus.

lessened in volume,

urine becomes

high specific
gravity. It contains albumin, probably
derived from the venous
plexus,and blood, either
the latter or from the glomerulus; and also casts

from

of diseased

The

etc.
cells,
fibrin,

results may
occur
: The
urea
blood, the general circulation is

followingserious

accumulates
interfered

in

the

becomes

with, the heart

affected,and

the

portionsof the blood escape into the tissues and

of
serous
cavities,constituting
dropsy. These are some
the phenomena met with in that form of Bright'sdisease
known
ivhite kidney.
as the large
fluid

The

student

should

the character of the urine

compare
wibh that described in subsection (6) i.e.,
the contracted
"

kidney,which
4. Eenal
of the

themselves.
state

and

Affections

Blood.

by
as

the

is another

"

The

form

of

depending

Abnormal

on

urinary secretion

influences other than

Thus, the blood

the result of

disease.
Bright's

dyspepsiaor

urinary secretion
regardsits compositionand

may

be

from
be

become

may

changesin
may

Conditions

in

the
an

ranged
de-

kidneys

abnormal

hepaticdisorder,
greatlymodified as

reactions.

AFFECTIONS

RENAL

We
of

cases

179

followingdisorders

may refer to the

of this nature :

with
affection met
an
(a) Oxaluria
loss of flesh,and
of debility,
"

in the

of lime

oxalate

examples

sisting
horses,con-

presence of
is clear and pale in

urine,which

colour,frequently
passed,and acid

in

as

the

neutral in reaction.

or

in feeding,
improper diet,
Irregularities
It is also said to be
and impaireddigestion
as
a result.
of saccharine
produced by food containingan excess
carrots,etc.
materials,such as turnips,
characterized by spasms
of
a condition
{h)Azoturia
the largemuscles of the posterior
part of the body and
of high specific
The urine is dark-coloured,
of the limbs.
of urea, and
gravity,and containinga large amount
The

causes

are

"

albumin

sometimes

seen

The

amount.

chief

cause

nitrogenousmaterials,
insufficient exercise,and the affection is mostly
the animal is put to work after a period of
when
of food too rich in

is the allowance

with

in small

idleness.
also known

(c)Hmmo-albuniimma,

as

red water

in cattle. In this disease the urine is

the

and

containingalbumin,

"

ring
occur-

dark-coloured,

colouringmatter

of

the

The
condition.
causes
are
disintegrated
ing
resultthe food being inferior in quality,
dietetic,
chiefly
condition of the blood.
The
in an
impoverished
albumin, being unfit for nutrition, is excreted by the
which
kidneys along with a portionof the haemoglobin,
broken down, givingthe characteristic colour to
becomes
blood

in

the urine.
We

may

also draw

urine in which
These
mucous

to

have

of the

membrane

The

in

causes

some

are

to

condition

of the

of

phosphatesare present
become
in the
precipitated
bladder or urethra,givingrise

largeamount
tendency to

or
irritation,

calcuh.

attention

instances

to the

also dietetic

errors.

formation

of

180

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

IV.

Natural

Recovery.

If the renal disorder

blood,

of other

or

obvious

that

depends on derangement of the

important organic functions, it is

natural

will follow

recovery

these

when

become

condition.
If, however,
changed to a normal
in the kidney, the skill of the
organic changes occur
will be severelytaxed in order to prolong
therapeutist
in consequence
of the serious
results which
vitality,
follow and the implicationof other vital organs.
We
must, however, recognisethat the kidney possesses many
provisionswhich tend to a natural recovery whenever
this result is possible.
Thus, increased work is met by increased functional
activity
kidney be diseased, the other
; also, if one
endeavours
to performits work, a condition of compensating
hypertrophyoccurringin the healthyorgan.
The condition termed vicarious compensation
is also an
Thus, we find that the skin and the
important one.
bowels endeavour
to carry off the effete productswhich
are
normally excreted by the kidneys,but which are apt
to be retained in renal diseases.

taken

advantage of by

This

effort of nature

is

the

therapeutist
by stimulating
the bowels
and skin to action by purgativesand diaphoretics,
and thus preventingthe accumulation
of effete
materials in the system, and also givingthe kidneys a
rest in

temporary

cases

V.

Under

where

such

is desirable.

Therapeutics.

this

headingwe can only draw attention

important generalprinciplesin the treatment

to

some

of renal

affections.
1. The

Use

of Diuretics

of affections of the
we

find these

agents of

is not

confined

to

the

ment
treat-

kidney,as in other disorders

value.
great therapeutical
Thus,

THE

in

of

cases

agents such
diuretics,
remove
heart aud
Also
the

OF

DIURETICS

181

dropsy connected with cardiac disorder,

as
digitalis,
by acting as cardio-vascular
the excessive

fluid,and also relieve the

generalcirculation.

in

of rheumatic

cases

expulsionof

all such

USE

the morbid

instances

disorders

poisonfrom

combination

diuretics hasten
the

system.

of diuretics

In

will Le

found

useful,such as of the cardio-vascular with the

In acute inflammatoryaffections of the
saline, etc.

kidneys, diuretics
nature

"

should

should

effect may
of
in

especiallythose

of

an

irritating

avoided, and the bowels and skin

be stimulated,so as to carry off the effete products.
Saline

In

"

be

chronic

be

useful,and their
purgativesare especially
kept up by small repeateddoses.
such as the largewhite kidney
affections,

Bright'sdisease, great discrimination

treatment, especiallywith
prescribing

is necessary
reference to

diuretics.
From

what

have

alreadyconsidered,it is obvious
that in this affection there is constant
danger of deficient
excretion of urea,
of the
epithelialcells
by reason
we

beingdiseased,so that the indications are to relieve these

cells by diverting
the excrementitious
products to other
of nitrogenous food.
channels, and avoiding excess
phoretics,
Thus, hydragogue purgatives are indicated,also diaetc.

Althoughrenal stimulants,such
diuretics,
may

be considered

nevertheless

there

as

as

saline and

contra-indicated
instances

special
in such

in which

they
out the tubules when
they are
prove useful,by clearing
blocked by cellular and inflammatory
products. This is
accomplishedby the diuresis induced.
cases,

2. Urinary
"

These

Derangements
will be

are

depending

on

Nervous

order.
Dis-

rationallytreated by prescribing

182

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

remedies

directed

the nature

the

attention

In

aperientsand the
iodide of potassium prove of
or
opium acts beneficially.

the food.

to

cases

In that affection termed

is of

in the

rare

dog,

believed

diabetes

that

pathology is

the

liver is

or glycosuria,
mellitus,

horse, but is

in the

occurrence

the

mild

Then

of iodine

severe

will be

first step in treatment

the
insipidus,

administration

which

system,depending on

nervous

of the affection.

In diabetes

service.

to

It

obscure.

the

chief

is

with

met

generally
involved,

organ

although the prominent symptom is a profusesecretion

of urine containingglucose,
with excessive thirst. The
treatment
will consist in avoidingstarchyand saccharine
articles of food
with

opium

mineral

3. In Renal

depending

Abnormal

on

condition.

This

bowels

skin,and

return

of the vital fluid to

will

normal

will be

accomplishedby actingon the

payingspecialattention to dietetics.

In azoturia it is essential that the bowels

by

of

tions
Condi-

it is clear that the first indication

bringabout
and

doses

of small

tonics.

Affections

of the Blood

be to

the administration

and

purgative,and

the

be acted

on

skin

to
so
as
by diaphoretics,
as
remove
as
possiblethe effete materials
expeditiously
which
exist in the blood, and
which
give rise to the
characteristic and serious symptoms.
If the urinary
a

secretion

be

diuretics will be indicated,those

deficient,

being selected which have

of the urinarysecretion.
In

'

red water

promote the
should

'

effect

in cattle it is of

action

of the bowels

also be directed

condition

an

to restore

by the allowance
which have a special
action
of potash.

of
on

on

the solid

portions

great importance
but

the

our

blood

nitrogenousfood
the blood, such

to

endeavours
to

normal

and
as

agents

chlorate

BOD

Y HE

A TA

ND

In oxaluria and
the

ITS

BEG

conditions

urine,the bowels should

to, and

dilute

mineral

such
administered,

tincture of

as

vomica

nux

ULA

of

BODY

HEA.T

excess

THE

of

SKIN

183

phosphatesin

be acted on, the diet attended

acids with
vegetable tonics

the dilute nitro-muriatic

and

AND

acid,with

gentian.

CHAPTBE
THE

TIONj

XIV.
ITS

REaULATION

; THE

SKIN.
I.

heat of the

The

PhysiologicalRelations.

in the

tissues.

body is the result

The
largestsource

carbon

into

; but

the

system

muscular
The

COj

of

changes occurring
is the oxidizing
of
changes occurringin

other
many
also result in the formation

of

heat, such

as

contraction,etc.

normal

of the

body is the result of a

of heat beingproduced,portionof which
certain amount
in the system, and portionof which
accumulates
is lost.
The bulk of loss of heat is due to evaporationby the
skin,the heating of inspiredair,food, etc.,a small proportion
beingdue to radiation.
The productionof heat in the system varies at different
also does the external temperature,so that it
as
periods,
of regulating
is necessary that some
the body temperature
means
find is a complex and
should exist. This we
sensitive nervous
mechanism, consistingof governing
from parts capable of receiving
centres, afferent nerves
and efferent nerves
carryingimpressionsto
impressions,
temperature

active organs.
The

Skin
to the

with reference
occupiesa most importantposition
of the body temperature,and also
regulation

as

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

184

termed

sudoriparousor
fluid termed

albuminous

of the

inorganicmatters
skin

also

possesses
passed out and oxygen
skin

The

contains

of

nature

an

The

excretion.

respiratoryfunction, CO2 being

passedin ; but this process is not

in the higheranimals.
and
with
is highlyendowed
nerves,
sensory

active

very

important glands,
secrete an
stveat glands,which
of organicand
sweat, consisting
It

excretory organ.

an

of heat,
bloodvessels ; it is a bad conductor
this being assisted by the subcutaneous
layersof fat,and

also with

also

by

The

afferent
of

brain and

growing from the skin.

in the skin carry
originating

of the hair

means

nerves

cord.

These

impressionsare

cerebrum, becoming sensations

the

sweat

other

of heat

temperature,whether

centres

centres, such

in the
as

of

medulla

or

cold,to

received

by

pressions
imthe
the

temperature, also by
and
cord, and many

the vaso-motor,

cardiac, respiratory,

etc.

impulsesproceed from the sweat centres

to the sudoriparousglands,either stimulating
or depressing
them, accordingto their nature.
They also proceed
the cufrom
the other
taneous
centres, producing effects on
circulation,the general circulation,the renal
The

efferent

secretion,etc.

sudoriparousglands of the horse are not easily

acted on by drugs ; and, accordingto Professor Smith,
excite the secretion of
no
we
drug which can
possess
in the horse ; he has proved by experiment that
sweat
pilocarpinehas no effect on the sweat-glands of this
animal, althoughit produces a profusesalivaryflow.
Cattle possess
rudimentary sweat-glands, not
very
easilyacted on.
They are believed to perspireprincipally
in the muzzle
; while in the dog the skin practically
does not sweat, except in the foot-pads. In this animal
The

186

VETERINARY

1. By Means

THERAPEUTICS

of acting

the Cutaneous

on

Circulation.

"

These

comprise a power of withdrawing heat from the

of blood and the rate of
body by modifyingthe amount
flow in the cutaneous

{a) The

blood

vessels.

by causing dilatation of
these vessels,
the surrounding
accomplished by increasing
temperature, also by the use of the hot bath, and by the
administration

can

be

cooled

of diffusible

stimulants,such

as

alcohol,

of nitrous ether,etc.
spirits
(") Similar effects are produced by increasingthe flow
vessels,
of blood through the cutaneous
accomplishedby

cardiac stimulants
2. By

acting

'Diaphoretics'

or

of all kinds.
the

on

Sweat-G-lands

'Sudoriflcs.' These
"

by

Agents

increase

termed

the amount

and include a varietyof means

and agents
perspiration,
actingin different ways :
nerves
by
(a) By stimulatingthe ajferentcutaneous
of the surroundingtemperature being raised,as in
means
and
the Turkish bath, also by means
of warm
clothing,
of

stimulants,such

as

moderate

doses of

alcohol,etc.

which stimulate the

nerves
(b)By actingon other afferent
such as by aromatic drinks,which
sweat-glandsrefiexly,
act

on

the

nerves

of the

mouth, throat, and stomach.

the sweat
in the medulla
centre
(o) By acting on
produce this
directly. These include narcotics which
condition of the blood,
effect by increasingthe venous
which
such as opium, chloroform,etc.,also by measures
increase the flow of blood through the centre, such as

hot

drinks,etc.

in the
{d) By stimulatingthe terminations of the nerves
and also the secreting
cells of these glands,
siveat-glands,
such as by pilocarpine,
which producesprofuseand rapid
creasing
thus indiaphoresis
; also by dilatingthe vessels, and
the flow of blood to the glands.

DIAPHORETICS

Some

AND

agents, such

in
diaphoresis
to both

excreted

stimulate

from

of

acetate

as

complex

ANHYDROTICS

the

ammonia,

This

manner.

187

cause

agent is supposed

secretingcells

and

to

be

them

of
along with an increased amount
Other
water.
not perfectly
drugs acting in a manner
clear are camphor and also ipecacuanha in the form of
Dover's powder.
We find that some
act in more
diaphoretics
ways than
one

thus, alcohol dilates the

the rate of
and

sweat

We

may

and
blood-flow,

increases
vessels,

cutaneous

stimulates the afferent

nerves

centres.

here notice

oppositeeffect

to

drotics.

diminish

These

group

of

agents which

diaphoretics
; these
the amount

are

of

have

termed

an

anhy-

and
perspiration,

they produce this effect by actingin different ways :

the sweat centre, actingindirectly
(a)By depressing
by
centres, and thus
stimulatingthe cardiac and respiratory
in
condition of the blood, which
overcoming the venous
and exhausting diseases frequently
weakness
produces
sweatingof that peculiarnature termed cold sweatwig.
tonics, such as
Examples. Alcohol,ammonia; nerve
iron, etc. ; while proper attention to food,
strychnine,
"

air,etc.,cannot

be overlooked

as

auxiliaries.

(6)By depressingthe terminations of the secretory

nerves
of the siveat-glands.
and
its alkaloid,atropine,
Examples. Belladonna
These
its alkaloid, hyoscyamine.
hyoscyamus and
effect in diminishingor
agents have a very marked
of perspiration.
checking excess
"

3. We
purpose

and
an

can

act

of reducing

diuretics

cause

increased amount

through the

medium

other

on

the
a

Heat

Excretory
of the

warm

excretions

of the bowels

Purgatives
by abstracting

Body.

direct loss of heat

of

Organs for the

and

"

from

the

body,
kidneys. This

VETERINARY

188

THERAPEUTICS

effect is assisted in the

dilatation of cutaneous
; but

which

vessels

act

can

febrile conditions

treat,strong purgativeswill be contra-

to

indicated,althoughlaxatives
4. We

purgativesby the reflex

which
accompanies purgation

shall find that in most

we

have

we

of

case

the

on

will be of

Heat-forming

great service.
in the

Tissues

body

by the use of certain drugs which possess the power of

diminishing tissue change. Such agents are termed
and
are
representedby quinine,salicylic
antijiyretics,
acid, antipyrin,etc. These interfere with metabolism,
and lessen the amount
of heat formed, by reducing the
of the tissues ; they have little effect on healthy
activity
animals,this being attributed to the normal mechanism
of regulationof temperature. Other
drugs, such as
alcohol,reduce temperature by diminishingtissue waste,
but do so in a different manner
from quinine. Alcohol
to
becomes
oxidized in the tissues, thus sparing them
extent ; and although generatinga certain amount
some
of

heat, its
of

temperature is the

have

we

of the

body

the loss of

the

that abnormal

fever.

The

balance

or

nution
dimi-

total result.

that the normal

between

of which

system, we

of disturbance

ture
tempera-

Pathological Eelations.

heat, both

nervous

that

the circulation.

alreadyshown
is the

is such

aconite,probablyreduce

as

their effects on
III.

As

in the circulation

drugs,such

Other

by

action

have

the
under

are
now

of the

productionand
the control

to consider

disorder of these

condition

temperature
of

the effects

relations,
leading to

system termed

pyrexia,or

chief characteristic in fever is elevation

of

body temperature ; but there are many concomitant

phenomena which also requireconsideration,consisting
of derangement of vital functions and
condition of
a
the

PYREXIA

189

generaldepression. Briefly
speaking,the following
may
be taken

as

the most

common

of the condition of

causes

pyrexia:
1. Interference

with

the

RefrigeratingFunction

of the

due to the effect of exposure

to
generally
roundings,
cold,or sudden changes of the temperature of the suras
a
producing what is popularly known
chill. The
impressionof cold on the afferent nerves

Skin.

"

This is

leads to interference with

the

temperature, the

over

nervous

mechanism

siding
pre-

vessels become

cutaneous

arrested,rigorsor shivering
contracted,the perspiration
fits occur, and heat being thus retained in the system
elevation of the temperature.
causes
2. In

febrile affections which

those

depend

on

system,

or

the
to

presence

be

of

associated

grounds for statingthat

organisms in
specific
with

them,

causingelevation

of

the

have

good
organisms,the
we

the lifeof such

processes of fermentation associated with

destruction of tissues produced by them,
in

believe to

we

them,

and

the

all factors

are

temperature.

depend on a combination of the causes

in
example,in the case of a wound
which pus may become
decomposed and be absorbed,a
generalsystemicdisturbance occurs, the skin,lungs,and
and temperatureis raised.
circulation become
disordered,
in Fever depends on
of Heat
The Increased Production
of metabolism, which fact is proved
increased activity
by the rapidemaciation, by the increased a.mount of the
and other
viz.,urea
productsof oxidation of tissues,
3. Pyrexia may
mentioned ; for

excretions.
The

followingconditions

also

occur

in

fever,along

with the elevation of

Skin

in

temperature :
the first stagesis hot and dry ;

be ushered

in

by

The

chill or

rigorthe

if the fever

cutaneous

vessels

190

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

contracted, and

are

the
especially
The

with

but in
System is depressed,

and

not

are

body

is

cold,

ever,
present; these, how-

be
may
with in our

delirium

often met

instances

some

patientsas compared

man.

The

character, and the respirations

altered in

becomes

Pulse

of which

on

disordered,evidenced
and
loss of appetite,
the mouth, thirst,

Digestive System

by dryness of
of
constipation
The

the rise

tion
the organs involved in the affecthe fever is an accompanying condition.

temperature,and
The

degreeof

the

accelerated,
depending on
of

of the

surface

extremities.

Nervous

restlessness

the

becomes

the bowels.

Urinary

is

Secretion

its solid constituents

and
scanty, highTcoloured,

both

are

and absolutely
relatively

increased.
Nutrition

degreeof

the

with, shown

which

regard

must

symptoms

found

fever
those

in

accompanied by it,rather
There

depends

on

tion,
by generalemaciathe intensity
and

of the febrile affection.

duration
We

is interfered

is,however,

form

as

of

one

the

affections which
than
of

as

fever

prominent
are

usually

distinct condition.
with

met

termed

pendent
or
sifnple
febricula,
fever,which appears to arise indeof serious complications,
and tends to a quick
We
have
already alluded to this form in
recovery.
Part
The

I,

p. 20.

of fever often

precedesthe advent of
the specialchanges in organs
induced
by the various
diseases ; at least,
those changes which we can
detect by
of the patientand an observation of the
examination
an
occurrence

symptoms.
We
item

of fever as
regardthe recognition
in therapeutics
; althoughwe
may

very

not

important

immediately

PYREXIA

be

able to determine

which

the

191

exact

nature

of the

disease

is

can
we
likelyto follow,still,
adopt treatment
which will be beneficial in the earlystages. The height
of a
of temperature is of importance duringthe course
febrile affection ; but although a high temperature is a

must
take into consideration
we
still,
very serious condition,
the state of the vital organs of the body at the same

time in
state

estimatingthe dangersof a febrile attack. The

of the nervous
of the pulse,of the respirations,

and

digestive
systems, must be taken into account.
The depressanteffect of the high temperature will
greatlydepend on the previouscondition of the organ
which is invaded by the disease
whether it is weakened
by the effects of previousdisease or not ; and also the
influence of the surroundings,
whether hygienicor otherwise,
must not be lost sightof. Thus, if a horse suffering
from an attack of pneumonia, althoughshowing a high
to
temperature,has a fair appetiteand a pulsenot likely
cause
alarm, and if in addition we are able to placehim
in hygienicsurroundingsand have him properly
nursed,
"

we
case

would

confident of his recovery than in a

although the temperatureis lower,we find

be far

where,

more

the appetite
small,and compressible,
pulseis frequent,
unhygienic.
poor, and the surroundings
We
have to notice a varietyof fever termed inflammatory
fever,in which the rise of temperature follows
the inflammatoryaction in parts or organs, and is thus
find this condition occurring
said to be secondary. We
and in affections of abdominal organs,
ia surgical
practice,
The intensity
of the
etc.
such as enteritis,
peritonitis,
fever will be modified accordingto the nature of the
mencement,
parts involved by the inflammatoryaction at the comfind that the fever is not always
and we
to. the size or importance of the part inproportional
the

VETERINARY

192

In traumatic

flamed.
addition

pulse,an
which

THERAPEUTICS

a leading
peritonitis,
symptom in
to the fever and the pain is a small thready
effect of the great depressionwhich
exists,

quicklytends

to death

failure of the heart's

from

action.

Another
a

form of fever is termed

temperature exists. It is
of specific
such as tuberculosis
diseases,
rise of

constant

cases

fever,in

chronic

in the latter disease is

and
glanders,
importanceas
Disorders

aid to

an

which

met

with in

and

chronic

symptom of great

diagnosis.

of Perspiration.
"

These

we

refer to two

may

viz. : (1)Excessive siueating

siveatclasses,
; (2)deficient

ing.
We

find excessive

Horses

azoturia,etc.
causes

likelyto

are

moderate

sweatingto

febrile affections,the
diseases

and

disorders

of

occurs

skin

disorders

IV.
In

sweat

Severe

exercise.

spiration.
Deficientsweating
some

out

Natural

the

of

in such

occur

condition

cases

from

as

various

when
at
even
excessively,
pain also causes
profuseperthe

beginningof most
in
being dry ; it also occurs
of the urinaryfunctions.
at

Recovery.

body heat,

as

well

as

in

the

them, there is a natural

phenomena which accompany
tendency to return to the normal, and the aim of the
as
therapeutistshould be to assist nature as much
and avoid undue interference. Febrile affections
possible,
and cannot
be cut short
run
a definite course,
generally
by any line of treatment ; so that attention to the vital
and careful nursingand hygienic
functions,
surroundings,
form

the chief details of rational

with the

use

of

treatment, in connection

agents to reduce the pyrexia.

194

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

to be used with
agents,it requires
in properlyregulateddoses,and

caution

and

in suitable

judgment,
The

eases.

kept regularby the allowance

of salines in the drinkingwater, such as sulphate of
the
where
magnesia with nitrate of potash. In cases
temperatureruns high,the use of quininewill be indicated,
a
large dose being given at first,followed by smaller
as required. In cases
dependingon traumatic
quantities
etc.,anodynes to relieve the
affections,
causes, abdominal
and
pain must be administered along with febrifuges,
other means
adopted as the specialdemands of the cases
require.
Disorders of Perspiration are treated accordingto their
is
and causes.
nature
The
excessive sweating which
found in many
of azoturia is evidently
effort of
cases
an

kidneys and

nature

from

to

bowels

remove

are

the

of deleterious

excess

materials

the

system,and is to be encouragedby diaphoretics

and warm
where
horses sweat
on
clothing.In cases
the slightest
exertion,nervine tonics are indicated,with
strict attention to hygieneand dietetics.
the most powerfulof which are belladonna
Anliydrotics,
and hyoscyamus, may
be indicated.
Brieflyspeaking,
these may
act by diminishingthe activity
of the sweatof the sweat
glands,also by lesseningthe excitability
centres, or by actingon the circulation and stimulating
the respiratory
centre, and in this way overcoming that
venous

condition
of

of the blood which

and which
debility,
sweatingaccompanying such
cases

is
a

cause

is

apt to

occur

in

of the abnormal

condition of the

system.

THERAPEUTICS

OF

THE

SURFACE

CHAPTEE
THE

THERAPEUTICS

OF

195

BODY

XV.

OF

THE

SURFACE

OF

THE

BODY.

From

our

knowledge of

the

relations of the
physiological
the importeasilyappreciate
ance
to
subject the therapeutist.

surface of the

body,we can
of this portionof our
The skin is highlyendowed

with

sensitive nerves, and

it is very susceptible
to

is also very vascular,so that

not onlythose
external influences,
the

medium

actingon it through
surrounding temperature,but also
apply for certain therapeutical
poses.
pur-

of the

those which

can

we

the surface of the

By actingon

parts,such
and even
generalcirculation,
effects

effects

distant

on

are

extensive

the

the

centres, the

nerve

the entire

system.

Such

must

vessels.

remark, however, that the modus

which

measures

we

adopt is by

no

opermidiof

means

so

might be imagined,as in many instances

found to be complex as well as obscure.
as

I.

The

produce

can

of the nerves, which have

produced by means
relations throughout the system,and also by

the cutaneous
We

as

body we

considered under

it will be

Pharmaco-dynamics.

which

measures

simple

the

adopt may
heads :
following
we

be

conveniently

1. Counter-irritants.
2. Baths

3.

cause

Allied Measures.

Surgical
Applications.

Counter-irritants
to the skin

and

are

those

agentswhich

either stimulation

or

when

applied

inflammation of it,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

196

dependingon the strengthof the appHeation. By reflex

action they also produceeffects on remote
parts.
Counter-irritants are arranged accordingto the degree
classes :
of their action into the following
gestion
(a)Bubefacientsproduce a degree of redness and conof the skin.

alteration in colour of the skin

The

patients.These agents
always visible in veterinary
tion,
are
representedby hot water, mustard appliedin moderasuch as camphor,
solutions of ammonia, volatile oils,
etc.
turpentine,
active
(6)Vesicants or Epispastics.These are more
at first reddeningof the skin,with
agents ; they cause
increased heat, and
sensation of smarting. In a
a
variable time, depending on the strengthof the application,
of the skin become
the papillae
raised and vesicles
form ; these enlarge and coalesce,forming blisters of
various sizes ; they contain an
albuminous
fluid,and
generallyfibrin. After a. variable time they either dry
becomes
up or a muco-purulent fluid is exuded, which
hard, forming a scalycoveringto the part ; this gradually

is not

"

falls off as

new

skin becomes

formed.

of mustard,
Examples. Cantharides, strong applications
boilingwater.
These cause
tion
inflamma(c)Suppurants or Pustulants.
of the deep-seatedportions of the skin, and the
formation
of pustules. They are
representedby bin"

"

iodide of mercury,

tartar emetic,etc. Vesicants

croton-oil,

appliedvery strong
There

are

medicinal

other

and

forms

repeatedlyhave

similar effect.

of counter-irritants besides the

agents mentioned, such

as

the

actual

cautery

and setons.
The

General

readilyseen
is
are

Action

that the

of

Counter-irritants. It will be

general action

complex one, althoughthe

simplein their application.
very

"

of counter-irritants
measures

adopted

THEORY

OF

COUNTER-IRJRITATION

In order to understand

the

theoryof

197

the

value of these agents,it is essential that

we

therapeutical
fully
study care-

only their local actions,but also their effects

different portionsof the vital system. For the
of description
divide the action of a
we
may

not

the

on

purpose
counter-irritant into three
1. The

effect

vessels become

stages:

the skin is stimulant ; the cutaneous

dilated by a direct action on their nerves,
on

and the local circulation becomes

nerves

are

and pain
irritated,

is

free,the sensory

more

produced of

smarting

character.
The

effect on

generalsystem is that of a stimulant,

There
is a
this being accomplishedby reflex action.
similar effect produced on the individual organ over which
the counter-irritant is employed. Eeflexly
the heart's
action is accelerated,
the blood-pressure
raised,respiration
is quickened,
and the cutaneous
vessels become
tracted.
conThe painfulimpressionrouses
the highernerve
After a certain period the cutaneous
centres.
nerves
and pain subsides.
become
depressed,
of the counter-irritant be pro2. If the application
longed,
that of vesicathe second stage is reached,viz.,
tion.
Local pain is now
induced, and if the process be
extensive,there is depressionand innervation of vital
the

organs, the amount

being

an

of

serum

importantfactor

withdrawn
in the

from

the vessels

productionof

these

effects.
3. If the
severe,

degree

of counter-irritation

formed, and

pustulesare

be

the remote

still

more

effects are

greaterthan in the stage of vesication.

The

Theory

Perhapsin
more

modus

of

Counter-irritation

the whole

difference of

operandiof

in

Therapeutics.
"

of

there is not
therapeutics
not only as to the
opinionexisting,
range

counter-irritants in the treatment

of

VETERINARY

198

THERAPEUTICS

they are recommended, but their

beneficial action is questionedaltogetherby competent
works
authorities.
We
need only refer to standard
on
literature,
veterinarymedicine, and also to professional
states
to become
that while one
aware
definitely
authority
the result of actual experiencethat counter-irritation
as
tions,
is of signalbenefit in the treatment
of pulmonary affecthe
another authority,
quiteas eminent, condemns
practiceas not only useless but harmful to the patients.
the affections for which

Those

believe in the beneficial effects of counter-

who

irritants to the walls of the chest in

of

pneumonia,
or
bronchitis,base their views on the following
pleurisy,
actions which these agents are capableof producing :
(a) That by acting on the skin over the region of a
part

or

organ,

of the

nutrition

(6)That
morbid

are

produce

can

latter,as well
this power

we

based

the idea

on

effects

on

the

the functions.

that

internal

influence

can

irritations.

we

possess

influence

circulation of

1. The

with

By

the

parts in immediate

of rubefacients

means

vascular

nection
con-

of skin irritated.

area

that the circulation will be

that

as

certain

by creatingexternal

processes

These
over

by

we

cases

and

vesicants

attracted to the

it is believed
area

of

skin,

the

plasma will be drained off,and thus internal

congestionsor inflammations will be diminished.
This is also explainedby the fact that,in congestionof
the brain or
of its coverings,the administration
of a
drastic cathartic proves
beneficial by diverting
the blood
to the

intestinal

canal,and

affected organ.
2. It is believed

that

the
parts by irritating
a

reflex

manner

thus

we

cutaneous

through

the

can

relief
affording

to the

influence
nerves,

centres

deep-seated
which, actingin

in the

brain

and

THEORY

OF

COUNTER-IRRITATION

199

cord,will modify the circulation and nutrition of the parts

beneath
3.

the

counter-irritation

By

vaso-motor

the

over

to which

area

the counter-irritant is
we

can

in the brain

centres

applied.
affect the trophicand
and cord, which
preside

of skin irritated ; and

area

in

reflex

manner

which
neighbouringtrophiccentre may be influenced,
will induce a change in the nutrition of the tissues in the
a

neighbourhoodof the irritated area of skin.

As examples of pathological
conditions
explaining
these phenomena, the followingare quotedby Dr. Wood
:
'

The

formation

burn

of

the

of

duodenal

ulcer

of the
skin, especially

Sympatheticophthalmia,caused
above

theoryof
to the

illustrate

We

subacute

or

etc.,also in
of the
But

chronic

inflammations

of rheumatism

cases

and
body,in phlebitis,
when

most

held

of

to

now

we

to

come

to the

as

inquireas

counter-irritants

prove of benefit. We find most

to their beneficial action in

the value of counter-irritation

the

have

in which

conditions
pathological

agreeingas

find

wall.

the presence

of the views

some

counter-irritation.*

indicated and

are

abdominal

tooth.'

diseased
The

by

result of

the

as

rities
authocases

of

joints,tendons,
different poraffecting
tions
of

other

consider

diseased
the

in thoracic

strikingdifferences

of

tions.
condi-

questionof

we
affections,

opinion to

exist

Those who are in favour of counterauthorities.

among
irritation state, as the result of considerable experience,
that

they have

found

morbid

conditions of the

lungs and

vesication applied
thoracic organs benefited by moderate
to the chest-walls. They note favourable results in from

twelve to
in
*

ment
twenty-fourhours, consistingin an improveOn
the pulse,temperature,and respiration.

For further information

and Materia

Medica,'by Dr.

'
see
subject,
Therapeutics
Wood, p. 475,

on

this

H.

0.

200

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

the other

hand,

find authorities who

we

are

opposed to

strong evidence that

the practice
in such cases
is not only useless,but actually
productiveof harm to the patient,raisingthe temperature,
causing restlessness,and increasing instead of
counter-irritation

modifyingthe

bringingforward

morbid

processes

in the organs

involved

by

the disease.
Without

adhering to

safelystate,as

the result of clinical

indiscriminate

use

chest-walls

cases

and

in

harmful

of

strong counter-irritants

of
in

opinions,we may
experience,that the

either of these

affections is both

thoracic

practice. A

moderate
in

greatestbenefit

while in others

it

entirelydispensed with.

to
applications

the

be

chest-walls

have

we

tional
irra-

of

amount

counter-irritation is of the
can

the

to

some

found

cases,
of

Hot

great

but when
service,

they are productive

improperlyapplied,
of a
of more
harm than good, and hence the application
counter-irritant
moderate
must
ence
always have the preferwhere the satisfactory
adoptionof the other measure
is impossible.
hard

No

employment

and

fast rule

can

laid down

be

of counter-irritation

or

as

to

the

otherwise, but this

"laystress on, that it is clearlywrong

and prolonged irritation to the
practiceto apply severe
tural
thoracic walls,causing extensive and deep-seatedstructhe
changes in the skin,with the hope of relieving
fact

we

must

diseased process in internal organs.

In the primary stages of thoracic

where
a
affections,
high temperature is a prominent symptom, and if,in
is excitable,it would
be clearly
addition, the animal
irrational to
and
will

apply counter-irritants where rest,pure air,

attention to the diet,with simple medicinal
agents,
of themselves bring about a return to the normal

state.

But

there

are

cases

where

counter

irritation

202

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

deeply fired
a
long rest has
not
are
goes sound, surelywe
inflammatoryprocess induced

Now, if when the part has

blistering.
with a sharp-pointediron, and when
been

allowed,the animal

going to

believe that

did

extend

not

the

the

beyond

been

and

skin

subcutaneous

tissues.
We

that in

aware
fully

are

performingthe operationwe
the cautery,and we are justified
beneficial results produced were

piercethe exostosis with

in concludingthat the
due to the reparative
process set up, which assisted nature
to cause
of the opposingsurfaces of the diseased
anchylosis
the pain and lameness, and as
bones, and thus removed
portant.
an
auxiliaryto which we must regard rest as very im2. Baths
do

we
same

and

not

make

extent

as

Allied

Measures.

of

use

and

medicine.
and
cattle,

baths.

Hot

baths

and
practice,

are

Great
avoid

which

prevent
of the

are

employed
care

for

or

cold, to the

largeextent of
in overcoming
difficulty

The
the

the evil effects of excessive

the circumstances

veterinarypractice

baths, either hot

in human

the skin of horses

In

"

reactions,are

the

generaladoptionof

greatestbenefit
a

varietyof

is,however,

among

necessary

in canine

diseased
in

ditions.
con-

order

to

injuriouseffects of reaction, and to guard

The patientsshould
etc.
againstthe danger of chills,
be carefully
dried,and kept in kennels maintained at a
the

proper
The

temperature.
Turkish Bath,

therapeuticagent, is one of
great value and importance,and no veterinaryinfirmary
is completewithout
a
properlyfitted bath of this kind.
In

cases

etc. , the

but
and

we

of

also to

renal affections,
chills,
rheumatism, laminitis,

Turkish
must

as

be
see

bath

is of benefit in the

careful not

to

that the animal

excessive reaction,

cause

is

earlystages;

properlyclothed,and

FOMENTATIONS

not

afterwards

the

value

wide

POULTICES

cold.

exposed to

of the Turkish

extendingover
The

AND

We

may also refer to

in affections of the skin

bath

whether

area,

203

in horses

action of the hot air softens the

or

dogs,

and enables
cuticle,

to have the desired effect.

applications
The Effectsof Gold and Hot Applications.
The effect of
the application
of cold to a part for a time is to cause
contraction of the afferent arteries by reflex action,and,
of blood going to the part is
as
a
result,the amount
lessened.
dilates the capillaries,
Heat
reduces tension
"

and

relaxes

soothes the
tissues,

thus relieves

nerves

of the

part,and

pain.

Fomentations

cated
composed of hot water, either mediotherwise.
or
They are appliedto inflamed parts
for the purpose of lessening
tension and pain,and require
are

in their use,

care

time, with water

should
liniment

avoid

to

should
application

Their

the effects of reaction.

be continued

are

composed of
applications
Their

spent hops,etc.
nerve

considerable

at the

linseed-meal,bran, oatmeal, boiled

heat

for

requiredtemperature ; the parts

be well clothed afterwards, and a stimulating
applied,so as to preventchilling.

Poultices
as

as

so

and

moisture

endingsin

are

uses

are

substances

carrots

various in

or
cases

such

turnips,
where

beneficial either in

inflamed

parts,or

puncturedwounds of
of the knife to
the feet in horses,after the judicious
use
are
very useful. It is
provideproper drainage,poultices
to remark, however, that poultices
requireto
necessary
in
to avoid their use
so
as
be employed with discretion,
where
of wounds
we
the case
may, by dry antiseptic
favourable results. They should
induce more
dressings,
not be continued for too long a period,as they are apt
to produce a softened,unhealthycondition of the part
of abscesses.

In

cases

of

in

soothingthe
turation
favouringthe ma-

204

and

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

excessive

which
interfere materially
granulations,
instances
with the reparativeprocess.
In many
it is
of the
poultices
; thus, in wounds
necessary to medicate
feet associated with much
pain,local anodynes,such as

belladonna, are

useful.

endeavour

poulticesappliedto

very
to render
the

antiseptic
by

addition

acid, creolin,etc., in

of

In

every

case

we

surfaces

open

agents, such

should

as

carbolic

proportions. It is also
poulticesshould be changed

proper

that
necessary to remember
at least twice a day, to avoid

putrefactive
changes.
When
wounds
become
greatlyinflamed, and great pain
and irritability
exist,the beneficial effects of poultices
appliedare beyond question.
judiciously
selection of either hot or cold applications
The
for
is very often a questionof taste,
therapeutical
purposes
and depends much
the nature of the case.
As a rule,
on
state that where pain and tension are prominent
we
may
the

symptoms

use

of

heat

is

indicated ;

this

acts

beneficially
by soothing the peripheralnerve-endings,
the tension of the vessels, and
relieving
softeningthe
skin.
There

of unhealthy
instances,especially
conditions of the joints,
and tendons of horses,
ligaments,
where the application
of cold,such as that produced by a
are

continuous
of

many

stream

of cold water

great benefit.

As

over

the

parts,is

ductive
pro-

examples,we may mention

where it is necessary to reduce
cases
existingheat or
inflammation
prior to the applicationof a counterirritant ; also in cases
of open
joint the continued
applicationof cold relieves the pain, and checks the
inflammation
in the synovialmembrane.
3. Surgical Applications. These
properly belong to
the domain of surgery, so that only a brief mention
can
be made
here of the therapeutical
agents employed in
"

SURGICAL

this

APPLICATIONS

respect; these agents will,however, receive

under

205

tion
atten-

their respective
heads in Part III.

These agents either prevent the en(1)Antiseptics.

trance
of organisms into a wound
or
destroythem, and
arrest the processes
givingrise to fermentation and
decomposition.
They are representedby carbolic acid,
boracic acid,iodoform,perchloride
creolin,
of mercury,
"

etc.

for the most part similar materials

(2)Disinfectants
are
to antiseptics,
but are
stronger
employed in a much
form, and are also used for the purposes of preventing
the spread of infectious and contagious
diseases. They
and their products,and are
destroymicro-organisms
of putrid wounds, etc. They are
employed in cases
representedby strong solutions of carbolic acid,chloride
of zinc,chloride of lime,sulphurous
acid,etc.
These possess the power of absorbing
(3)Deodorants.
foul odours,and are represented
gases and neutralizing
by charcoal,solutions of permanganate of potash,etc.
albuminous
(4) Astringents
coagulateor precipitate
the vessels of a
and contract or constringe
discharges,
the process of exudation. For surgical
part,thus limiting
purposes theyare employed to lessen excessive discharges,
and
thus
to check
impartingtone to
granulations,
wounds.
by solutions of the acetate
They are represented
and subacetate of lead,sulphateof zinc,alum, etc.
therapeutics
(5)Stimulants are employed in surgical
in a wound, and to
excessive granulations
to check
this is tardy. They
hasten the healingprocess when
such as
of a caustic,
are
represented
by mild applications
"

nitrate of silver.

(6)Stypticsare agents employed for the purpose of

arrestinghsemorrhagefrom injuredvessels or surfaces,
wounds.
either the result of accident or from surgical

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

206

and
either by coagulating
act
astringents,
albumin, and thus plugging the bleedingvessels, or
vessels. Styptics
are
they cause contraction of capillary
representedby persaltsof iron,benzoin, tannic acid,

They

are

of

lead,hazeline,etc.
lint,acts as a mechanical

acetate
tow

or

(7)

Caustics

Escharotics.

and

Pressure, such

with

as

styptic.
"

Caustics

possess

the

they come
power of destroyinglivingtissue with which
in contact.
They combine with the water and albumin
of the

tissues,and

slough are termed

for destroying
virus

they produce

when

escharotics.
in

Caustics

extensive

an

employed

are

wounds, for removing warts

and

promoting the healingprocess

useful in supin sinuses and fistulas. They are
pressing
and in hasteningthe
exuberant
granulations
lating
healingprocess when this is slow, probably by stimuvessels of the
and the capillary
the trophic
nerves

unhealthygrowths,and

for

part.

(8) Vesicants are

ulceratingsurfaces

sometimes
which

tend

employed
to become

in

cases

of

chronic, and

tion,
They stimulate the local circulaand promote the reparativeprocess, cantharides
beingthe agent usuallyemployed for this purpose.
terized
(9)Anodyfiesare employed in cases of wounds characpainand irritation. They are applied
by persistent
the preparalocallyas well as administered internally,
tions
of opium and belladonna being most useful in this
difficultto heal.

are

respect.
Before
we

concludingthe subjectof generaltherapeutics,

refer to the actions

may

of msdicinal

agents

on

the

eye.

anesthesia

Local
of

of the

eye is

solution of cocaine.

produced by

the

tion
applica-

TICS

MYDRIA

The

wis is dilated

AND

by belladonna

by hyoscyamus,etc. ;

such

MYOTICS

207

also
and its alkaloids,

agents are termed mydjiatics,

or given
producetheir effectwhether appliedlocally
in sufficient amount.
internally
The iris is contracted by Calabar bean and its alkaloid,
etc. ; such agents
by opium, pilocarpine,
physostigmine,
termed myotics.
are

and

PART

III.

THERAPEUTICS.

SPECIAL

CHAPTEE

I.

INTRODUCTORY.
have

We

to

now

consider

agents,and

medicinal

the

actions

their uses,

of

founded

the
on

our

various
ledge
know-

of their actions.

remedies

New

of

knowledge
discover

As

are

ever

remedies

increase,and

of

brief existence,are

or

will

disease

methods

of

our

be

as

our

efforts to
continued.

treatment, when

eagerlysought after. Some

practicalusefulness ; others, after a
ignoredbecause they have not acted

first brought forward,

test

combat

to

means

new

the

the

pathologyadvances, so

rule,new

stand

on

are

of their introducers.
expectations
of drugs employed for therapeutical
number
The
but it is clear that there are many
purposes is very large,
of preciseknowledge concerningtheir
which from want
actions,and of clinicaldata concerningtheir therapeutical
than a passingnotice in
value, cannot be accorded more
to the

up

of this kind.

work
There

are

certain

drugs

which

have

been

proved by

experimentaland clinical evidence to be of definite

value, and these of necessitywill requirea
therapeutical
both

more

detailed consideration

at

our

hands.

210

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

consists in

It
Therapeutics.'

to their natural

source, whether

order

derived

"

from

cording
arranging the drugs acthat is,accordingto their
inorganicor from organic

materials.

By subdividingthese we can group togethermany

medicinal
agents possessingsimilar actions,and thus
these actions when
conveniently
necessary.
compare
is the sketch of the plan to be adopted :
The following
Part

Inorganic Materia

The

"

Medica.

Alkalies and Alkaline Earths.

Gboup

I.

Group

II." The

Group

III.

Geoup

IV.

Group

V.

Group

VI.

Part

We

I.

"

"

Metals.
Non-Metallic

The

"

Elements.

Acids.
Water.

"

II.

"

The
The

"

Group

I.

Group

II.

"

Compounds.

Organic Materia

The

"

Carbon

The

Medica.

Vegetable
Kingdom.
Animal

Kingdom.

have

drawn
attention in Part I.,under
previously
the heading of the Actions of Medicines,to a convenient
of tracingthe actions of a drug in the system,
method
and whenever
this plan will be followed.
possible
It consists in arrangingthe actions under four distinct
heads
that is,supposingthe drug to be administered by
"

the mouth

(1.)The Immediate Local Action.

(2.)The Action in or on the Blood.
Action.
(3.)The Specific
(4.)The Bemote Local Action.
Having

system and

followed
noted

the

drug

its actions

in

its

course

therein,we

through the
can

then

con-

SPECIAL

sider its medicinal

actions,and
There

THERAPEUTICS

uses, founded

also note

does not

as

knowledgeof

these

contra-indications to its

any

exist

on

211

ployment.
em-

yet any recognised

Veterinary

Pharmacopceia,so that in the followingchaptersthe

of the agents described are
those of the
preparations
for specialpurBritish Pharmacopceia,unless when
poses
than those of the latter are
stronger preparations
mentioned.

Preparations.
"

Mediea

Materia
state

The
use

The

majority of

possess

that it is necessary

followingare

such

the

characters

to prepare

them

the chief kinds

of

agents of the
in

the

crude

for administration.

in
preparations

AcLUse

(Waters) are

very

weak

simple solutions

of

volatile oils in distilled water.

Decocta

substances
Infusions

made
are
by boilingvegetable
(Decoctions)
and adding more
in water, straining,
water.
solutions preparedby digesting
are
vegetable

substances in water.
solutions of volatile oils in
are
(Essences)
ten times the
four parts of rectified spirit
; they are
(spiritus).
strengthof spirits
obtained by evaporating
either
are
Extracta
(Extracts)
stituents
the expressed
juiceof fresh plantsor the soluble conof dried drugs.
Green extracts are preparedfrom fresh plants.
Alcoholic extracts are preparedby the action of rectified
on
dry drugs,and then evaporator
ing.
proofspirit
spirit
Essentise

Liquidextracts are preparedby macerating the drug

and
adding spiritto prevent
in water, evaporating,
decomposition.

212

VETERINARY

TRERAPEOTICS

are
(Glycerines)

Grlycerina

solutions

of substances

in

glycerine.
Pulveres

(Powders)are

trituration to

prepared by reducingdrugsby

state of fine division.

solutions of colourless substances

are
Spiritus(Spirits)
or

oils in

when

rectified

preparedin

spirit.They
specialmanner,

termed

Complex
eetheris
e.g., Spiritus

are

nitrosi.

Syrupi (Syrups) are

largeproportionof
Tincturse

combined

or

preparations,containinga

sugar.

solutions

are

either alone

fluid

of active substances
with

other

in

spirit,

solvents.

(Wines)are solutions of drugs in sherry,such as

vinum
ipecacuanhse,or in orange wine, e.g., Vinum
quinise.
Misturae
various
(Mixtures)are made
by dissolving
substances in water.
They are frequently
compound.
Linimenta
(Liniments or Embrocations)are preparations
for external application,
or
by friction,
anointing,
painting.
Lotiones
(Lotionsor Washes) are solutions or mixtures
for external use by washing or applyingin lint.
of active substances
Unguenta
(Ointments)are mixtures
Vina

lard,vaseline,lanoline,etc.

with

active

found in various plants,

principles,
minoid
probablyresultingfrom the metamorphosis of the albuconstituents ; they are alkaline in reaction,forming
salts with acids,and in form they are usuallycrystalline
solids.
All contain
be
nitrogen,and they may
Some
regarded as compounds of ammonia.
tain
plantsconAlkaloids

are

number

actions

from

littleor

no

For

of
one

alkaloids

which

another,but

indication of such

example, among

the

may

chemical

differ in

their

analysisaffords

difference.
alkaloids

of

opium

we

find

ALKALOIDS
the

AND

ACTIVE

anodynemorphine and

difference between
atoms

of

213

PRINCIPLES

apomorphine,the
formulae being only two

the emetic

the chemical

hydrogen.

Alkaloids

have

older works

the terminal

the terminal

'

ia

'

'

ine

is

'

or

'

ina,'and in the

given.

Examples. Morphine, atropine,quinine,cocaine,

pilocarpine.
physostigmine,
"

Organic Principles

Neutral

are

concentrated

drugs.
agents,also derived from vegetable
They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen,
sometimes

They

bases, sometimes

as
are

the terminal

as

and

active

occur

acids.

from the alkaloids by having

distinguished
in,'and are representedby aloin,digitalin,
'

santonin,salicin.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

214

CHAPTEE

I." THE

GROUP

Of

Sodium;

2.

INORGANIC

I." ALKALIES

these

General

II.

the
3.

MATERIA

AND

Ammonium;

Ebmaeks

ALKALINE

important

most

on

MEDICA.

4.

1.

are:

Potassium;

Calcium; 5. Magnesium.

Alkalies.

of dissolving
the
the power
animal tissues. This solvent

EARTHS.

Alkalies

possess
nitrogenousconstituents of
power

"

is in

proportionto,

for water.
The caustic
yet distinct from, their affinity
for v^ater, possess a more
alkalies,
having a great affinity

destructive action

the tissues than

on

the other members

of this group.
the

On

the
after
and

Stomach.

secretion

feedingthey

retard

In

cases

Alkalies
of

crease
given before feeding ingastricjuice,but if given soon

neutralize

the

acid of this

secretion,

digestion.
of excessive

the administration
of

"

of

an

with
acidity,

alkali,such

but
soda,proves beneficial,

its action

acid
as

the
must

eructations,
bicarbonate
be

regarded

Alkalies exert
sedative effect on
a
only palliative.
the stomach, and relieve gastricpain ; they also neutralize
as

the toxic effects of acids.

On

power,

of their diffusionAlkalies,by reason

readilypass into the blood, so that only a small

the

Blood.

"

portionof them reach far into the small intestine. On

pending
enteringthe blood they undergo various changes, detheir composition,the majority being proon
bably
converted
ultimatelyinto carbonates.
They are
quicklyeliminated by the kidneys,so that it is probable
of the blood to
they do not increase the alkalinity
any

POTASSIUM

great

AND

extent

in

ITS

MEDICINAL

fact,after their conversion

but littleis known

of their

the

Actingas diuretics,
they are
kidneys.

1. POTASSIUM

Sources.
from

AND

From

"

ITS

excreted

MEDICINAL

woodashes, from

into

preciseaction

vital fluid.

by

215

SALTS

cream

on

bonates,
car-

the

chiefly

SALTS.

of tartar,and

the native nitrate.

GENEEAL

ACTIONS

The

of the

actions

POTASSIUM

OF

different salts of

accordingto

their nature, some,

irritant and

caustic ;

being diuretic

; while

SALTS.

potassium vary
the hydrate,being

as

the nitrate and

others,as

others,as the iodide and

exhibit the action of their acid

(1) IMMEDIATE

or

acetate,

bromide,

salt radical.

LOCAL

ACTION.

tion
potassium temporarilychecks the secreof saliva. In the stomach, if given before feeding,
stimulates the gastricfollicles,
it acts as a dilute alkali,
increases the flow of gastricjuice,and also acts as a
If given after feedingit
sedative to the gastricnerves.

In the mouth

neutralizes

the

of
acidity

(2) ACTION
it increases

number

ON

THE

of the stomach.

BLOOD.

quicklyenters the blood in the form of salts ;

of the plasma, in a
the natural alkalinity

Potassium

transient

the contents

manner,

and

however,

quahty of

the red

(3) SPECIFIC

and

also

increases

the

corpuscles.
ACTION.

largerdoses potassium salts depressthe muscular,

and cardiac tissues. In the dog largedoses are
nervous,
expelledby the act of vomition.
In

216

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

(4)EBMOTB
Potassium

salts

ACTION.

LOCAL

rapidly excreted from

kidneys,to a less extent by

are

system, chieflyby the

skin, respiratorypassages

and

The

the

Medicinal

heading of

Uses

will

the

bowels, increasing the

alkalinityof
due
diuretic effect being generally
the renal epithelium.
and

amount

the

very

be

the
to

excretions, their
their influence

under

described

on

the

each salt.

Potassii

Carbonas

Potassii

Bicarbonas"

"

Cabbonate

op

BicAEBONATB

Potassium.
Potassium.

of

Preparation. The Carbonate is obtained from pearlash, the product of lixiviation of woodashes
by solution
is prepared by
The
and
Bicarbonate
crystallization.
"

solution

saturatinga strong aqueous

with

carbonic

acid gas, and

of

the

carbonate

recrystallizing.

the Bicarbonate.
Horses, gss. to "i.; cattle,
"1.to "i.ss.
; sheep and pigs,3ss. to 3i.; dogs,grs. x. to
Twice daily,
properlydiluted.
grs. Xi.
Doses

of

General

degreeof
The

"

Actions.

"

The

carbonates

differ

only in

the

their action.

carbonate

in sufficient amount

and

concentrated

bonate
poison. The bicardoes not possess
this action, being less of an
of a saline,
for
alkali and more
and is the salt preferred
It is antacid,also stomachic,soothingthe
internal use.
It increases the alkalinity
of the blood
nerves.
gastric
and urine, and acts as a mild diuretic and diaphoretic.
form

to

acts

as

irritant corrosive

an

in dilute solution,
act as antacids
Externallyboth salts,
the skin,besides stimulating
and cleansing
when used

in the familiar form

Medicinal

Uses

"

of soap.

Internally.In
"

cases

of

dyspepsiathe

218

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

tion for

after

use

hard

part becomes

the

when
blisters,

and

scaly,possessingthe advantages of allayingundue

and not causing excessive softeningof the
irritability,
of oleaginous
after the use
parts,such as is apt to ensue
substances.

Liquor

Potassae"

Potassa

Caustica

Solution
"

Potash.

Caustic

Preparation. The Liq. Potasses

Potash.

of

is

preparedby boiling
slaked lime in a solution of the carbonate
and decanting.
is prepared from the liquorpotassse by
Caustic Potash
boilingit down quicklyin a silver vessel and pouring
"

into moulds.

Caustic potash is

ployed
penetratingcaustic seldom emin practice. Liquor potassee possesses
similar
actions to the carbonate, but the latter,being milder,
is prescribed
instead.

Potassii

lodidum
p.

Potassii

Iodide

"

Potassium

of

(see lodum,

293).

Bromidum

"

Bromuni,
Potassii

Nitras

p.

Beomide

(see

299).

Niteate

"

Potassium

of

op

Potassium, Nitee, Salt-

PETEB.

Prepared from

the native

salt

from
by crystallization

solution in water.
Doses.

"

to |ss.; cattle,
Horses, 7,ii.
gi.to gi.ss.
; sheep

and

pigs,5ss.
daily.

Specific Actions.
and

3i.; dogs, grs.

to

when

"

Externally it
concentrated

to

x.

is

grs.

xx.

is stimulant
an

irritant to

Twice

and

frigerant,
re-

mucous

surfaces.

Internally.In excessive doses it is a gastro-intestinal

besides paralyzing
the heart and nervous
irritant,
centres.
"

POTASSIUM

AND

ITS

MEDICINAL

219

SALTS

In medicinal

doses it is very soluble and diffusible,

and
quicklyenters the blood. Its preciseaction in the blood
is not

clearlyunderstood, but

amount

to blood

drawn

It is excreted

the bronchial

from

glands and

added

in

large

the

body it retards coagulation.

also
kidneyschiefly, from
the functions
skin,increasing

the

by

when

the

of these organs.
It

is

powerful diuretic,producingthis effect by

actingas a local vascular stimulant to the kidneys,thus
from other potassium salts in this respect.
differing
a

Medicinal
of

Uses.

potassium

is

As

"

an

alterative and

prescribedin

nitrate
febrifuge,

febrile conditions

and

to promote the bronchial,cutaneous

affections,
and urinarysecretions,
and to assist in the elimination

catarrhal

of effete products.
It is
and

giveneither
is readily
taken

alone

sulphateof magnesia,
the patient's
drinking-

with

or

dissolved in

water.

As
and

diuretic it is

for

hasteningthe
In

cavities.
because

cases

on

disease its

the renal
and

febrile

in

affections,

of effusions from

removal

of renal

of its action
the

employed

use

requirescare

other salts,
bloodvessels,

acid tartrate, being preferred

such

as

when

it is desired to increase the secretion of water

urea,

by stimulatingthe

acetate

the renal vessels.

conditions
and
In

in such
acute

of the
cases

serous

without
epithelium,

renal

and
turbing
dis-

It is also useful in oedematous

etc., in horses,
limbs, lymphangitis,
is often combined

rheumatism,

in

with other diuretics.

combination

with

other

remedies,it producesbeneficial effects; but these cannot

be ascribed to any

specialaction

in combination
Externally,
lotion,which
a
refrigerating
inflammatoryaction.

on

the blood.

with sal

ammoniac, it forms

is useful in

reducinglocal

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

220

Potassii

Chloras

Chloeate

"

Potassium.

op

Prepared by passing chlorine gas into

carbonate
chloride of potassium and
or
boiling,evaporating,and separating the
potassiumby recrystallization.
Doses.
and

"

of
mixture
slaked lime,
of
chlorate

Horses, 3ii.to ^ss.; cattle,"ss. to gi.; sheep

pigs,grs.

xx.

grs. xl. ; dogs, grs. v. to grs. xv.

be modified accordingto circumstances,
to

These doses must

and may be administered

in the food

drinking-water.

or

it increases the

In the mouth

salivary
also acts as a stimulant to the different portions
mucous
membrane, thus being a saline
respiratory

SpecificActions.
flow ;
of the

"

expectorajit. If
acts

as

an

administered

in

stomach

irritant to the

excessive
and

doses,

intestines.

it

Its

If it be
clearlyunderstood.
from the body, it increases
the
added to blood drawn
and causes
firmness of the coagulum.
power of coagulation,
It does not, as was
once
believed,yieldup its oxygen to
the blood,as it is eliminated chiefly
by the kidneysin an
unchanged condition,and its soluble power is slight.
In toxic doses it disintegrates
the red corpuscles,
and
and
the colouringmatter
causes
albumin, with a few
in the urine.
to appear
corpuscles,

action

on

Medicinal

the

blood

Uses.

is not

As

"

an

internal

potashis a very valuable

able to explain the manner
of

beneficial effects in

cases

of

the chlorate
antiseptic,
agent ; althoughwe are not
in which
it produces its
still,
septicaemia,
experience

has proved its utility.

of purpura
hemorrhagica it produces most
beneficial results, either alone or in combination
with
In

cases

of
preparations
a

iron ; it is advisable to

large dose, and

to

It is evident that this

on

the

follow

this with

drug possesses

blood,judgingfrom

prescribeat
smaller

some

first

amounts.

specialaction

the results obtained.

POTASSIUM

AND

ITS

In

or
hcRmo-alhuminuria,
attending to the bowels,

SALTS

MEDICINAL

'

red water,' in

221

cattle,after

potash in
combination
with albuminous
substances givesexcellent
of the blood.
results,
probablyby improvingthe quality
As a sialagogueand
saline expectorant chlorate of
of laryngitis,
potash is useful in cases
pharyngitis,
there is difficulty
in swallowWhere
ing,
bronchitis,etc.
it may
be used in the form of gargle,or as an
with extract
of belladonna.
electuaryin combination
For wounds
or
injuriesof the mouth, tongue, and in
aphthous eruptionsand ulcerations,it is useful in the
form

of

mouth-wash

Potassii

chlorate

of

coUutorium.

or

Acetas

the

Acetate

"

of

Potassium.

Prepared by saturatingacetic acid with carbonate

and solidifying.
of potassium,evaporating,
Doses.

"

Actions

The

same

and

Uses.

nitrate,but

the

those of the nitrate.

as

"

-These

are

diuretic action

similar to those of the

is

brought

about

in

alreadystated. It enters the blood

a
as
carbonate,and is chieflyexcreted by the kidneys,
of
causing profuse diuresis. It is prescribedin cases
dropsy depending on renal disease,where the use of the
different manner,

nitrate would

Potassii

as

be contra-indicated.

Tartras

Acida

"

Ceeam
is

mild laxative and

Acid Taetbatb
op

diuretic

of

Potassium,

Taetak
in
prescribed
occasionally

veterinarypractice.
Potassii

Permanganas

"

Permanganate

of

Prepared by evaporatinga mixture of

chlorate of potassium, and
of manganese,
caustic

potash.

Potassium.
black oxide
solution of

222

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

importantuse of this salt is as a disinfectant

and deodorant.
It is employed in solution,and readily
evolves oxygen, but is supersededto a great extent
It is still employed by
efficient disinfectants.
by more
for the uterus in cases
as
some
an
injection
practitioners
of metritis,etc.
The
as
popular disinfectant known
Condy's Bed Fluid is a solution of permanganate of
potassium and sodium.
The

most

AND

2. SODIUM

Sources,

"

The

ITS

MEDICINAL

SALTS.

chloride,the native nitrate,and native

borax.
ACTIONS

GBNBEAL
The
of

potassium;

noticed

there

nerves,

have

the

not

importantdifferences

depressingeffect

consequentlythey

administered

when

are

on

less

muscles

poisonous

in full doses.

excreted,and in

by passinginto

far

are

(2) The salts of sodium are much

those of potassium; thus,they are
and

to be

(1)They
and

but

in their actions the salts

resemble

salts of sodium

SALTS.

SODIUM

OF

less diffusible than

instances act

some

the small

slowlyabsorbed

more

as

saline purgatives

intestines.

(3) The salts of sodium, compared with those of

potassium,are less useful for the purpose of increasing
the alkalinity
of the blood in diseases such as rheumatism,
as they are
slowly absorbed, and when administered in
full doses tend to pass off by the bowels.
Sodii

Bicarbonas

"

Bicaebonate

Prepared by saturatingthe carbonate

with carbonic acid gas, or by the reaction
sodium

and bicarbonate

of

Soda.
of potassium
of chloride of

of ammonium.

Doses.
Horses, 3ii.to gss.; cattle,"ss.to "i.;
and pigs,
grs. xx. to grs. xxx.
; dogs,grs. x. to grs.
"

sheep
xx.

SODIUM

The

ITS

AND

MEDICINAL

223

SALTS

carbonate

onlydiffers in its degreeof action from

the bicarbonate,
and
the latter is the salt generally
employed.
General

Actions.

actions of sodium
Administered

Bicarbonate

"

in

of sodium

generalon

possesses the
all parts of the body.

before

it increases the secretion of

feeding,
the gastricjuice; given after or with the food, it prevents
and
undue
fermentation
of
food.
excessive acidity,
It also acts as a diuretic,
increasingthe water and solid
the acidity
of
constituents of the urine,and neutralizing
less powerfulthan the
the same
; but these actions are
correspondingsalts of potash.
The bicarbonate of soda, beingless
Medicinal
Uses.
irritant than the corresponding
salt of potassium,is preferred
it
is
for which
in cases
of indigestion,
purpose
with vegetable
bitters,tonics,and
generallycombined
vomica and gentian
A combination
with nux
aromatics.
is very useful in cases
of indigestion
dependingon a want
of tone in the stomach with a tendencyto fermentation
"

and flatulence ; this may

along with the food or after feeding.
of the contents

be administered

the
this salt is very useful in stimulating
this secretion is deficient,
flow of gastric
juice. When
As

stomachic

portionof

the
It

chloride,which
also tends

which
of

the salt at the

to

and
dyspepsia,

the food without

Sodii

Sulphas

assists the

"

thus

enables

digestionof
of

liquefymucus

to exist in the

is found

time is converted

same

into

albumin.

tenacious

nature,

in
gastricmucosa
the gastric
juiceto

cases

reach

difficulty.
Sulphate

of

Sodium, Glaubee's

Salts.

carbonate
of sodium
to the
of hydrochloric
acid.
residue left after the manufacture

Prepared by adding
Doses.

"

As

purgativefor cattle,lb. i.

to

lb. i. ss. ;

224

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

sheep,gii.to "iv.; as a cholagogue and alterative for

dissolved in the drinking-water.
to "iii.,
horses,"ii.
General

Actions.

Sulphateof

"

its actions other

resemblingin
nature, such
immediate

sodium

is a saline tive,
purgapurgativesof this

It possesses an
also stimulates
the intestines,

sulphateof magnesium.

as

local action

on

glands,and is constantlybeing absorbed

excreted by the intestinal vessels in its course
along
described
intestine,
causingpurgationin the manner

the intestinal
and
the

at p. 85.

stimulant,
cholagogueor true hepatic
the
actingdirectlyon the hepaticcells,and increasing
is lodged
besides removing bile which
secretion of bile,
It is also

direct

in the duodenum.
it is excreted
The

Given

almost

unchanged by

phosphate of

Medicinal

cattle in

Uses.

eases

and to act

on

sodium
It is

"

where

the

has similar actions.

prescribedfor
wish

we

the bowels.

diluted,
freely
kidneys.

doses

in small

both

horses

and

both to stimulate the liver

Unless

in

large doses,it

has

then is uncertain
horse,and even
in its action.
Nevertheless,in moderate doses it
has a laxative effect,
and is useful in cases
of congestion
of the liver. In cattle,
compared with sulphateof magnesia,
no

purgativeeffect

it is slower

on

the

in its action

and both
purgative,
As a cholagoguein the
combined.
drugs are occasionally
because of the great irritability
dog,it is seldom suitable,
of the stomach
which is generally
orders
present in hepaticdisas

of this animal.

Sodii

Hyposulphis

"

Hyposulphite

op

Prepared by passing sulphurous acid

solution of carbonate of soda with sulphur.
Doses.
to grs.

Horses

"

X.

Soda.
gas

into

and cattle,
3ii.to "ss.; dogs, grs.
twice
or three times daily.
repeated

v.

226

beinggivenas
.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

dose dissolved in

proper

of
proportion

water.

affections of
in various parasitic
prescribed
animals in combination
the alimentarycanal of young
vyith tonic agents, and is popularlyemployed as an
emetic for the dog.
frigerating
Externallyit is sometimes used in the form of a rewith nitrate of potassium
lotion in combination
of
of one
in the proportions
and chloride of ammonium,
each to thirtyof water, which producesa lotion of very'
It is also

low

temperature.

Sodii

Biborate

(seeAcid. Boricuni,p. 319).

(seeBromum, p. 299).
(seelodum, p. 293).

Sodii Bromidum
Sodii lodidum
Sodii

Boeax

"

Salicylas.

Sodii Hypophosphis.

3. AMMONIUM

ITS

MEDICINAL

COMPOUNDS.

medicinal
pounds
preparationsand comof ammonium
derived
are
directlyor indirectly
the chloride,which
is obtained from
ammoniacal

Sources.
from

AND
"

All the

gas-liquor.
GENEEAL
These

ACTIONS

resemble

to

OF

AMMONIUM

certain extent

sodium, but are much more

action,and more
powerful.

cutaneous

nerves

and

otherwise

the

it acts

vessels.

vapour
as

as

ACTION.
a

stimulant

to

the

structures,causing a sensation of

the
pain,and dilating
and

LOCAL

acts

those of

potassium
volatile,
quickerin their

and

(1)IMMEDIATE
Externally ammonia

SALTS.

If the

be
application

confined,vesication may

rubefacient.

longed
pro-

result,

AMMONIUM

as

AND

ITS

MEDICINAL

COMPOUNDS

227

when inhaled by the nostrils,

ammonia
Internally,
a
powerful generalstimulant,producingin a
excitation of the vaso-motor

manner

centre, and

acts

reflex

raising

blood-pressure.
In the stomach
of

largedose,such as of
acts in the dog
diluted,

ammonia, well

Medicinal

doses

act

as

carminatives

stimulants,besides possessingan

and

antacid

the carbonate
as

emetic.

an

reflexgeneral
effect if given

after

feeding.If given before feedingit stimulates

secretion of gastric
juice,
beinggenerally
employed in

form

of

On

an

the

not

appear
action.

alkaline stomachic

have

any

(2) ACTION
Ammonia
diminishes
the

is
the

of
alkalinity

doses, ammonia

appreciableimmediate
THE

ON

does
local

BLOOD.

into the
rapidly absorbed
tendency to coagulation,and
the

the

mixture.

in medicinal
intestines,
to

the

blood ;

it

increases

plasma.

(3) SPECIFIC

ACTION.

generalstimulant,actingon the central nervous

centre, the heart,
system, the spinalcord,the respiratory
It increases the production
and generalblood-pressure.
with carbonic
of urea, in part by its own
decomposition
It is

acid in the liver.

In

of the

toxic doses the effects vary with the

; but all after primary stimulation

spinalcord,motor
(4)EBMOTE

ployed
preparationemcause
paralysis

centres,and cerebrum.
LOCAL

ACTION.

by the kidneys,also by the

mucous
membranes, especially
by the respiratory
mucous
It is changedto the form of nitric acid,and
mejnhrane.
of
probablyalso as urea, and thus increases the amount
Ammonia

is excreted

21%

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

urea

in the urine, while

acid

as

the

as

the shin it has

On

the acetate

the excretion

increasingits volume, the chloride of

creases
fully. It inpossessingthese actions more
thus actingas an expecbronchial secretion,
torant.

well

ammonium

it tends to render

marked

most
effect,
diaphoretic

in

of ammonium.

remotely increases the

secretions of the intestinal glands,and, if givenin large
doses,will cause
purgation.
The medicinal uses will be described under the heading
of each preparation
of ammonium.
On

the Intestines.

Ammonia

"

Fortior
Liquor Ammoniae
Ammonia, Spirits

containing32-5

Water

Liquor Ammonise
Water

containing10

General

Actions.

"

"

Steong

Solution

of

Haetshoen.

op

per cent, of gaseous

ammonia.

Solution of Ammonia.

"

per cent,

These

of gaseous

possess

the

ammonia.

chief actions

of

ammonia.
and unless
hq. ammoniae fort, is a topicalirritant,
violent irritation of the mouth,
largelydiluted it causes
The

throat,and
have

mucous

membrane

arisen
occasionally

in

of the stomach.

this
administering

instead of the milder forms

Professor F.

injectedinto

Mistakes

of ammonia.

Smith, in experimentingwith

the

jugularvein

of

tion
prepara-

mule

half

this
an

ounce

drug,
of

the

strong solution,followed shortlyafter by another

half-ounce,with no apparent effect. Another half-ounce
was
injected,and in fortyminutes from the firstinjection
there

symptoms of colic manifested,the animal

and pawing frequently.
lookingtowards the sides,rolling,
There

was

were

quiveringof

the

muscles

of the

sides and

AMMONIUM

AND

flanks,and

wishing
and

urinate.

was

made

attempts, as if
became
modified,

The

229

constant

symptoms

the

morning. It was
destroyed,
extensive phlebitis
from the seat of

found
the

injectionto
In

COMPOUNDS

disappearednext

and there

around

MEDICINAL

the animal

to

had

ITS

chest,with discoloration of the muscles

injection.

has
strong solution of ammonia
administered
dotes
by mistake, the most effectual antidilute acids,such as vinegar,
and a free allowance
are

been

the

where

cases

of demulcents
Medicinal

Uses.

and
"

diluents.

The

strong solution of ammonia

is

is employed
internally.The liquorammonise
of narcotic poisoningin
in cases
as
a powerfulstimulant
and from
doses of from "ss. to |i.for horses and cattle,
T\\XX. to 3ss. for dogs.
of
here to state that all preparations
It is necessary
before
should be properlydiluted with water
ammonia
mixed
with cold gruelor
administration,
or, better still,
mucilaginous substances,so as to avoid the danger of
of the mouth
and
membrane
the mucous
irritating

used

not

throat.

liq.ammoniae
used
occasionally

The
are
or

to act
in
The

as

fort,
as

an

gives off strong fumes, which

generalstimulant

dogs.
liquorammonias

overcome

shock,

of narcotic

ing
poison-

inhalation to
in

cases

in
is prescribed

cases

tympanitis
present,acting

and cattle,neutrahzingthe gas

antacid, and stimulatingthe stomach

in horses
as

of

an

healthyaction.
Externallythe strong solution

tines
intes-

and

to

employed
mild

form

counter-irritant in

muscles
to

in the

and

of ammonia

of liniments
cases

as

of rheumatic

is

largely

stimulant

and

affections of

and pharyngitis
; and
joints,in laryngitis

prevent fomented

surfaces,such

as

the chest

walls,

230

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

the irritation

for
becoming chilled;also as an application
caused by the stingsof insects.
Ammonia
a

should

vesicant,as

strong enough to

be used

not

its action is

to
likely

leave

act

blemish

as
on

the skin if prolonged.

The

of mild counter-irritation

for the purposes

fort.,
gi.
01. terebinthee,
^i.
01. olivsB,
gvi.

Liq. ammon.

M.
For

liniments

convenient

followingform

Ft. lin.

dogs the followingis a

strains,bruises,etc.,also for muscular

after hot fomentations
Tr.

in

useful liniment

have been

cases

of

strains in horses

applied:

arnicee,
"iv.

Tr.

camphorge,"iv.
fort.,
Liq. ammon.
"ss.
Sapo mollis,"ii.
Aqua ad Oi.
M.

Ft. lin.

Aeomatic
Arotnaticus
Spiritus Ammoniae
Ammonia, Sal Volatile.

Spieit

"

op

of ammonia
of ammonia
in water
and the carbonate
and rectified
in the proportion
of four ounces
of the carbonate
spirit,
and eightounces
ammoniae
of the liq.
to six pints
fort.,
of spirit
and three pintsof water, and flavouring
with oil
of nutmeg and oil of lemon.
the strong solution
Preparedby dissolving

Doses.
to

Horses

and cattle,"ii.to giv.;

intervals
as required.
3i.)
repeatedat
"

Medicinal

Uses.

preparationof

"

The

ammonia.

aromatic

spiritis

dogs, 3ss.

convenient

AMMONIUM

As

AND

ITS

carminative

it in
It is also

and

of

cases

MEDICINAL

COMPOUNDS

231

reflexgeneralstimulant

both
dyspepsia,

useful,in combination

we

in horses and

with

other

ploy
em-

dogs.

agents,such

the oil of

in cases
of tympanitis,
in both
turpentine,
horses and cattle,
administered
in raw
linseed-oil.
As an
antacid it is prescribedin combination with
other agents possessingthis property, in the form of
as

alkaline

As

stomachic

mixtures, administered

generalstimulant

fever in cows,

where

it is useful in

stimulant

effects

after feeding.

of milk-

cases

indicated

are

in

the

secondarystages.
The
effects being transient,it is essential that the
doses be repeatedat intervals,
and alcohol is often prescribed
in addition,with advantage.
Similar remarks
refer to the irritating
effect of this
the mucous
of the
membrane
on
preparationof ammonia
of the liq.
mouth
as
ammonise, it beingnecessary to have
diluted before administration.
it properly
Ammonii

Carbonas

"

Oaebonatb
OF

CAEBONATB

Prepared by subliming a
and

ammonium
Doses.

carbonate

of

Ammonia, Sbsqui-

AmMONIA.
mixture

of

chloride of

of calcium.

to gss.; cattle,"ss. to gi.

Horses, 5ii.
; dogs,

"

either
grs. iii.to. grs. viii.,
dissolved in gruel,and

The

given in

the form

repeated at

of bolus

intervals

as

or

quired.
re-

carbonate

beingmore
permanent
of ammonia, is
in its effects than the other preparations
in certain respiratory
and cardiac
as a stimulant
preferred
Medicinal

Uses.

"

affections.
As
in

an

cases

antacid

stimulant
diffusible
dyspepsia,such as we

and

of atonic

it is

prescribed

meet

with

in

232

with

it is combined

this purpose

gentian,and a carminative,such
ale.
administered
twice dailyin vrarm
such

as

As

expectorantit is indicated in cases

promotes bronchial secretion and

stimulant

bronchitis,as

tympanitis.
tonic,
vegetable
and
as
ginger,
of

by recurringattacks

cattle,manifested
For

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

it

of

pectoration,
ex-

the secretion is
useful when
beingespecially
thick and scanty in the secondary stages,and the heart's
action weak, with
general debilityof the system. In
the heart and respiratory
centre.
addition it stimulates
For
it is combined
with
such
camphor
purposes
and
bitter tonic such
chlorate of potash, and
a
as

gentian, and

in

administered

the

form

of bolus

twice

daily.
As

canine

stimulatingemetic
combined
practice,

it is sometimes

prescribedin
of
ipecacuanha in cases

with

bronchitis.

Ammonii

Chloridum

"

Chloride

Ammonium,

of

Sal

Ammoniac.
ammoniacal
Prepared by neutralizing
hydrochloricacid.
Doses.

Same

"

Medicinal

chloride
second

Internally.As

"

"

of ammonium

stages

of

liquorwith

the carbonate.

as

Uses.

gas

expectorant the

an

is sometimes

prescribedin

bronchitis,also iu

cases

the

of chronic

bronchitis.
As

cholagogueit acts directlyon the liver,and is

of chronic torpidity
of
occasionally
prescribedin cases
this organ, and also in chronic hepatitis.
lotion in
Externallyit is prescribedas a refrigerating
a

combination

with

nitrate of

sodium, dissolved in

proper

potassium

and

proportionof

chloride
water.

of

234

VETERINARY

stimulants

being transient,it

them

so

have

to

as

THERAPEUTICS

Ammonii

is necessary to prescribe
tervals.
doses repeated at stated in-

the

(seeBromuni,

Bromidum

4. CALCIUM

Sources.
The chief sources
native sulphate
and bone-ash.
"

Calcii

Hydras

carbonate

are

of

lime,the

Limb.

Slaked

"

299).
SALTS.

MEDICINAL

ITS

AND

p.

with vvater.

Prepared by slakinglime

Preparations.
LicLUor Calcis

Lime-water.

"

slaked
fluid

Prepared by shaking up
and decanting. Each
water
a grainof lime.

lime
ounce

CALCIS.

LINIMENTUM

Prepared by mixing equal parts

olive-oiL
Actions

Also termed
and

Uses.

"

it attracts the water

Externallylime
is seldom

of the

of lime-water

and

oil.

carron

but
hydrate is caustic,

with distilled
contains half

used

part,and

in the form

of the

for this purpose ;

combines
with the

albumen.
In the form
to
application
cases

of the

linimentum

scalds and

of extensive

eczema

calcis it is

burns, and

is often

valuable
useful in

dogs,with profuseweeping
and desiccajit.
astringent
in

actingas an
discharges,
local action is
Internallythe immediate
it beingadministered in the form
astringent,

antacid
of the

and

liquor

calcis.
In the stomach

and

intestines it combines

free acids of the contents, and

with

prevents the formation

the
of

CALCIUM

AND

ITS

MEDICINAL

235

SALTS

of casein occurring
in young animals,
coagulatedmasses
those artificially
fed on milk, about one-fourth
especially

lime-water

beingadded to the milk.

It also acts as a generalgastric
the
sedative,
depressing
glandsof the stomach, and is hence prescribedin cases
of vomitingin dogs depending on
condition of acid
a
in the form of the saccharated solution of lime,
dyspepsia,
which
is prepared by digesting
slaked lime and sugar
in water, and decanting,
in the proportionof an
ounce
of the former with two ounces
of the latter to a pint
of water, and

administered

sixtyminims
On
the
the

mixed

twenty

to

the intestines the

action is due partlyto

astringent
antacid property,and partlyto a sedative effect on
intestinal glands,and for this purpose
the liquor
in

lambs

in doses of two

ounce

to

an

of from

with milk.

calcis is administered

of

in doses

one

ounce

for the

ounces

for the

gentianand ginger.
antidote for

of diarrhoea

eases

in calves and

former, and

combined
latter,

half

an

with tincture

Lime-water

poisoning
by

may be employed as
the mineral acids and oxalic

acid.
Creta

Preparata

"

Peepaeed

Prepared from the native

elutriation and drying.
Incompatibles All
"

acids and

carbonate

Chalk.
of calcium

sulphates.

to
Doses.
Horses, ji.to "ii.
; cattle,gii.
and pigs,3ii.to 3iv.; dogs,grs. x. to ^i.
"

by

"iv.; sheep

Prepared chalk possesses all the

but it is less
actions of the liquorcalcis justdescribed,
soluble,and retains its antacid propertiesfor a longer
cacious
effiperiod in the alimentarycanal, thus being more
testines.
antacid and astringent
as
an
throughoutthe inActions

and

Uses.

"

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

236

prescribedin
and
astringents,

It is
other

severe

with

cases

leave

the irritable

film
protecting

of the

of diarrhoea in all

with

such
antispasmodics,

very

beneficial effects.

be directed in such

to

cases

as

bined
patientsit is comopium or chlorodyne,

Attention,however, must
the
ascertain,if possible,

depending on the presence of an irritant,

referred
requireappropriatetreatment, as previously

cause,

will

to

with

thereon.

carbonate
In

diarrhcea,combined

is believed to soothe

membrane, and

mucous

of

cases

which,

if

to.

Calx
A

Chlorinata

"

of
compound directly

Limb.

Chloeinated
lime

and

chlorine.

nally.
compound is not used interIts chief use is as a disinfectant
and deodorizer,
producingits effects by decomposing substances such as
ammonia, sulphurettedhydrogen,etc., being ultimately
Actions

converted

and

Uses.

into

This

"

the

chloride

of

calcium.

the

development of germs, and

the purposes
of disinfecting
stables
shaken
about as a dry powder ; but
more
reliable,and not possessed of
properties.
Calcii Phosphas

Phosphate

"

op

It also vents
preis employed for
and

cowsheds,

other
its

agents

are

disagreeable

Calcium.

bone-ash in hydrochloric
Prepared by dissolving
acid,
and solution of ammonia, is sometimes
and adding water
prescribedin cases of malnutrition and anaemia in young

animals, also

Calcii
Calx

in

cases

of

rickets,and

other

bone

tions.
affec-

Hjrpophosphis (seePhosphorus,p. 276).

Sulphurata

(seeSulphur,p. 302).

MAGNESIUM

5. MAGNESIUM

Source.

ITS

AND

ITS

AND

237

SALTS

MEDICINAL

MEDICINAL

SALTS.

preparationsare derived
from
the sulphate of magnesia,
or
directly
indirectly
which
itself is prepared from magnesian limestone or
acid and purification.
dolomite,by solution in sulphuric
All

"

medicinal

the

Magnesii Sulphas

Sulphate
Salt.

"

Magnesia,

op

Epsom

Alkaline carbonates,lime-water.
Incompatibles.
"

As a purgative
Doses.
for cattle: Adults,lb. i.; calves,
two or three months
to giv.
old,5iii.
; sheep and pigs,
"

giv.
It is

given dissolved

water, with

to fifteen

in ten
such

carminative

as

parts of

ounce

an

or

warm

two

powdered ginger,and a pound of treacle,which

assists the purgative action and
also conceals
the

with

chloride

The

taste.

nauseous

of sodium

sulphate of magnesia by

some

of

both
the

is combined

in
practitioners

half doses of each.

is prescribed
for
and alterative %\.to "11.
febrifuge
with the nitrate of potash;
horses,generallycombined
for cattle,
to ^iv.
Jii.

As

Actions.

General

"

Given

in

of

sufficient amount

magnesia acts as
cathartic,
causinglittlestimulation

sulphate

saline

the

hydragogue

of the muscular

coat

of the intestines.
In

the stomach

beingin

it is

slowlyabsorbed,the

chief action

the intestines.

In the intestinesit has

absorbed, and

low

produces its

action in three ways :

(1)It causes an increased

diffusing
power, is slowly
characteristic hydragogue

flow of fluid from the blood

into the intestinal canal.

(2)It
canal.

retards the

of the
absorption

fluid presentin the

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

238

(3)It

stimulates

the

intestinal

greatincrease of the intestinal

total result is the

The

glands,and

causes

secretions.

free evacuation

of

large

quantityof fluid by the intestines ; there being also a

the major porof increased peristalsis,
slightamount
tion
a
nd
thus
of the drug is removed
by the intestine,
excreted, a certain amount
being carried off by the
kidneys.
As a purgative,
it is more
rapid in its action in cattle
In small doses
than sulphate of soda.
sulphate of
tines,
magnesia is likelyto be retained longer in the intesbeing then absorbed into the blood,and excreted
less diuresis,
or
chieflyby the kidneys, causing more
alkaline,and dissolvinguric
renderingthe urine more
acid.

Accordingto the results of experiments,

increase the
the sulphateof magnesia does not directly
from the sulphate of soda,
flow of bile,thus differing
ficial
which is a direct cholagogue. It has, however, a beneunabsorbed
bile in the
action in clearingaway
duodenum, and thus preventingits reabsorption.
As a purgativethe sulphateof magMedicinal
Uses.
nesia
On

the Liver.

"

"

is not used in the horse, as its action in this animal

and at
causingviolent purgation,
other times causing considerable diuresis. In the dog,
the purgativeeffect is irregular,
and its nauseous
bitter

is

uncertain, sometimes

taste

For

is

apt to

induce

vomition

in this animal.

ruminants, however, experienceproves

that it is

generallyactingin from
very valuable purgative,
in the manner
to fifteen hours, and is prescribed

twelve

already

mentioned.
It is necessary

of

to

remark, however, that the practice

administering
largeand repeateddoses of this drug to
cattle is irrational,
and productiveof injuriousresults

MAGNESIUM

when

the

AND

ITS

MEDICINAL

SALTS

239

of the loss of intestinal action is due

cause

paralyzedcondition of the intestinal walls, or to

In such instances we
find the
gastricinflammation.
result to be a
tympanitic state of the alimentary
of the system, effects which
canal,with great depression
tend to aggravate the already
existingcondition. If a
dose of proper strengthdoes not succeed after a reasonable
time,then we should prescribe
oleaginousaperients,
and adopt a line of treatment
best calculated to overcome
to

the

As

and
fehrifiige

arrested

action

of the

tines.
intes-

alterative the

sulphateof magnesia
is a very useful therapeutic
in
all
patients.
agent
maintains a healthyaction of
improvesthe appetite,

It
the

bowels,

excrementitious

removes

blood,lessens
in

of the

cause

matters

from

the

temperature, and is prescribed

with other salines,
febrile affections,
combined
such as

the nitrate

of

abnormal

potash,given dissolved

water, and

left in the

that he

drink at

can

Two
ounce

ounces

of

of nitrate

manner,

prove

stall convenient

in the
to the

drinkingso
patient,

pleasure.

sulphateof magnesia and half an

of potash,given twice daily in this

very

useful

in

cases

of influenza

and

affections.
respiratory
two or three
I7i atonic torpidity
of the bmoels in cattle,
drachm
of
of sulphateof magnesia, with one
ounces
of powdered
and
vomica
one
ounce
powdered nux
acute

gentian,administered twice daily,forms a very useful

prescription.
in small doses in chronic
As a diuretic it is prescribed
of dropsical
affections of the kidneys,and in cases
effusions.
As

an

antidote

to

poisoningby

sulphateof magnesia is

very

salts of

lead, the

them
effectual,
converting

VETERtNA

240

bowels, which

of the

of the toxic

Magnesii

THERAPEUTICS

and
sulphates,

insoluble

into

RY

are

also

apt to

action

promoting the

lose their tone

as

result

agent.
Caebonate

Heavy

Ponderosa"

Carbonas

Magnesia.

OP

Levis

Carbonas

Magnesii

Caebonate

Light

"

of

Magnesia.

Preparation. These two salts only differ as regards

their physicalproperties.Both are preparedby mixing
carbonate
of
solutions of sulphate
of magnesia and
"

In

sodium.
are

mixed

of both

the

case

of the

when

are

Actions

in
boiling,
employed.
Uses.

and

excessive

"

The

acidityof

former

salt the

the latter cold dihUe

carbonates
the

stomach

of

solutions
solutions

magnesia
and

tralize
neu-

intestines,

forming salts which have a laxative action, and yielding

carbonic
acid.
They increase the alkalinityof the
blood, and are prescribedas laxative antacids in cases
of acidityand
flatulence in foals, calves, and
dogs,
between
the
aromat.
given with the spts. ammon.
in doses of from 5ii.
to gss.for foals apd
hours of feeding,
calves,and grs. x. to 3ss. for dogs.
As

antidotes for the

arsenical and

insoluble

or

prevent the
contents

mineral

copper

curial,
acids, oxalic acid, mer-

salts,
they form comparatively

compounds, and in largequantities

absorption of alkaloids by rendering the

innocuous

of the stomach

alkaline.

VETERINARY

242

(c)They

act

THERAPEUTICS

the

on

circulation

local

the

of

part,

causing active contraction of the small arteries and veins,

diminishingthe blood-flow,and preventingthe escape of

plasma and blood-cells through the walls of the vessels.

endingsin the part.
{d) They depressthe local nerve
total effects of these actions are,

The

desicca7it.

and

Internallythey act
of the mouth
In

tive,
sedaastringent,

and

stomach

the

as

on
astringents

the

throat.

and

the

intestines

diminished, the vessels contracted,and

retarded, the

movements

brane
mem-

mucous

secretions
the

peristaltic

being converted

salt

are

into

an

albuminate.

(2)ACTION
Lead

salts

ON

absorbed

are

THE
as

rapidlythrough the blood,and

time
and

said

are

to diminish

to

the

render

the number

by

the

liver

system, and

if administered

vital fluid

they pass
for

watery,

more

corpuscles.

ACTION.

up

in the

bones.

Certain toxic eflfectsare

of lead in the
result of the presence
the condition being termed plumbism.
as

The

chief

some

by the tissues freelyfrom the blood,

firmlyin the form of an albuminate,chiefly
and kidneys,also by the central nervous

is taken

and retained

albuminates

of red

(3) SPECIFIC
Lead

BLOOD.

symptoms

of this condition

are

duced
pro-

tissues,

dyspepsia,

constipation,
colickypains,cramps of the muscles, especially
the extensors, terminatingin paralysis
; the pulseis
the blood-pressure
full,tense and infrequent,
raised,the
urinaryexcretion disturbed,the central nervous
system
evidenced by convulsions,
is first irritated,
and succeeded
of a blue line at the
by paralysis The appearance
edges
of the gums

is often observed.

LEAD

AND

of lead

the

on

secondarilyon
which

on

produced are due to the irritant

tissue of the
the involuntarymuscular
and
bloodvessels,or to its primary

on

canal

ahmentary
action

system and nerves, and

the muscles, bloodvessels,
etc.,is a tion
quescentral

nervous

authorities

LOCAL

slowly excreted

is

not

are

(4)remote"
Lead

243

SALTS

MEDICINAL

the effects

Whether
action

ITS

agreed.
ACTION.

by

the

In

cases

kidneys,liver,skin,
In the intestine the portionwhich is excreted
and milk.
by the liver is reabsorbed,again excreted,and is finally
removed
from the body in the form of the black sulphide
of lead.
to Lead

Antidotes

Salts.

"

of acute

poisoning

In chronic
dogs, emetics should be administered.
vert
sulphateof magnesia or potassium iodide conpoisoning,
in

system into insoluble salts,and

the use of occabe prescribed
sional
dailyat intervals,

the
should

lead

doses
the

the

in

of linseed-oil

hasteningtheir

removal

system.

Plutnbi

Oxidum

Oxide

"

Preparedby roastinglead
Medicinal

Uses.

"

The

op

in

oxide

Lead, Lithaege.
current

of lead

of air.
is not

prescribed

internally.
Externallyit is used in the form of the oleate
lead plaster,
preparedby combining it with
or
and

from

of

lead,

olive-oil

water.

plasteris employed for the purpose of bringing

edgesof small wounds together,or for givingsupport

This
the

to sutures

The

in the

oxide

desiccant and

case

of lead

of extensive

wounds.

is sometimes

astringent.

used

locallyas

24 1

VETERTNARY

Plumbi

Acetas

THERAPEUTICS

Acetate

"

op

Prepared by heatingoxide

Lead,

of lead

Sugak

Lead.

op

in acetic acid

and

Ji.; dogs,gr.

i. to

water.

Doses.

"

Horses

and

cattle,Jss.

to

grs. iv.

Liquor Plumbi

Subacetatis

"

Goulaed

Prepared by boilingtogetheracetate
oxide of lead

3J parts,and

water

20

Bxteact.

of lead

parts,

and
parts,filtering,

adding water.
All vegetable
Incoinpatihles.
astringents,
preparations
of opium, alkalies,
iodide
of
lime-water,
potassium.
"

Medicinal
as

from

the

hitemally the
powerful hcemostatic

Uses
a

"

stomach

and

of lead is prescribed

acetate
to

check

intestines,and

haemorrhage

also from

the

lungs.
it is prescribedin cases
of obstinate
astringent
diarrhoea and dysentery,being usually combined
with
opium, its beneficial effects in this respectbeingreferable
As

mi

to its local action

the

alimentarycanal.
Externallythe acetates of lead are extensively
employed
as
astringentsand local sedatives. Goulard's
extract is preferredfor external
application,
being more
soluble,and not crystallizing.
In cases
of eczema
in dogs,with raw
surface,copious
of a
weeping and intense irritation,the careful use
of liq.
lotion consisting
plumbi diacetatis,
glycerinum,
"ii.,
"ii.,
aqua, "iv.,is often productive of benefit; but it
is necessary
to be aware
of the danger of the animal
lickingthe parts.
of mud
In cases
ment
fever and grease in horses, a liniof the liquorplumbi subacetatis with
consisting
on

LEAD

AND

ITS

MEDICINAL

SALTS

245

and olive-oil,
in the proportion
of one
to four
glycerine
parts,is a very useful application.
In strains,
inflammations,etc.,the acetate
superficial
of lead mixed with spirits
and water forms a refrigerating
lotion.
astringent
It is sometimes
prescribedas a lotion in catarrhal

inflammations

of the eye, but is contra-indicated when

there is any abrasion of the cornea
present,as tendingto
form an
insoluble lead albuminate, causingan opacity
difficultto eradicate.
Solutions

mixed

with

the tincture of

useful lotions in

form
chemicallyincompatible,

bruises,contusions,etc.
of benefit in the

first

opium,although

lotion

weak

stages of canker

of the
in the

cases

of

same

is

ears

of

dogs.
Acetate

water, in the

I part

of the

honoured

sulphate of zinc, dissolved in

proportionof 1 part of the former and

of lead

and

latter to 30

White

of

water, forms

used
Lotion,so extensively

in

the

time-

veterinary

practice.
This preparation
acetate of
is chemically
incompatible,
zinc beingformed in solution,
and sulphateof lead being
thrown
down
as
a precipitate
; but experienceproves it
to be a valuable
astringent,
coolinglotion in cases of
collar and
irritated surfaces, unhealthy
saddle-galls,
wounds, ulcers,etc.

Plumbi

Carbonas

"

Caebonate

op

Lead, White

Lead.

Prepared by exposinglead to the vapour of acetic acid,

and simultaneously
to air chargedwith carbonic acid.
Medicinal

it is
cant.

Uses.

"

It is not used

occasionallyemployed

as

Externally,
internally.
an
astringentand desic-

246

VETERINARY

Mixed
in

TUERAPEUTICS

with linseed-oil it makes

of

cases

burns, and

in

also

valuable

application
blood-poisoning

local

the result of

Painted
septicmatter enteringa wound.
a
on, it forms
protectivecovering,and diminishes the
extreme
pain existingin the part, by depressingthe
nerve
endings.

Plumbi

lodidum

Iodide

"

Lead.

op

Prepared by mixing solutions of nitrate of lead

iodide of potassium,and drying the precipitate.
Medicinal

the

Uses.

iodide

In

"

of lead

the

of

form

an

ointment

used

is sometimes

as

and

(1 to 7)
absorbent

an

to enlargedjoints,
etc.,
application
glandularswellings,

the effects beingreferable to the

by

iodine,probablyassisted

the lead.
ARaENTUM"

The

salt of silver used

SILVER.
in

veterinarypracticeis

the

nitrate.

Nitras

Argenti

Niteatb

"

silver in
Prepared by dissolving
General
as

Actions.

caustic when

"

Caustic.

Silvee, Ldnae

of

dilute nitric acid.

Externallythe nitrate of silver acts

appliedin the solid form or in strong

solution.
Solutions
broken
which

skin
coats

the
The

of
or

a
a

moderate
mucous

when
strength,

membrane, form

the surface with

thin

applied to
an

the

albuminate

layer,also coagulating

protoplasm of

the young cells.

of
arteries,veins and capillaries

the

part

are

actively
contracted,and in animals with skins of a light
colour the superficial
layersare stained black, being previously
of an opaque white at the point of application.

NITRATE

Internallythe
albuminous

In

by
an

the

nitrate

fluids and

properlydiluted

OF

acts

of

SILVER

silver combines

chlorides in the
as

present. It
form

exposed parts of
Toxic

doses

the

mouth, and when

enters

doses,it is decomposed
the blood

in the form

albuminate,being slowlyabsorbed,and

the metallic

with

astringent.

an

stomach, in medicinal

the acid

247

in all 'the connective

of

retained

in

tissues,staining

permanent blackish-brown

cause

irritation of the stomach

colour.
and

tines,
intes-

with
latter

these
convulsions,and paralysis,
prostration,
effects beingprobablycentral in origin. The best

antidote is

salt,which

common

forms

the insoluble and

inert chloride of silver.

Medicinal

Uses.

"

As

tonic and

it is sometimes
astringent
practice,in chronic nervous

prescribedin canine
in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery,
in doses
or
diseases,
of -g^to J^grainin pills.
Externallyit is the caustic most universally
employed,
its effects are limited to the area
of application,
and it
as
is less irritating
than others.
As

nitrate

stimulant

to

indolent

of

is

very

silver

wounds

and

ulcers

the

useful, promoting healthy

besides
growth,and suppressingexcessive granulations,
forming a protectingcoveringto the part.
In conjunctivitis
a solution of the nitrate of silver containing
from half a grain to two grainsto the ounce
is
very useful; a few drops inserted into the eye three
times
brane,
daily promotes a healthier action in the memand

relieves irritation.

solution containingfour to
a
opacityof the cornea
of distilled water, carefully
six grains to the ounce
applieddailywith a camel's-hair brush, often succeeds
the part clear.
in rendering
in erysipelas,
It is recommended
appliedtwo or three
La

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

248

times

surface,and

to the inflamed

the

beyond it, in
80 grainsto i

of

form

extending a

strong solution

few inches

containing

of water.

drachms

inflammationof the larynx and

with in dogs, a solution of
met
pharynx, sometimes
of a
the nitrate of silver appliedto the part by means
probang or brush produces beneficial results.
In

The

cases

of

best

chronic

for

solvent

the

of

nitrate

silver is nitrous

fattymatters of the skin, and

the
action over
enables the solution to produce a uniform
surface,instead of running into drops. This solution acts
much
more
strongly than an aqueous one, and hence
requiresto be made of less strength.
ether,as this dissolves

ZINCUM"

General

the

AND

ZINC,

MEDICINAL

ITS

Incompatiblesof

Zinc

SALTS.

Salts.

Alkalies

"

and

carbonates,lime-water, acetate of lead, nitrate

silver,astringentvegetablepreparations.
their

ACTIONS

GBNBEAL

OF

(1) IMMEDIATE
The
copper

their

salts of zinc
in

LOCAL

resemble

their local

ZING

those

actions ;

stronger forms, and

as

of

SALTS.

ACTION.

of

lead, silver,and

they act as
in
astringents

caustics

in

their weaker

forms.
The

difference

in

degree of the actions of zinc salts

for water,
depends on their diffusion-powerand affinity
and on their solubility.Thus, the chloride of zinc acts
while
as
a caustic,
applied in sufficient strength locally,
the sulphateacts as an astringentand stimulant.
is that of
Internallythe effect of zinc on the stomach
a local irritant,
actingas a direct emetic,in those animals
In the intestines,
in
capable of the act of vomition.

250

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Zinci

Sulphas

Sulphate

"

Prepared by the
granulatedzinc.
Doses.

As

"

two

of

ounces

Medicinal

is

sulphuricacid

of dilute

on

astrmgent and tonic : horses,5ss. to ^i-,"

an

emetic

an

action

Vitbiol.

i. to grs. iii.

dogs,gr.
As

Zinc, White

op

for

dogs,grs.

Uses.

As

"

emetic

an

dissolved

sulphateof

the

indicated.

are

the

on

It

producing its

nausea,

irritant action

xxx.

in

zinc

effectual for the different

emetics

prostrationor

to grs.

water.

warm

safe,prompt, and

for which

x.

stomach,

acts

purposes
with little

by its local
being a direct

effect

thus

emetic.

prescribedas a tonic and astringent,

but is inferior to other drugs in these respects.
In nervous
such as chorea, epilepsy,
etc.,it
affections,
beneficial
is prescribedin canine practice,often with
the doses beinggraduallyincreased.
results,
Externallythe sulphateof zinc is very useful as a stiin cases
of ulcers,unmulant
and astringent
healthy
application
of discharge,
wounds, etc.,limitingthe amount
and promoting a
checking excessive weak granulations,
tendency to reparativeaction. For these purposes it is
It is sometimes

dissolved in 30 to 60
In
acute

inflamed

stage

of zinc

parts of

conditions

has

dropped

of the
weak

passed,a
into

water.

the

eye

after the
conjunctiva,
solution of the sulphate
few
times daily often

proves of service.
it is
As an astringent
injection

discharges,either

acute

or

prescribedin

chronic, from

passages, such as leucorrhoea.

Combined
with the acetate of lead in
the white lotion of Professor

Dick.

the

cases

of

urinary
genito-

solution,it forms

ZINC
Zinci

AND

ITS

Acetas, which

lotion,resembles
is seldom

used

Zinci

MEDICINAL

of this

sulphateof zinc,but

separate agent.

Cliloridum

Preparedby

251

is the active constituent

in its actions the

as

SALTS

"

the action of

Chloeide

Zinc.

of

acid
hydrochloric

on

lated
granu-

zinc.
Medicinal

Uses.

The

"

chloride of zinc

is not

given

internally.
Externally,appliedwithout dilution,it is a powerful
caustic,possessinggreat af"nityfor water, and coagulating
albumin.
It is sometimes
cation
employed as an appliIt is a
to unhealthy ulcerations,
etc.
fistulas,
in dilute
and disinfectant,
and even
powerfulantiseptic
solution is a poisonto low forms of life, Burnett's disinfectant
contains 25 grains of chloride of zinc to each
fluid drachm.

CUPRUM"

The
the

salt of copper

COPPER.

employed

in

is
practice
veterinary

sulphate.

Cupeic
Sulphate, Sulphate
Cupri Sulphas
OopPEE., Blue
Stone, Blub Viteiol.
"

Preparedby heatingcopper

with

op

acid.
sulphuric

Alkalies and their carbonates, limeIncompatibles.

and most
iodides,
water, mineral salts (except
sulphates),
astringents.
vegetable
"

General

Actions.

those of zinc and

"

The

actions

of

copper

resemble

silver.

Externallyit produces no

effect on

the unbroken

skin,

252

and

is not

Applied to wounds,
it acts as
membranes
freely,

tberefrom.

absorbed

ulcers,and delicate
a

riJERAPEDTlCS

VETERINARY

mucous

caustic.
It unites

substances

soluble albuminous

with

on

the

the
albuminates, condenses
constringesthe bloodvessels,and hence

surface, forming insoluble

structures, and

in solutions of moderate
strength.
astringent
in large doses, it acts as a direct emetic
Internally,
in the dog ; in toxic doses it is an irritant poison,causing
etc.
gastro-enteritis,
In the intestines,given in medicinal
doses, it has
is slowly
an
astringenteilect. Sulphate of copper
tonic effect
absorbed, and is supposed to possess some

is

an

the

on

nutrition of the

excreted

by

the

liver

central

system.

nervous

chiefly,also

the

in

urine

It is
and

saliva.
In

poisoningby sulphateof
are

substances,such

albuminous

milk, etc., which

copper,

form

insoluble

the suitable antidotes

as

white

albuminates

of egg,

with

the

salt.
Medicinal

sometimes
grs. vi. to

poisons;

Uses.

"

As

an

sulphateof copper is
in doses of from
practice,

emetic the

prescribedin canine
in
grs. x., for acting quickly
but

more

reliable

cases

agent is found

of narcotic
in the

podermi
hy-

injectionof apomorphine. As a tonic and

it is occasionally
prescribedin doses of 3i.for
astringent
antidote
to grs. ii. for dogs. It is an
horses,and gr. -Jto phosphorus-poisoning
by combining with the element,
and

renderingit inert.
ployed
Externallythe sulphate of copper is extensivelyemand mild caustic,in
as
a
stimuUmt, astringent,
of exuberant
cases
granulations,unhealthy surfaces,
ulcers,etc.
It, however, possesses

no

advantages over

the nitrate

ALUMINIUM

of silver for such

by
It is

253

and the latter

purposes,

practitioners.
many
valuable stimulant and

affections of the feet of

is recommended

agent is

in
astringent

horses,such

as

ferred
pre-

certain

canker,etc.,and

combined
with
dressing,
As an injection
for cases

the

sulphate
of zinc and iron.
of quittor
the following,
known
Villate's Injection,'
is recomas
mended
;
by Professor Macqueen : Cupri sulph.,gii.
zinci sulph.,
gxxxv. ; liq.plumbi
"ii.
; acid. acet. dil.,
diacet.,
"iv.
in sheep,the sulphateof copper
In cases
of foot-rot
with other
is also a useful application
in combination
as

'

agents,such

tarry substances,etc.

as

ALUMINIUM.

The

most

importantsalt

is alumen,

of this metal

or

alum.
Alumen

"

Alum, Aluminium
alum

Preparedfrom

Sulphate.

Potassium

and

schist and

sulphateof potassium.

IncompatiblesAlkalies,lime, acetate
tannin.
and substances containing
"

cury,
lead, mer-

of

General

Actions.

astringentand
skin

be

Externally. Alum

styptic
;

broken

locally
appliedis

"

"

acts

as

it absorbs
a

the

albumin, condenses

mild

water, and

caustic.

if the

It

coagulates
constringesthe

tissues,and

bloodvessels.

Internallyit
the

on

intestines.

purgative.It

the

of the
secretions,

mucous

similar effect
and

dryness of

causes

the
In

mucous

membrane

largedoses

is absorbed

into

it is

agulating
pharynx by copart,producinga

of the siomach

and
emetic,irritant,

the

and is excreted chiefly

by the

blood

as

an

kidneys.

minate,
albu-

254

VETERINARY

Medicinal

Uses.

in the
astringejit,

"

THERAPEUTICS

The

chief
of

form

of the mouth

conditions

the

its excretion

kidneys,with

form

of albuminate

secretion of
In

as

the form

of

tions.
granula-

exuberant

of

cases

the idea that

during

and
redissolved,

is

to

to arrest the

cows

it is desired to stall-feed them.

of emergency

cases

solution

milk, when

topical

stypticeffect.

administered
frequently

is

as

in
prescribedinternally

the

that the salt will have

Alum

appliedin

surfaces with

It is sometimes

from
hffimorrhage

is

lotion,for aphthous ulcerated

; it is also

to indolent

dry powder

of alum

use

alum

may

employed in strong

be

styptic.
Sub-Geoup

FERRUM"

IRON

AND

ITS

(1)IMMEDIATE
Externallythe

II.
MEDICINAL

LOCAL

SALTS.

ACTION.

soluble

preparationsof iron, such as

and
act as astringents
when
the persalts,
constringents
surfaces.
appliedto the broken skin or to mucous
They
coagulatethe albuminous tissues and the blood, contract
the bloodvessels of the part by compressing the tissues,
and thus act as hcemostatics or styptics.
Internallythe salts of iron have an astringenteffect
the mucous
membrane
of the mouth
and contiguous
on
parts.

the stomach

In

chloride, thus

the

metals
the

which

from
differing

combine

agent be

all the salts

with the

administered

in

converted

are

those
acid

excess,

of

iron

acts

as

an

irritant and

other

some

albuminates.
or

If

if the

empty, the digestivefluid is decomposed,

be

into

to
astriiigent

the

organ
and the
mucous

membrane.
In

the duodenum

iron

is converted

into

an

alkaline

IRON

AND

ITS

MEDICINAL

albuminate,and is absorbed

portionbeingexcreted

in this

the

as

SALTS

255

form, the unabsorbed

sulphide.

THE
ON
BLOOD.
(2)ACTION
The
of iron have important effects on
preparations
the blood, actingon the red corpuscles,
their
increasing
of haemoglobinpresent,being
number, and the amount

combined

with

the latter.

Iron

along the
very slowly,being absorbed
alkaline albuminate.
as the chloride and
There

is

the

to

difference of

alimentarycanal

opinionamong

which

in

manner

the circulation

enters

authorities

is absorbed

iron

into

as

the

Evidentlybut a small amount is absorbed,as a

and if it is
largeproportionis excreted with the fseces,
into the blood much of it passes away in the urine.
injected
it is stated that in health
As the result of experiments,
of red corpuscles,
iron does not increase the number
but
of anaemia.
cording
Acthat it does produce this effect in cases
to Dr. Wood, iron increases the ozonizingpower
and is also a stimulant to the
of the red corpuscles,
which producesthem, thus actingas a hamatinic
source

blood.

blood tonic.

or

(3) SPECIFIC
action
specific

The
the

of iron is

on

blood, and it is said that the

raised

as

Iron

is excreted

the various

mucous

ACTION.

the whole

lengthof the
liver,kidneys,skin,and saliva,
surfaces.
of

It possesses

remote

importance.
It causes
the Bowels.
constipation
; certain salts,
effects
having greaterastringent
as the perchloride,

which
effects,
astringent
On

of
corpuscles
temperature is slightly

LOCAL

by
chiefly

intestines,also by the
and

the red

the result of the increased oxidation.

(4)EBMOTE

such

ACTION.

"

are

256

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

others.

characteristic black appearance

due to the conversion of the metal into the
to the faeces,

than

It

givesa

from the action of the

sulphideand tannate, resulting
food and sulphuretted
hydrogenof the intestines.
not by the
On the Kidneys. It is excreted by the cells,
of urine,but increases
glomeruli
; it reduces the volume
of
the amount
of urea
and other solids,
and the acidity
the excretion. It acts as a remote
to the
astringent
"

and
surfaces,

mucous

as

haemostatic.

Incompatibles
of Preparationsof Iron. Alkalies and
their carbonates,
lime-water,
magnesiaand its carbonate,
such as
tannic and gallic
acids,all astringent
infusions,
"

those of

cinchona,etc.
digitalis,

GENERAL

OF

VIEW

THE
OF

convenience

For

of iron
preparations

IRON.

of

we
description

as

follows

the
classify

may

possessing the Haematinic

1. Those

TIONS
PREPARA-

DIFFERENT

Actions

of

Iron,with

but little Astringency.

Examples.

The

oxides

and

carbonates,comprising
ferri
redactum,ferri carbonas saccharata,liquor
"

ferrum

"

ferri peroxidum hydratum.

dialysatus,
All these preparations
possess the haematinic action of
and are hence employed
iron,with but littleastringency,
in cases
wish to avoid an astringent
where we
effect on
the

bowels,or any tendencyto interfere with the

of

water

of

digestion.The
an

iron salt is not

as
absorption,

the stomach.

questionof the

the

solid

one

of

process
in
solubility

importanceas regards

preparationsbecome

soluble in

258

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

or
quinine. It does not producethe irritating
astringenteffects of the sulphate of iron, and can be
sible.
prescribedin cases where the latter would be inadmis-

bined with

Ferri

Peroxidirm

Pbeoxidb

Hydratum"

IeON.

OF

OXIDB

solution of the persulphate

a diluted
Preparedby precipitating

of iron with
Uses.

Medicinal
antidote

is best made

with

of iron with
of

solution

is

one

ounce

ammonia,

in

ten

if the

latter is not
an

insoluble

of variable

minutes, such

indefinite

as

an

freshly

of emergency

cases

the

hand.

compound,

of arsenious
in

As it

acid,

largeamounts

half-ounce

quantityto

at

constitution.

requirestwelve parts to neutralize one

should be administered
the preparation
every five or
dog and an

as

of the solution of perof carbonate of soda, or

acid into

basic arsenite

be

It should

arsenic.

ounces

drying.

of this salt is

use

form, and

the arsenious
a

chief

by mixingthree

It converts

which

The

soluble

and

solution of soda

poisoningby

to

prepared in
chloride

"

Sesqui-

ob

doses to the

horse,followed

up

by

doses of

2.

Preparations of Iron characterized by their Corrugating

magnesia.

and

These
such

as

Astringent Action.

comprisethe compounds with the mineral acids,

the sulphateof iron and the liquorferri
per-

chloridi with its medicinal

Ferri

Sulphas

"

Sulphate

Geebn

preparations.
of

Ieon, Feeeous

Sulphate,

Viteiol, Ooppbeas.

iron wire
Preparedby dissolving
and drying.
water, crystallizing,

in

sulphuricacid

and

IRON

AND

ITS

Ferri

MEDICINAL

SALTS

259

Sulphas Ezsi(";ata.

ing
Preparedby heatingthe sulphateto 212" Fah., removand
six-sevenths
of its water
powdering ; 2^ grains
about
4
of
the
to
are
grains
crystalline
sulphate.
equal

Doses.
Horses, 3ss. to ^ii- cattle,
5i-to
twice daily.
gr. i. to grs. v. repeated
',

"

The

doses,and
form

in
sulphateis prescribed

dried

for

is

in
preferred
dispensing.

Medicinal

Uses."

consequence

This salt is

; dogs,
"iv.

half the

above

of its convenient

extensively
employed in

tonic,but, in consequence
as a mineral
practice
veterinary
to irritate the gastric
of its astringencyand liability
mucous
membrane, certain precautionsare necessary in
it,and these will also applyto the preparaprescribing
tions
noticed
to
be
the
of
:
presently
perchloride
(1)That moderate doses should be given,so as not to
disorder digestion.
should not be employed
(2)That these preparations
when
derangement is present.
gastric
either along with
(3)That they must be prescribed
the food,or administered after feeding.
(4)That it is of advantage to combine them with
laxatives,such as small doses of sulphateof magnesia or
sulphate of soda, in order to avoid their constipating
effects.
as
a generaltonic
sulphateof iron is prescribed
nasal gleetaccompanied by a debilitated condition
with arsenic and bitter
the system, being combined

The
in

of

tonics,such
to act

as

as

nux

vomica, in such

vermicide,and

is hence

cases.

It is believed

employedfor

in combination
of intestinal parasites

the destruction

with other

remedies.
It is also

in
prescribed

cases

of diabetes

in
insipidus,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

260

As

it is useful in

hamatinic

potassium and gentian.

of purpura

cases

haemorrha-

with the chlorate of

gica,combined
In

the iodide of

with

combination

potash.
such
affections,
debilitating

from

convalescence

vegetabletonics,but

with
influenza,it is prescribed
often

find that the bland

cases

of this

as

of iron succeed

forms

we

better in

dialysediron,combined with
practicethe milder forms of iron are

kind, such

as

quinine. In canine
carbonate.
such as'the saccharated
preferred,
Externallythe sulphateof iron is used as an astringent
of a
with other astringents
preparationin combination
mentioned.
It also acts as
similar nature, as previously
with
disinfectant,and mixed
a
sulphatesof lime and
alumina, it forms

givesoff,when
Liquor

Disinfectant

Tuson's

Powder, which

moistened, sulphurousanhydride.
Perchloridi

Ferri

Fortior

Peechloeide

OF

op

Steong

"

Solution

Ieon.

iron wire in hydrochloricacid

Pre]oaredby dissolving
and water, adding hydrochloric
acid,pouring into nitric
and diluting.
acid,evaporating,

(a)LicLUor Ferri

Perchloridi

Medicinal

"

Perchloride

Prepared by adding

Solution of

of Iron.

part of the strongsolution

one

to

three of water.
and cattle,^ss. to
n|_xx, givenproperlydiluted.
Doses.

Horses

"

(6)Tinctura

Ferri Perchloridi
of

Prepared by mixing one

of spirit
and two
one
"

Same

as

Tincture

Iron,Tincture

with

Doses.

"

the

gi.; dogs, v]_y. to

of Perchloride

of Steel.

part of the

strong solution

of water.

medicinal

solution

of the

chloride.
per-

inON

Medicinal

AND

Uses.

ide is not used

ITS

MEDICINAL

The

"

SALTS

261

stroDg solution of the perchlor-

but externally
acts
internally,

as

on

powerful
styptic.It possesses, however, a very corrosive action
the tissues,and is hence only to be employed in cases

of

severe

the

hsemorrhage,such

feet,etc.,where

serious
The

damage

its action

to the

in wounds
of
may occur
of
will not be productive

parts.

and
perchloride
extensivelyemployed as hamatinics

medicinal

tincture

as

are

solutions

of

the

the

and

of their irritant and

general tonics. In consequence
astringentactions,they must be given properlydiluted
and

in suitable

doses, so

as

not

to irritate the

mouth,

constipationof the
to
bowels.
Some
horses possess individual peculiarities
the action of astringent
preparationsof iron, which even
interfere

with

digestion,or

cause

digestion.In
should be employed.
such cases
the milder preparations
of the perchloride
In cases
of purpura, the preparations
with' the
produce beneficial results,and are prescribed
chlorate of potash or the oil of turpentine.
of hsemorrhage from
the stomach, bowels,
In cases
kidneys or bladder,the preparationsof the perchloride
with benefit as astringents.
are
prescribed
of erysipelas,
In cases
frequentlyrepeateddoses of the
are
highlyrecommended.
perchloride
with a relaxed condition
In anamic, debilitated patients,
membrane
of the alimentarycanal,
of the mucous
istered,
moderate
doses of the perchloride,
judiciouslyadminthis
useful in producing a tonic effect on
are
membrane, besides improving the qualityof the blood
and exertinga beneficial influence on the tissues.
of chronic affections
In cases
of the kidneysthe preparations
sometimes
of the perchlorideare
prescribedas
also in cases
of hsemorrhagefrom
chalybeatediuretics,
in moderate

doses

cause

interference

with

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

262

the

kidneys
of

cases

remote

as

the

discharges from

chronic

such

membrane,

mucous

and

bladder,

or

astringentsin
genito-urinary

leucorrhoea.

as

is as a
Externally the chief use of the perchloride
It contracts the bloodvessels and condenses
powerfulstyjytic.
the tissues,besides causing the blood to form a
clot

of its

and
corrugating

on

be used

not

except in

be otherwise
In

of
injection

irritant action
where

cases

on

the

it should

wounds,

hsemorrhage cannot

arrested.

floodingof

of

cases

In consequence

the surface of the wound.

firm

solution

in the

the
delivery,
mended
perchlorideis highly recom-

the

of the

proportionof

after

uterus

four

of the

ounces

medicinal

is to be
of water, which
preparationto twelve ounces
slowlyinjectedinto the uterus with a long tube, a free
outlet of the fluid being allowed, and the introduction
of air avoided.
3.

of Iron

Compounds

These

include ferri

phas, and
These

ferri et

tonic

Active

Bodies.

iodidum, ferri arsenias,ferri phos-

quininsecitratis.
intended

preparationsare

tinio and

with. Other

propertiesof

of the constituents

Ferri

with

iron with the

which

Iodidum

"

to combine

they
Iodide

are

of

the hsema-

action
specific

combined.
Iron.

Prepared from iodine,iron wire, and distilled water,

heated
together; the solution,being filtered and evaporated,
is prescribed
in cases
of diabetes insipidus
in horses,
also in nasal gleet,
in glandularenlargements,and
as
a
generaltonic in the treatment of scrofulous diseases.
Doses.

"

Same
Ferri

as

the

Arsenias

Prepared by mixing
iron,and bicarbonate

sulphate.
"

Aeseniatb

of

Ieon.

arseniate of sodium,
of sodium together.

sulphate of

IRON

This

AND

preparationis

certain forms

to

MEDICINAL

Ferri

v.

to grs.

for

x.

horses,and

dogs.
Phosphas

"

Phosphate

from phosphateof
bicarbonate of sodium.

Prepared
and

263

prescribedin treating
such as psoriasis,
chronic
affections,

of skin

gr- for

SALTS

sometimes

etc.,in doses of grs.

eczema,

tV

ITS

of

Ieon.

sodium, sulphateof iron,

This salt is

in cases
of
used in canine practice,
chiefly
rickets,and also in dogs recoveringfrom distemperand
other debilitating
in doses of from
affections,
grs. iv. to
in the form of
administered
grs. viii. It is conveniently
Parrish's Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis Comp., which
tains
conin each drachm
^ grain of phosphateof iron and
A
of
grain of phosphate of calcium, with small amounts
the phosphates of potassium and sodium.
Easton's syrup is also a useful preparation,
consisting
of 1 grain of phosphate of iron, 1 grain of phosphate
of quinine,and
-^^ grain of strychnine in each fluid
dose for the
drachm, this quantity being the average
dog, repeatedtwice daily.

Ferri

et

Gitbatb
Quininae Citras
Quinine.
"

of

Ieon

and

of citrate of iron and quinine,

containing
preparation
in canine practice,
per cent, of quinine,is prescribed
doses of from grs. iv. to grs. x. ; as a general tonic it

A
16
in

combines

the actions of both

Sub-Geoup
HYDEAEGYKUM"

agents.
III.
MERCURY.

preparationsof mercury
from the metal itself.
or indirectly
directly
All

salts and

are

derived

264

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

ACTIONS.

GENBEAL

(1) IMMEDIATE
Externally.
"

little action

preparationsof

Most

skin

unbroken

the

on

time, but certain salts possess

some

counter-irritant

such
properties,

nitrate and

biniodide

from

the

the

of the

are,

are

apphed

marked

caustic and

capable of absorption
and

surfaces

mucous

nitrate,and

diluted

and
are
astringents,
perchloride,

stronger solutions

as

of the

solution

abraded

on

pending
however, definite effects produced, de-

oxide,the

Others, such
the

; all

for

unless

the

as

but

have

mercury

preparationemployed. Thus,

the

on

the red

On

skin.

tissues there

as

ACTION.

LOCAL

some,

weak

such

solutions

stimulants

of the

locally.
perchlorideand

caustics.

nitrate,are

All

and
pecially
esdisinfectants,
preparationsare antiseptics
the perchloride.
the local action of mercury
also depends on
Internally
the preparation employed and
its strength. All preparations
produce certain effects on the mouth, gums,
and
ministere
adsalivaryglands, resultingin salivation when
in full amount
and
for a period of time,
these
the excretion
to
effects,however, being due
of the
drug from the system, and not to the local

action.
In

the stornach the salts of mercury

combine
with the
chloride of sodium
and become
present in the secretions,

converted

into

double

this, again,combines
substance.
soluble in

It
excess

is in this form
or

the

concentrated

stomach.

is

chloride of sodium
with

precipitatedat first,then

diffusible and
doses
the

an

mercury

albumin, forming a complex

of chloride of sodium

In

and

and

albumin, and

easilyabsorbed.

irritant effect is

duodenuin

an

becomes

In

large

produced in

irritant action

is

266

VETERINARY

the

growth

termed

hfe

or

of

germinal cells,and

be

this may

alterative influence.

an

When

THERAPEUTICS

small

in

is administered

mercury

for

doses

period,a condition termed mercurialisvi or

hydrargyrismis produced,characterized by the following

considerable

mouth
and

symptoms, viz.,salivation,tenderness

of

train

dyspepsia,anaemia,
impairedappetite,
instances eczematous
eruptionsand bone

and
in

of the

gums,

some

affections.

(4)EBMOTE
Mercury
the

is removed
chief

LOCAL

from

channel

of

the

ACTION.

system by

tions,
secre-

the

kidneys.
During its excretion it stimulates many of the glands,
the salivary
especially
glands,actingas a powerful sialaIt has only a slightdiaphoretic
and does
effect,
gogue.
not

increase the volume

such
diuretics,

being

all the

escape

of the urine, but combined

with

It is
it assists their action.
digitalis,
excreted
in the faeces as the sulphide,derived
partly
from
considerable
of the unabsorbed
amount
a
portion
of the dose administered, and partly from the portion
as

from

the

liver, pancreas

apparent

that

we

excreted

and

intestinal

glands.
It is

value

on

The

local action

the remote

Actions
of

it will be

of

and

cannot

Medicinal

Mercury.

"

For

place any therapeutic

of this drug.

Uses

of the

convenience

the
advantage to classify

Different

parations
Pre-

of

description
preparationsof

'

mercury

as

follows

1. Metallic

Mercury and its Preparations.

2. The Perohloride ofMercury and its Preparations.
3. The Subchloride
ofMercury and its Preparations.
4. A Complex Group, consistitig
of the Oxides,Iodides,
Aminoniated
Mercury.
5. Acid Solution of Nitrate ofMercury.

MERCURY

ITS

AND

1. Metallic

267

PREPARATIONS

Mercury and its Preparations.

Metallic

is not given internally

except in the
mercury
finelydivided form in which it exists in the pilula

hydrargyriand

the

Pilula

hydrargyrum cum
Hydrargyri

creta.

Blue

"

Pill.
three of confection

Preparedby mixing two parts mercury,

of liquorice.
of roses, and one
Medicinal

Uses.

Blue

"

pillis

sometimes

employed in
in
cholagogue,

and indirect
purgative
combined
with a
doses of from grs. iii.to grs. v., generally
and hyoscyof the compound colocynth
similar amount
amus
pill.

canine

practiceas

Hydrargyrum

Creta

cum

Geey

Mbecuey

"

with

Powdee.

part of mercury

togetherone
Prepared by triturating
with three of preparedchalk.
Medicinal

Uses.

In

"

cases

creta

with
indigestion,
the hyand foals,
drargyr

of bilious
calves

diarrhoea,occurringin young
cum

Chalk,

is useful

doses, such

as

laxative antacid and

from

grs. v. to grs.
small doses
In canine practice

alterative in small

as

xv.

are
repeatedtwice daily.
ally
especiuseful in dyspepsiadue to hepaticirregularities,
It is also useful in
if there is gastric
irritability.
of diarrhoea in young
tion,
dogs depending on indigescases

in which

canal.

the

food

acts

It restores

as

the

an

irritant in the

natural

colour

to

mentary
alithe

of the intestinal mucous

and reduces the irritability
faeces,
For such purposes it should be administered
according
in small repeateddoses, from gr. ^ to grs. iii.,
to the size of the patients.
membrane.

268

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Unguentum

Hydrargyri

Blub

"

Prepared by mixing mercury

proportionof one to two.

Ointment.

lard and

with

suet

in the

employedin veterinary
practiceto produce constitutional effects. If applied
with
in sufficient
friction it produces vesication, and
effects
becomes
amount
absorbed, producing the specific
Uses.

The

"

of mercury

blue ointment

in the

is not

this

For

system.

reason

the ointment

has to be

employed
cautiouslyapplied. It is sometimes
absorbent application
to reduce
an
as
swellingof joints,
and is useful in some
of obstinate jJSoHasts.
cases
Linimentum
Oleatum

Hydrargyri

"

Liniment.

Mbecueial

Hydrargyri"

Olbatb

op

Meeouey.

preparations
possess similar actions,being
absorbent agents. The liniment is
penetrating,
diffusible,
prepared by mixing equal parts of mercurial ointment,
solution of amruonia, and
camphor liniment together.
The
oleate is a mixture of the yellow oxide of mercury
in oleic acid.
of persistent
They may be used in cases
scalyskin diseases,in tinea and favus,and as absorbent
of indurato enlarged glands,and to cases
tion
applications
of the mammary
gland in cattle.
Both

2.

these

Percliloridum

Hydrargyri

COEEOSIVE

CUEY,

chloride

Pbechloeide

SuBLIMATE, MbECUEIC

a
Prepared by triturating

mercury,

"

of

sodium,

op

Mee-

ChLOEIDE.

of persulphateof
mixture
and
black oxide of manganese

togetherand subliming.
Incompatibles

Alkalies

and

their
lime-water, nitrate of
"

of

potassium,
lead,albumin, soaps.
Actions

and

Uses.

"

Corrosive

carbonates,iodide
silver,acetate of

sublimate, containing

MERCURY
twice

much

AND

chlorine

ITS

PREPARATIONS

calomel

269,

and

beingvery soluble,
acts as an irritant corrosive poisonin sufficientquantities,
hence it is of importanceto distinguish
between the two
salts of mercury
in prescribing
and dispensing.
as

If administered

in

as

strong solution it

causes

enteritis,
gastro-

of the alimentary
producinga bluish-gray
appearance
mucous
membrane, with patchesof inflammation
and
It is not prescribed
cases.
sloughingin severe
internally.
The

Antidotes

albumin, which

consist
forms

For such purposes

an

eggs,

of the

insoluble mercuric

and

of

albuminate.

flour,milk, etc.,should be freely

given.
Externallystrong solutions
caustics

free administration

escharotics.

of corrosive
The

sublimate

act

important use
is founded
its antiseptic
of corrosive sublimate
on
properties.
of
It is one
of the most active
antiseptic
agents,
is
and in the proportionof 1 part to 1,000 of water
tensively
capableof destroyingbacilli and their spores. It is exdressingfor wounds
employed as an antiseptic
as

most

wool
stated,and also used to render cottonproportions
The danger
wood-wool
uses.
or
asepticfor surgical
of the perchloride
of absorptionfrom strong applications
must
not be lost sightof.

in the

3.

Subchloeide
Hydrargyri Subchloridum"
Chlobide.
Meecuby, Calomel, Meecubous

of

mixture
of persulphateof
chloride of sodium, subliming,
and

a
Prepared by triturating

mercury,

mercury,

and

washing.
and cattle,grs. x.
to grs. XX. ; dogs, gr. i. to grs. ii. As a purgativeand
combined
with aloes ;
Horses, Ji.,generally
:
cholagogzie
with
other
combined
cattle,5i.to Jii.,
purgatives
; dogs,
combined
with
jalapor colooynth.
grs. ii.to grs. v.,
Doses.

"

As

an

alterative: Horses

270

VETERINARY

Actions

and

Uses.

possesses mild

compared

be rendered

consequentlythe
the amount

it is

Calomel, being very

"

actions

It must

on

THERAPEUTICS

which

with other salts of

is made

depend

to

certain

In proper

soluble.

cury.
mer-

being-absorbed,

soluble before

effects will

insoluble,

extent

doses

purgativein all animals, besides acting as an

indirect cholagogueand a diuretic.
Its purgativeaction
testinal
is a purely local one, probablyby stimulatingthe inthe mucous
membrane,
glands and irritating
causingthe outpouringof fluid from the vessels.
difference
The cholagogue
action is one on which
some
of opinionexists.
strated
Experimentally,it has been demona

that calomel

bile,but that

does not

corrosive

increase

sublimate

the secretion of

possesses

this action.

In

purgativedoses it is believed that calomel acts as an

indirect cholagogue
by clearing
away the bile presentin the
duodenum, and preventingits reabsorption.However,
authorities state,as the result of chnical experience,
some
that in

some

as
bile,

small

fseces

affections calomel
doses

which

had

of the

become

does

increase the flow of

drug restore the colour to the

pale as the result of liver

derangement.
Calomel

is

very useful agent as

cholagoguein cases where such
a

such
desirable,

liver.

It

which

it is

where

brain
calomel

as

assists

congestionof
the

action

combined, and

full

is

cathartic and
a

combination

direct
inis

the

portalsystem and
of other purgativeswith
thus employed in all cases

purgativeeffect is desired,such

etc.
affections,
lymphangitis,

In

as

tetanus,

former

times

extensively
employed as an alterative and
in all febrile and inflammatoryaffections,
either
febrifuge
with opium or otherwise ; in the present day,
combined
of our
however, in consequence
improved knowledgeof
the

was

of
pathology

these

avoid agents likely

we
affections,
to

MERCUUY

AND

depressthe patient,of
doses

ITS

which

it is sometimes

PREPARATIONS
calomel

of

cases

bilious

creta is to be

hydrargyrum cum

In alterative

one.

prescribedin

intestinal catarrh, and

irritation,
the

is

271

gastric

diarrhcEa,but

preferredfor

such

purposes.

Externallycalomel
In the form

allaythe
eczema,

the

is desicoant,stimulant,and

of ointment

gent.
astrin-

(1 to 8) it is employed to

such as
itchingof certain skin affections,
In that affection of the frog of
etc.
pityriasis,
severe

thrush,'calomel is a most
useful agent,combined
with equalparts of iodoform,and
appliedthoroughlyto the cleft of the frog,the part being
horse's

foot

termed

'

kept as dry as possible.

4. The

Oxides, Iodides, and Ammonio-Chloride

of

Mercury.
There

are

two

oxides of mercury,

Hydrargyri

Suboxidum

Hydrargyri

Oxidum

Ebd

cuEY,

"

Black

Rubrum

"

viz. :

Oxide
Ebd

of

Mbeouey.

Oxide

of

Meb-

Precipitate.

Both
and

these salts possess similar actions,viz.,stimulant

when
locally
applied; they are not used
astringent,

internally.A modification of the red oxide,but of similar

composition,is the yellow oxide, which is non-crystalline.
The

value
therapeutic

presence

in two

Lotio

useful

of these oxides consists of their

viz. :
lotions,

Hydrargyri

Nigra" Black

Preparedby mixing 30 grainsof calomel

lime-water (1 to 146),the black oxide of
precipitated.

Wash.
in 10

ounces

mercury

of

being

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

272

Lotio

HydrargyrI

Yellow

Flava"

Wash.

Prepared by mixing 18 grains of corrosive sublimate

of lime-water
with 10 ounces
(1 to 243),the yellow oxide
of mercury
beingprecipitated.
these lotions

Both

to ulcers,
applications
etc.,the
scalyskin eruptions,

used

are

as

chronic
unhealthysurfaces,
yellowwash beingthe most active. In collar and saddle
is a
slow in healing,the yellow wash
which
are
galls,
useful stimulant and astringent.

Hydrargyri

lodidum

Biniodide

Mbbcuby,

Prepared by mixing
and iodide of
mercury
the precipitate.'
Actions

renders

hot

Bed

"

Iodide

of

Meecuet.

op

solutions

of

perchlorideof

potassium,washing

and

drying

presence of iodine in this salt

sorbed.
soluble,and hence more
quicklyab-

and
it

Rubrum

Uses.

more

"

The

prescribedinternally,
except in the
combination
with arsenic known
the liquorarsenii et
as
solving
or Donovan's
solution,
hydrargyriiodidi,
preparedby disequalparts of iodide of arsenic and red iodide of
in water, in the proportionof 1 per cent, of
mercury
It is seldom

salt.

each

This

is recommended

as

alterative in

an

in doses of Ji. to gii.

for
scalyskin affections,
to Tl\xxx. for dogs,repeatedtwice daily.
horses, and Tl|^x.
Externallythe red iodide of mercury is extensively
employed as a counter-irritant and absorbent in cases of
diseases
of jointsand the various forms of exostoses.
Appliedsufficiently
strong,it penetratesdeeply,and acts

chronic

as

suppurant.

It is used

in the form

of 1 part to 8 of
proportion
This
be preferablyof lanoline.
and absorbingpowers
penetrating
in the

"

the

of

an

ointment

basis,which

increases
of the

should

greatlythe

agent.

^74
Actions

and

of mercury
for

this

feet of

Uses.

is

in

horses,etc.
of

cases

and

acid

its

much

In chronic

fissures

of the

is

of the

with
eyelids,

productiveof

of grease in horses' heels,

and in deep
useful application,

parts, with

the addition of iodoform

is

cases

very

same

chronic

a careful
follicles,

ointment

citrine

is very

In irritable

with lanoline.

ulceration of the hair

weak

citrine ointment

the

in the stage
dogs,especially
ef"cacyis greatlyincreased by the

applicationof
benefit.

in

in

dischargingconditions
and

employed

be

may

dilute citrine ointment

The

creolin,combined

inflammation

nitrate

of the

solution

malignant growths, canker

eczema

desquamation;

addition of

The

"

strong caustic, and

purpose

useful in
of

THERAPEUTtCS

VETERINARY

little tendency to

to this ointment

often

heal,

produces

beneficial results.
and

Mercury

Cyanide

Zinc

Mbecukt

This

"

and

double

Cyanide

op

Zinc.

stronglyrecommended
by Sir Joseph
Lister as an
antiseptic
dressingfor wounds; and is best
preparedin the form of an antiseptic
gauze, which should
into a 1 to 4,000 solube dipped immediately before use
tion
of perchlorideof mercury.
Experiments with this
salt have demonstrated
that half the strengthis requisite
in serum
to prevent putrefaction
and corpuscles
as
pared
comhas

with
double

been

corrosive

cyanide of

but admirable
hence

with

mercury
in

it is recommended
a

sublimate.
and

It is stated
zinc is feeble

the

cide,
germi-

preventingthe growth of microbes ;

to treat the gauze
before using

solution of corrosive sublimate

Sir

as

that

or

carbolic acid.

Joseph Lister states that this salt tends to cause

healingby first intention,and that granulatingwounds
heal in a satisfactory
manner
by a gradual process of
while the dressingis quite unirritating
cicatrization,
to
the skin.

PHOSPHORUS

215

Sub-Geoup

IV.

PHOSPHORUS.

non-metallic

A
chief

element

therapeuticinterest

obtained
in

from

bones.

this substance

The

depends on

hypophosphitesof sodium and calcium which

derived from it,and possessingsimilar actions,are
forms in which it is usuallyprescribed.
the

(1) IMMEDIATE

of

and

both
caustic,"

doses it

causes

ternally
ex-

enteritis,
gastro-

ing
thirst,and in dogs producesvomitblack substance,with the odour of

intense

dark

green or
sometimes

the

'ACTION.

LOCAL

Phosphorus is a local irritant

In toxic
and internally.
with

are

and
phosphorescent.
garlic,
As a poisonit is peculiarin the comparative slowness
the

of its action, and

acute

and

It

cases.
as

also

jaundice,and generallydiarrhoea ;
consequence
fall of temperature and
fatty degenerationof
and

thickened

inert

which

of

antidotes

etc., should
soluble.

glandularstructures of
membrane
mucous
being

whitish colour.

are

oil,of turpentine,which

forms

an

phosphorus,and sulphateof copper,

insoluble phosphide. Milk, oil,eggs,
an
be avoided, as they render the poison more

compound
forms

examination

of the

intestines,the

and

and

Post-mortem

tissues.

generalinflammation

the stomach

The

of its effects in

catarrh of the small biliary

ducts,

causes

different organs
shows

variable duration

with

(2) ACTION

ON

THE

BLOOD.

Phosphorus enters the blood, and is partlyoxidized

rived
deinto phosphorousor phosphoricacid,by the oxygen
from the red corpuscles.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

276

ACTION.
(3) SPECIFIC
the glandularand nervous
It acts specially
systems.
on
be traced in the tissues in its unchanged form, as
It can
The agent has
it is only partlyoxidized in the blood.
when
given in
specialeffects on metabolism, especially
These
consist of increase of the nitrogenous
full doses.

products,such
of glycogen in

as

urea,

of oxidation, and

liver,a diminution

the

of oxygen

of the volume

of the formation

etc., a reduction

generati
in fattydeabsorbed, resulting
muscular

glandular,and
epithelial,

of the

of

body. In small doses, continued

time, phosphorus has a specialeffect on

of

bone, which

of the

the

been

has

texture

spongy

alteringits

without

length

the structure

ing
convertproved experimentally,
into

chemical

(4) BEMOTE
as

for

sues
tis-

firm, compact

substance

composition.
LOCAL

ACTION.

Phosphorus is excreted by the kidneys and lungspartly

phosphorous acid and partlyunchanged, but not as

phosphates.
hypophosphitesof calcium
the same
act very much
and sodium
as
phosphorus,but
for therapeutical
not irritant,
are
they are preferred
poses.
purAs tmiics and alteratives they are
prescribedin
and anaemia
in foals and dogs ;
of generaldebility
cases
ness.
weakand overcome
they increase appetiteand digestion,
bone
in cases
of rickets,
They are also prescribed
in doses of 10 to 20
and chronic malnutrition
softening,
grs. for foals and 1 to 5 grs. for dogs,repeated twice daily.
of Calcium, which
The Phosphate
conjoinsthe actions
of deof calcium and phosphorus,is prescribedin cases
bility,
Medicinal

Uses.

"

As

malnutrition,and
with
Doses.

"

the

rickets,and

is sometimes

bined
com-

iron.

Horses, 3ii.to 3iv.; dogs,grs.

v.

to grs.

x.

A RSENIC

Phosphate

AND

ITS

Sodium.

of

This

"

A RA

PREP

salt acts

increasingdirectlythe
eholagogue,
full doses it is a saline purgative.
AKSENIUM"
All

as

secretion

277

moderate
of bile ; in

ARSENIC.

this

preparationsof

TIONS

agent

derived

are

from

white

arsenic.
Acidum

Arseniosum

Aesenious

"

Album
Obtained
Source.
by sublimation.
acid.

White

"

Acid.

Aesbnicum

Aesenic.

by roastingarsenical ores, and purified

It is an anhydride and not a true

"

Incompatibles.Salts

of

iron,magnesium, lime-water.
and
Doses.
Horses
cattle,grs. ii. to grs. v. ; sheep,
either
to J^ gr. administered
grs. ss. to grs. ii.; dogs,-^-^
along with the food or immediately afterwards,repeated
"

"

twice

daily.
Liquor Arsenicalis

"

Fowler's

Solution.

Prepared by boilingarsenious acid and carbonate of

potash in water, and colouringwith compound tincture
of lavender ; contains about 4^ grs. to the ounce
(1to 100).
The carbonate of potash renders the arsenic soluble.
Doses.

"

and

Horses

to
cattle,3ii-to ^i-! dogs,TTl^ii.

IT^viii.
Liquor Arsenii
Solution

et

Hydrargyri

Donovan's

(seeIIydrargyrii,m,
p. 272).

GBNBEAL

(1) immediate
Externally. -Arsenious
"

It
antiseptic.

lodidi"

is not

ACTIONS.
local

acid

absorbed

action.

irritant,caustic,and
from the unbroken
skin,
is

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

278

but

wounds, ulcers^etc.,it

on

and

the

excites

absorbed, unless, indeed,

is liable to become
of inflammation

process

loses the power

corrodingand

mation,
active inflam-

very

is

so

the

that

severe

part

absorption. It is an escharotic,slowly
destroyingthe tissues with which it comes
of

in contact.

medicinal

Internally. In
"

stomach,

it does not

of this

and
be

form
but

group,

absorbed

doses

it

toxic doses

to

are

corrosive and

well

local action.

to the immediate

(2) ACTION
Arsenic

is

from

mucous,

any

are

the

blood ;" it

not

THE

Arsenic
albuminates

mucous

liver.

the

be detected

can

of the

If

therein,and

metals.

It

membrane

effects thereon,no

effects,

agent

as

or

the

alimentarycanal,

skin

abraded
of the

in this fluid

as

surface.

agent
well

as

on

in

body.
ACTIONS.

all tissues and

enters

of the

specialeffect

(3) SPECIFIC

other

it is

3L00D.

from

serous,

of any

aware

organs

ON

quicklyabsorbed

We

most

veyed
con-

empty,

irritant ; these

to the excretion

also

be

on

however, being also due

as

if food

the

mucous

while

passes

that

the lacteals and

if the stomach

and

form

soluble

It is believed

by

bers
mem-

and
vessels,increases the
gastricnerves
and sharpens the appetite. In large
digestion,
irritation of the gastricand
intestinal
causes
and
membrane,
diarrhoea,
producing nausea

stimulates
of

veins

the

by

like other

into

changed

absorbed

the blood, while

absorbed

power

is

the

reaching

on

albuminate

an

into the blood.

present the drug is

to

doses,

is

organs

; it does

not

form

quicklyeliminated than
for the
manifests
a
specialaffinity
of the alimentary canal, producing
it enters the
matter by what channel
more

ARSENIC

It also

system.
system,

AND

on

doses, as

It

PREPARATIONS

metabolism, and
alreadymentioned,
a

279

produces specialeffects

alimentarymucous
while

ITS

act

membrane

toxic

dose

the

on

as

skin.

Medicinal
the

to

tion,
irrita-

cause

irritant

acute

an

nervous

stimulants

large doses

acts

as

the

on

poison.

in all animals, the post-mortem

gastro-enteritis
varying with the severityand duration of
appearances
causes

the

There

is

inflarnmation of the
acute
generally
stomach, often in patches; sometimes spots of ecchymosis
are
present,and less commonly ulcerations.
Inflammation
of the lower portionof the oesophagus,
ease.

also of the
Mr.

Gresswell

('Manual

important

some

which

the

present.

of

of

cases

Equine Medicine ')records

arsenical poisoningin horses in
examinations

post-mortem

patches of

small

be

intestines,
may

the

villous

portion.

intenselyinflamed, of

several

in the cuticular

redness

stomach, with erosion of the wall

with

showed

dark

in

The

portionof the
one
tion
case, at its juncvillous portionwas
hue, and

brownish-red

lymph ; patches
partswith a film of coagulated
much
blackened, and in some
places there was

covered
were

in

erosion, while

in

one

case

there

were

perforationsthrough the walls.

acutelyinflamed
large intestines were
important lesion noted was the presence
of the endocardium

of the

almost

two

The
in

plete
com-

small

patches.

and
An

of inflammation

left ventricle,
with

patches of

ecchymosisthereon, showing the specialeffect of arsenic

In animals
this membrane.
poisoned by arsenic,
on
the carcases
usually resist decomposition to a great
extent.
On

the'nervous

and reflex-irritability
of the
sensibility
of the spinalcord, and afterwards depressesthe
and muscles,in toxic doses causing
nerves
genefa,!

It diminishes
centres

motor

effects.
system arsenic possesses specific

the

280

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

result of
authorities conclude
as
a
paralysis. Some
reflex action
their experiments that sensation
and
persistas long, or longer,than voluntary power ; also
is a protoplasmicpoison, destroyingthe
that arsenic
functional activity,
first of the central nervous
system,
next
of the nerves, and last of the muscles
(Dr.Einger,
of Therapeutics').
Handbook
It is important to remember
of
that in some
cases
of gastro-enteritis
arsenical poisoningthe usual symptoms
.

'

be

may

the

coma,

membrane.
is

the

on

In

such

doses

muscle.
and

on

the chief

cases

revealing
alimentary mucous
effect of the poison
not

the

of the

that in

heart

by a
structures
ganglia,and
nerves,
arterial tension, first accelerating
"

decreasingthe

vaso-motor

experimentsprove

the action

arrests

all its

It lowers

then

of the

circulation

arsenic

direct effect

examination

oi profound

state

system.

nervous

071 the heart and

toxic

die in

may

post-mortem

inflammation

signs of

any

the animal

absent, and

of the

action

heart,also

encing
influ-

nerves.

respiratorysystem it first stimulates slightly

the respiratory
and the pulmonary terminations
centre
of the vagi. In toxic doses it paralyzesthe respiratory
On

the

centre.

metabolism

On
the

liver,and

oxidation.

it reduces

interferes with
The

results

nitrogenousmaterials
and

if the

occurs

an

action

excess

organs

On

is

amount

metabolism

are,

in the

of

glycogen in
by diminishing

increased

an

of

amount

urine, a rise in temperature,

drug be long continued

fattyproducts of albuminous

of the

of the

in the

condition

the

system which

of

are

fattydegenerationof
brought about.

the shin arsenic possesses

not

there

compositi
de-

excreted,and

different tissues and

action.
specific

It pro-

282

Cattle
a

THERAPEUTICS

VETEETNARY

are

the action of arsenic, and

to
susceptible

less

longerperiod elapses before symptoms

are

developed,

in consequence
of the arrangement of the stomach, which
renders its absorption
slow. In cases
recorded, poisonous
of
symptoms appeared in twenty hours, consisting

acute

gait,etc.
pain,purging,staggering
recorded of arsenical
In sheep there are
cases
many
poisoningfrom the use of arsenical dipping mixtures.
too largea proportion
it results from
In such instances
of arsenic being present in the dip,and by allowingthe
sheep to wander over the pastures and to graze thereon :
the drippingsfrom the fleece fall on the grass, and thus
the drug is taken into the system. It is believed,and
experimentsbear it out, that arsenical sheep dipsare not
absorbed through the sound skin.
abdominal

The

recorded

symptoms

frothingat

in

of

usually very

are

arsenic, the

pain,pulse quick

and

symptoms

six to

Chronic

the usual

nausea,

are

with

occurs

spiration,
re-

rather

death

dark-coloured
in

space

of

thirtyhours.
arsenical

where

and

susceptibleto the
vomiting,
nausea,

wiry,purging with

evacuations,and convulsions
from

death

instances

some

suddenly.
In dogs, which
action

dulness

"

mouth, colickypains, accelerated

the

and

are

tin and

symptoms

poisoning may

in certain

occur

tricts
dis-

are
worked,
smelting-furnaces
thirst,
swellingof
beingindigestion,

copper

and gradualemaciation.
joints,
In the

horse, cases

poisoninghave

been

of the

of both
recorded

drug by

improving the condition

of Equine
well ('Manual
of

case

of this

acute

and
the

as

chronic arsenical
result of the

the attendants

of the

with

ministrat
ad-

the idea

animal, and Mr. Gress-

Medicine

')relates

in which
description,

an

an

ing
interest-

irregular
pulse,

A RSENIC

with

A ND

ITS

PREP

A R A TIONS

great distress of breathingduringmoderate

283

exercise,

the results of

tinued
repeated small doses of arsenic,confor a long period.
arsenic
When
is long-continuedin medicinal
doses,
should
certain symptoms
which
the practitioner
occur
watch
for,so as to avoid them by diminishing
carefully
the amount
given,but not by suspending it altogether.

were

These

first noticed in the eyes and

condition
slightoedematous

are

of

ing
stomach, consistof

the

eyelids,

either followed or preresultingin slightconjunctivitis,

ceded
tion
by irritation of the stomach, evidenced by indigesand diarrhoea ; and in dogs thirst and vomition may
occur.

The

of the

consist

dog ;

and

antidotes

arsenical

of

the

all animals

poisoning

of emetics

prompt administration

in

while

treatment

in the

reliable chemical

most

of iron, which can

hydratedsesquioxide
of emergency
be preparedin cases
by adding a solution
of iron solution,
to the perchloride
of ammonia
washing
with warm
the precipitate
water, and administeringit
A
moist in repeated doses at intervals of ten minutes.
antidote

is the

mixture

of carbonate

acts
perchloride

in

of

the arsenic into

an

with

solution

of the

dialyzediron
preparationsbeing to convert

similar

the action of these iron

"

soda
manner

; also

inert insoluble substance.

tion
a soluHydrated magnesia,preparedby precipitating
of sulphateof magnesia with caustic potash,is also
of arsenic ; while
useful in diminishingthe solubility
antidotes

mechanical

"

such

as

oils,demulcents, milk,

besides reducingthe irritation

effect,
mucous
membrane, the addition
of the gastro-intestinal
similar

etc.

have

of

of opium being of advantage in

preparation

this

respect.
In

chronic

cases,

oleaginouslaxatives,tonics,and

2S4

TflERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

diuretics are

employed to

hasten

the ehmination

of the

poison.
(4) EEMOTB

LOCAL

ACTION.

in the urine in the form

chiefly
of arsenious acid; also by the gastro-intestinal
mucous
mentioned,
and skin. As previously
membrane, the liver,
Arsenic

is ehminated

its irritant effects

immediate

due to its excretion

are

as

well

its

as

local action.

arsenic
tonic,
Internally.As a gastric
is prescribed
in some
of gastric
cases
dyspepsia.It produces
and
beneficial effects by stimulatingthe nerves
vessels of the stomach, and is administered
either along
with the food, or immediatelyafter feeding,
in the form
Medicinal

Uses.

"

"

liquorarsenicalis ; and here we may remark that

for all purposes this preparation
of arsenic is preferable,
irritation.
soluble and less liable to cause
beingmore
The form of dyspepsiain which
arsenic is indicated
is characterized by excessive peristaltic
action of the
stomach
of
and
intestines,resultingin the passage
imperfectlydigestedfood into the intestines,and the
arsenic may
of purging after feeding. The
occurrence
of the

be combined

with

antacids,and

some

authorities

mend
recom-

given in small doses shortlybefore

feeding; but this is rarelynecessary.
As a generaltonic and alterative,
or modifier
of nutrition,
it is prescribedin various affections,
such as general
etc.,
anaemia,chronic nasal catarrh,nasal gleet,
debility,
and in such cases
is usually
combined
with a preparation
that

it be

of iron.
In
in

nervous

affectionssuch
"

dogs,its administration

as

etc.'
chorea, epilepsy,

"

of beneficial
productive
results,which are believed to depend partlyon its power
of diminishing
and
reflex irritability
of the
sensibility
nerve

is often

"

centres,and partlyon

its alterative actions,

ARSENIC
In

AND

dogs,and in that affection in

it is a very valuable palliative
ivind,

spasmodic asthma

horses known

in

broken

as

remedy, and

285

PREPARATIONS

ITS

is combined

with

other

agents,such

as

etc.
aconite,digitalis,

It is also useful in
such

affections
respiratory

ascribed to its action

be

its beneficial effects must

the nerves,

on

in

cough, and

of chronic

cases

as

well

its action

as

the

of such cases
digestive
organs, a large proportion
from the stomach.
dependingon reflex irritability
In affections
of the skin it is most serviceable in those
the more
affecting
superficial
parts, such as psoriasis,
and chronic scalyskin eruptions.
It is also useful in chronic eczema
of
in dogs,and cases
on

chronic grease in horses.

Its effects in such cases

be ascribed

in

part to
its specific
action on the superficial
layersof the skin,
and
also to its action as
a
general alterative ; but,

generallyspeaking,it is
Precautions

in

the

must

doses

of

should
of the

the

minimum

system becomes

long periodof

time

is

required
beneficial effects are produced,and although we
action
of the physiological
avoid the production
drug, still,it requiresto be pushed to a proper
affections

in skin affections and

extent,especially
It should

be

afterwards, so
mucous
gastric

It

alike

by
this
prescribing

with

as

As

"

to its effects.

some

before

it

cases.

Arsenic.

affected

commence

increase
gradually

to

accustomed
In

to

not

that in

arsenic, so

drug it is always advisable

dose, and

of

Administration

alreadystated, all patientsare

medicinal

in acute

contra-indicated

given alongwith
as

to

avoid

the

nervous

disorders.

food,or immediately

its free contact

with

the

membrane.

and during the acute

of

gastricirritability,
inflammatorystagesof eruptions.

is contra-indicated in

cases

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

286

Externally. As a caustic and escharotic,arsenic

of
of the severity
seldom employed, in consequence
It
action, and the danger of its being absorbed.
"

sometimes

mixed

with

tissue paper, and

in order to form
of the

but

part ;

givessafer

and

sublimate,

its
is

small

being mixed in
introduced into the sinus of a quittor
and produce a healthyaction
a slough,

of arsenious

amount

corrosive

is

acid

the

use

and

the latter

of the

knife in

such

case

better results.

arsenic is largelyemployed in
anti-parasitic,
be used
sheep-dips,and vrith proper precautionscan
with safety. The followingis a safe dip : Take 2 lb. of
arsenious
acid, 2 lb. of carbonate of potash, 2 lb. of
sublimed
sulphur,and 4 lb. of soft soap ; dissolve in
of boiling
10 gallons
water, and add cold water to make
100 gallons. This will be sufficient to dip about 100
sheep,and the followingprecautionsshould be attended
viz. : The sheep should be kept in the dip about a
to
from
the
minute, with the head carefullykept away
fluid. The animal is then placedon a sparredapparatus
another
and the wool
over
squeezed as dry
receptacle,
with a scraper, especial
as possible
care
being taken not
to allow the animal on pasture immediatelyafterwards.
As

an

"

ANTIMONIUM"

ANTIMONY.

All the medicinal

preparationsare derived from

monium
nigrum, black antimony,which is obtained
in use
the native sulphide. The chief preparations
Liquor Antimonii

Chloridi
BuTTEE

"

OP

Tbechloeidb

from
are

Antimony,

Antimony.

Prepared by dissolving
purifiedblack
acid.
hydrochloric

of

anti-

antimony

in

ANTIMONY

AND

Antimonium

ITS

Tartaratum

287

PREPARATIONS

Tabtaeatbd

"

Antimony,

Emetic.

Taetae

trate
Preparedby mixing oxide of antimony and acid tarand
of potassium with water, boiling,
evaporating,
crystallizing.

ACTIONS

THE

OP

(1)IMMEDIATE
The

chloride

and
powerfulesckarotic,
producesa sloughingof the

is

of antimony

appliedit
cautiously
part which is not disposedto
Tartar
emetic, applied to
of

or

papular and

counter-irritant.
and

heal.
the

ointment, causes
then

ACTION.

LOCAL

unless

solution

PEEPAEATIONS.

ANTIMONY

an

pustular,and

skin

the

form

eruptionwhich
thus

acts

the

from

It is absorbed

in

as

of

is first
a

severe

broken

skin

surfaces.

mucous

dog this agent acts as an emetic in

to three grains. This effect is produced
of one
by its irritant
directlyand indirectly directly,

Internally.In
"

doses

both

the

"

action

on

the terminations

of the

of the stomach

nerves

the vomiting centre in the

indirectly,
by stimulating
Its action is slow,fifteenminutes or longerbeing
medulla.
required.It produces this emetic action when injected
into a vein,but more
slowly; and its effectsare prolonged,
and depression
much
nausea
resulting,
showing that the
membrane.
mucous
drug is excreted by the gastric
In horses and cattle,
except in very largeamounts, it
and

producesno
of

nausea

and

and
effects,
uneasiness

(2)ACTION
Antimony

enters

with the albumen

any

action which

the
of the

even

then

is found
ON

onlya slightdegree

to result.

THE

BLOOD.

blood, and

plasma.
it producesunder

does
We

are

not

comhine

not

aware

this head.

of

288

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

(3)SPECIFIC

ACTION.

alreadymentioned, it producesno effects in the

horse in ordinaryamounts.
In the dog it producesspecific
actions as follows :
On the heart and circulation it is depressant.It acts
all the tissues of the heart,and partlyin a
on
directly
As

reflex

from

manner

the

; it also

stomach

acts

on

the

vessel walls.
On
the

it diminishes

the

respiratory
system
movements.
respiratory

On the
and also

through the

disturbs

both directly
depression,

system it causes

nervous

and

circulation.

antimony resemble those

of arsenic and phosphorus, in large amounts
causing
deficient oxygenation,
increase of nitrogenousproducts,
and fatty
of organs.
degeneration
On the skin it acts as a stimulant to the superficial
layers,resemblingarsenic to a certain extent in this
it acts as a diaphoretic
respect. In man
; but this effect
On

the effects of

metabolism

is not observed
Toxic

in animals.
In

Effects.

"

the

horse,except when

administered

in very largeamounts, no appreciable

effects are produced.
The results of experimentsgo to prove that this animal

resists the action

In
are

of

antimony in

remarkable

few instances

recorded

and uneasiness
symptoms of nausea
after large doses,the post-mortem appearances

showing slightsofteningand
while
intestines,
The
actions when

of

manner.

the

drachm
In

in

some

drug

cases

no

is stated to

vascularityof

lesions could

produce more
some
intravenously,

administered

the

covered.
be dis-

definite

menters
experi-

acceleration
recordingpurging and salivation,
the results of one
as
pulse and respirations,

administered
cattle the

drug

in this

also

manner.

produces little physiological

290

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

As

of its action in

evidence
It may
In the

have
but we
prescribed,
its use.
this respectto justify

it is also

vermicide

no

given in doses of from 1 to 4 drachms.

be dispensedwith.
dog this drug can safely
be

It is to be avoided

emetic,in consequence

an

as

of its

effects.
nauseatingand depressing
As
be

sedative

avoided, as

expectorantfor similar
in the

aim

our

it should

reasons

of affections

treatment

requiringthe use of sedative expectorants should be to

sustain the strengthof the patients,
by encouraging the
to
and avoidingany agent likely
appetiteand digestion,
irritateor nauseate.
Tartar emetic is not employed externally.

BISMUTH.

BISMUTHUM"

The

chief

salt of

practiceis the

bismuth

in

veterinary

subnitrate.

Subnitras

Bismuth!

employed

Subniteate

"

Bismuth.

of

in diluted
purifiedbismuth
Prepared by dissolving
nitric acid, heating,
washing with water,
concentrating,
and drying.
Doses." Horses, 3iv. to |i.; dogs, grs. v. to grs. xx.
in the form of
Administered every two hours as required,
emulsion.

(1)IMMEDIATE
this
Externally
On

inflamed
and

or

salt has

mucous

no

ulcerated

and
astringent,

accessible

LOCAL

effect on

surfaces
a

ACTION.

the unbroken

it acts

as

similar effect is

skin.

mild sedative

produced

on

membranes.

it is insoluble in the stomach, and produces

Internally
sedative and astringent
either by acting on
effects,
the
and local circulation,
gastricnerves
or, by acting in a

BISMUTH

mechanical

AJ^D

ITS

291

PREPARATIONS

the
soothingand protecting

manner,

mucous

membrane.
On

the intestines it also

produces sedative and

gent
astrin-

effects.

(2)ACTION

ON

SPECIFIC

BLOOD,

THE

LOCAL

Bismuth

AND

REMOTE

ACTION.

the blood

enters

ACTION,

in very small

amount, and

through the tissues very slowly. There are no

effects recognised,
and the drug is excreted by
specific
the kidneys,also by the intestines and
respiratory
mucous
membrane, milk, etc.
in
The subnitrate is partlyconverted into the sulphide
the intestines,
a leaden-gray
causingthe fseces to assume

passes

colour.

chieflyprescribedin
catarrh with obstinate
canine practicein cases
of gastric
with
vomiting,due to dyspepsia.It may be combined
the bicarbonate
of sodium, dilute hydrocyanicacid, or
with opium, if there be much
pain present. It is also
useful in cases
of diarrhoea in foals,and young dogs,and
in such instances with Dover's powder.
may be combined
As a rule,largedoses are required
to producetherapeutic
Medicinal

Uses.

"

Bismuth

is

effects.
Thloform.
A basic bismuth

salt of

acid.
dithio-salicylic

292

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

CHAPTBE

We
three

III."

the

as follows
divisions,

; ledum.

1. Chlorum

ELEMENTS.

NON-METALLIC

THE

subdivide

may

Continued.

MEDIGA."

MATERIA

INORGANIC
GROUP

IV.

non-metallic

elements

into

; Bromum.

2. Sulphur.
3. Oarbo.

Sub-Geoup

I.

CHLORINE

CHLORUM"

Prepared by heatingcommon
with sulphuricacid.
manganese
Chlorine

GAS.

salt and

black oxide

of

is a

antiseptic,
disinfectant,
Its action depends partlyon its power
of
and deodorizer.
and
destroyingthe organismswhich produceputrefaction,
partlyon its chemical actions. It possesses great affinity
in organic
seizes upon
this element
for hydrogen, and
and
and inorganicsubstances, alteringtheir properties,
tion.
settingfree nascent oxygen, which exerts active oxidaActions

and

Uses.

"

acts
as
a
powerful
gas dissolved in water
irritant to the skin,and in dilute solutions in the stomach

Chlorine

it becomes

converted

If the gas be

into

acid and chlorides.

hydrochloric
local irritation of the
inhaled,it causes

The
chief use
of chlorine in
respiratorypassages.
and
for the
medicine is as a disinfectant
deodorizer,
etc. ; but other
sheds, buildings,
purpose of disinfecting
agentsare to be preferred. It is sometimes employed as

IODINE

an

AND

ITS

293

PREPARATIONS

inhalation for parasiticaffections of the bronchial

tubes

in calves and

lambs, but other remedies

are

more

effectualand less irritant.

The

combination

of chlorine

been noticed under the

headingof

lODUM"

Under

with

lime

has

already

Calcium.

IODINE.

this

binations
headingwe will notice iodine and its comwith potassiumand sodium.
Preparedfrom kelp,the ashes of seaweed.
mineral acids,
Incompatibles.Ammonia, metallic salts,
vegetablealkaloids.
Doses.
Horses,grs. x. to grs. xxx. ; dogs,gr. i.to grs. ii.
Given in the form of bolus or pill.
"

"

Preparations.
Tinctura

iodide of

Solution

potassium,16

"

1 in 40 ;

of Iodine

iodine,A

I in 20 ; iodine 10 ;

"

water, 200 parts.

1 to 8 ; iodine 1 ; iodide of
4 parts ; vaseline,
4 parts.
; lanolin,
lodi

Unguentum

of Iodine

20 parts.
potassium,J ; spirit,

Liquor lodi"
iodide of

Tincture

lodi"

Potassii

"

lodidum

"

Iodide

of

potassium
,

Potassium.

iodine in liquor
Preparedby dissolving
potassEe,
evaporating,
the
residue
with
wood
and
charcoal,
mixing
fusing.
to
Doses.
to
3ii.
3
ii.
3i.
Horses,
3iv.; dogs,
; cattle,
twice
ii.
to
x.
Eepeated
daily.
grs.
grs.
"

ACTIONS

OF

IODINE

AND

ITS

PEEPAEATIONS.

LOCAL
ACTION.
(1)IMMEDIATE
Externallypure iodine acts as a stimulant to the skin,
is an
and if appliedof sufficient strength
irritant and
It stains the epidermisin light coloured
vesicant.
animals a deep-brown colour,and may be absorbed from
-

294

VETERINARY

the

skin

into

the

THERAPEUTICS

blood.

powerful

It also possesses

and disinfectant
antiseptic
properties.
The
iodide of potassium is devoid of local irritant
effects when
skin,and is not
applied to the unbroken
absorbed,but is readilytaken up from exposed mucous

membranes.
iodine acts as an
irritant in the stomach
Internally
and intestines,
the iodides of potassium or sodium rarely
converted into the
producingthis effect. It is gradually
iodide or iodate of sodium ; the iodide of potassiumis
also decomposed in the stomach, the sodium
salt and
albuminate
If inhaled, it produces
being formed.
effects,
irritating
givingrise to cough,dyspnoea,etc.

(2)ACJTION
Iodine

is

and

stomach

ON

THE

quickly absorbed

BLOOD.

into the

surfaces,and

mucous

form of the iodide of sodium.

changes produced

on

The

the blood

blood

from

the

at first exists in the

chemical
not

are

physical
tained,
ascerdefinitely
or

the results of

experimentsgoingto prove that the

iodine is temporarily
in large
set free,and if administered
it seems
amount
of the red corpuscles,
to break up some
charges.
causing hsematuria and hsemorrhagiceffusion and disSome

coagulating
power

authorities

that

it increases

the

of the blood.

(3) SPECIFIC
Iodine

state

ACTION.

rapidlyfrom the blood into the tissues,

attracted to lymphaticglandsand vessels.
being specially
It quickly leaves the tissues,to be excreted
by the
and its effect
secretions generally,
kidneys and mucous
metabolism
is to accelerate tissue change and promote
on
absorption.Its action on lymphaticglands is to reduce
passes

their size.

IODINE

AND

ITS

PREPARATIONS

295

Certain poisons,
such as lead and mercury, which have
the power of associating
themselves with the albuminous
structures

by

disengagedand

are

removed

the administration of the iodide of

We

have

evidence

no

medicinal doses

on

the

of

the

from

the

system

potassium.

effects of iodine

in

the
heart,vessels,
or temperature,

effects noted
depressing

as

the

results of

largedoses

of

the iodide of

potassiumbeingprobablydue to the action

of potassium.
Toxic Effects. Iodine and iodide of potassium,given
in largedoses,and for a prolongedperiodof time, act
the mucous
on
specially
coveringof the eyes, and that of
the nostrils and throat,
the latter effects beingchiefly
due
"

to the

excretion of the

mucous
agent by the respiratory

membrane.
A

series of
of

catarrhal

loss

of

condition

termed

lodism

'

consisting
results,
appetite,dyspepsia, an irritable

symptoms
of

the

'

mucous

nostrils,eyes, throat,etc., these

membrane
effects

of

the

being rarely

noticed in

patientsas compared with human.

veterinary
Professor Dick's experiments
with iodine on the horse
demonstrate
that in some
instances the only effect produced
the total refusal of water by the animal.
was
In the dog iodine in largedoses causes
vomition and
with hsematuria,and hsemorrhagicdischarges
enteritis,
gastrofrom
the intestines.
According to Binz, it
paralyzesthe cerebral centres by direct action on the
nervous
structures,and proves fatal by this action on
the respiratory
centre.
In acute
Antidotes.
poisoning and iodism, starch
"

should

be

administered,which

converts

iodine into the insoluble starch iodide.

any unabsorbed

296

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

(4) REMOTE
Iodine
mucous

rapidlyexcreted,appearingin the urine, the

the perspiration,
secretions of the air-passages,

In full

is

milk.

doses,the iodide

this action

potassium acts
in different

to the alkali rather than

local

remote

of

is uncertain

probablydue
The

ACTION.

is

saHva, bile,and
but

LOCAL

action

as

diuretic;

individuals,and
to the iodine.

during its excretion

is of therapeutical
membrane
bronchial secreand liquefies
tion,
of iodine

mucous
by the respiratory
importance,as it increases
thus actingas an expectorant.
Iodine is also excreted by the skin,causingstimulation
of a
of the epidermis,
and
sometimes
the appearance
in full
papular or vesicular eruption,if administered

doses.

soluble

Uses.

The
As

possesses similar actions.

in subacute
iodine is prescribed
of ahsorption

chronic

exudations

forms

The

"

iodide of sodium

promoter

and
as

iodide of

potassium beingmore
istration
is preferred
than iodine itself,
for internal adminment.
gastricderange; it is also less liable to cause

Medicinal

or

inflammations

effusions in

serous

of

of various

kinds, such

and in some
cavities,
it probably promotes

pulmonary consolidation
the local nutrition.
absorptionby stimulating
In cases
and
in the secondary
of pleuritic
effusions,
bination
stages of pneumonia, it is prescribedtwice dailyin comwith tonics.
As

an

expectorant it is useful in

and

Such
of

may
a

be combined

combination

expectoration,but renders
The

iodide of

in the treatment

cases

of chronic

with the chloride of

at firstincreases

it less viscid and

chitis,
bronnium.
ammo-

the amount

tenacious.

potassium has been extensively

employed
of actinomycosis,
and with evident suc-

298

VETERINARY

in those

THERAPEUTICS

characterized

Dieckerhoff

and

fessor
Proin deglutition,
b)'difficulty

other

German

authorities

mend
recom-

of a solution of iodine
injection
and iodide of potassiumpreparedwith one part of iodine,
hundred
five parts of iodide of potassium,and one
parts
of water, the dose being in ordinarycases
three to nine
of this solution,slowlyinjectedinto the
fluid drachms
of the trachea
lumen
twice a day with an
ordinary
this quantity
cases
hypodermic syringe. In severe
may
be greatlyincreased without producingany unfavourable

the intra-tracheal

local effects.

As

antidote in chronic

an

the
poisoning,

iodide of

cases

of lead

or

mercury

potassium is employed;

it disengages

these

and renders them

agents from the tissues,
capableof being excreted from the system.
In prescribing
iodine it should,if possible,
be given a

hours

few
a

of

after

portionof

it

so as to
feeding,
beingconverted

starch,as starch forms such

diminish

the chances

of

into the insoluble iodide

a

largeproportionof

the

food of herbivora.

Externallyiodine
bursal
As
such

is appliedto

distensions,
etc.,as

glandularenlargements,

stimulant and

it is employed in certain
parasiticide
as
ringworm, and for such purposes

in the form of

absorbent.
skin
may

diseases,
be

bined
com-

ointment,with wood-tar oils,

sulphur,

etc.
creolin,

As

stimulant

dilute solution of
which
In

and promoter of adhesion,a

antiseptic
iodine is injectedinto cysts,etc.,from

the fluid has been withdrawn.

bursal

and

such as capped
synovialenlargements,
hocks in horses,a useful application
consists of equal
of tar,and soft soap
parts of tincture of iodine,spirits
well mixed together,
and appliedwith a brush once
daily,
being discontinued when the parts get tender,and reoppliedwhen necessary.

BROMINE

The

AND

ointment

ITS

299

PREPARATIONS

of iodine is best

preparedwith one ounce

of iodine,
half an ounce
of iodide of potassium,and eight
of lanoline,
ounces
heatingthe constituents together.

BROMUM"

BROMINE.

The

of bromine employed are

bromide of
preparations
bromide of ammonium, bromide of sodium.
potassium,
Bromine, a liquidelement, is obtained from sea-water
and from some
saline springs,by heating the natural
phuric
and sulmagnesium compound with oxide of manganese
acid. The salt in generaluse is :
"

Potassii

Bromidum

Beomide

"

Potassium.

of

Prepared from bromine,liquor

potass^, and
Doses.
grs.

Horses

"

and

cattle,|ss.to

gi.; dogs,grs. v.

to

XX.

(1)IMMEDIATE
Externally,
pure bromine

LOCAL

ACTION.

acts

as

topicalirritant to

skin,but the bromides

the

unless

possess no local irritantaction

highly concentrated solutions, and are not

in

absorbed

the unbroken

from

the
Internally,
nature

they are

bromides

the stomach

on

or

said to diminish

that reflex movements,

not

are

The

littleeffect of

intestines.
the
such

Given

an

irritant

in full doses

of the fauces,so
sensibility
as swallowing,
cough,etc.,

easilyexcited.

bromides

potassiumis

and

skin.
have

(2)ACTION
of

charcoal.

to be

then

are

THE

ON

rapidlyabsorbed,and

believed to enter the blood

converted

into the

presence of chloride of sodium.

set free in the blood,but we
are
action which

BLOOD.

it exerts thereon.

It
not

the bromide

unchanged,
sodium
salt by the
may be temporarily
of any special
aware

300

It

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

(3) SPECIFIC
probablethat the

seems

ACTION.

bromides

pass

throughthe

the bromide of sodium, and the

as
tissues,
action,generally
speciiic
speaking,is one of depression.
and

organs
On

the

effects.

system they produce most

nervous

They

reduce

nervous
(sensory)

administration

the

centres

nervous

pheral
depressthe perifilaments,the result beingthat
of full doses,there is a loss of

spinalcord,and

in the brain and

after the

of
activity

the

important

in connection
reflex
excitability
of the body.

also

with the sentient surfaces

and diminish cerebral

theylessen activity,
excitement
by reducingthe activityof the reflex
portionsof this region. They are thus indirect hypnotics,
producing a condition of the brain favourable to sleep,
On

and

the cerebnMii

yet

as

is due

to

cannot

we

determine

specialaction

whether

the nerve-cells

on

this effect
or

on

the

cerebral blood-vessels.
On

the vital centres

of

the medulla

they

act

as

pressants
de-

spinalcentres,spinalnerves, and muscles,they

and so act as physiological
cause
depression,
antagonists
to strychnine
in this respect.
On the heart they cause
ness,
slowness of its action and weakby depressingits nervo-muscular substance,
chiefly
partlyby depressingthe cardiac centre in the medulla.
On respiration
and slow the respiratory
they weaken
movements
centre in the
by depressingthe respiratory
On

the

medulla.
On

the blood-vessels the direct effect is not known

definite manner

probablythe

tension

in

in the vessels is

reduced.
Toxic

bromides

Given

Effects.

"

cause

in

condition

large doses the

bromism, consisting

continued
termed

BROMINE

of

cerebral

occurrence

AND

ITS

301

PREPARATIONS

feebleness,anaemia, and the

depression,
in some
instances of an eruption
resembling

acne.

(4)BEMOTE
The

bromides

kidneys,also
surfaces.

In

LOCAL

ACTION.

by the
quicklyeliminated,chiefly
skin,and all mucous
by the salivary
glands,
their passage throughthe excretoryorgans
are

when
they set free bromine, which exerts certain effects,
such as irregular
disturbance
they are givencontinuously,
of the urinaryconstituents,
an
eruptionon the skin,and
sometimes
conjunctivitis.
The bromide of potassiumis the salt
Medicinal
Uses.
used.
most frequently
convulsions in dogs the bromide of potash
In epileptic
often" gives favourable results as a palliative
remedy. It
"

is also useful in
combined
bromide

with

chorea,and

the

liquorarsenicalis

of ammonium

these affections is

in both

with benefit.

is recommended

by

The

some

practitioners
in the early
stagesof pneumonia in horses,when

excitement.
accompaniedby nervous
in combination
In milk fever in cows, it is recommended
but many
with chloral hydrate,
practitioners
prefer
the latter drug administered alone.
In strychnine
poisoningit is inferior as an antidote
compared with chloral hydrateor chloroform.
in combination
In tetanus it is sometimes
prescribed
with belladonna,but does not appear to be of any special

the affection is

value in the treatment

of this intractable affection.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

302

II.

Sub-Geoup
SULPHUR.

sulphur is chieflyobtained from the

native sulphur,
occurringas a productof volcanic action
of all the preparaand Italy. It is the source
in Sicily
tions,
with the exceptionof calx sulphurata.
Source.

Crude

"

OF

Prepared
chambers.
Doses.

from

Sulphur

Sublimed

Sublimatum"

Sulphur

crude

"

'FLOVfEES

SULPHUE.'

sulphur by subliming in large

laxative: Horses, "i.to "iv.

; cattle,iii.
to gvi.; sheepand pigs,5iv.to |i.
; dogs,3i.to ^ii.
one-fourth of these doses is prescribed.
As an alterative,
"

As

Sulphur Prsecipitatum

"

'

of

Milk

Sulphur
Precipitated
Sulphur."
"

Preparedby boilingsublimed sulphurwith slaked lime

in water, precipitating
the filtrate with dilute hydrochloric
acid,washing and drying.
Doses.
Same as those of sublimed sulphur.
"

Sulphuris lodidum"

Iodide

op

Sulphue.

Preparedby fusingsublimed sulphurwith iodine.

Unguentum

Sulphuris lodidL

"

in

16|

lanolin and

vaseline.
Calx

Sulphurata" Sulphurated

Prepared by heatinga

mixture

of

Limb.

sulphateof

calcium

with wood-charcoal.

Acidum

Sulphurosum"

Sulphueous

Preparedby burningsulphurin

air.

Acid.

AND

SULPHUR

ACTIONS

OF

ITS

PREPARATIONS

SULPHUR

AND

303

ITS

PEEPARATIONS.

(1)IMMEDIATE

LOCAL

Externally,
sulphur appliedto
has

little or

as

which
sulphides,
vascular

the skin in its dry form

local action.

no

ointment,it becomes
the acid productsof
and

ACTION.

Applied in the form of

converted by contact with
partially
the skin into sulphuretted
hydrogen
local actions. It acts
exert special

stimularit and

nervous

alterative to the

sedative,and an
the skin, by stimulating

superficial
layersof
epithelialcells,and increasingmovements

of

cilia.
it undergoesno
Internally

change in

action on
appreciable
possesses no
carried to the intestines,
and is in

the

stomach,and

the

It is
organ.
part converted into

sulphidesby the action of the bile,producing mild

purgationwhen given in full doses by stimulatingthe
glandular structures, and also probablyby increasing
of sulphuretted
peristalsis.A considerable amount
and porhydrogen becomes generatedin the intestines,
tion
in the fseces,
of the sulphurescapes unabsorbed
either unchanged or as sulphidesof hydrogen,or combined
with alkalies met

(2)ACTION

with in the bowel.

ON

THE

BLOOD.

A certain
form
not
or

of
aware

of sulphurenters the blood in the

proportion
of hydrogenand the alkalies. We are
sulphides
of any action which it possesses on the physical

chemical

constitution of the blood.

It is believed that

portionbecomes oxidized,appearingin the urine as a

sulphate.
Sulphurettedhydrogen,if inhaled by an animal, acts
blood poison,
as
a powerful
reducingthe oxyhsemoglobin

304

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

and convertingthe carbonates and

corpuscles,
phites,
sulphosphatesof the white corpusclesinto sulphides,
and sulphates.
of the red

(3) SPECIFIC

Sulphur in

the form
the

enters

of

ACTION.

hydrogen

tissues from

the

and

alkaline

blood, and

in

phides
sul-

sive
exces-

doses acts upon the central nervous

system, causing
and finally
of the centres of respiradepression,
tion
paralysis
and

of

besides givingrise to inflammation

circulation,
the stomach
and intestines,
as proved by the experiments
of Moiroud
In

medicinal

the effect of

and
doses

Hertwig.
we

believe that

modifying nutrition,and

sulphurpossesses
thus acting as an

alterative.

(4) EEMOTB

LOCAL

ACTION.

Sulphur is excreted by the kidneys,hj the skin, the

and by the intestines.
lungsand the bronchii,
By the Mdneys it is excreted in the form of sulphates,
and if in excess
as
sulphidesalso ; the constituents of
the urine are
crease
not altered,with the exceptionof the inof the sulphurcompounds.
By the skin it is excreted in the form of sulphidesand
sulphurettedhydrogen,givinga characteristic odour to
the perspiration,
the amount
of the
increasingslightly
stimulant and
latter,and acting as a mild cutaneous
diaphoretic.
the

lungsand bronchii it is excreted in the form of

and is believed to act as a mild expectorant.
sulphides,
By the intestines it acts as a purgativealterative.
Medicinal
Uses.
Internally.As an alterative sulphur
is extensively
in affections of the skin,such as
prescribed
etc. ; also in dry,scurfyconditions of the
acne, eczema,
skin, and generalwant of condition. It is giveneither
By

"

"

306

VETERINARY

in ten

parts of
let the

THERAPEUTICS

sulphur and

until the

water

stand, and

solution

pour

lime

off the

bine,
com-

clear

portion.
A sufBcient amount

preparedin

be

can

similar proportions

to the above.

As

various forms
to

stimulant

and

of combinations

is

cutaneous

alterative,
sulphurin

employed as

skin,such

affections of the

as

an

chronic

tion
applicaeczema,

cells,hastening
etc., stimulatingepithelial
psoriasis,
and thus promoting a healthier action in
desquamation,
the parts. The ointment composed of sublimed sulphur
and carbonate of potash,alreadymentioned, is very useful
for such purposes.
The iodide of sulphur,in the form
acts very

in some
beneficially

and also
affections,

in

of ointment
of chronic

forms

(1to 8)
scalyskin

of

ringworm.
Sulphurous acid is employed as a disinfectant for
stables and premises,the gas being evolved by burning
sulphur mixed with one-fortieth part of finely-divided
charcoal.

cases

It is sometimes

bronchial
destroying

used

of carbon

inhalation

for

lambs.

III.

CARBON.

CARBO"

forms

an

filaritein calves and

Sub-Geoup

Two

as

are

viz. :
recognised,

1. Carbo

Animalis.

2. Carbo

Ligni.

Animal
Chaecoal.
(1) Carbo Animalis
PrejMred by exposing bones to a red heat,excluding
air, and powdering the residue. The purifiedanimal
charcoal is prepared by digesting
the agent in diluted
acid,and thus removing the salts therefrom.
hydrochloric
"

CARBON

AND

(2) Carbo

Ligni

Prepared from
and

wood
excludingair.

General

ITS

Wood

charred

307

Chaecoal.

by exposure

to

red

heat,

Externallycharcoal acts as a clesicand deodorant.

It possesses the procant, disinfectant,
perty
of absorbingand condensingmany
gaseous bodies
and vapours, it absorbs but little hydrogen,although it
will take up a considerable amount
of oxygen, and large
Its
quantitiesof sulphuretted
hydrogenand ammonia.
action on
noxious
gases is believed to depend on the
which
it retains decomposing and deodorizing
oxygen
them.

Actions.

"

PREPARATIONS

Some

"

authorities

state that

it has the power of

condensingthe noxious gases in its pores.

absorbingand
has
Internally,charcoal given in sufficient amount
the power of checkingfermentative changeswhile passing
through the alimentarycanal,and by virtue of this action
it will

prevent the

occurrence

of flatulence.

It possesses

the power of attracting

alkaloids from their solutions in
the stomach, and renderingthem
inert ; hence
animal
charcoal

has

antidote

in

been

recommended
of

cases

by Dr. Garrod as an
poisoning by morphia, aconite,

etc.
strychnia,

Charcoal

is removed

and
intestines,
action
specific

not

from

the

by
system entirely

being absorbed,it does

the

the

not exert any

body.
As an agent to check the formation
Medicinal
Uses.
of gases due to fermentative
changes in the alimentary
of
canal, charcoal is sometimes
prescribedin cases
for horses and cattle,
flatulence in doses of "ss. to "ii.
and grs. xx. to 3i.for dogs.
Externally. It is occasionally
employedas a deodorant
foul wounds,
to unhealthy ulcers or
and
disinfectant
in the dry form ; but as it possesses
beingapplieddirectly
other agentsare to be preferred.
action as an antiseptic,
no
on

"

"

308

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

CHAPTEE

INORGANIC

MATERIA

convenience

officialacids in

of

Continued.

MEDIOA."

GEOUP

Foe

V.

IV."

ACIDS.

we
description,

common

use

under

1. INORGANIC

the

arrange

may

headings:

two

ACIDS.

Sulphuric ; Nitric ; HydrocMoric

Nitro-hydrochloric;

Boric ; Chromic.
2. ORGANIC
Acetic

; Citric ; Tartaric

Gallic and

Of

the

noticed

in

remainder
as

ACIDS.
;

Hydrocyanic

Tannic

organic acids, only

this chapter,as the
but

are

; Carbolic

Salicylic.

the

first three

actions

and

uses

with their

connected
slightly

will be
of the

properties

acids.

brieflynotice the general actions of

acids before proceedingto a consideration of the actions
and uses
of each acid separately.
We

shall first

(1) IMMEDIATE

LOCAL

ACTION.

such
as
Externally. The strong acids
sulphuric,
and nitric are caustic and irritant,
and in
hydrochloric,
concentrated
form are
powerful corrosives. They produce
these effects by their affinity
for the bases and
of the tissues,and
in a lesser degree for the
water
organic substances therein. Properly diluted,they act
as
astringentswhen appliedto the skin, mucous
mem"

"

"

GENERAL

ACTIONS

OF

branes,etc.,causinga direct condensation

and

309

ACIDS

of the

tissues,

thus

checkinghaemorrhagefrom small vessels and

capillaries.
Internally.In the mouth they act as sialagogues,
being powerful stimulants of salivarysecretion,this
action depending on
an
impressionreflected through
the cerebro-spinal
nerves
supplyingthe salivaryglands.
They are in part neutralized by the alkaline secretion
from the salivary
glands,the resultingsalts exerting
effects.
some
astringent
In the stomach
acids act directly
upon the contents of
this organ ; the free acids quicklyunite with bases in
the digestive
tract,and form neutral salts. Hydrochloric
acid increases the acidity
of the gastric
juicewhen given
after feeding,
thus actingas a digestive
adjuvant.
In
acids increase the acidityof the
the duodenum
chyme, stimulate the intestinal glands and muscular
"

"

of the

coat

intestine,and

The

pancreas.

dilute

also stimulate

acid
sulphuric

acts

as

the

liver and

an

intestinal

astringent.
ON
THE
BLOOD.
(2) ACTION
Acids on enteringthe blood combine
with part of the
and thus render the blood
alkali of the liq.sanguinis,
when
less alkaline; but even
given in toxic doses they
do not produce an acid reaction in this fluid. We
are
of any further effects which they are capable
not aware
The vegetableacids,when
of producingon the blood.
salts of the alkalies,
have a deoxidizing
administered
as

effect on

the blood.

(3) SPECIFIC
On
of

the different tissues and

the

There

ACTIONS.

acids possesses
are,

however,

some

organs of the
action of
specific

important

body each
its

actions

own.

which

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

310

and
secretions,
salivaryand digestive
of these vye shall now
give a brief notice :
On the salivarysecretion they act as powerful sialato
gogues ; the impression from the acid is conducted
acids exert

on

the

centres, and

nerve

the

is then

reflected

through
salivaryglands.

the

nerves
cerebro-spinal
supplyingthe
On
digestion dilute acids taken into the stomach
check or lessen the secretion of gastricjuice; they also
increased flow of bile,probablyby rendering
cause
an
"

the contents

of the duodenum

the

increase

of

the

activityof

an

acid

reaction,and

intestinal

glands

and

muscles.
All these

be attributed

effects must

to

law "which is

proved both by experiment and also by the employment

of acids in therapeutics viz.,that acids check acid blit
"

increase

alkaline

while dilute alkalies stimulate

secretions,

acid secretions.
These

facts

are

explainedin an admirable manner

by
work on
and they are
Therapeutics,'

Einger in his
of the disorders of the
most importantin the treatment
whether
acids or alkalies
digestivesystem, as indicating
should be prescribed.
Dr. Einger supports these views by illustrations of the
follows :
as
therapeuticemployment of acids or alkalies,
1. Acids allaythirst by promoting the secretion of the
Dr.

'

alkaline saliva.
2. Acids

given shortlybefore feedinggenerallycheck

acidity.
3. Alkalies

secretion

of

given shortlybefore feeding increase the

the
acid gastricjuice,and
so
promote

digestion.
Acids
and
act

check

fermentation,and

the formation

of gases
and thus
irritating
organic acids in the intestines,

in this respect.
antiseptically

SULPHURIC

In

doses, and

toxic

corrosive

irritant

possessingthese
The

and

311

in concentrated

poisons,nitric

actions in

suitable antidotes

are

and
marked

most

form, acids

alkaline

such

"

anodyne"

as

calcium
bicarbonates,

oils,milk, linseed-tea

such

as

are

sulphuricacids
degree.

magnesium carbonates,given with

diluents
an

ACID

demulcents

and

the addition of

"

being often required.

opium

"

LOCAL
ACTION.
(4)EEMOTE
neutral
Acids
as
having entered into combination
moved
salts,or having been decomposed in the blood, are refrom the system, and during this process they
excreted
exert very little local action.
They are chiefly
these organs by increasing
by the kidneys,stimulating
of salts excreted ; but they do not to
the total amount
of the urine.
any extent increase the free acidity

Acetic, citric,and
tissues unless
in

the

excess,

acids

tartaric

given in largedoses

blood, and

excreted

as

the

in

Given

kidneys.

ACIDS.

INORGANIC

Sulphuricum

the

they are decomposed

carbonates.

they escape unchanged by

(1) Acidum

reach

never

"

Acid, Oil

Sulphueic

of

VlTEIOL.
the
of sulphur, and
combustion
and
oxidation
hydration of the resultingsulphurous
tains
Conof nitrous and aqueous
acid by means
vapours.
98 per cent, of real acid.

Prepared by

the

Preparations.
(a) Acidum

Sulphuricum

Dilutum.

"

Dilute

sulphuric

acid. 1 to about 11 of distilled water.

Ptoses. Of the dilute acid : Horses,
"

"

3i.to 5ii.; cattle,

TT|^xx. administered, freely

3ii.to 3iv.; dogs, TTl_v.to

diluted,twice daily,and combined
bitters.

"

with

aromatics

and

312

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Prepared bySulphuricum Aromaticum.

(b) Acidum
namon,
mixing sulphuric acid, 1| ; spirit,18 ; spiritof cinContains
of ginger, 1.
1 ; strong tincture
"

12-5 per cent, of real acid.

Doses.
Actions
water

Similar to those of the dilute acid.

"

"

with

Externally. Strong sulphuricacid absorbs

avidityfrom the tissues,and has also an
their bases, and to a less degree for the
"

af"nityfor
organicsubstances themselves.
it destroysthe
appliedlocally,
extent,

producinga

hroion

or

For

these reasons,

tissues

to

when

considerable

hlack eschar and

powerful

corrosive action.
dilute
and
aromatic
preparations
Internally.The
only are employed internally.These act as tonics and
the tonic action probably depending on
a
astringents,
effect upon the gastricand biliary
functions,
stimulating
action probably on an astringent
effect on
the astringent
"

the bloodvessels.
It must

neutralized

be

remarked, however, that the

in

the

upper

acid

part of the small

is

soon

intestines,

sulphate,thus losingits astrinIt is excreted chiefly

by the kidneys,increasing
gency.
of sulphatesin the urine ;
to a slight
extent the amount
it is probablethat part escapes by the bowels as sulphates
of sodium
and magnesium, and a certain portionpossibly
by the skin.
Toxic
Effects.
Sulphuric acid acts as a corrosive
form patches
irritant poison,producing in concentrated
black colour on
the mouth,
of erosion of a brown
or
into

being converted

"

and
fauces,oesophagus,

mucous

membrane

of the

stomach,

instances.
The
perforationof the latter in some
throat
becomes
acutely inflamed, extensive swelling
with rapid death from suffocation.
resulting,
In dogs it causes
immediately retchingand emesis,
with

314

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

precipitatedalbumin,
acid, and
the tissues less

and
alkalies,
The

not

hence, when

phuric
penetrating as sullocallyapplied,destroys
so

extensively.

It stains the skin

the formation

is

colour,due
yelloiv

characteristic

to

picricacid. This colour is deepenedby

removed
only by desquamation of the cuticle.

action

of

of nitric acid

on

the

skin

and

tissues is

comparativelyspeaking slow, but is usuallyvery deepif close to the flexure of a joint,an

seated,especially
extensive slough often resulting.
the dilute nitric acid acts as a cholagogue,
Internally
membrane
probablyin part by its action on the mucous
of the duodenum, causing an increased flow of bile,by
and bile-ducts;
consequent contraction of the gall-bladder
of the duodenum
also,probably by the contents
being
rendered

acid,

the

secretion

of

the

alkaline

bile

is

stimulated.
acid possesses similar actions to other acids on
the alimentarycanal and on digestion. It is believed to
Nitric

be

partlydecomposed in the system into ammonia, and

during its excretion by the kidneysto diminish slightly
the acidityof the urine.
Toxic

Effects.

Nitric

"

when
poison,especially

acid

is

in concentrated

corrosive
form.

irritant
It

causes

stains in the mouth, pharynx, and

yellow or brown
of the stomach
membrane
oesophagus; but in the mucous
obscure
these are usuallyrendered
matory
by the acute inflamchanges,often accompanied by extravasation of
blood.
The

antidotes

other mineral

are

similar

to those

employed for

the

acids.

hepaticstimulant dilute nitric

of torpidity
acid is prescribed
after feeding,
in cases
of
the liver accompanied with intestinal dyspepsia. It is
Medicinal

Uses.

"

As

HYDROCHLORIC

315

ACID

also useful in
as

affections of the liverj

such
long-standing
congestionand cirrhosis.
in young
of diarrhcsa,especially
animals,
motions
are
greenish in colour,curdled,and

chronic
In

cases

where

the

mixed

with

often of

small

mucus,

great benefit.

diluted

with

aromatic

water,

doses

of dilute nitric acid

Nitric acid should

and

is

be

are

givenlargely

usually combined

with

bitters.

Externallynitric acid is employed for the removal of

It should
be carefully
warts, fungous growths, etc.
appliedwith a glass rod, precautionsbeing taken to
and also to
prevent the surroundingtissues beinginjured,
guard againstits action extendingtoo deeply.
Hydrochloricum--HYDEocHLOEic

(3) Acidum

Muriatic

Acid, Spieit

op

Acid,

Salt.

action
of sulphuric acid
upon
and solution of the fumes
in water.
of sodium
32 per cent, by weight of the gas dissolved in

Prepared by
chloride
Contains

the

water.

Hydrochloricum Dilutum

Acidum

acid

"

1 to

Doses.

"

2^ distilled water.
Of the dilute acid

Jii.to 5iv.; sheep, ni_xv. to

properlydiluted.

"

Dilute

hydrochloric

horses,Jss. to 3ii-; cattle,

lT(_xx.
; dogs, ni_v.to lTl_x.

Externally. Hydrochloric acid

caustic,causing the formation of a white
Actions

"

"

appliedin

tissues when

corrosive in its action than

concentrated
nitric

or

form.

is

active

an

film
It

on

the

is less

acid.
sulphuric

it is a
stimulant
and
Internally.In the mouth
sialagogue,increasingthe flow of saliva, and thus
of the gastric
as well as
juice. In the
reflexly,
indirectly,
of the gastric
it increases the acidity
stomach
juice,and
adjuvant. It enters the tissues in
acts as
a
digestive
the form of chlorides,
specific
possessingno appreciable
"

316

VETERINARY

action

thereon.

THERAPEUTICS

It is excreted

but does not increase to any

urine.
Effects. -^These

Toxic

chieflyby
the free

extent

resemble

those

the

kidneys,
acidityof the

of

other

the

mineral

acids,but, independentof its irritant or corrosive

it is believed to destroylife by causing a fatal
effects,
diminution

of

of
paralysis

the

the

alkali

in

the

blood, resultingin

centre.
respiratory
As a sialagogue,
Medicinal
Uses.
hydrochloricacid,
largelydiluted with water, is sometimes
prescribedin
of fever accompanied with excessive thirst and a
cases
It relieves the throat
parched condition of the mouth.
by stimulatingthe secretion of saUva, and, besides,
and favours digestion
increases the appetite,
ing
by stimulatthe gastricsecretion.
as well as
indirectly,
reflexly,
As a digestive
adjuvant it is extensively
employed, in
of its special
action in digesting
and rendering
consequence
"

soluble the albuminous

is

important,however,

before

after

or

in

Thus,
is

to remember

of administration

time

cases

scanty, and

constituents

as

regards prescribingthe

acid

feeding.
where
not

the secretion of the

suflicient to

perform

digestionin a normal manner,

administered
afterfeeding. "When
is completed,the acid then makes
which

It

the influence of the

of

of that

of the food.

should

be

secreted

the
the

gastricjuice
the

function

acid should

be

gastricsecretion
for the

deficiency
naturally.On the

up

other

of acid secreted in
hand, when there is an excess
the stomach, givingrise to a condition of undue acidity
of the

gastriccontents, the administration

acid before
hydrochloric
feedingwill overcome
The
check

rationale of this
the

productionof

depends on
acid

the

secretions

of

dilute

this

rule that
from

the

dition.
con-

acids

glands,

HYDROCHLORIC

ACID

317

while

they increase the flow of allcaline secretions,the

beingthe case with alkalies.
very reverse
Acidity of the stomach, however, does not always
depend on an excessive secretion of gastricjuice; it is
often due to an excessive or irregular
fermentation in the
contents
of the organ, leading
to the formation
of large
amounts
of various acids,such as acetic,butyric,
and
lactic ; and here also the administration of dilute hydrochloric
acid checks this irregular
fermentation.
It is
best combined
with vegetable
tonics and bitters for such
tration
being taken not to continue the adminispurposes, care
for too longa period,
which would tend to induce
the oppositecondition to that for which it was
employed
in the firstinstance.

As

alkalies administered

before

feedingincrease the
it becomes
secretion of gastricjuice,
for the
a question
he shall prescribean acid or
to whether
as
practitioner
alkali in cases
of dyspepsiadependingon a scanty
an
secretion of gastric
juice.
Practical experience
teaches that no hard and fast rule
be laid down.

can

In

some

cases

alkalies administered

shortly before feedinggive better results than acids

administered
after feeding;while in others the reverse
holds good. It is evident that in cases
of acidity
of the
stomach
depending on excessive secretion,acids given
after

feedingwould

increase

the abnormal

condition and

aggravate it.
In

cases

of renal

concretions,also

in

cases

terized
charac-

of an
excessive sediment
appearance
in the urine,small doses of the dilute hydrochloric
acid

by

the

recommended, as this agent possesses the

the earthycarbonates,rendering
them
dissolving

are

capableof beingremoved in the

acid
Externally."ItydLicochlonc.

and

power

of

soluble,

urine.
is

emoccasionally

318

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

ployedas
and

etc.,
warty growths,
with other agents as an application

caustic iu the removal

also in combination

of

necrosis of bone it
in sheep. In superficial
foot-rot
is useful,
properlydiluted,removing the diseased portion
and leavinga healthysurface to heal.
io

(4)

Nitro-hydrochloricum
CHLOEIC
AOID, NiTEO-MuEIATIC

Acidum

Niteo

"

Hydeo

AciD.

part of nitric acid and three of

Preparedby mixing one

acid.
hydrochloric
Acidum

Dilutum

Nitro-Hydrochloricum

Dilute

"

Nitro-

HydrochloricAcid.
Prepared by mixing 3 ounces
of hydrochloric
acid with
ounces

of nitric acid
25

4
and
of distilled

ounces

free chlorine,hydrochloric,
nitric,
and nitrous acids, with other compounds, dissolved in
water, and should be preparedfourteen days before using.
Doses.
The
those of dilute nitric acid,with
same
as
the avoidance of
similar precautions
to dilution and
as
It contains

water.

"

too

prolongeduse.

Actions

and

Externally.-The

"

irritant.

effect

It is believed

locallyas

compress

strong acid

"

well

as

out

of

wrung

cholagogue
when
specifically,
appliedas a

to

produce

is corrosive
a

solution of the acid

over

the

hepaticregionin the case of liver affections in dogs.

strated
demonas
Internally.It acts as a direct cholagogue,
by the experiments by Dr. Eutherford ; this
action is also provedby the results of clinical experience.
"

It resembles

the other acids in its action

on

the stomach

and intestines.
Medicinal

of
torpidity

Uses.

the

"

As

cholagogueit is prescribedin
catarrhal jaundice,
and in the

liver,in
also
earlystagesof cirrhosis,

in intestinal

dyspepsia,It

BORIC

is contra-indicated
obstruction
of the

in

319

ACID

of

jaundice depending on
in the bile-duct,
tions
also in severe
organicaffecliver,and in acute hepatitis.
cases

terized
oxaluria,characloss of flesh,stiffness in the loins,a
by debility,
dry scurfycondition of the skin,the frequentpassage of
taining
urine,acid or neutral in reaction,and conpale-coloured
oxalate of lime, the uitro-hydrochloric
acid,in
that

In

affection of horses

combination

with

tincture of

termed

vomica

nux

and

gentian,

beneficial results.

givesvery

This affection

due to
impaireddigestion,
that dietetic and hygienic

depending on

dietetic errors, it is necessary

be adoptedin addition to medicinal treatment.
precautions
The
as

employed externally,
except occasionally
hepatic
applicationin dilute solution in some

acid is not

local

as
affections,
alreadymentioned.

Boeic Acid, Boeacic

Acid.
(5) Acid Boricum
Prepared by the action of sulphuricacid on borax, or
of native boric acid.
by the purification
Doses.
Horses and cattle,
3ii.to 5iv.; dogs,grs. v. to
"

"

grs.

XX.

Preparatio7is
.

1 to 6 of
(1)Unguentum Acidi Borici Boric ointment
hard and soft paraffin.
is preparedby heating
(2) Boroglyceride (not official)
-with.62 parts of boric acid.
92 parts of glycerine
"

Borax

"

Biboeatb

"

of

Sodium.

Prepared by boilingtogetherboric
of soda.

It is also found

acid and

carbonate

native.

Prep)arations.
(1)Glycerinum

(2)Mel
honey, 16.

Borax,!; glycerine,
4; water, 2.
1 ; clarified
Borax, 2 ; glycerine,

Boracis

Boracis

"

"

320

VETERINARY

Actions

THERAPEUTICS

Externally.

"

Boric

"

and
antiseptic
it is capable of

acid

is

In solution of 1 in 800
disinfectant.
low organisms,but is not, however, destructive
destroying
to all growths of this nature.
It has little or no
in this respectdiffering
effect on the tissues,
irritating

from

carbolic acid and other disinfectants.

Internallyit

checks

canal ; it is excreted

effect on

alimentary
urine, exertingan antiseptic

fermentation
in the

in

the

the

In toxic

canal.
urino-genital
irritant.
doses it acts as a gastro-intestinal

possesses similar actions to those

Borax

Medicinal

Uses

"

Boric

acid and

borax

of boric acid.
are

occasionally

in cases
of fermentative diarrhoea in
employed internally
of cystic'
cases
foals,calves, and dogs, also in some
of its remote
action
local antiseptic
catarrh,by reason
this region.
on
In aphthousconditions of the mouth, in ulcerations of
it is emthe mouth, tongue,and fauces,and in glossitis,
ployed

of

in the form

mouth-wash,

in combination

with

the chlorate of

potash,honey, or glycerine.
for wounds, boric acid is largely
As an antiseptic
dressing
employed in the form of lotion,in the proportionof a
5 per cent, solution.

It is also very useful in

dry powder, combined

with

In different forms
to burns

and

the form of

proportionof creolin.
frequentuse as an application

it is in

certain

ulcerated surfaces.

erythema,in irritable conditions of the skin,and in

in dogs,the employment of boric acid in the
eczema
often givesmost satisfactory
form of ointment,as follows,
5 parts ; vaseline,
results : boric acid,5 parts; lanoline,
In

part.
In canker

of

the

employed, either
just mentioned,

ear

in

dogsboric

in the form

combined

acid is

of lotion
with

oxide

or

successfully

of the ointment
of zinc.

For

322

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

-Vinegar

Acetum-

"

5-il per

contains

cent,

of acetic

acid.

Prepared from a mixture

by the acetous fermentation.
Strong acetic
appliedto the skin

Actions.

when

"

of malt

acid is corrosive and

; the

grain

and unmalted

irritant

acid acts

medicinal

as

appliedin sufficient amount.

lant,
Properlydiluted,or in the form of vinegar,it is stimuadministered
When
astringent,and refrigerant.
it reaches the blood and becomes
decomposed,
internally,
passingout of the system as carbonates,but when given
in excess
it escapes unchanged by the kidneys.
Acetic acid is not employedinternally.
Medicinal
Uses.
of poisoningby
It may be used as an
antidote in cases
alkalies and alkaline carbonates,and also when properly
to surfaces irritated by strong
diluted,as an application
alkalies. The
employed as a
strong acid is frequently

vesicant and

stimulant when

"

caustic

in

the

vinegarit is used
to

strains and

as

In

of warts.

destruction

the

form

of

application
coolingand astringent

contusions,either alone

or

combined

with

pharmacy it is employed as a solvent

their
for various drugs, as it is capable of dissolving
such combinations
active principles,
being termed aceta.
Example Acetum cantharidis.
other

agents.

In

"

Both

Acidum

Citricum

Acidum

Tartaricum

these

acids

"

Citric
"

Acid.

Taetaeic

Acid.

devoid of irritant and

poisonous
are
occasionally
prescribedas cooling
and, like other organic
antipyretics
; they relieve thirst,
bodies,are excreted as carbonates,probablystimulating
the kidneys and skin indirectly
by increasingthe total
are

and
properties,

amount

of salts excreted.

WA

GROUP

Destillata

Aqua

v."

Pure

"

TER

323

WATEE"

Water

AQUA.

obtained

by

Distillation.

LOCAL
ACTION.
(1)IMMEDIATE
of applying
as
a means
Externallywater acts chiefly
cold or heat to the surface of the body,dependingon the
temperaturewhich is employed,whether cold,temperate,
tepid,warm, hot,etc.,the effectsof which have already

been noticed in Part

II.,p. 203.
it relieves thirst,improves digestionand
Internally

intestinal action

dog,hot
as

an

water

when

acts

as

allowed at proper times.

and warm
sedative,
gastric

In

the

water

emetic.

THE
BLOOD.
ON
(2)ACTION
Water
readily
passes into the blood,but this process
In cases
where
to circumstances.
varies according
a
largeamount of fluid is removed from the system,water
is quickly
absorbed,while if there is a sufficientamount
the absorption
of a
of this agent in the blood already,
canal is diminished.
from the alimentary
further quantity

(3)REMOTE
of water

Excess

LOCAL

is eliminated

by
lungs,bowels, but chiefly
diuretic.

Administered

heat,it acts

As

diluent and

ACTION.

as

the

warm,

skin,
by the kidneys,
kidneys,actingas a

and

combined

with

ternal
ex-

diaphoretic.

(4)USES.
cold
febrifuge

water

the vessel
of febrile affections,

is liberally
allowed

it being
containing
leftwithin reach of the animal,so that it can be partaken
and saline febrifuges
dissolved in it give
of at pleasure,
in

cases

324

VETEBINABY

beneficial results.
after
condition
cathartic

THERAPEUTICS

Cold

also
feeding,

after exertion.

when

animals

After the

in

are

heated

administration

of

until the

physichas ceased to operate,

cold water should be studiously
to
avoided,as it is likely
induce superpurgation,
of the intestines.
or spasm
Externallywater is extensively
employed, either hot,
in

the

dose, and

rectly
is contra-indicated di-

water

form

of

fomentations,or

cold

refrigerant.
The employment of hot or cold applications
is often a
of choice with the practitioner.
We
matter
ever,
must, howdraw

attention

in severe
irrigation
etc. (seep. 204).

as

to the beneficial effects of continuous

cases

of broken

knees, open

joints,

ALCOHOL

325

CHAPTEE
GROUP

VL"

THE

VI.

COMPOUNDS.

CARBON

ALCOHOL.

The

forms of alcohol
following
in therapeutics
:

(1) Spiritus

those of chief

are

Rectificatus

Ebctified

"

Alcohol with 16 per cent, of water.

Preparedby distillationof fermented

(2)Spiritus Tenuior

Spirit.

saccharine fluids.

Spieit.

Peoop

"

ance
import-

Alcohol with 51 per cent, by weight of water.

Prepared by mixing 5 parts of rectified spiritwith
3

parts of

water.

(3)Spiritus Vini

Callici" Beandy.

Contains

from 48 to 56 per
alcohol.

Preparedby

cent,

distillationfrom French

(4)Spiritus Frumenti

"

volume

by

lute
of abso-

wines.

Whisky.

about 44 to 50 per cent, of absolute alcohol.

fermented solution
a thoroughly
Preparedby distilling
Contains

of malt.

(5)Vinum

Xericum

"

Shbeey.

Contains about 17 per cent, of alcohol.

Preparedfrom

the fermented

juiceof

the grape.

326

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

(6) Gin"
from

Contain

40

Hollands"

to 50

and

Madeira

and

(8) Ales

small

are

quantityof

Wines.

Porter.

alcohol,and
yeast.

4 to 8 per cent, of

from

malt, with hops and

from

alcohol,and

14 to 18 per cent, of alcohol.

"!ontain from

Contain

of

cent,

per

malt, with

prepared from fermented

juniperberries.

(7) Port

Geneva.

are

pared
pre-

(9) Methylated Spirit.

A mixture

with 10 parts
parts of rectified spirit

of 90

wood-spiritor impure methylic alcohol. It is chiefly

used for pharmaceuticalpurposes.
for retail use has the addition of
The methylatedspirit
3 pintsof petroleumoil to 100 gallonsof the above.
of

OP

ACTIONS

THE

AND

ALCOHOL

ITS

PEEPAEATIONS.

(1) IMMEDIATE
Externally

alcohol

heat

withdraws

LOCAL

is

from

the

lessens the local cutaneous

and

produces a

be confined and
if the

agent be rubbed

it
;
powerful refrigerant
surface by its evaporation,
circulation by vascular constriction,

If the vapour

sensation of cold.
to act

into the

on

the tissues

part,it acts

as

beneath, or
a

stimulant

by penetratingthe epitheliumand
rubefacient

and

the
the

allowed

ACTION.

nerves

vessels of the cutaneous

structures,

being redness,heat, and pain, followed by

and disinfectant
when
anaesthesia. It is antiseptic

results

local

and

tating
irri-

ALCOHOL

employed as
ulcers,and

constituent

327

of lotions

and

for wounds

of hardeningthe
possesses the power
It can
be absorbed by the unbroken
skin.

dermis.
epi-

it has the property of coagulating

min,
albuInternally
the mucous
and
to a small extent
constringing

membranes
with

of the

them.

if it be

mouth

It stimulates

retained

the flow of

in contact

saliva,and

gives
*'

increased relish for food.

an

In the stomach

the

alcohol,in

moderate

dose, produces

followingimportanteffects :

(a)It mixes with the contents of the stomach, and is

partlydecomposed into aldehyde and acetic acid. It
a
precipitates
portionof the pepsin,as well as of the
peptones and proteids; thus, to a certain extent, it
retards digestion.
ing
membrane, dilat(6)It stimulates the gastricmucous
the blood-supply
and increasing
and the
the vessels,
is sharpened,and the
flow of gastric
juice; the appetite
become
the
of the stomach
movements
more
energetic,
dose thus being to favour
total effect of a moderate
digestion.
gastric
(c)Alcohol produces important effects of a reflex
walls. The heart
from its action on the gastric
nature
raised ; the
is stimulated,and the general
blood-pressure
thus
active organs are filledwith blood,and their activity
increased,the agent producingthe characteristic effects
of a diffusible
stimulant.
(2) ACTION
Owing
into

the

ON

THE

BLOOD.

alcohol passes
to its highdiffusion-power
blood.

It enters

either

unchanged

or

readily
as

an

aldehyde,and is distributed to the tissues and organs.

the corpusclesof the
The preciseaction of alcohol on
determined
blood is not yet accurately
; it is supposed to

328

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

have the effect of

hamogloiin, with
tissues

oxygen
result that

the

less

occurs

less

freelyand

(3) SPECIFIC
On

the

tissues and

becomes

alcohol

Given

oxidized

the

in

the

in

several

exerts

under

shall refer to

we

"

the

more

ACTION.

organs

important actions,which
following
headings:
(a) Alcohol as a Food.
alcohol

firmlyto
oxygenationof
extensively.

bindingthe

moderate

the

quantity

tissues,carbonic

acid

being produced, so that it resembles other

of energy, and thus acting
carbo-hydrates,
beinga source
Given in largeamounts, it may pass out of
a food.
as
the system by the lungs,kidneys,etc.,before oxidation
has had time to take place.
Alcohol does not become
an
integral
part of the living
cells ; it remains
in the plasma surroundingthe cells,
of energy
where, being oxidized,it suppliesan amount
to the active elements ; thus, it can
temporarilysustain
and

water

life when, from

cannot

some

be taken

(b)Alcohol
demonstrated

formed

Nutritive

Depressant.

by experimentsthat

the 7netaholism

or

oxidation

protoplasm of

the

of

"

It has

animals, and

the

been

with
interferes
tissue proteidsor

alcohol
the

cells,or,

words,

in other

and tear of the tissues.

spares the wear
In experimentsmoderate
doses of alcohol
to

of food

assimilated.

or
as

sufficient amount

cause,

followingdeductions

were

were

it

given
arrived

less oxygen
absorbed ; this is supposed
was
Firstly,
to depend on
the power
of interference which alcohol
the oxygenatingfunction
of the red corpuscles.
possesses over
minous
Secondly,the temperaturefell,and the albuwhile not wasting,tended to degenerate
tissues,
at

into

fat,so

that the whole

system

inclined

to grow

gross

330

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

alcohol

in full doses

has

disturbing motor

effect of

the

functions rather than intellectual. In largeamounts, the

depression
terminatingin complete
nerve-centres,finally

primary stimulant
of all the

of their function.

arrest

to

effects quicklygive way

The

muscles

firstataxic

become

paralyzed,so that the standingposture becomes

difficult or impossible; the respiratoryand circulatory
to cause
extent
centres
be depressedto such an
as
may
and death.
stertorous breathing,
failure of the circulation,
The effects of alcohol on
the nerve-centres
are
partly
due to
(a)Dilatation of the bloodvessels of the brain and
cord ; (b)partly to a direct action of the drug upon the
and

then

"

nerve-cells.

(e)On
influence
the

partly through its

respiratorycentre, and partlythrough

Respiration. Alcohol
on

the

muscles
respiratory
are

death

acts

"

first

and

The

the circulation.

accelerated,then

slowed

occurringby asphyxiaafter

and

excessive

respirations
weakened,

doses.

(/) On the Body Temperature. Alcohol, as the result

of the followingactions,has the effect of loweringtemperature
"

when

administered

in full doses

the circulation through the dilated

(1) By increasing
peripheralvessels.
metabolism.
(2)By diminishing
(3)By increasingperspiration.
Very large doses lower the temperature to a great
extent
by causing general vital depression,vaso-motor
and rapid refrigeration,
in a low state
paresis,
especially
of the external
in

temperature. Moderate

temperate atmosphere

the
by diverting
Toxic
narcotic
centres.

Effects.

cause

doses

sensation

of alcohol
of warmth

blood to the skin.

"

In

excessive

doses

alcohol

acts

as

poison, causing paralysisof the vital nerveThe higher centres are first affected,
causinga

ALCOHOL

331

brief stageof excitement,soon

narcosis, death

terminatingin profound
paralysisof either the

from
resulting

or
respiratory

cardiac

in the

centres

medulla,

from

or

both.

(4) REMOTE
In

medicinal

in the

ACTION.

alcohol is almost

system, only about

the

by

doses

LOCAL

the

major

kidneysand

ethereal and

entirelyoxidized
changed,
passing out un-

3 per cent,
portionby the lungs,the

skin.

This

remainder

portion,
however,includes

other

complex bodies which are associated

with alcohol in spirits
and wines.
The major portionof the alcohol
proper is excreted as
carbonic acid and water.
During excretion it acts as a
diuretic,and fluids such as beer and gin possess this
action in a marked
local
degree. It has also a remote
action as a diaphoretic.
Medicinal

Uses.

It is well known

"

in the
prescribed
indiscriminately
of the respiratory
system, and much
exists

among
otherwise.
In

authorities

judging of

the

no
counter-irritants,

down

; clinical

when
be

as

to

value

of

hard

of diseases

treatment

difference of

its beneficial

opinion

effects

stimulants, just

and

fast rule

experience alone

alcohol is

that alcohol is often

can

indicated,and when

be

can

direct

as

the

its

or

of

laid
titioner
prac-

use

can

dispensedwith.
The

of the

should

pulseand heart,the generalstrength

patient,his appetiteand powers of assimilation,
be the chief guides in the employment of this

state

of the

agent.
We

are

assured

of the

which differ from

patients,
as
regardsthis drug has a

full effects of alcohol

human
very

beings,in
decided

whom

influence

in

our

habit
on

its

332

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

actions.
when

But

must

we

alcohol

prescribedfor

is

of the

form, more

forgetthat,in

not

agent finds

We

than into the

shall notice the

headings:
(a)As a

palatable
system of

that this
some

of alcohol under

uses

the

into

patient,and
effectually
guarded against by mixing
drug with the alcoholic liquor.
the attendant

in

animals

its way

instances,

some

the

can

be

harmless

following

threateningdeath from cardiac

in cases
of haemorrhage,shock, etc.,alcohol is
as
failure,
convenient,
indicated, being usuallyavailable,
especially
either whisky
and rapidin its action.
For such purpose
Stimulant.

In

"

brandy should be administered to horses and cattle in

full doses,varying from
half a pint to a pint,slightly
with a rapidlydiluted with hot water, and combined
acting diffusible stimulant, such as a preparationof
ammonia
or
sulphuricether. For dogs from a quarter to
half a wineglassful
will be required,
accordingto the size
or

of the animal.
haustion,
(b)In feversand acute diseases characterized by exalcohol judiciously
employed is an agent of
in such cases
indications
The
value.
great therapeutic
to prevent or make
are
good the great waste of tissue,to

sustain

the heart

and

the abnormal

to
fail,

reduce

and

supply a temporary

to

These
Wood
'

indications

enables the

vital powers,
From

that

avoided.

Materia

system

at the

the

it fulfils all these

its indiscriminate
It should

time

by Dr. H. 0.
') as follows :

up

Medica

to stand

same

knowledge of

our

clearlythat
infer

and

food.

well summed

are

('Therapeuticsand

Alcohol

system, which threaten to

temperature,to aid digestion,

nervous

the drain

to check

actions

of

upon its
such drain.'

alcohol,we

indications,but
use

be understood

should
that

be

alcohol

we

see

also

carefully
is by no

ALCOHOL

333

essential in every febrile affection. If the appetite

remain
good and the pulseof sufiScient strength,
fairly
means

we

to

should

relyon simplemeasures, with strict attention

nursingand to the details of hygiene.
Besides the evil effects of the indiscriminate

drug,we

have

to consider

that the constant

use

of the

tion
administra-

of drenches to the

patientwill tend to annoy him at

At the same
a time when
rest is urgentlyneeded.
time,
we
ought to be careful not to delay prescribingalcohol
until the system of the patientbecomes
weakened
and
debilitated by the disease.
If the pulse be frequentand weak, with excessive
etc.,
temperature,dryness of the skin,Joss of appetite,
then alcohol will be

to prove
indicated,and is likely

of

benefit.
In

pneumonia, bronchitis,etc., it
stage that

second

alcoholic

is

stimulants

usuallyin
are

the

indicated

inflammatoryproductsare being absorbed.

As respiratory
affections in horses are
mostly of an
asthenic character,aggravated
by enforced work during
the primary stagesand by unsanitary
we
surroundings,
when

often find that at

are

In

cases

our

first attendance

alcoholic stimulants

indicated.
of that

affection termed

often
'influenza,'

by total loss of appetiteand great debility

in the early stages, the judiciousadministration of
of the appetite
and an improvealcohol causes
a return
ment
of the patients.
in the generalappearance
it is necessary to prescribealcohol at
In severe
cases
transient,the doses and the
as its effects are
intervals,
being mainly determined by the
frequencyof repetition
instances the doses
condition of the patient.In some
be repeatedevery two or three hours,and large
must
from the rapidity
of
tolerated apparently
amounts
are
characterized

334

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

drug in the system. From two to three

and
glassesof whisky every three hours may be required,
in cases
characterized by extreme debility
and exhaustion
the administration should be continued at intervals during
the night,
harm
is often done by leaving
a patient
as much
nourishment
all night without stimulants or necessary
when the demands
of the system requireboth.
decreased as
The amount
of alcohol should be steadily
and during
there are signsof improvement in the patient,
find it of advantage to
the period of convalescence we
change the stimulant to one containinga smaller percentage
oxidation of the

of

alcohol,such

as

strong ale.

This also acts

as

in doses of a
valuable tonic,and may be administered
pinttwice dailycombined with either vegetableor mineral
a

tonics.
In

canine

we
practice

great service.

also find alcoholic stimulants

of

characterized by
distemper,
etc.,small doses of brandy,
appetite,

In

eases

weakness, loss of

of

of diarrhoea,
sherry,or port are indicated. In cases
in young
etc.,especially
dogs,port wine is a
dysentery,
both stimulant and astringent
valuable remedy,possessing
properties.

(c)When
as

certain

indicated

agent exists in the system, such

depressing
poisons for example,aconite,etc. alcohol is
a

"

as

an

"

arterial and

nervous

stimulant

to

come
over-

the effects of the

depressingagent.
attended by great debility
and
{d) In chronic diseases,
of appetite,
alcohol in small regulardoses is indicated
want
; also in chronic

disease of the

heart,when

natural

hypertrophyfails and dilatation ensues.

forms of atonic dyspepsia,
with a tendency
(e)In some
alcohol is prescribedin different preparato flatulence,
tions;
it increases gastricsecretion,
and also acts as a
carminative and antispasmodic.

ALCOHOL

Contra-Indications.

In

"

cases

335

characterized

excitement,with high arterial tension,such

etc.,also
meningitis,

in

cases

of shock

or

by

cerebral

phrenitis,
to the
injuries
as

brain,stimulants should be withheld.

tion
a solurefrigerant
of alcohol is applied
as a popular remedy to bruises
strains. It is largely
macy,
employed as a solvent in pharalso in the preparation
of tinctures and extracts.

External

and

Uses.

"

As

stivmlant

and

336

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

CHAPTEE
THE

CoTO"mM.ed.

COMPOUNDS"

CAEBON

EBMAEKS

GENEEAL

VII.

ACTION

THE

ON

OF

ANESTHETICS.
Befoeb

proceedingto

chloroform

and

ether

of
description

the

on

different

the

actions

portionsof

of

the

system, it will be of advantage to givea brief notice

to

generalancesthesia.
This is a state characterized by loss of consciousness,
and
of voluntary
accompanied by loss of sensibility
of

the condition

action.

muscular

vapour of various
has the power
of

The

but
the

substances,when

haled,
in-

producing generalanaesthesia ;
veterinary
practiceour knowledge is confined to
of two drugs possessingthis action,viz.,chloroform

in
use

and
to

in

volatile

ether.

Ether

has

been termed

the sister anaesthetic

chloroform, because it possesses

with

common

the

latter ;

we

so

shall

many

actions

find,however,

important pointsof distinction with reference to

many
of each as regards the production
the actions and uses
of anaesthesia.

Many

theories have been advanced

to

explainthe production
compatiblewith

but the only one

anoBsthesia,
our
presentknowledge is that which ascribes the effects
the central nervous
to a direct action of the agents on
system, and on the various organs and tissues concerned.
One
agent, however
namely, nitrous oxide gas
when inhaled,acts as an anaesthetic by producingpartial
of

"

"

asphyxia,as well as by
diminishingthe amount

action,apparentlyby
specific

of oxygen

in combination

with

333

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Tinctura

Chloroformi

et

Morphinas

Chlorodyne.

"

sively
formulaa,and is extensedative,
anodyne,antispasmodic,

This is prepared from different

prescribedas an
and intestinal astringent.
The following
is a convenient
Take

of

of

acid
hydrocyanic
acacia, 2^ drachms
rectified spirit,
5 ounces
1 drachm

80

hydrochlorateof morphia, 1 ounce

of powdered gum
2 ounces
(Scheele's),
of
of powdered capsicum,4 ounces

4 drachms

boilingwater

formula

of

of oil of
; add

syrup

ether, 15

of chloroform,

ounces

peppermint,and

25

ounces

of

treacle suflicient to make

or

ounces.

morphia in boilingwater, mix with the

acacia, digestthe capsicum in the rectified spirit
filter into a bottle,mix
the other ingredients,
and

Dissolve
gum
and

the

shake well for fifteen minutes.

Horses
and
Doses.
cattle,gss. to
"

to
gii.; dogs, Tll_v.

TTLxx.,accordingto requirements.

(1)IMMEDIATE

LOCAL

ACTION.

if

applied and allowed to evaporate,

It also acts as a local
chloroform acts as a refrigerant.
anastketic by depressing
the terminations
of the sensory
of the part, and thus reducingsensibility.
If the
nerves
be confined,or the drug rubbed
into the skin,it
vapour
Externally
,

and may cause

vesication.
irritant,
if undiluted,it acts as a severe
Internally,

acts

as

an

to the mouth

In small

and

neighbouringparts.
doses,properlydiluted,it causes

and possesses
and

also acts

as

organs

the

stomach

enters

when
and

carminative

effect

and
antispasmodic

an

(2) ACTION
Chloroform

irritant

ON

THE

the blood

the

the

stomach,

ano

BLOOD.

rapidlyfrom

inhaled, but may

from

on

vation,
reflex sali-

unbroken

the

also reach

skin, as

tory
respirait from
well

as

CHLOROFORM

subcutaaeously.It mixes
partlyin the form

330

with

blood

the

of various

unchanged,
chiefly
but wo
products,

of any definite actions which

it exerts
thereon,although certain changes have been noticed to
not

are

aware

in blood

occur

has been

drawn

from

the

body to

added.

(3) SPECIFIC
The

which chloroform

ACTION.

importantaction of chloroform is exerted on

the central nervous
in the occurrence
of
system,resulting
what
the phenomena of anasthesia.
term
These
we
noted by the student, as on them
should be carefully
depends the safe administration of the drug as an
most

anaesthetic.
administered

When

the central

reaches

effects thereon

in the form

of vapour, chloroform
and its
system very rapidly,

nervous

may

be

divided
conveniently

into three

stages:

{a) First Stage.

"

This

is characterized

stimulation of the cerebrum, due to

drug

on

the

convolutions,and

by powerful

direct action of the

probably,to

certain

extent, by causingvascular disturbance.

This stimulation is

accompanied by

certain amount

marked
of disorder and excitement, not, however, equally
in all horses.
In

some

obstinate

temperaments loud
in others
struggling;

is not well marked.

case

of

dogs ; but,as

The
we

same

shall

in these animals often passes

neighingresults,with
the

stage of excitement

phenomena
see

occur

in the

further on, this

into
imperceptibly

stage

that of

ansesthesia.
or immediately
Accompanyingthe primarystimulation,
afterwards,the muscular centres are roused,causingstill
movements.
greaterstruggling

340

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

We

have

to consider

that in horses

and

dogs the

brum
cere-

in man,
extent
as
developedto the same
consequentlythe excitingeffects of chloroform on the
highercentres are not so well marked.
As horses are cast and secured priorto administration,
it is clear that this process will tend to cause
struggling,
so that it is
independentof the action of the anaesthetic,
of excessive musdifficultto judge of the exact amount
cular
is not

In

should be ascribed to the latter.

which

action

horses

some

but
struggling,

very little preliminary

become
instance the respirations

observe

we

in

every
due also in
accelerated,

cast and

to

the animal

being

secured.
the

After

part

stimulation

of the

cerebrum,

the

medulla

oblongatais next affected. The centres of circulation

and respiration
are
stimulated,causingfrequencyof the
is raised,and
; the blood-pressure
pulseand respirations
there is commencing dilatation of the pupils.
Other
phenomena accompanying this stage in the
horse are the occurrence
of a distinct jugularpulsation,
of the jaws, also
and
constant
frequent movements
of the eyes, the sclerotic coat being freely
movements
exposed and the pupilsdilated.
(6) Second Stage. This is the stage of anasthesia
and
i.e.,that in which consciousness
are
sensibility
removed
and muscular
action lost. The period of time
which
is requiredto bringabout this condition in hors( s
varies greatlyin different individuals.
It also depends
"

"

the

on

vapour

method
of the

of

drug

In the former
from

ten

administration,and
is

properlydiluted

whether

with air

or

the
wise.
other-

the average time may

be stated as
to fifteen minutes ; in the latter a far shorter

periodwill

case

suffice.

CHLOROFORM

341

The

phenomena of chloroform anaesthesia depend on

the secondaryeffect of the drug on the nerve-centres,
which is that of depression.
The functions of the same
ness
parts are first diminished and then arrested. Consciousis removed, reflex excitability
is firstdiminished and
then lost.
In the
there

horse,except under very profoundanaesthesia,

is winking of the eyelidson touching the cornea,

althoughreflex excitability
may be lost all over the body,
and the pupil remains
dilated duringthe whole period
of

ansesthesia.

The

centres

in the

and

medulla

cord

muscular
tone becomes
lost,and the
depressed,
voluntarymuscles relaxed. The centres of circulation
and respiration
quency,
the pulse falls in frebeingdepressed,
become
slower
and the respiratory
movements
also

are

and

shallower.

This

periodrequiredfor the performance of

the chief consideration beingto keep
surgical
operations,
of the vital centres within safe limits by
this depression
ceasingthe administration of the drug when the proper
stage is reached, and by inducing ansssthesia with as
small an
thus avoidingthe comamount
as
mencement
possible,
is the

of the third

stage.

(c)Third Stage. The further action of chloroform is

attended by completeloss of all reflexexcitability.
The
pupilsbecome widelydilated,the sphinctersrelaxed,the
becomes
and the
centre gradually
paralyzed,
respiratory
movements
weaker,
get shallower,irregular,
respiratory
The action of the heart is irregular
and finally
cease.
"

and

feeble,and

and

from

at last

both from central

stopsin diastole,

direct nervo-muscular

depression.

experimentshave been made from

in order to determine
accuratelywhether
death by asphyxiaor by syncope
causes

Numerous
time

time

to

form
chloro-

342

THERAPEOTICS

VETERINARY

The

results of the

Commission

Hyderabad

form
Chloro-

on

from
certainlyindicate that death usually occurs
in dogs where,
instances
there are many
asphyxia. Still,
during the administration for surgicalpurposes as well
with such rapidityas to
as for experiment,death
occurs
It
that it depends on
lead to the conclusion
syncope.
is highly probable,however, that in such
some
cases

cardiac affection
often

adopted

present,and

was

to

the

overcome

the

of restraint

means

is
primary struggling

potent factor in hasteningthe fatal result.

In the horse,however, it is certain that, except in the
of advanced

case

of death

as

have

cardiac

made

was

due

In

considerable

of

case

the inhalation

by
drug were
which

instance

found

not

half

space

of time

that

death

admit
hour

by

means

much

involved.

was

very old pony, which

of chloroform, twelve

administered

does

periodof

in every

asphyxia slowly induced, and that large

the drug were
requiredto bring about this

to

of

one

cause

this animal

experiments on

numerous

chloroform,and

result,and

is the

result of the toxic effects of chloroform.

with

amounts

disease,asphyxia

was

destroyed
of the

ounces

of the Carlisle
air to

of administration

enter, and

inhaler,
after

the

respiratory
became
movements
and
irregular.A long
very shallow
would then occur, followed by an interval and
inspiration
and a short time
a series of quick shallow
inspirations,
of both forelegs
were
priorto death convulsive movements
A long interval elapsed between
noticed.
each shallow
until respiration
movement
respiratory
finally
ceased,the
for a short
manner
pulsebeatingin a feeble and irregular
time
In
oral

an

afterwards.
some

instances

I have

observed

the

occurrence

breathing, with great stertor, where

of the drug had been adiministered.
amounts

of

excessive

CHLOROFORM
It may

safelybe

resistingto
chloroform

Still,this

compared

should

not

administration,as

extent

with

make

deaths

the

the

toxic

dog

and

effects of
with

less careful

us

capable of
man.

during its

have

been
corded
reoccasionally
during its employment in surgicaloperations,
selves.
alarming symptoms will sometimes manifest them-

and

The

is very
chloroform, so that

dog

to
susceptible

the

toxic

effects of

great care is necessary during its

this animal, and, as a rule,ether is to

administration in
be

that the horse is

remarkable

a
as

stated

343

preferredfor producinganeesthesia.
Analysis of Chloroform

Ansesthesia.

As

"

knowledge gained by experiments and

the

administration

obtain

fair idea

of

chloroform,

the result of

by experiencein

wa

enabled

are

to

of the

analysisof the phenomena of

anaesthesia as produced by it.
As alreadystated,the primary effects are
due to the
stimulatingaction of the drug on the cerebral centres,
the functions of which
then depressedand finally
are
removed. Joss of consciousness
being the result. The
loiver cerebral and spinal centres
become
affected later
are
no
on, and as the spinalcentres
longercontrolled by
of irregular
the cerebral,we have the occurrence
ments
movea

of the
the
depressed,

limbs ;

as

muscles

It is evident

that

anaesthesia is due

these

become
the

to

become

centres

in turn

paralyzed.

loss of
central

effect,as the peripheralnerves

in general
sensibility
and not a peripheral

the

are

last to become

affected.
In
become

the

stage the vital

seriouslydepressed;

until the
hence

third

highercentres

centres

but

this does

completelylose

the selection of chloroform

in the

as

one

medulla

not

their

occur

function,

of the

agents

344

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

productionof generalaneesthesia (seesection

Consciousness,'
p. 161).
as
It is probablethat the muscles are affected directly

for the safe

'

on

through the nervous

system. The parturient
in complete anaesthesia, but with
uterus contracts freely
a certain loss of vigourand
regularity.
exerts
071 the heart chloroform
a
steady, powerful,
well

as

The
depressinginfluence after primary stimulation.
increase of pulse occurringin the first stage is believed
centres.
to be partlydue to depressionof the inhibitory
authorities,there is a progressive
According to some
loiuering
of arterial pressure from the commencement.
It has been demonstrated
by experimentsthat there is
a reduction of temperatureduring anaesthesia ; this probably
depends on the power of the drug to check tissue
metamorphosis,and thus lessen the productionof animal

heat in

and

similar

to alcohol.

manner

of the pupil in the first stageis probably

to stimulation
of the sympathetic,and in the second
third stages to paralysisof the third nerve
its
or

The
due

dilatation

cerebral centre.

(4) SPECIFIC
These

may

USES

be considered

(a)As
(b)As

a
an

OP

under

General

CHLOEOFOEM.

the

followingheadings:

Ancesthetic.

Antispas7iiodic.

is the agent
(a) As a generalaricesthetic chloroform
adopted for this purpose in horses. The use of anaesthetics
in veterinarysurgery is rapidlyon
the increase,as prejudice
and ignoranceon the subjectare being overcome.
Various
objectionshave been raised from time to time
by those who hold that the employment of angesthetics is
that there is danger of fatal
not necessary, some
asserting

346

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

and

conditions

employed, the primary stage of

anaesthesia

Parturition.

(3)In

In

"

certain

cases

chloroform

is

being often

sufficient for the purpose

Method

of Administration

and

Anaesthesia.

in Chloroform

required.
Precautions

From

"

be

to

served
ob-

knowledge

our

action of chloroform, we are enabled

physiological
effectual manner.
to employ the agent in a safe and
Clearly,our object should be to temporarily remove
fering
interconsciousness and the perceptionof pain without
of
the
materially with the vital functions
of the

medulla.
to
of the vital centres
change from dejjressioti
is a gradual one
in the horse,
paralysisof the same
hence
careful watching is necessary
during the production
tration
of ansesthesia to avoid continuingthe adminisalso to avoid
longer than
large
necessary,
of the drug,and to ensure
admixture
amounts
a
proper

The

of air.

Experiments have proved that the horse is not very

susceptibleto the action of chloroform ; indeed, the
remark holds good with reference to the action of
same
all narcotics
make

in this animal.

less careful

us

duringthe administration, as,

of the risk of
the effects of
should

when

Chloroform

an

make

use

fatal

be

of

nostrils.
the

Different forms

administration

avoid waste
amount

of the

given.

case

which

on

poured,this beingplaced in

pendent
inde-

to consider

system, just

administered

sponge,

not

as

we

narcotic.

Thus, in the
a

have

result,we
the

on

employing any

different methods.
we

overdose

may

this should

However,

towel

to

of
the
and

the
an

horse

by

emergency,

chloroform
fixed

over

is
the

apparatus are employed for

of chloroform, their objectbeing to

drug

of

and

to

judge accuratelyof

the

CHLOROFORM
It

at

was

time

one

347

believed that,in order to produce

anaesthesia in the horse

in

effectual manner,
it was
the chloroform in a concentrated
an

necessary to administer
form by the use of an apparatus which
air.

admitted

but little

This method

day; those

is stillpractised
by many in the present
upholdit statingthat the preliminary
stage

who

of excitement

is shortened

and

the

quantityof

the

drug

required is greatlylessened,while anaesthesia is more

rapidlyinduced.
admit the more
We must
rapidinduction of anaesthesia
this

by

method, but

feel convinced

that

it is at the

risk of

safetyto the animal, because a certain amount

of asphyxia is produced as the result of an insufficient
supply of air. From our knowledge of the physiological
action of chloroform
dition
we
clearlysee that such a conshould be carefullyavoided, and that a proper
supply of air should be allowed throughout the whole
periodof administration.
it is
It is obvious that,in order to produce anaesthesia,
necessary

to have

certain amount

of chloroform

vapour

circulatingthrough the central nervous

conclusively
proved that such a
system, and it is now
be induced in horses by a proper dilution
condition can
of
of the chloroform
vapour with air,justas in the case
beings.
dogs and human

in

the

The
purpose

blood

most

reliable and

is made

by

Street, Manchester
the

same

plan

as

the

Messrs.

safest

Krohne

apparatus for this

and Sesemann, Duke

Square, London.
the

chloroform

It

inhalers

is made

on

for human

ciple
beingswhich have been invented by this firm, the princonsistingin dilutingthe chloroform vapour by
of air through a graduated
of passinga current
means
then
bottle containing the drug, the diluted vapour
passingthrougha rubber tube to the face portion.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

348

dogs an apparatus similar to that employed for

the face-piece
beingsanswers
very satisfactorily,

Por
human

beingchanged for
canvas,

either of leather

muzzle, made

with air-holes beneath.

The

or

air is passedthrough

of indiaof a hand-bellows
by means
rubber,with tubingto connect with the muzzle, and by
of a stop-cock,
also by working the bellows slowly,
means
of the vapour inhaled.
we
can
regulatethe amount
Por horses a far more
powerfulapparatus is necessary,
a
largegraduatedbottle to
consistingof a foot-bellows,
hold the chloroform,a rubber tube connectingthese,and
another tube connectingwith the muzzle.
and on its lower surface
The muzzle is very capacious,
the

chloroform

the

rubber

tube

enters

By
regulatoris inserted.
of
accuratelyof the amount
ensure

proper

this surface

on

method

this

dilution with

the

also
we

air

judge

can

drug administered, and

air,besides avoiding any

the

waste.

operationit is not necessary

the muzzle, as plentyof air is allowed, and
to remove
be continued when
the administration
can
requiredby
simply working the bellows, and can be immediately
discontinued when
requisite.This is far different from
During

the other

the

and

an

the anaesthesia has to

method, in which, when

chloroform

continued,the

be

of

course

the pure

vapour

is

poured

the

on

sponge,

inhaled, the control of the latter

beingvery inadequate.
It is necessary

cast the

to

authorities

although some
However,
the

drug

the former
The

as

we
some

on

horse

judge

cannot

prior to

state

to

of the

temperaments,

it is

tion,
administra-

the

contrary.

excitingeffect of
far safer to adopt

course.

proper

amount

of chloroform

bottle,the muzzle

is fixed to

being
the

in the graduated

horse's

head,

CHLOROFORM

making sure
regulator
open
at
can

have

349

it

above, and the air

air-tight
below.
The bellows is then slowlyworked
and
the drug is being inhaled the working
first,
as
be increased,and the amount
of air enteringbeneath
to

lessened.
slightly
As previously
remarked, the stageof excitement varies
it is
greatlyin different horses, but by this method
reduced
to a minimum.
The mere
fact of having the
horse cast induces accelerated respirations,
and it follows
that a larger
of the chloroform
amount
will be exhaled
under such a condition than during quietregularrespiration,
when
of the agent will be absorbed
more
by the
blood.
If

proper proportionof air is not allowed, a

will be produced,which
of semi-aspbyxia

dition
con-

also

Hence
it is
movement?.
respiratory
of importance to have respiration
as
regularas possible,
and
to avoid continuingthe administration
during the
time the animal
struggles. The capaciousmuzzle of
this apparatus is of great advantage,as, besides allowing
sufficient supply of air,it acts as a reservoir for the
a
mixture
of air and chloroform
that
vapour, including
portionwhich is exhaled in expiration.Hence in some
find it of advantage to cease
cases
we
working the
bellows for a short time prior to the commencement
of an operation,
and to allow the animal to inhale the
of the drug which is present in the muzzle.
amount
to produceantesThe periodof time which is required
thesia varies accordingto the susceptibilities
of different
must be careful
animals to the action of the drug. We
causes

accelerated

to avoid

undue

commencing

haste,both in the administration

the

operationbefore

anaesthesia is induced.
from

The

ten to fifteen minutes.

average

proper

and

in

stage of

periodof

time

is

350

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

The

different
two

in

also varies
of chloroformnecessary
animals, the average being from one ounce
In short operationsit is not necessary

amount

ounces.

induce

full anaesthesia ;

avoided,

indeed, such

advantage to have the animal

as
quicklyas possible. But in

to consciousness

is necessary

operationsit

have

to

to

is best

condition

it is of

as

to

return
severe

stage of

proper

usuallyfind that in operationson the

feet full anaesthesia is required.
The
recognition
of the condition of ancesthesia is a
of great importance. It is best determined
matter
by
catchinghold of the limbs of the animal, or strikingit
and
anaesthesia,

on

the

muscles

by

we

quarters. If the
are
relaxed,and

the above

muscular
there

procedure,we

are

castration
which

anaesthesia

under
and

always decide

can

we

have

lost,and

excited

movements

For

the

that

proper

operationof
by graspingthe testicles,

lost the

flaccid to the touch.

are

no

conclude

may

stage of anaesthesia is induced.

is

tone

the

power

In this

of retraction,

operationwe

when
involuntarystrugglemay occur
the non-vascular
portionof the spermaticcord is being
divided ; this,however, does not call for a further supply
of the drug.
sary
During long and severe
operationsit is always necesoften find that

to

keep

an

up

the

proper

and
stage of ansesthesia,

this

is

accomplishedby working the bellows for the required

there are
time when
ness.
signs of returningconsciousany
Above
all things,it is necessary to avoid the
of

administration

an

excessive

amount

at

any

time.

The

should be carefully
movements
respiratory
watched,
if intermittent,is a
and shallow breathing,especially
condition of gravitydemanding immediate
attention.
Stertorous breathingis also a sign of danger, especially
if it be oral.

On

the appearance

of these

symptoms the

CHLOROFORM

tongue should

at

fresh air allowed.

become
should

Should

forward, and plentyof

the

towels,and cold affusions

administration

they are

as

drawn

respiratorymovements
and
shallow
artificial respiration
intermittent,
be immediatelyresorted to, also moderate
lation
flagel-

with wet
The

be

once

351

to

apt

interference with

of stimulant

enter

to the head.

drenches

the trachea

and

is dangerous,

greater

cause

respiration.The hypodermicinjection

often
have
recommended, and we
this of benefit,but we
must
regard artificial

of ether
found

has

been

the most importantitem m resuscitation.

as
respiration
that a
We
frequentlyobserve, after long operations,
second periodof ansesthesia occurs, even
time after
some
of the drug has been discontinued,
the administration
and when
we
are
anxiouslywatching for a return to
shallow
The respirations
become
consciousness.
may
and intermittent to an alarming extent, with stertor and
for this by suporal breathing; we
can
only account
posing
of the drug
that there is an
excessive amount
in the blood, and still exertingits action on
circulating
it may
be necessary
and to adopt every
to perform artificialrespiration,

the nerve-centres.

to assist

means

Here

should

to
respiration

remark

we

may
not be

In such

that

condition

return
our

to the normal.

efforts at resuscitation

relaxed, even

though a case
surprisingto observe the

hopeless,as it is
energeticefforts in this direction,where
had almost ceased.
imagine that respiration

may

seem

effects of
we

would

varies
to consciousness
period of the return
accordingto the individual animal, and to the amount
has
In favourable
been inhaled.
of the drug which
The

cases

it is
may

the
never

average time is fifteen minutes, before which

the hobbles, as the animal
safe to remove

attempt

to

rise,and, being in

semi-unconscious

352

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

show
injure itself. Many cases
sleepfor a long periodbefore-an attempt

state, is liable to
a

tendency to

that,after severe operations,

probable
the patientsto
to allow
if it were
practicable
sleepwithout being disturbed,much good would result.

is made

The

to

it is

rise,and

should

animal

never

regainsconsciousness, as
itself injury.
cause
No

there is a

some

danger of
Fluid

anaesthesia.
after

severe

be administered.
noticed

in

some

'

it is liable to fall

it

again and

be

'

foods should

operationa
The
cases,

be allowed, and, if necessary,

diffusiblestimulant should

drug may be
long period of

after-effects of the

but, except after

have not observed

we
anaesthesia,

rise before

to

givenfor two hours after the

that
observed
have
practitioners
choking after a prolongedperiodof

solid food should

operation, as

forced

be

any interference with

in the horse.
appetiteor digestion
It is importantto note that anaBsthesia

is

rapidly
is as empty as possible,
hence
the stomach
induced when
solid food should be allowed for twelve hours previous
no
for operationbeing
to administration, the best time
earlyin the morning.
recommend
the hypodermic injecSome
tion
practitioners
of morphine and atropinefifteen minutes
priorto
the administration
of chloroform, statingthat it diminishes
and intensifies the anaesthesia
preliminaryexcitement
tried this,we
cannot
speak of its
; having never
advantagesor otherwise.
Chloroform
as
precautions

may be administered
in horses.

more

to cattle with

similar

to the action of chloroform,

susceptible
is necessary during administration.
and great care
The
safest apparatus is that made
and
by Messrs. Krohne
Sesemann, alreadyreferred to, and plentyof time should

Dogs

are

very

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

354

Ether

Ethek.

Sulphukic

Ethbe,

"

and
rectified spirit
PreiMred by distilling
with slaked lime and chloride
acid,agitating
in water, and redistilling.
Doses.

"

As

stimulant

sulphuric
of calcium

Horses, ^i.to jii.

"ii.
; cattle,

to giii.
to 3i. administered properly
diluted,
; dogs,n\ xx.
results
immediate
Where
and repeatedwhen
necessary.
it is administered
in c. ses of collapse,
as
are
requirtd,
"

hypodermically.
(1) IMMEDIATE

ACTION.

LOCAL

Externallyether,appliedto the skin and allowed to

and local anevaporate,acts as a powerfulrefrigerant
tion
and consequent abstracasthetic by its rapidevaporation
of the part.
of heat, also by depressingthe nerves
Appliedin the form of a spray, the part becomes frozen,
and

sensation

into the

the ether be rubbed

or

vesicant effect is

confined

or
skin, a rubefacient

In

the

stomach

it acts

and

muscular

stimulant to the

bloodvessels,
nerves,

and also acts in

reflex

the

on

be

local irritation in the

causes

reflex salivation.

membrane

vapour

produced.

ether
Internally

and

If the

is annulled.

from

as

and

the

powerful systemicstimula^it. On the intestines it

effects. By whatever
method
antispasmodic
its odour
be quickly detected in
can
breath.
patient's
(2)ACTION
Ether

when
aware

is very

inhaled

or

ON

THE

coat,

mucous
gastric
respiratoryorgans as

manner

heart

mouth

duces
pro-

ministered
adthe

BLOOD.

rapidlyabsorbed into the blood, either

when
We are not
givenby the mouth.

of any action which

it possesses

on

the blood.

ETHER

355

(3) SPECIFIC
The

action
specific
to

of ether resembles

certain extent,with,however,

of difference.

system

ACTION.

Both

drugs act

stimulants, then

as

distinctions

are

firston

that of chloroform

importantpoints

the central

nervous

depressants.The

as

portant
im-

(a) Ether depressesthe heart, the vessels,and the

centre far less than chloroform.
respiratory
{b)With ether the stage of stimulation is more
tracted,
proexcitement is more
and
more
marked,
struggling
violent ; the
and

(c)In
be

stage of ansesthesia is shorter

there is

less found,
proto consciousness.

quickerreturn
produce anaesthesia
nearly pure, about

order to

administered

being requiredin the

vapour
concentrated the vapour the more
be

and

with

ether

it must

70 per cent, of the

air inhaled.
The more
will
rapidly

anaesthesia

produced.
Ether

causes

the mouth

profuse secretion

of ropy

mucus

from

and excites the

membrane
mucous
respiratory
;
induce catarrh.
The respiratory
it may
movements
even
ties,
authoriaccelerated,
and, accordingto some
are
greatly
there is

no

material

diminution

during ether narcosis until manifest

has taken place.
have
The experiments of Sansom
the vessels of the foot of the

during the
that
and

inhalation

of

demonstrated
be

frogcan

ether,and

this

states
authority

of the vessels is very

does not yieldto passivedilatation until
thus observe

the safest

as

that

to contract

seen

this contraction

of anaesthesia has been

We

of arterial pressure
failure of respiration

permanent,
a

fatal

stage

produced.

that of the two

generalanaesthetic

for this purpose in horses there

notice,
which we shall presently

agents ether is by far

; but
are

regardsits use
great drawbacks,
as

VETERINARY

356

THERAPEUTICS

(4) SPECIFIC
These

be

may

USES

General

{h)As
(c)As

Local

Diffusible Stimulant

Anaesthetic.

generalanasthetic

Antispasmodic.

and

ether is not often

of the

horses, in consequence

strugglinginduced

Anaesthetic.

ETHBE.

follows

arranged as

(a) As

(a)As
in

OF

excessive

employed
of

amount

in the

viduals,
primary stages in many indiand also because
of the largequantity of the
the short
to produce anaesthesia,and
agent requisite
duration

of the latter.
of 1847

the Veterinarian

In

there

are

recorded

some

derson,
experiments made by Messrs. Cherry,Heninteresting
and Mayhew, of the action of ether on horses
The
administered
other animals.
and
drug was
by
of

of different forms

means

inhalers,with the animals in

and from six to eightounces

were
standingposition,
cases
requiredto produce anaesthesia ; in many
very
in
induced
effects
the
were
violent exciting
primary
stages, the results at the time not being considered
the

satisfactory.
I have

only employed

the

drug once,

the
was
; ten ounces
aged gelding
and a period of
produce anaesthesia,
an

the

amount

fifteen

subjectbeing
requiredto
minutes, the

form.
being administered in a concentrated
vapour
intense preliminary
excitement,with laboured
was
movements

; but

the

period of

anaesthesia

There

atory
respirwas

of

short duration.
In the

dog

it is

generallyadmitted

safer anaesthetic than

far

more

five to

that ether is

far

chloroform, althoughit produces

A periodof time from

preliminaryexcitement.
the amount
ten minutes is usually
of the
required,

ETHER

357

drug varyinggreatly,
accordingto

the

of
susceptibility

the individual to it.

Ether

may

be administered

by

the rectum,

apparatus beingemployedfor this purpose.

Some practitioners
recommend
mixture
a
and
alcohol,

what
be

is termed

ether to

the 'ACE

special

of chloroform,

produceanaesthesia,
forming
mixture.'

safer in its actions than

This

is stated to

either chloroform

employedseparately.
(h)As a local ancBstheticether

or

ether

is employed in the form

of spray, after the method

introduced by Dr. Eichardson.
Its great disadvantages,
however, in this respectare the
risk of

of the skin and the occurrence

of pain
sloughing
when the part is returning
to a natural condition
stimulant and antispasmodic
ether
(c)As a diffusible
is frequently
stimulant,
employed. It is a powerfulsystemic
administered
either by the mouth
or
hypodermica
nd
is
indicated
in
of
cases
ally,
collapse
dependingon
As an antispasmodic
or exhaustingdisease.
shock,haemorrhage,
.

it may

be administered

in

cases

of abdominal

with anodynes,
and is especially
useful
painin conjunction
in cases of gastric
impactionin the horse.
There are other anaesthetics occasionally
employedby
human
surgeons, such as bichloride of methylene,dichloride of ethidene,and bromide
of ethyl. We are not
of their successful employment in veterinary
aware
surgery,

Liquor Sodii Ethylatis Solution

"

Sodium
is

and
powerfulcaustic,
of canker

of

Ethylate

of

"

is recommended

in the feet of horses.

in the treatment

358

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

CHAPTEE
CABBON

THE

Chloral

VIII.

COMPOUNDS"

Hydras

"

OoraimMed

Hydeate

Chloral.

of

Preparedby addingwater to chloral. Chloral is made

by saturatinganhydrousalcohol with chlorine gas, and
purifying.
Incompatibles.All alkalies which decompose it.
Doses.
Horses
and cattle,"i.to gii.
; dogs,grs. v. to
repeatedevery two or three hours as required,
grs. XX.
tating
and administered in mucilage or syrup to avoid its irri"

"

"

effects.

(1)IMMEDIATE

LOCAL

ACTION.

septic,
chloral hydrate is antiin weak solution,
Externally,
experimentsdemonstratingthat it has the power
of destroying
micro-organisms.In concentrated solution
irritant.
it acts as a topical
in concentrated
form, it acts as an irritant
Internally,
sedative
and stomach.
It has no specially
to the mouth
effect on the stomach or intestines like opium.

Chloral

quicklyenters

the

not

are

blood

IN

altered

is not
We

(2)ACTION

as

therein,such

aware

of any

the result of the

blood, and its composition

as

chief action

resemblingthat
a

brief

at

was

time believed.

one

appreciablechanges

in

the

agent.

SPECIFIC
(3)-

The

BLOOD.

THE

ACTION.

of chloral is

of chloroform.

on

the

nervous

In moderate

periodof excitement,which

is seldom

system,

doses,after
noticed

in

UYDRATE

the

by

horse,it
a

and

acts

direct action

OF

the cerebral

359

powerful hypnotic,
causingsleep

as

on

the

also,accordingto

CHLORAL

structure

nervous

of the

brain,

authorities,
by influencing

some

circulation,
producinga

condition of anaemia

of the organ.
In largedoses it

depressesthe lower nerve-centres,

reflex excitability,
and causingrelaxation of
diminishing
the muscles.
It depressesthe three great medullary
centres
the respiratory,
the cardiac,and the vasoviz.,
motor
the results being slow, irregular,
and shallow
respiration,
weakening of the action of the heart, and
generaldilatation of the bloodvessels.
"

"

On

the heart it first accelerates and

action,both by

gangliaas
In

well

a
as

direct action

by

toxic doses chloral is

an

the intrinsic

on

its effect on

slows

then

the

nervous

the cardiac centre.

intrinsic cardiac

poison,
ganglia,and

of the cardiac
diminishingthe irritability
the heart in ventricular diastole.
arresting
finally
Accordingto Liebreich strychnineis an antidote

to

chloral.
071 the

bloodvessels it acts

through the

centre,causingdilatation of the vessels and

of the

the
blood-pressure,

peripheralparalysisof
weakened

vaso-motor
a

lowering

latter effect being also due to

the

walls of the

vessels

and

cardiac action.

On metabolism

its exact

effects

are

not

known.
clearly

It reduces

by increased loss of heat

temperaturechiefly
vessels,and in a
through dilatation of the cutaneous
lesser
In

heat
degreeprobablyby diminishing

largedoses

for this purpose

it acts

by

as

an

formation.

and is employed
ancBsthetic,

Continental

practitioners.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

360

(4)REMOTE

ACTION.

kidneys partlyunchanged,
but chieflyin the form of urochloral acid, causing a
of diuresis. It is probablethat portionof
slightamount
the drug escapes by the skin also.
As a hypnotic it is rapid in its
Medicinal
Uses.
and cause
to quiet irritability
action,and is prescribed
sleepin cases characterized by the presence of pain. As
its action is chiefly
the central nervous
on
system, chloral
only givestemporary relief in cases of pain dependingon
certain abdominal
for if sleepbe induced by a
affections,
powerfuldose the patientwakes to sufferingas before.
It is thus inferior to other drugs,such as morphine and
Indian hemp, as an
anodyne ; but when combined with
morphine, it produces beneficial effects by overcoming
the excitingaction
which
this drug often exerts
on
Chloral is excreted

LOCAL

by

the

"

horses,and the combination

In

tetanus

degreeof

chloral has

success,

In chorea

like many

is very valuable.

been

employed

with

other medicinal

varying

agents.

in dogs,it is prescribed
in combination
einlepsy
with the bromide of potassium.
It has
also proved successful in cases
of equine
hysteria.
It is stated by some
authorities that when
chloral is
dissolved in a large amount
of water
it produces more
results.
satisfactory
As an
antidote to strychnineit has proved of great
value by antagonizingthe severe
convulsions produced
to physoby this poison. Chloral is also antagonistic
stigmine.
In parturient
apoplexy,or niilh fever,in cows, chloral
has been much
employed of late years, and has given

very

and

results.
satisfactory

Mr.

McConnell, M.E.C.V.S.,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

362

Butyl Chloral

Hydras

Hydeate

"

of

Butyl

Chloeal,

Chloeaii,

Ceoton

acetic aldehyde;
chlorine and
resembles in its actions chloral hydrate, but is less
powerful as a hypnotic and less depressant to the
of paralyzing the
It has
heart.
a
special power

Prepared

from

or
trigeminus,

but

we

are

dry

fifth

not

and

nerve,

of its

aware

suppliedby it,
employment in veterinary
the parts

practice.
Chloralamid.

compound of chloral anhydride and formamide ;

also acts as a hypnotic. It is said to be less effectual
to produce less cardiac
than
chloral hydrate,and
depression.
A

Paraldehydum

"

Paealdehyde.

polymeric modification of aldehyde; is a pure

less
hypnoticlike chloral,but is believed to cause
in
Its action is uncertain
depressionof the heart.
animals,and the results of experimentsdo not justify
its employment in therapeutics.
A

Sulphonal.
A

complex solid
hypnoticin dogs;
horses

or

of

the

but

series ; acts

methane

this effect is not

as

observed

in

cattle.

Amyl

Nitris

"

Niteitb

of

Amyl.

nitric acid with amylic alcohol,

Preparedby distilling
and
with caustic soda
sulphuricacid,
copper, purifying
carbonate of potassium.
Do.?es." Horses,ni^xx.to iT^xxx.,
givenhypodermically,
dissolved in rectified spirit
or
to TT1.V.
as
an
; dogs,ni_ii.
to 11'^
ii.internally.
inhalation,
ni_ss.

and

NITRITE

OF

(1) IMMEDIATE

AMYL

LOCAL

363

ACTION.

If

to peripheral
applieddirectly
nerves
them.
paralyzes

(2)ACTION
When

administered

enters
drug instantly

it converts

certain

ON

or
depresses

BLOOD.

the vapour
of the
by inhalation,
the circulation throughthe lungs;
of hemoglobin into metamount

hasmoglobin,
changesboth
chocolate

THE

it

arterial and

venous

blood to

colour,and thus lessens the ozonizingproperty

of the blood and the oxidation of the tissues.

(3) SPECIFIC
The

action of
specific
circulatory
system, the
It

involved.
increase
cardiac

of

centre

vessels either
the
influencing
The

nitrite of
other

accelerates

its

ACTION.

the
on
amyl is chiefly
organs being secondarily

the

heart, with

but

little

force, probablyby depressionof the

or

by

of the vagus; it dilates the peripheral

coat
relaxation of their muscular
or

vaso-motor

nerves

or

fallsin
blood-pressure

result is that the

centre.

vaso-motor
a

marked

degree,so that the left ventricle has less v^ork to

and is thus relieved. It reduces the reflex
accomplish,
of the spinalcord, probablyby depressing
irritability
the motor

tracts,but has

no

effect

the sensory tracts

It
unconsciousness.

on

produce
lowers the body temperature by checkingoxidation.
laboured respiration,
muscular
In toxic doses it causes
loss of
dilatation of the pupils,
weakness, unsteady gait,
and finally
in some
cases
convulsions,
reflex irritability,
from
death
asphyxia. Experiments prove that the
of urine containing
increased amount
an
drug causes
or

centres, and

sugar.

does

not

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

364

Medicinal

with

met

affection rarely
an
anginapectoris,
the nitrite of amy! is a
veterinary
practice,

Uses.

in

In

"

valuable agent, and

very

inhalation

as

an

wool, or hypodermically.

cotton

on

administered

be

may

with
cases
employed in some
administered
hypodermicallytwice daily,in
success,
graduallyincreasingdoses,commencing at n\^xxx. {vide
Journal,March, 1881).
Veterinary
its value has
As an antidote to poisoningby strychnine
been proved experimentally
It has
by Dr. Eichardson.
of success
also been employed with a certain amount
of
antidote to carbolic acid poisoning. In cases
as
an
death duringchloroform anaesthesia in dogs,
we
threatening
have seen good results from the inhalation of amyl nitrite.
In

it has

tetanus

been

Sodium
Possesses

similar actions

the vessels to
the central
not

are

so

Nitrite.
on

amyl nitrite,but

blood,the heart,and

its

depressantaction

system is more

nervous

marked.

The

on

effects

produced,but persist
rapidly
longer.

Nitroglycerinum

Closelyresembles

"

Niteoglyceeinb

Spiritus Athens

Tbiniteina.

in its actions

amyl nitrite ; it is more

less rapidlyproduced, but

powerful,and its effects are

are
more
persistent.
Hltrosi"
Sweet
A

the

Spieit

Spieit

of

op

Niteous

Bthee,

Nitee.

solution containingnitrous compounds,

spirituous
and
other
substances.
aldehyde,
mixture
of rectified spirit,
a
Prepared by distilling
nitric acid, sulphuricacid, and
copper, and dissolving
the distillatein spirit.
Doses.
to giv.
Horses, gi.to giii.
; cattle,"ii.
; sheep,
3ii.to 3iv.; dogs,3ss. to 3i. These doses may be varied
"

SPIRIT

OF

NITROUS

ETHER

365

and repeatedat intervals as

accordingto circumstances,
diluted.
required,
beingproperly
Iodide of potassium,sulphateof iron,
Incompatibles.
and tannic acids.
gallic
"

General

Actions.

The

spiritof nitrous ether is a

stimulant and carminative,
diffusible
probablyfrom the
of alcohol it contains.
amount
On the blood it produces
similar effects to other nitrites,
puscles,
actingon the red corand
diminishing oxygenation. (See Amyl
"

Nitrite,
p. 362.) Its chief action is on the circulation;
it accelerates the heart, relaxes the peripheral
vessels,
and

lowers

arterial tension.

relaxingthe
portionof the
the cutaneous

renal vessels
urine.
vessels

It acts

Uses.

As

"

diuretic

by

and

increasingthe watery
It acts as a diaphoretic
by dilating
and stimulating
and
perspiration,

thus it increases the loss of heat from

Medicinal

as

the skin.

carminative and

diffusiblesiimw-

of indigestion,
lant,it is extensively
prescribedin cases
and colic,
combined
with anodynes and antispasmodics.
tympanitis,

As

generalstimulant,it is employed

which

stimulants

are

indicated,and

in all

may

be

cases

in

combined

with alcohol in its different forms.

in febrile conditions,
it is prescribed
anti-pyretic,
ammonii
diminishing
with the liquor
acetatis,
in combination
creasing
by its action on the blood, and inheat-production
the loss of heat through the skin and kidneys.
it is useful when
a free watery flow is
As a diuretic,
As

an

desired,to wash

out

the tubules

and

passages

of the

relax spasm of the renal vessels,

as in some
of chronic renal affections with increased arterial

kidneys,and
cases

tension.

It should
states of the

in

not

be

employed in

kidney,in

the renal vessels.

dilating

consequence

acute

matory
inflam-

of its action

VETERINARY

366

Acidum

THERAPEUTICS

Acid,

Hydbocyanic

Dilute

Dilutum"

Hydrocyanicum

Peussic

Acid.

stituting
Hydrocyanic acid (HON) dissolved in water, and con2 per cent, by weight of the solution.
solutions of ferroPrepared by distilling
aqueous
of
and
cyanide
potassium
sulphuricacid, and diluting
the product with water
to the definite strength(B.P.).
Scheele's acid contains 4 per cent, of the anhydrous

acid.
Doses.

Of

"

the B.P. acid

to
3i.; dogs, ni_ii.

the

requirements of the
doses are prescribed.

(1)immediate

local

Externally,applied to
diminishes
or
destroys
It is

the

four

or

"

Scheele's acid half these

in
Internally,

cattle,Tr|_xx.to

ni_v. repeated three

daily according to

sensory nerves.
surfaces.

horses and

case;

of

action.

mucous

or

sensation

skin

doses,it

surfaces,it

by depressing the

readilyabsorbed

medicinal

times

acts

from

as

abraded

sedative to

of the stomach.

nerves

(2) action

on

the

blood.

Hydrocyanic acid enters the blood rapidlyfrom all

from the lungs.
parts of the body,but especially
In medicinal
doses we
not aware
of any special
are
effects on
the vital fluid,while
in large amounts
authorities differ as to the precise action of the drug
thereon.

Experiments

have

demonstrated

blood of the veins first into

then into

deep black,the

oxygenatingfunction
destruction of them.

of

that it converts

the

brightarterial colour,and
results being an arrest of the
the corpuscles,and
finally
a

DILUTE

HYDROCYANIC

(3) SPECIFIC

ACID

367

ACTION.

and acts
Hydrocyanic acid enters the tissues rapidly,
direct depressanton
the central nervous
as
a
system.
It acts first and chiefly
the respiratory
on
centre, which
is briefly
excited,and then depressed,
resultingin weak,
irregularrespirations,
dyspnoea,convulsions,and finally
death
by asphyxia. It also depresses the afferent
branches
of the respiratory
and arrests reflex
nerves,
actions.
respiratory
and cardiac centres are first temporThe vaso-motor
arily
in a fall
stimulated,and then depressed,resulting
and weakened
action of the heart,the
of blood-pressure
nervo-museular structures of the latter being depressed
at the

The
lowered

same

time.

convolutions
in

are

depressed,and

activity
; the

motor

the

nerves

spinalcord

and

muscles

is
are

while the peripheral

are
depressed,
sensory nerves
affected.
but slightly
and most fatal
Hydrocyanicacid is one of the quickest
poisons with which we are acquainted. If given in a
largedose to the dog, it may kill almost instantaneously,
arrest.
by both cardiac and respiratory
tinuing
Usuallyasphyxia is readilyproduced,the heart confor several
to beat in an
irregularmanner
has ceased.
minutes after respiration
is quickly
The drug,being very diffusible and volatile,
also

the animal to gasp once

twice
or
absorbed, and causes
and fall in convulsions,giving a few suppressedcries,

asphyxiabeingrapidlyproduced.
death

less

quickly,
staggering
movements
being first induced, with irregular
followed by convulsions, depending on
respirations,
in
of the cerebro-spinal
axis,and terminating
paralysis
of the cardiac or respiratory
centres.
paralysis
In smaller amounts

occurs

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

368

rapidlyaffected by toxic doses,and in.

administered
were
some
experiments large amounts
without causingdeath.
of its volatility,
is
The medicinal acid,in consequence
and this will probablyaccount
apt to lose its strength,
instances.
for the largeamounts
tolerated in some
Horses

less

are

Antidotes.

Hydrocyanic acid

"

fatal that antidotes

should be
of

water

usuallyso

of little avail.

are

immediatelyresorted

rapidly
Artificial respiration

to, and inhalations

alternate affusions of cold and

with

ammonia,

is

to the head

and

in.
neck, persevered

The

of atropineis recommended
injection
stimulate the
The

and
respiratory

of

potassium;

this forms

combining with
consequence

with

in order to

mixture

of

magnesia or

poison,but is seldom
of absorption
of
rapidity

ferrous

carbonate

the insoluble Prussian

the

of the

dermic
hypo-

cardiac centres.

chemical antidote consists of

and ferric salt,administered

warm

blue,in

of value

in

the latter.

(a)To allayirritation of the gastric

pain and arrest vomiting,the
nerves, to relieve gastric
dilute hydrocyanic
acid is very useful in cases
of gastritis,
and reflex or other nervous
disorders
painful dyspepsia,
of the stomach, occurring
in canine practice. It is pre
scribed in small doses repeated at intervals,
in combination
with
bismuth, and often succeeds in relieving
obstinate vomitingwhen other agents have failed.
(b)In cases of irritable chronic cough,both in horses
and dogs,it is occasionally
with benefit.
prescribed
(c)In tetanus it has been employed in doses of one
drachm
given three times a day, with four drachms of
bromide
of potassium,given in the patient's
drinkingMedicinal

water

; but

superiorto
recommended

Uses.

"

its beneficial effects in this disease

those
from

of the

many

time to time.

other

medicinal

are

not

agents

370

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Preparations.
(1) Acidum
by
liquefied

Liquefactum

Carbolicum

acid

Carbolic

"

the addition of 10 per cent, of water.

to
and cattle,5i.to 3i.ss.
; sheep,lTl_v.
i)oses." Horses
be administered
It should
TH_x.; dogs, ni_i.to TTl_iv.
and
properly diluted,so as to avoid local irritation,
is useful in this respect.
the addition of glycerine

(2) Glycerinum
(3) Unguentum
hard paraffin.
Zinci

Acidi

1 to 4

Carbolici"

Carbolici" 1

Acidi

"

Sulphocarbolas

"

form, carbolic acid

mucous

acts

surfaces ; it

in

as

a
a

concentrated
sufficiently

local irritant to the skin

has
coagulatesalbumin, and finally
the formation

of

hard

Soda.

of

ACID.

local anathesia

causes

Zino.

ACTION.

LOCAL

Externally. Applied

of soft and

carbolic and sulphuric

oxide of zinc,evaporating

CAEBOLIC

(1) IMMEDIATE

measure.

op

Sulphocaebolatb

"

OF

ACTIONS

18

to

Sulphocaebolatb

Sulphocarbolas'

Preparedby heatinga mixture of

the productwith
acids,saturating
and crystallizing.
Sodii

by

white

of the

or

part,

caustic effect with

eschar, afterwards

coming
be-

brown.

agent possesses important influences on fermenits action on

tation and
decomposition,apart from
This

animal

tissues.

Solutions of carbolic acid

deprivemost

of the

organized

These ferments
fermentsof their characteristic powers.
are
representedby yeasts,moulds, and bacteria. On
chemical ferments(enzymes)it does not act so readily.
the spores of vegetableorganismsis far
Its effect on
than that of other agents,such as corrosive
less energetic

sublimate, a 5 per

cent,

solution of carbolic acid

being

CARBOLIC

ACID

requiredto destroythero,while

371

part in 1,000 of the

salt will suffice for this purpose.

mercury
On fully-developed
however, carbolic acid
viicrozymes,
1 per
cent,
solution
as
energetically,
aqueous
destroysthe anthrax bacillus,and 1 part in 1,000 is
sufficient to preventits growth. "We thus term the drug
a ferment).
an
antizymotic
(avr/,
against; ^i|tt)),
both as regardsits action in
It is also an antiseptic,
It destroysthe
septicdiseases as well as on wounds.
which
are
usuallyinfective
productsof decomposition,
and
and of a foul odour, and is thus a disinfectant
acts

deodorant.
The

method

exact

effects

on

by

fermentative

which

carbolic acid exerts

and

processes

yet fullyunderstood, but

we

are

organisms is

its
not

of the beneficial

aware

and disinfectant.
agent as an antiseptic
Internally.Inhaled in the form of vapour, it is
to the nasal passages, throat,
stimulant and disinfectant
doses it arrests excessive fermentative
and lungs. In moderate
changes in the gastriccontents,and in large
and intestines as a powerful
acts on the stomach
amounts
results of the

"

irritant poison.

(2) ACTION

ON

THE

BLOOD.

Carbolic acid is rapidlyabsorbed

skin,

from

the unbroken

surfaces,wounds, subcutaneous

mucous

respiratory
passages,

and

stomach.

It

can

tissues,

be found

for

unchanged,but steadily
bining
disappearsby conversion into compounds, probablycomand is
with the sulphates,
forming sulphophenates,
a

considerable

eliminated

in

time in the blood

the urine.

Portion

system, being probablyconverted

and, accordingto some
amount

undergoesoxidation.

of it is lost in the
into oxalates and

bonates,
car-

certain
a
authorities,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

372

(3) SPECIFIC
In

largedoses

causes

On

carbolic acid acts

as

irritant

an

poison,

system.
producingspecialeffects in the nervous
and vomitingin dogs.
salivation,
gastro-enteritis,

besides
It

ACTION.

System.

the Nervous

"

paralyzes,the
produces these

effects in

It first

and

medulla
a

and subsequently
stimulates,

less marked

spinal cord,
degree on

but
the

cerebrum.

accordingto some
may occur, depending,
the action of the poisonon the spinalcord,

Convulsions
on
authorities,

while

others

ascribe them

ganglia.
The voluntarymuscles
implicated.
seriously

to

effect

an

on

the

central

basal

and

sensory

nerves

are

not

On
after

the

Circulation.

primary

"

It acts

stimulation.

The

cardiac

depressant
rises at
blood-pressure

as

and then falls.

first,
increased in
are
Bespiration.The respirations
frequency in the primary stages,aftervyards becoming
shallow and gasping.
after medicinal
doses,
The
tempej-aturefalls slightly
On

"

of absorption
of excessive amounts
rise in cases
but may
from surgical
dressings.

combined
with
from asphyxia,
occurs
generally
collapse.
to the actions of this drug
All animals are susceptible
when
incautiously
employed as a surgicaldressingover
but dogs are especially
so.
largesurfaces,
The
are
dulness,trembling,
symptoms in such cases
loss of appetite,
a
brown, or gray
peculiarolive-green,
discoloration of the urine,while excessive absorption
occasion fatal collapse.
may
Williams
Professor
Practices
of
('Principlesand
VeterinarySurgery')records cases where a solution of
Death

CARBOLIC

carbolic

acid

surfaces

of

freelyapplied to considerable skin

dogs, and produced 'gradualfailure of the

"

tarry

'

while in others

in one,

sunken

induced, with
and death
fiEces,

"

373

was

heart's action
was

A CID

'

state of

mus
maras-

foetid

breath,
days.'

eyes,

in six to twelve

poisoningby carbolic acid,a diagnosis

of the drug from the
be arrived at by the odour
can
of this region will show
mouth, and an examination
traces of white, hardened
corrugatedpatches on the
In acute

concentrated

The

and

if death

the

poison

antidotes

soda, which

and

by

gastric irritation

administration

and

addition,

intestines,

of

lime, which

is

poison,and sulphate
it,forming a sulpho-carbolate,

action

neutralizes

is excreted

which

saccharate

the

are

stomach

in

twenty-fourhours after
taken, the characteristic phenol
throughoutthe body.

been

has

show,

within

has occurred

stated to control the

of

will

in the

inflammation

will be detected

The

administered

form.

post-mortejn appearances

patches of

odour

agent has been

if the

membrane,

mucous

in

of

cases

of the

kidneys. The pharyngeal

be allayed by the free
should
the

demulcents.

of olive-oil and

(4)REMOTE

ACTION.

LOCAL

rapidlyexcreted,
in the urine and to a less extent by the saliva.
chiefly
Only a minute portion can be recovered unchanged,
The peculiar
colour of
various products being formed.
the urine is due to one of these products.
This change in colour of the urine bears no definite
Carbolic

relation
nor

to

acid and

the amount

its

products are

of carbolic acid in the

system,

to the risk of toxic effects occurring.

Medicinal

Use.3

prescribedfor

"

Internally.Carbolic

all the purposes

"

of

an

acid

internal

has

been

aritiseptic,

VETERINARY

374

THERAPEUTICS

pulmonary gangrene, etc.

pysemia,septicaemia,
not be lost sightof,
Its poisonous nature, however, must
and other antiseptics
are
preferred
by many practitioners.
of
colic in the horse and obstinate cases
In flatulent
being directly
tympanitis in cattle,it acts beneficially,
in

of

oases

introduced

into the

of the

by

cow

colon
of

means

of the

Toope's trocar

drachms, combined

doses of 1 to 2

horse

with

and

the

and

cannula, in

2 to 4

rumen

ounces

of

pint of tepidwater.
As an inter-tracheal injection,
it is prescribedin cases
of parasitic
bronchitis in calves,combined
with tr. opii
or
chloroform,as follows: Ac. carbolic,TT\xx. ; tr. opii,

and
glycerine,

oi.; ol. olivae,

3ii-;
for the tr.
As

an

vapour,

cases

3ss. of chloroform

be substituted

may

opii.

inhalation
in

or

of

largelyemployed, in the form of

affections with unhealthy
respiratory
it is

inhalation on
the
discharges,acting as a disinfectant
respiratory
passages.
The
to dogs, for
drug should not be administered
reasons
alreadymentioned.
Externally. Carbolic acid is extensivelyused as an
in the treatment
of wounds, etc.,in the form
antiseptic
"

of

2| per cent, watery solution.

Creolin,being non-poisonous,is preferredby many
in the present day, and is largelygainingin
practitioners
a

favour.
At

one

time

the familiar carbolic oil

was

favourite

dressingfor wounds, but as its influence on germs is

believed to be slight,
if any, and as dry antiseptic
dressings
the oilycompound is now
givebetter results,
being
discarded,except as a popularapplication.
As

carbolic

local

anmsthetic,in the form

of

strong solution,
acid does not give satisfactory
results,in consequence
of its after-effects on the part.
a

CREOLIN

Carbolic

acid is

employed
generaldisinfectant.

in

376

sheep-dips,and

also

of from
Sulphocarbolate of zinc,in the proportion
3

grainsto

of

the

of

ounce

leuGorrhcBa,and

water, is recommended

in

as

2 to
cases

foul

dischargesfrom the vagina

or
uterus, and as a urethral injection(4 grainsto the
ounce) in gonorrhoeain bulls.
Resorcin.
derivative

by various processes ; is
and disinfectant
and internally
antiseptic
externally,
reduces
the temperature and
pulse temporarilyin

A
an

of carbolic

acid

it
febrile conditions.

Naphthalin, Naphthol
These

/3Naphthol,

"

Iso-Naphthol.

and
products of the distillation of coal-gas,
and disinfectants.
powerfulantiseptics

are

are

Naphthalinhas

been

used

intestinal

in
antiseptic
of diarrhoea and dysentery,
in doses of Ji.to 3ii.
cases
for horses,and grs. ii.to grs. viii.for dogs,administered
in mucilage.
/3 Naphthol is applied in the form of ointment
or
solution (5 to 15 per cent.)
in some
diseases of the skin ;
it resembles
tar in its actions,and is antiseptic
and antiparasitic.
as

an

Creolin.
A

from the creosote-concoal-tar product obtained

taining
fractions of certain kinds of coal ; it is freed

from
poisonous constituents,and speciallytreated to
In contains only
render it soluble and suitable for use.
the higher homologues of phenol in the form of soluble
salts.
Actions

and
As

"

Externally.
"

Creolin is

antiseptic,
deodorant,

disinfectant.
an

it has
antiseptic,

been

proved by experimentto

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

376

be far
than

carbolic

acid,as well

cent, solution

2 per

micro-organisms
their growth, a
arresting
of

active in the destruction

more

as

in

being stronger than

solution of carbolic acid for such

purposes.

per

In

cent,

5 per

destroysall pathogenicmicro-organisms.
action on the
Properlydiluted,it is devoid of irritating

cent,

solution it

is

skin,and

in the

effectual deodorant

an

case

of

foul,

unhealthywounds.
it is employed in the less
As a generaldisinfectant,
refined form known
as
Jeyes'fluid. Its value in this
respect has been amptly proved by experience,and
it possesses
great advantages over
beingnon-poisonous,
carbolic acid,besides beiagcheaper and capableof more
dilution than

the latter.

Internally.Creolin is administered
in cases
characterized
cessive
gastricdisinfectant
by ex-

Medicinal
as

Uses

"

fermentation.
fermentation
and

in the

of
acridity

"

It is also useful in
and
intestines,

in

checkingundue
the foetor
lessening

the excretions.

it is an agent of greatvalue,
antiseptic,
and is preferred
to carbolic acid,beingnon-irritating
and
non-poisonous.
As

an

It may

internal

be administered

to horses

and

cattle in doses

of

5ii-to 5vi.,properly diluted,or given in mucilage,

to the requirerepeatedtwo or three times daily,
according
ments
of the case ; and for dogs,from TTLx.to 3ss. may be
administered most conveniently
in the form of capsules.
Externally. Creolin is extensivelyemployed as an
in cases
of wounds, etc.
antiseptic
surgical
dressing
It forms a reliable antiseptic
solution in the proportion
"

of 1 to 80 of water

and in this form

to Oi.),
(3ii.
used for renderingthe hands, instruments,and
operationaseptic.
As a uterine injection,
it is very valuable in

may be
field of

cases

of

378

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

hitherto known

to be

and
antiseptics,
non-irritating.
It is used in the form

powder containing1 or

of 1 to

of solution
2 per cent,

non-poisonousand

or

in

1,000,or

in the form

of small

It is very diffusible,
livingtextures
penetrating
rapidly,and is quicklyeliminated therefrom ; it causes
crayons.

in weak

even

solutions

tissues,and

for this

violet coloration of the

intense

an
reason

be

may

objected to

as

an

in operations
and wounds.
antiseptic
In
wounds
already infected this agent is highly
recommended
as
an
dressing.
antiseptic
In cases
of suppuratingulcers it is advised to sprinkle
pyoktanin in substance on the parts,or to apply it in the
form

of crayon.

In the form
in the

of

bases and

is recommended

dog, and
in the horse, injected
tumours
deeplyinto the
substance of the growths.
of mammary

treatment

melanotic

injection
(i to 300) it
tumours

in the

employed by German
it
practitioners.In conjunctivitis
(simpleand purulent)
is appliedin the strengthof 1 to 1,000. In ulceration of
the cornea, in iritis,
and panophthalmiait is also recommended.
In

diseases

of the

Phenazonum
A

Phenazone,

"

substance
crystalline

Doses.-

"

obtained from

repeatedevery
may
until results are obtained.

and

effect

'

Antipyein.'

phenyl hydrazine.

Horses, 3ii-to Ziv.; dogs,grs.

be

Actions

it is

eye

one

x.

to grs.

hours in acute
It is soluble in water.
two

or

Phenazone

xx.

cases

is a

powerfulaw^ip2/^eiic,
sedative and anodyne. It has little
generalnervous
the temperature of healthy animals, but in
on

febrile cases

and

Uses.

"

is said to reduce

usuallywithin

half

^n

the abnormal

hour, the

effects

temperature,

continuingfor

ANTIFEBRIN

hours.

two

The

diminished

on

action is beheved to depend

antipyretic
production of heat, less oxygen
being

taken

in, while less

Some

authorities do

and

urea

not

doses

Large

followed

carbonic
with

agree

action to increased radiation

vessels.

379

in

acid

are

excreted.

this,but ascribe

its

by dilatation of the cutaneous

ment,
dogs caused primary excitethe

by paralysisof

central

nervous

weakness, serious loweringof temperature,

system, muscular
and

in some
cases.
generalparalysis
of influenza
Antipyrinhas been employed in cases
characterized
by very high temperature. It is not
used, and in our experiencequininegivesfar
extensively
reliable results.

more

In acute

rheumatism

it has been

recommended, but is

of this

of soda in the treatment

salicylate
it only temporarily
lowers the temperature,
as
affection,
it the pyrexia returns.
and on
discontinuing

Its

is contra-indicated

greatlyinferior to

use

are

the

in

cases

where

cardiac

plications
com-

present.
-Acetanilide, Antifebbin.'
'

Acetanilidum

"

obtained
substance
by the action of
crystalline
tion.
glacialacetic acid on aniline,and subsequentpurificaA

Doses.

"

Horses, 3i.

repeated every
insoluble

to

second

^ii.; dogs, grs. iii. to grs.

hour

in

in water, it may

very
for administration.
Actions
also

and

nervous

Uses.

"

Acetanilide

sedative.

critical

cases.

x.,

Being

be dissolved in alcohol

is

an

It is said to be

and
antipyretic,
more
powerful

and more
lastingin its effects. It may
antipyrin,
be employed in febrile affections characterized by a very
high temperature,and its use is said to be unaccompanied
by any detrimental after-effects. It should be avoided
than

380

in

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

where

cases

it tends to

of the heart's

there is weakness

cause

depressionof

action,as

this organ.
Phenacetin.

Phenacetinum"

substance
crystalline
produced by the action of
a
glacialacetic acid on paraphenetidin,
body obtained
A

from

phenol.
Phenacetin

is

antipyretic,
anodyne
and hypnotic. It resembles
antipyrinand antifebrin in
its actions,which
less rapid,but more
are
prolonged.
It may
in doses of 5ii.
be employed in similar cases
to
5iv.for horses, and grs. v. to grs. x. for dogs,dissolved
in alcohol,as it is sparingly
soluble in water.
Actions

and

Usss.

"

Chinoline
An

or

oilyliquidobtained

Quinoleine.

from

aniline and

allied substances.

Kairin.
A

substance
crystalline

derived from

chinoline.

Thallin.
A

substance
crystalline

These

agents resemble

also derived from

each

antipyretics.They belong to

other

chinoline.

in their actions

as

large group of allied

substances,and are not as yet in generaluse in veterinary
authorities as a
practice.Thallin is regarded by some
and
its value
in this respect has
reliable antipyretic,
been demonstrated
on
patients by Kaufmann
veterinary
and Friedberger. It is used in the form of a sulphate,
and
is stated to cause
neither digestivenor
nervous
disturbance, and to reduce temperature quickly,this
effect appearing to
diminished
oxidation.
depend on
It is givento horses in doses of ^ii.to 5iii.,
and to dogs
in doses

of grs. ii. to grs. iv.

SALOL"ICHTHYOL

381

Salol.
A

of

compound

acid
salicylic

and

phenol.

Insoluble

in water.
Actions

and

It
disinfectant.
cases

of acute

resembles

to

exert

beneficial effects in

diarrhcEa,given

horses,and

grs. iii.to grs.

It is recommended
iodoform

and antipyretic,
also
antiseptic
acid in its action in
salicylic

rheumatism, but is less effectual.

It is stated
intestinal

It is

Uses."

in

by

x.

in
to

doses

of

cases

of

3ii.to 3iv. to

dogs.

Kaufmann

as

substitute for

cases.
surgical

Ichthyol.
A
of
a

brown, tarry liquidobtained by the dry distillation

bituminous quartz found in the Tyrol,and is probably

product of fossilized fish. It contains about

cent, of sulphur,and is capableof combining with

residual

18 per

alkalies and

; the ammonium

metals

and lithium ichthyol

while the former is
compounds are given internally,
It mixes readily
with
usuallyemployed for external use.

oils,
fats,lanolin,etc.
Actions

Uses.

and

"

stimulant,
Ichthyolis antiseptic,

and

antiparasitic.
According to Dr.

Cranstoun

Charles, it is very
the tissues,thus being

oxidizable,draws oxygen from

a reducingagent ; it also produces an

antisepticinfluence
astringenteffect on
useful
specially
as

the

it limits

throughout
the

preventvesication.
In affections
of

vessels.

as

It

the

is said

with

inflammation

1 to 10 of lanolin.

to

be

hypersemia,

and

skin,especially
eczema,

it is highlyrecommended
pityriasis,

such

the

in diseases associated

spread of

and
invigorating
body, and an

in the form

tends

to

psoriasis,
of ointment,

382

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

of jointsand muscles,
affections
is said to
ointment, appliedwith friction,

In chronic rheumatic
a

50 per cent,

producefavourable
In

30 per cent, lotion is applied

joints,which are then covered with

rheumatism

acute

the

to

inflamed
wool and

cotton

results.
a

oiled silk.

ichthyolis employed by
iMrasiticshin affections
in the form of ointment.
French and German
practitioners
In

The

drug

is also

to grs. iii.in the

affections in canine

hums

In

and

in doses of grs. i.ss.

giveninternally
of the above
form of pillsfor cases
practice.

scalds

cent, is recommended

and

Klein

for

advises

skin of the affected

reducingthe smartingeffects

50

part two

Creasotum"

productof

Dose.
or

2 to 10 per

of from

of ichthyol
per cent, ointment
of erysipelas,
which
should be rubbed into the

cases

ointment

irritation.
allaying

Dr.
in

an

"

For

or

three times

day.

Ceeasote.

the distillation of wood

tar.

administered
to TI)_iii.,
dogs,rn_i.

in

mucilage

milk.
Actions

and

in its actions.

Uses.

"

The

Creasote

resembles

carbolic acid

important use of creasote

tion,
internally
depends on its power of arrestingfermentawhile not interfering
with the action of pepsin or
the digestive
in cases
processes ; hence it is prescribed
of obstinate vomiting in dogs due to indigestion
and
excessive
In

cases

for

most

fermentation,or

to dilatation of the stomach.

of -parasitic bronchitis it is sometimes

carbolic

acid, in the form

injection.(See p. 374.)

of

tuted
substi-

inter-tracheal

IODOFORM

383

in the
Externally,creasote is highlyrecommended
of follicular
treatment
in dogs,by Mr. Hunting,
mange

F.E.C.V.S.,London.
After

shavingthe affected parts,the followingdressing

is applied
twice a week, and when the skin gets soft and
tender longerintervals are allowed :
Creasoti,5iv.

Liq.potassse,31.
01. olivee,Jvii.
Ft. lin.

loDOFOEM.

lodoformum"

Preparedby heatingiodine

carbonate of potassium,
and
the
and
alcohol,
water,
allowing
crystalline
about
of iodine.
cent
It
contains
90
t
o
settle.
per
deposit
Actions

Uses.

and

also

produces little

"

with

Iodoform

is

and disinfectant,
antiseptic
it
Appliedlocally

an

powerful deodorant.

but
irritation,

no

or

acts

as

local

veterinarypatientsit is not likelyto

it produces
in whom
become absorbed as in human
beings,
constitutional symptoms ; dogs,however, may by licking
surfaces be affected by the drug, which
the dressed
times
causes
gastricderangement,vomiting,etc., and someIn

ancBsthetic.

symptoms. Iodoform is seldom prescribed

internally
; its effects resemble,to a certain extent,those
nervous

of iodine.

Its chief

use

is

as

an

for
antiseptic
dressing

wounds, ulcerated surfaces,etc.

It appears

to have

little influence

on

bacteria outside

ficial
body, and, accordingto Behring,it produces benebut
effects not by actingdirectly
upon the bacteria,
by inducing chemical changes in their toxic products,
the

which

render the latter harmless.

Iodoform

may

be

appliedin

the

dry form,

or

as

384

THERAPEUTICS

VETlCn/NARY

iodoform

wool

agent. In

and

the

containing10

gauze,

employed,

tends

it

as

ointment, as follows
"i.; vaseline,Jv. Mix.

ciously
judi-

in the form

Iodoform, 2"\.;

be

excessive

induce

to

granulations.
It may
be appliedto unhealthywounds
an

cent, of the

it should

of fresh wounds

case

per

ol.

of

eucalyptus,

In canJcar

of the ear in the dog it acts very beneficially,

in the form of dry powder.
beingapplieddirectly
In cases
of thrush,equalpartsof iodoform
and calomel
form an efficient application,
which should be introduced
into the cleft of the frog,until the discharge
carefully
therefrom
In

ceases.

of ozana,

cases

if3introduced

into
directly

insufilator

an

chronic nasal catarrh, etc.,iodoform

once

the nasal

day, and

of
by means
gives satisfactory

cavities

often

results.
lodol.
A

a moderatelypure
powder obtained by precipitating
pyrrholwith iodo-iodide of potassium. This resembles

iodoform
and

in its actions

non-toxic

when

and uses, but

appliedto

is devoid

of

odour,

wounds.

Aristol.
A

of iodine and thymol, resembles

in its actions,but is said to be non-toxic.

compound

Paraffinum
A

of the

by
petroleum.
Uses.

hecome

"

Soft

mixture

of

"

semi-solid

members
obtained

IVIolle.

Vaseline
rancid

employed as
also useful

as

Paeaffin, Vaseline.
the

or

is not

less

irritant to the

lubricant

or

and

more

fluid

hydrocarbons,usually
volatile portions of

oxidizable,and

basis for ointments

softer

paraffinseries of

purifying the

iodoform

skin.

It is

instead

emollient

hence

of

cannot

extensively
lard, and is

application.

VETERINARY

386

THERAPEUTICS

Aconitina
alkaloid

An

obtained

Aconitike.

"

from

aconite

root.

It

is not

sometimes
employed
1 to 55 of benzoated
aconitinse

is
but externally
given internally,

of

in the form

unguentum

"

lard.

(Folia) Powdered

Aconiti

Pulvis

"

Aconite.

Horses, 3i.to Jii.

Dose."

ACTIONS

OF

ACONITE.

action.
local
(1) immediate
Externally,aconite applied to the skin or exposed
membranes
mucous
depressesthe peripheralendingsof
and subsequently
It
nerves,
paralyzesthem.
sensory
be absorbed by the skin.
can
fall doses have a topicalirritant effect on
Internally,
the stomach, causingslight
pain and nausea, followed by
vomition in dogs. It subsequently
depressesthe gastric

nerves.

(2)specific
Aconite

rapidly absorbed from the stomach, and

blood,it passes quicklyinto the tissues.
doses given in close succession
have a

is

enteringthe
Medicinal

specialaction
and

action.

on

the

heart,the circulation,
respiration,

temperature.

They reduce the frequency,force,and

pulse by actingon the nerves, and also by
on

the nervo-muscular
The

structure

tension
a

The

the

direct action

of the heart itself.

is lowered, partlyfrom cardiac,and

blood-pressure

partlyfrom vaso-motor, depression.

Bespirationis slowed, both from reduced
force

of

as

well
shin
and

circulatory
centre.
respiratory
is stimulated, perspiration
is slightly
increased,
temperature is lowered steadily.

as

direct

depressionof the

ACONITE

The

On

stimulated,and the fluids and solids

kidneysare

of the urine
the

that of
exact

increased in amount.

are

action of aconite is
system the specific

nervous

depressant.Authorities

in

manner

system

nervous

387

which

the

affected

are

do

not

agree

as

to the

different

by

this

portionsof the
drug. Some state

that it firstdepresses,
then

the sensory centres

paralyzes,
of the spinal cord, the peripheral
nerve-endings
being
and finally
the nerve-trunks.
next affected,
Others

believe

that

the

nerves

sensory

are

affected

periphery inwards, the spinal cord being

The motor
and
secondarilyacted on.
nerve-endings
but the influence on
nerve-trunks also become
depressed,
from

the

these is less than

not

the

on

and
affected,
directly

consciousness,but may
Toxic

Effects.

"

sensory
even

nerves.

largedoses

The
do not

brain is
remove

disturb it.

Aconite

in

toxic

doses

causes

great

muscular
weakness, and
respiration,
cardiac
action becomes
vascular depression
quent,
fre; the
and gradually
feebler,
tendingto cease
irregular,
from asphyxia,depending
in diastole. Death may occur
of the respiratory
centre ; but a very large
on
paralysis
of the
dose may kill by syncope, due to sudden paralysis
Convulsions
heart-muscle.
precede death in some
may

disturbance

of

instances.
In the
nausea,

from the mouth,

frothing
swallowing,followed in a variable

horse,largedoses

attempts

at

cause

periodby attemptsat vomition,accelerated respirations,

and feeble pulse.
Professor P. Smith, in experimentingwith this drug,
gave a pony 4
In ten minutes

ounces

there

of the tincture of aconite undiluted.

was

gulpingsound from the

to swallow, pulse weak
a

from the mouth,

slight
frothing
throat,as if making attempts
and very compressible,
and,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

388

the

judging from
there

sound

proceedingfrom
movements
peristaltic

increased

were

the

abdomen,
with

pawing
fortyminutes the animal was
and a quarter hours from
and in one
fore-leg,
In

one

there

commencement

which

continued

were

dose.

receivingthe
and

in

was

normal

is

Aconitine

distinct

were

for three

The

animal

active

very

the

attempts at vomition,

and

half hours

commenced

in five and

condition

testines
in-

the

of

poison, even

to
a

after

recover,

half hours.
jected
^-ggrain in-

hypodermically
producing serious symptoms

in

the horse.
In

symptoms noted

were

this

alkaloid,the prominent
excessive salivation,
grindingof the

destroyed by

horses

teeth,indications of pain,and violent tetanic convulsions.

No

alteration of
from

the

temperature,nor any increased

skin,bowels, or kidneys,was noted.

tion
secre-

in
dogs, large doses of aconite generallycause
five minutes
painfulvomiting and continuous retching,
muscular
tremities.
exhaustion, and paralysisof the hind exIn

In

some

instances

death

occurs

with

great

rapidity.
Antidotes.

poisonhas
Alcoholic

given,and

adoptedto

In

"

the

dog, if

seen

immediatelyafter

been taken, emetics should

ammoniacal

the

be administered.

stimulants

should

be

freely
ether used hypodermically,
being
every means
assist in maintainingcardiac and respiratory
or

action.

(3) EEMOTB

LOCAL

ACTION.

by the kidneys, increasingthe

It probablyalso
solid and fluid portionsof the urine.
leaves the system by the skin.
in sthenic
Medicinal Uses." In acute febrile
affections
aconite judiciously
prescribedis a valuable
patients,
agent,actingas a vaso-viotor sedative,reducing cardioAconite

is excreted

ACONITE

vascular

In

the

excitement,and

389

loweringabnormal

ture.
tempera-

the

it is preearly stagesof respiratory

affections,
scribed
in carefully
regulateddoses,in combination with
and repeated every two or
aeetatis,
liquorammonii

three hours.
It is contra-indicated
weakness

in

characterized

eases

by debility,

of

pulse,and in cardiac affections.

Being a powerfullydepressingagent,its effects require
to be carefully
watched, and, generally
speaking,its use
is not indicated in that affection termed influenza,
as the
condition.
system is in an alreadydepressed
ficial
In laminitis,
aconite is indicated,
and givesvery beneresults in the earlystages,combined
with salines,
such as the nitrate of potassium,and, administered
at
two
intervals of one
or
hours, it tends to relieve pain,
and
In

reduces

excessive cardiac action and

it was
enteritis,

opium

and

camphor by

('Equine Medicine
In acute

recommended
the

late

temperature.

in combination

Professor

with

Robertson

').

rheumatism, it relieves pain and reduces

combined
being,
pyrexia,

with salines.

prescribedwith variable
in the earlier stages,in the form of hypodermic
success
to TTl_x.
of Fleming'stincture in from T(\_v.
doses.
injections
In chronic cough and broken wind, it acts as an efBeient
strict attention
remedy, combined with arsenic,
palliative
being also given to dietetics. For such purposes it may
be administered in the form of powders, such as the
compulvisaconiti folia,or in the form of the tincture,bined
arsenicalis.
with the liquor
Externally,aconite is used as a local anodyne in
in the
affections and swollen, painfuljoints,
rheumatic
with a small proportionof
combined
form of linirnent,
In

tetanus, it has

the

been

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

390

The

chloroform.

of aconitine

ointment

similarly

be

may

employed.
external

The

danger of

of the

consequence

Veratrina
An

alkaloid

or

specialcare
absorption.

Vebateine.

"

mixture

in

demands

of aconite

use

of

obtained from the

alkaloids,

dried

Mexican
a
ripe seeds of Cevadilla or Sabadilla
in Veratrum
plant. It is also present in small amounts
white
as
album, popularly known
hellebore,and in
"

Veratrum

viride,or

green

allied to veratrine in their

Doses.
grs. iv.

hellebore,both

of which

are

actions.
physiological

Horses, grs. i.ss. to grs. ii.; cattle,grs. ii. to

"

By hypodermicinjection.

Externally,veratrine appliedto the skin or

and then
surfaces acts as a powerful irritant,
mucous
and vessels,
terminatingin loss of
depressesthe nerves
Actions.'

"

and vesication.
sensibility
vomiting
full doses cause
salivation and painful
Internally,
in dogs,violent purging,great muscular
prostration,
a
slow, feeble,or irregularpulse,shallow respiration,
loweringof temperature, spasmodic twitchingof muscles,
death occurringfrom asphyxia.
and finally
collapse,
6 grainsadministered
In horses, 5 or
caused salivation,
profuse sweating,muscular trembling,and violent
of the gastro-intestinal
contractions
muscles,with efforts
at vomition (Kaufmann).
On the nervous
pressing
system veratrine exerts a slightde-

influence, but
brain
The

drug.

or

marked

no

action

the

on

spinalcord.

muscles
It

the structures

are

produces a

remarkable

contraction,and increases
appear

has

to

be in

reallydepends on

state
a

their

acted on by the
chiefly
lengtheningof their

force,so that the muscles

of tetanus

; but

this condition

singlecontraction,and

not

on

VERA

series of

simple spasms.

weakness

of the

the

TRINE

In

it
largeramounts
finally
paralysis.

muscles, and

heart

391

causes

it

produces similar effects as on the

voluntarymuscles ; it lengthensthe contractions of the
organ, thus reducingits frequency,largerdoses causing
and finally
feebleness,
irregularity,
paralysis.
On

The blood presstire is firstraised,and then falls.

is first accelerated,
and then slowed, being
Bespiration
arrested throughthe centre, the muscles, and
finally
vagus.
The

the

temperature is lowered, probablydependingon

depression.
circulatory
Medicinal
an

Uses.

"

for
antipyretic

acute

Veratrine has been recommended

the

conditions

same

febrile affections in sthenic

influence

functions

of the

the

stomach

in

aconite,viz.,

as

subjects
; but

system does
either safe or advantageous.
According to M. Cagny ('Precis
this drug has the power
Vetdrinaire '),
on

not

de
of

and
cattle,

as

its depressing

render

its

use

Therapeutique
the
stimulating
is

an

agent of

greatvalue in cases of impaction,by causingthe removal

It is administere
of a large portionof the gastriccontents.
in doses of 2 to 3 grainshypodermically,
and
be
may
This
a

repeatedif necessary.
authorityalso states that

certain extent, eserene,

but

the intestinal secretions,as

on

the

treatment

that it has

and

of

of

veratrine,eserene,

impactionof

and

he

resembles,to

less action

compared with

movements,
peristaltic

combination

veratrine

on

its influence

recommends

in
pilocarpine

the

the colon in the horse.

Staphisagriae Semina

"

Stavbsacrb

Seeds.

The ripeseeds of Delphiniumstaphisagria,

or larkspur.
several alkaloids,the most
Contains
important being
and staph
isagrine.
delphinine

392

VETERINARY

THERAPEVTICS

Delphinineresembles aconitine in
its actions,
but is even
more
depressantto the vessels.
for the
Stavesacre
is only used
as
a
parasiticide,
destruction of pediculi
and acari. For such purposes one
Actions

and

Uses.

"

part of the bruised seeds is boiled for

twenty to thirtyparts of water, making

two

hours with

up

the latter to

the

original
quantity.
Strong preparationstoo freelyapplied,or absorbed
from abraded
surfaces,or licked by dogs,are liable to
and prostration.
produce nausea
in the horse.Professor
As an
for mange
application
Williams recommends
the following
formula :
Pulv.

delphinistaphisagriae,
jii.
Adipisvel o!. palmae,gviii.
01. olivffi,
p.

Mix

and

digestat

100" in

For the destruction of

very

of

pintof water, care

do not lick themselves

sand-bath,and strain.

lice,a decoction of

efficient,
composed

seeds to

for

one

of the

ounce

beingtaken

some

time

stavesacre

is

powdered

that the animals

after the

remedy

is

applied.
Colchici

Cormus

Colchicum

"

Coem.

of Colchicum
The fresh corm
autumnale, or the autunm
crocus, dried and powdered for use.

Doses.

Horses, 3ss.

"

grs. ii. to grs. viii.

with salines.

Colchici

3i.; cattle,3i. to 3ii.; dogs,

to

Eepeated twice dailyin

Semina

"

Colchicum

combination

Seeds.

Preparation.
Tinctura

Colchici

"

Tincture

of colchicum

"

1 to 8

proof

spirit.
Doses.

"

TT|_xxx.

Horses, gi.to gi.ss.

; cattle,
; dogs,IT^x.to
Jii.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

394

CHAPTBE
THE

VEGETABLE

X.
Con^mien'.

KINGDOM"

Opium.
The

juiceobtained by incision from the unripe capsules

of Papaver somniferum, the white poppy (grown in Asia
by spontaneous evaporation(B.P.).
Minor),inspissated
best

The

Levant

varietyof opium is
this yields10 to 12 per

the

Smyrna, Turkey, or
cent, of morphine.

Preparations.
(1) Pulvis Opii
"

Doses.
grs.

These

Opium.

Horses, 3i. to 5ii.; cattle,

3ii.to 3iii.
; sheep,

"

to grs.

X.

Powdered

xxx.

dosfs must

dogs,grs.

ss.

be modified

iii.

to grs.

accordingto

sizes and

requirements.
(2) Extractum
Doses.

"

Opii
"

Aqueous
"

2 in 1.

Half the above.

(3) Pulvis Ipecacuanhse Compositus Dover's Powder^

Opium, 1 ; ipecacuanha,1 ; sulphate of potassium, 8
(1 in 10).
"

Doses
grs.

"

Horses

and

to Jiv.
cattle,
5ii.
; dogs,grs.

to

v.

XV.

(4) Tinctura Opii Tincture

20.
Opium, 1| ; proof spirit,
minims, or nearly33 grainsto
"

Doses.

"

Horses

pigs,5ii.to
to

of

Opium,

Contains
the ounce.

Laudanum

"

grain in 14J

and

cattle, gi. to giii.

; sheep and
5iv.; dogs,ni_v.to TTl_xxx. Modified according

requirements.

(5)

Tinctura
Camphorae Composita
Camphorated
of Opium, 'Paregoric' Opium, 40
Tincture
"

"

grains;

OPIUM

benzoic

395

acid, 40

grains; camphor, 30 grains;

20 fluid ounces
anise,^ fluid drachm ; proofspirit,
240).
Doses.

Similar to those of the tincture of

"

(6)Unguentum Gallee
1 ounce
ointment of galls,

Opium,
14|).
"

(1in

(1in

opium.

Opio

cum

oil of

32

grains;

and its Preparations.

Acetate
and subacetate of lead,salts of zinc, copper and arsenic,
all astringent
fixed alkalies and
vegetablepreparations,
their carbonates,alkaline earths,and ammonia.

of Opium
Incompatihles

contains

Opium
which

are

largenumber

alkaloids and

many

important

most

"

alkaloids

of

constituents,
among

organicacids. The
morphine, codeine,the-

two

are

baine.

organicacid is meconic acid,an agent of no

therapeutical
importance.
alkaloid morphine,in consequence
of its insolubility,
The
is employed in the form of different salts ; it is
obtained from opium by complex chemical processes, the
various salts dependingon the acid which is used in the
of each.
preparation
The

chief

of Morphine
Morphinse Hydrocliloras Hydrochlorate
"

"

morphine by ammonia,
prepared by precipitating
i
n
in
diffusing water, dissolving hydrochloricacid,and
It is the salt most commonly employed.
out.
crystallizing
in spirit.
Solubility.1 in 24 of water, readily
The
alkaline carbonates,
lime-water,
Incompatibles.
and
salts of lead, iron, copper,
zinc,
liquor
mercury
arsenicahs,and all astringent
preparations.
vegetable

is

"

"

and cattle,
Horses
grs. iv. to grs.
gr. i. to grs. ii.; dogs,gr. I to gr. J.
Doses.

For
the

"

which
hypodermicinjection,

minimum

doses

mentioned

is the most
should

be

x.

sheep,

effective,

employed at

396

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

follows

in

rendered

the agent being

first,

soluble

form,

as

Liquor Morphinse Hydrochloratis (B.P.)"41 grainsin

of spirit,
1 fluid ounce
of a mixture
water, and dilute
v. to ITLx.,
acid (1 in 100). Dose for dogs : J\\
hydrochloric

hypodermically.
For

horses and

cattle a stronger solution is

more

con-

veni' nt, and may

be preparedof the strengthof 2 grains
of solution.
of morphine hydrochlorate
to each 25 minims
Tinctura

CMoroformi

et

Morphinse

"

Chlorodyne.

See p. 338.

Morphinae Acetas

Solubility.1
"

Doses.

"

in

Similar to those of the

Solubility.1
"

"

hydrochlorate.

Sulphateof Morphine.

"

in 24 of water,

in spirit.
sparingly

Similar to the above.

Codeina

"

Codeine

prepared from the ammoniacal

morphine has been obtained ; it
the proportion
of | to 1 per cent.

"

is

Doses.

"

About

OF

of each

morphine.

OPIUM.

will be noticed

(1)IMMEDIATE
Authorities

absorbed

liquorsfrom which
present in opium in

on
depend chiefly
morphine,and

in the actions

unbroken

is

four times those of

ACTIONS
These

Morphine.

2| in water, readilyin spirit.

Morpliinse Sulphas

Doses.

Acetate of

"

differ

skin, some

to

as

the

hence

differences

afterwards.
ACTION.

action of

that

the

on

the

cannot

be

opium

statingthat morphine

therefrom,and

if any.
slight,

LOCAL

any

local effect is

OPIUM

Others

397

believe that it acts

local

anodyne when
applied in the form of liniment or fomentation,made
from the tincture and other preparations.
Opium and morphine are
readilyabsorbed from
wounds, ulcers,and exposed mucous
surfaces,actingas
local anodynes thereon.
tions,
Internally.In the mouth opium diminishes the secreand is quicklyabsorbed from the mucous
membrane.
It causes
drynessof this region,and a degreeof thirst.
071 the Stomach.
Opium producesbrief irritation of
in the dog,but sensithe nerves, and may
bility
cause
nausea
is quicklyreduced, and appetite,
secretion,
gastric
and digestive
diminished.
are
activity
On theIntestines. Opium exerts a distinctsedative effect.
as

"

"

"

It diminishes
from

the sensible and

arrests

or

the

membrane, and

mucous

lessens the

action slower, or
peristaltic
completelyarrests it by stimulation of the sjAanchnics
of the intestinal walls.
which
the inhibitory
nerves
are
authorities to
In large doses opium is stated by some
and thus to increase
of the splanchnics,
cause
paralysis
secretions.

It renders

pressions
iusensible im-

the

peristalsis.
(2) ACTION

Morphine does
some

other

not

ON

enter

THE

BLOOD.

the circulation

as

alkaloids,although traces of it

quicklyas
are
rapidly

discovered in the blood.

The

full action of

developed,and
even

in the

opium

is thus

comparatively
slowly

its local effects continue

colon,where

the

to be

exerted

morphineis gradually
being

absorbed.
It is said that the red

reduced in size
are
corpuscles
of the circulation
probablythrough depression
indirectly,
of oxygen.
and a deficiency

398

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

(3) SPECIFIC

ACTION.

principalaction of morphine is exerted on the

effect on
system,although it has a physiological

The
nervous

all organs.
On

the cerebrum

of the

its effects vary

well

as
species,

same

as

greatlyin
in

those

individuals
of different

is highly developed,
species. In man, where the cerebrum
of the
brief excitement
opium usuallycauses
followed by depressionand the occurrence
convolutions,
of sleep.
In the horse,where
there is less development of the
more
higherbrain-centres,but relatively
development of
the loco-motor

centres, and

spinalcord, opium
on

these lower

of the reflex centres

its

exerts

centres, and

primary

in many

stimulant

of the
effects

instances,instead of

ments,
producingsleep,it causes restlessness,
involuntarymoveand continuous
pawing with one foot persistently,
walkinground in one direction ; in largedoses it may
etc.
cause
delirium,accompanied with frequentneighing,
In such instances even
of the drug will
large amounts
fail to produce sleep,but rather tend to increase the

excitement.
In

some

anodyne

opium in medicinal doses will exert

these differences probably
hypnotic effects,
the susceptibilities
of individual animals.

cases

and

dependingon
Accordingto
in

some

H. C.

horses
and

Buminants
manner

Dr.

Wood, the restlessness induced

by opium and morphine is due

not to spinalexcitement.
are
usuallyaffected by opium in a

to delirium,

similar

to horses.

show

period of excitement,
preliminary
but depressionusuallyfollows,and
sleep occurs, not,
but may be accompanied by muscular
however, profound,
twitchingsand evidences of disturbed dreams.
Dogs may

OPIUM

The
to
not

effects of
direct

399

opium on the cerebrum are probablydue

action of iTiorphine
the nerve-cells,
and
on

the cerebral vessels.

on

In those instances in which

it exerts

hypnoticeffects,the perceptiveand sensory

centres become
depressedearlier and more
profoundly
than the vital centres in the medulla, this beinga matter
of great therapeutical
importancewith reference to the
safetyof the drug.
The
motor
centres in the brain and spinalcord are
stimulated
creased
is inby morphine,and reflex excitability
; these

those

effects

instances

well marked

are

where

the

in the horse

excitingaction

of the

in

drug

predominates.
When

cerebral

of central

paralyzed

from

depression occurs, muscular

originsets in, the motor nerves
the

is never
irritability
The

sensory

functions

outwards, but

become

muscular

completelylost.
of all organs

nerves

of the

pressed
de-

body are

sensory nerve-terminations have

lowered or arrested,so that common

by opium.
their

centres

ness
weak-

The

be originated.
is reduced
and pain cannot
sensibility
This peripheral
anodyne effect,however, is secondary
both in time and degree to the action of the drug on the
sensory centres.
The sensory nerve-trunks have their power
of conductivity
diminished,this effect stillfurther preventing

painfulimpressionsbeingconveyedinwards.
The
hypodermic injectionof morphine possesses a
local anodyne effect on the peripheral
and
sensory nerves
the

well
as
nerve-trunks,

071 the vital centres

as

of

central effect.

the medulla

opium

acts

as

depressant.
On

the

followed

cardiac centre

by depression.

it

causes

primary excitation,

400

VETERINARY

On the Heart

and

THERAPEUTICS

Circulation.

The heart is temporarily

"

accelerated

by opium, partlythrough the cardiac centre,

and partly through an
effect on
its intrinsic ganglia.
In fuller doses its action is slowed by stimulation of the
in the

vagus

medulla, and

in the heart itself.

vagus is next depressedor paralyzed; but

in consequence
of the intrinsic cardiac
ganglia being
depressed,acceleration of the heart is
simultaneously
The

cardiac

its
so
impossible,
Death rarelyoccurs

The

action
from

vessels become

infrequentand

becomes
sudden

feeblr-.

cardiac failure.

dilated

through the vaso motor

influenced by the drug
centre,but they are not directly
coats or their peripheral
either in their muscular
nerves.
On Bespiration.Opium is a powerfuldepressant
; the
respiratorycentre is depressed,and the respiratory
become
movements
sup rficialand irregular
; the afferent
of breathing i.e.,
the pulmonary branches
of the
nerves
also depressed,
reflection is dulled at
are
so that
vagus
and cough,spasm,
and other reflex respiratory
its origin,
"

"

"

acts

rendered

are

The

arrested.

by

less liable to occur,

bronchial secretions

may
are

be

gether
alto-

diminished

drug on the glands.

the respiratory
becomes
centre
lyzed,
parafrom asphyxia.
occurs
and
Opium interferes with the biliary

the action of the

In

toxic

doses

and death
On

the Liver.

"

glycogenic functions, and

in

mellitus it diminishes

diabetes

the urine
of

or

to

marked

extent.

that
the

affection termed

It reduces

hepatic and generalmetabolism, and

the

in

activity

diminishes

the

probablyof carbonic acid,excreted.

The
then falls,
temperature temporarilyrises,and
apparentlyvaryingwith the blood-pressure.
The pupil of the eye is dilated in the horse,probably
amount

of urea,

and

of sugar

amount

402

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

than in the
constipatingeffects are less marked
of opium.
case
sedative influence than the
(c)Morphine has a more
entire drug,as several of the constituents of the latter

and

possess,

more

or

convulsant action,such
less,

thebaine,

as

codeine,narcotine.
As a rule,morphine is preferredto opium, except in
of intestinal

cases

etc.,where

latter reaches

the

2. Codeine

is

than

more

less.

as

the

diarrhoea,dysentery,
bovyel

and
directly,

local action thereon.

its immediate

exerts

cord

such
affections,

believed to excite the spinal

generally
tions
morphine, and to depressthe convolu-

It reduces

marked

of sugar in diabetes
According to M. Cagny ('Precis
the

amount

degree.
codeine is an anodyne
de TherapeutiqueVet6rinaire),
less narcotic than
so
morphine, and does not cause
marked
a
periodof excitation in its action on nervous
He preferscodeine to morphine for the various
horses.
purposes of an anodyne.
to

3. Thebaine,

or

Paramorphine,presentto

the extent

of

tract
half per cent, in opium, stimulates the motor
of the spinalcord,and acts like strychnine,
producing
one

and convulsions.
We
are
rigidity
its employment for therapeutical
purposes.
muscular

Toxic
the

Effects of Opium

toxic

effects of

and

opium

Morphine.

and

"

not

aware

resist

Horses

morphine

to

of

great

extent.
In

the

majority of

instances

muscular
excitement, restlessness,
of the

large

doses

tremors,

produce
dilatation

pupils,continuous walkingin a circular direction,

shaking of the head, profusesweating,delirium ; these
and are usually
effects may continue for a long period,
succeeded by profounddepression
and nausea.

OPIUM

403

Accordingto Dr. H. C. Wood ('Materia Medica and

Therapeutics
'),100 grainsof acetate of morphine killed
a

horse with convulsions

in three hours.

dog largedoses of opium or morphine generally

muscular twitching,
cause
unsteadygait,
staggering,
nausea,
clonic spasms,
stertorous
breathing,stupor, and
death from asphyxiadue to paralysisof the respiratory
In the

centre.

Antidotes.

the

In

"

dog

preparationsof ammonia
action.
cardiac and respiratory
and

In all animals

by
moving

the

should be resorted to,

emetics

prescribedto promote
of

occurrence

and
artificialrespiration

coma

should

be prevented

keepingthe patient

about.

administered by hypodermic
atropine,
in a judiciousmanner,
recommended
are
to
injection,
functions.
maintain the cardiac and respiratory
Small

doses

of

Comparison of the Actions

As

morphine

anodynes in

and

of Opium

and

Belladonna.

combined
frequently
it
hypodermic injections,

atropineare

the form

of

"

as

will

their actions. In some

compare
necessary to briefly
respects the action of morphine is opposed to that of
be

atropine. Thus, atropine in

sedative effect on

medicinal

the cerebral convolutions.

doses

has

It stimulates

the inhibitory
centre, and by depressing
respiratory
relaxation of the
of the splanchnicscauses
branches
the

intestines.

By
may
when

combining
prevent or

the

two

agents

relieve certain

we

find

effects of

that
the

one

other

employed as anodynes. Thus, atropineprevents

the
depression,dyspepsia,and constipation
nausea,
after the administration of
which
are
apt to occur
morphine.
As an anodyneopium and its alkaloid
Uses.
Medicinal
"

404

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

employed in cases where the

morphine are frequently
rehef of pain is the primary indication of treatment.
various
and depend on
Such cases
are
very numerous,
conditions.
pathological
In the horse,as we
have alreadynoticed,opium and
morphine act as excitants to the nervous
system in
instances,and hence do not produce anodyne
many
in dogs or human
effects in as satisfactory
as
a manner
beings.
As a rule,if the first dose of opium or morphine fails
further doses will only tend to cause
to give relief,
The combination
with atropine,according
excitement.
does not tend to overcome
this exciting
to our experience,
and
effect,

the

most

reliable

agent

to combine

for this

peated
hydratein doses of one ounce, reuntil hypnoticeffects are produced.
of violent abdominal
In many
cases
pain, such as
in volvulus,acute enteritis,
occurs
etc.,opium
gastritis,
and we
to giverelief,
and morphine fail entirely
now
.employ cannabis indica as an effectual anodyne and
hypnoticin these conditions (seep. 408).
of a fatal nature from the
are
Many of such cases
commencement
; but this should not deter us from giving
relief from the agonizingpain which is prethe patients
sent.
As a rule,the hypodermic injection
of morphine
givesmore reliable effects than opium administered by the
mouth, for reasons
alreadystated.
Powdered
opium given in the form of bolus takes a
long time to act in the horse,and an important pointto
remember
is,that in affections of the alimentarycanal
absorptionis retarded,and ;painaffords great resistant
to the action of the drug,which
to expend
power
appears

purpose

is chloral

itself on
we

the morbid

learn that the doses of

From

process.

opium

or

the latter fact

morphine must

be

OPIUM
to
regulatedaccording

insufficient amounts

the demands
are

of

no

of the case, and that

practicalvalue ; pain

be relieved,
fatal results.
or it will hasten

must

As

an

the
antispasmodic,
in

combined

In

the

treatment

with the

tincture

of

of

intestinal

setheris
spiritus

opium

is

ployed
em-

colic,and

is

nitrosi for this purpose.

in all patients,
the preparations
of opium
gastritis,

useful for

are

405

relieving
irritability,
pain,and

spasm,

and

givingthe inflamed part rest.

In diarrhcea,
after the administration of a laxative,
to
the probablecause
of the affection,
remove
some
paration
preof opium is indicated when the intestines remain
irritable and relaxed.
In such instances the tinctura chlorof ormi et
is very useful,and
(chlorodyne)
starch

or

morphinae

may be administered
flour gruel,
and combined
with an antacid.

in

In
be

and may
dysenteryopium allays
pain and straining,
administered
with astringents,
such as tannic acid,

acetate of lead,etc.
ipecacuanha,
In enteritis,
jection
metritis,the hypodermic inperitonitis,
of morphine is largely
employedas an anodyne,
and, as alreadymentioned, it is advisable to administer
in addition a hypnoticsuch as chloral hydrate,
to
so
as
effects of the morphine.
avoid the exciting
In certain affections of the respiratory
system opium

but
may be indicated,
in its employment.

great discrimination is necessary

primary stages of pleurisy,

accompaniedby
severe
pain in the chest and harassingcough,opium
tion
givesbeneficialresults in combinaprescribed
judiciously
In

the

with the other details of treatment.

In

cases

excessive

of

cough dependingon
of the nerves
irritability

reflex

or
on
irritation,

and

centre,opium is

406

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

and may be givenwith benefit in the form of

indicated,
the tinctura camphorse composita.
In tetanus the hypodermic injection
bined
of morphine comwith atropinehas been employed with a variable
degreeof success.
In premature labour pains,m post-partum hemorrhage
and
of eversion of the uterus,
and in cases
straini7ig,
bladder,or vagina,opium or morphine are administered
with benefit as sedatives and antispasmodics.
In cases
of intestinal hemorrhage opium is of great

value,as
a

sedative

should

effect

on

be combined

the
with

circulation.
acetate

bowel, and has

of the

it arrests the movements

In

of lead

or

such

cases

it

preparations

containingtannic acid.
In diseases of the heart, in which
pain and distress
istered
are
prominent symptoms, opium judiciouslyadminis beneficial ; but as it is a dangerous cardiac
depressant,other anodynes, such as belladonna, are
preferred.
In diabetes mellitus,occasionally
with in dogs,
met
but rarely in horses, opium or
codeine
administered
twice dailygivesfavourable results.
As
antidote to strychnine poisoning,morphine
an
has the power
of antagonizingthe muscular
spasms ;
and Professor
P. Smith
records an
instance of a dog
that
convulsed
so
poisoned with
strychnine, and
seemed
impossible,but after five grains of
recovery
the muscular
morphine had been injected
hypodermically
ceased,the animal sleptfor twenty-fourhours,
spasms
-

and recovered,
Contra-Indications
and
diseases

of Opium

and

Morphine.

"

In

gestive
con-

inflammatoryaffections of the brain. In

of the respiratoryorgans
with
shallow, embarrassed
breathing,and a tendency to death from

OPIVM

407

asphyxia,opium or morphine is apt to still further

function.
depressrespiratory
In cough and
distress,with abundant
respiratory
in the

secretion,as

bronchitis

of weak

or

debilitated

of the
subjects,
opium leads to retention and inspissation
products,aggravationof the cause, and a tendency to
asphyxia.
In renal disorder or disease,if the action of the kidneys
be deficient,
opium tends to increase this condition, and
there is a probability
of the retention and accumulation
of morphine in the system.
Externally opium is employed as a topicalanodyne
of liniment,preparedby mixing equalparts
in the form
of the tincture of opium and soap liniment.
In cases
of eversion of the uterus, vagina,or bladder,
with
solution
washed
of opium and
the parts are
a
before
their normal
to
belladonna
being returned
positions.
in the form of
In neemorrhoids,opium is useful applied
the unguentum gallse
cum
opio.
,

Apomorphins

Hydrochloras

"

Hydeochloeate

of

Apomoephinb.

Prepared by heating morphine

acid.
tubes with hydrochloric

codeine

or

in sealed

Prefaratio7i.
InjectioApomorphinee Hypodermica

"

grainsdissolved

of camphor-water.
in 100 minims
for dogs,n\_ii.
to m
Dose.
Subcutaneously
"

Actions
most

and

Uses.

"

reliable of all emetics

centre, and but

indirect emetic.

quickestand
it acts upon
the vomiting
stomach,beingmainly an

Apomorphine

on
slightly

the

is the

v.

408

It is
gr.

Its

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

employed

in canine

and
j-Vhypodermically,
effects are produced in

from

minutes,

20

6 to

to
of gr. -^-j
the mouth.
sisting
con-

repeatedvomiting,and the
organs,
respiratoryand circulatory

of moderate

nausea,

disturbances of the

usually caused

practicein doses
gr. J^ to gr. \ by

It is stated

emetics.

by

stomach, and

local irritation of the

not

to leave

to

cause

little or

no

after-effects.
Small
,

doses

(gr.J") are

Apomorphine

attempts

at

expectorant.

administered

vomition,but

to

causes

producesno
alarming symptoms of
horse

the

cerebral excitement.

Cannabis

Indica

Hemp.

Indian

"

dried floweringor
fruitingtops of the female
in India, and
from
sativa, grown
plEtntsof Cannabis
removed.
It contains a
the resin has not been
which
cannabinon ; a
cannabin ; an active principle,
glucoside,
volatile alkaloid,cannabinine ; another
alkaloid,teianocannabine ; and a volatile oil,cannabene.
The

Preparations.
Cannabis

Extractnm
Doses.

to gr. i.
Tinctura
Dose

Cannabis

for

Actions.

and

Horses

"

The

to

Alcoholic

"

to

6 in 1.

"

gi.; dogs, gr. ^

1 of extract

to 20 of

spirit.

n\ xx.

effects
physiological

principle and alkaloids

been fullydetermined.
a

"

cattle,"ss.

Indicse

dogs,Tr\v.

"

Indicse

of

cannabis

of

the

indica

Tetano-cannabine

active

have

is said to

not

be

convulsant.
The

have

extract
some

employed

is the

definite
in

preparationconcerning which

knowledge,and

practice.

which

is

we

generally

410

VETERINARY

flow of

THERAPEUTICS

frothysaliva
pendulous.

issues from

may be
Even in this condition the animal
on

bran-mash, but

semi

unconscious

swallowed.

the

This

and

of narcosis

state

attempt

may

to feed

usuallyworked in
little or
nothing

lipsare

manner,

mouth, the penis

the

is

for

continue

may

of
period, but after the administration
diffusible stimulants
but
it gradually passes off,with
ference
loss of appetite,
littledegreeof nausea
and no interor
with the action of the bowels or kidneys. Even
horses produce an apparent
medicinal doses will in some
loss of control over
the hind extremities,but this gradually
indefinite

an

off without

passes
the

is stated to

drug

addition

untoward

any

produce

partialauEesthesia

effects.

similar

In

man

effect,and

of the limbs

in

after

occurs

full doses.
We

have

evidence

no

of the

toxic effects of cannabis

indica,and, accordingto Professor P. Smith, even

large
doses will not cause
death in the horse, although a very
of narcosis is induced.

profound state
Medicinal

Uses.

In

of

its

hypnotic effects,in

consequence
addition
to
its

cannabis

agent of very great value

indica is

relief of acute
As

have

we

fail to

"

an

give relief

in many

of violent

cases

of actingas
consequence
when largedoses have been

In such

instances

effects

are

nausea

which
in

Even
it

agony

anodyne action,^
fo'r the

of its origin.
pain in horses,irrespective
alreadystated,opium or morphine will

pain,in
even

marked

cannabis

after

cases

of

excitants,
cerebro-spinal
administered.

indica will

and it does
reliable,
occurs

abdominal

not

opium

or

fatal nature

givesthe patientease
which he is suffering.

giverelief ; its
produce the extreme
morphine.

from

from

the

the

ment,
commence-

uncontrollable

INDIAN

Professor

P. Smith

HEMP

411

first directed the

attention

of the

to the value of this drug as

profession
an
anodyne and
hypnoticfor the horse, and clinical experienceamply
the high opinionwhich he held of it.
justifies
It is necessary to obtain a reliable preparation,
and a
also be administered,
the amount
proper dose should
in text-books being iu our
usuallyrecommended
ence
experi-

useless.
It is best
dose

average
ounce

one

indications

administered

beinghalf
may
of a

repeateduntil
In

cases

an

necessary.
of
recurrence

where

profound

by the administration
of
hypodermicinjection
In

tetanus

variable

in

of

bolus, the
instances

some

Should

cannabis

success,

and

narcosis

from

individual

of the

drug,it can

be

there

pain,the drug
hypnoticeffects are produced.

excessive doses

from

form

; but

ounce

be

lengthenedperiod,either
or

the

in

any
should be

for

occurs

susceptibilities
be

overcome

of diffusible stimulants

or

the

ether.
indica
be

may

has

been

employed with
in the form

administered

placedbetween the molar teeth.

electuary
hi chorea in dogs,it is highlyrecommended
by some
the involuntary
for tranquillizing
practitioners
spasms
of

which

occur

It is

in this affection.

probablethat,as

the actions

of cannabis

indica

understood, its medicinal uses will be

perfectly
at present consists in
One
extensive.
more
difficulty
obtainingpreparationsof a definite degreeof strength.
are

more

Coca"

Coca.

dried leaves of Erythroxylon coca,

Coca leaves contain about
South America.
of an alkaloid,cocaine.
The

shrub

from

0'2 per cent.

412

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Preparation.
Cocainse HydrocMoras

Prepared by
Actions

and

"

complex process

Uses.

"

Cocaine.
the crude drug.

Hydroohlorateof

A solution

from

of
hydrochlorate

of the

surface,or
exposed mucous
injectedhypodermically,
paralyzes the sensory nerves
cocaine,when

and

contracts

It thus

appliedto

an

the vessels of

produces local

part.

ancesthesia and

ancemia.

This

ing
accordcondition may
last for fifteen minutes
or
longer,
to the strengthof the solution employed.
acts as
coca
Internally,
when
givenin small

stimulant,tonic,and

doses.

great muscular

In full doses it causes

tive,
restora-

restlessness and

excitement,the brain,medulla and cord are powerfully

stimulated from above downwards, and convulsions of
cerebral

originoccur.
columns
of the
Toxic doses paralyze the posterior
and finally
spinalcord and the peripheral
sensory nerves;
paralyze the central nerve-centres, causing death from

asphyxia.
horses

In

doses

taneously,cause
dilatation of the
two

injectedsubcugrains,
excitement, salivation,
restlessness,
pupil,effects which disappearin about
80

to

hours.

Dogs
and

of 60

are

hence

If

very

to
susceptible

the

action of

cocaine,

is necessary to avoid strong solutions

in employing this agent as a local anaesthetic.

great care

excessive

be

absorbed, it quicklyproduces
muscular
the animal rolling
fits,
epileptic
spasms,
about and champing the jaws, with great salivation;
an

clonic spasms

amount

occur,

and

death

in

is

short

time

from

asphyxia.
The

chief

use

of cocaine

as

local ancesthetic in

COCAINE

minor

413

in
especially

surgery,

that

of the

throat,

eye,

etc.

A 4

5 per cent, solution is

or

or
surgery, beingappliedonce
intervals of a few minutes.

from

three to five

employed

twice

before

Its action

minutes, and

in

ophthalmic
operationat
in

commences

increases in from

twenty minutes, usuallydisappearingwithin

ten

half

to
an

hour.
In

of iritisand ulceration

cases

of cocaine proves
Foreign bodies

of the

very useful application.

embedded
in the cornea
are

after the application

of a
facility
to the part.
Cocaine
is largelyemployed for
in the removal
anaesthesia,

The

of three

into the

be

the

productionof

of tumours, etc.

part to be

neurotomy

sensation

removes

the

freshlyprepared,and, in the case of

ten to twenty drops are
at
injected

four

or

to fifteen dropsof

and

solution of cocaine

the solution may vary from 5 to 20

5 per cent, solution is most
commonly

largegrowths,from

In

removed

strengthof

The
per cent.
used ; it should
each

solution

with

local

cornea

success.

the

skin,and

removed.

hypodermic injectionof from twelve

the solution at the pointsof operation
from

nerve-trunks.

with

pointsunderneath

the
In

skin,subcutaneous

firingit

has

tissues,

also been

ployed
em-

TBERAPEOTICS

VETERINARY

414

XI.

CHAPTEE

Folia

Belladonnas

CoHiimierf.

KINGDOM"

VEGETABLE

THE

Leaves.

Belladonna

"

which

they are
attached, of Atropa belladonna (deadlynightshade)
;
branches
and
also the leaves separated
from the
carefully
to
fruit
has
when
the
form, from
dried,gathered
begun
wild or cultivated British plants.
and cattle,"ss. to "i.
Doses.
Horses
; dogs,grs. v.
The

fresh

the branches

leaves,with

to

"

to grs.

X.

Belladonnas
The

root of

Radix

Eoot.

Belladonna

"

dried.
Atropa belladonna,carefully

Preparations.
Extractum
oi

Belladonnse

"

green

extract

"

100

4 from

freshleaves.
Doses.

grs.

X.

"

Horses, 3i.to 5ii.; cattle,

3ii.to 3iii.
; sheep,

to grs.

xx.

dogs,gs.

ss.

to grs. iii.

and
A spirituous
Belladonnse Alcoholicum.
aqueous extract ; this is about four times the strengthof
the green extract, and is prescribed
in one
quarterof the
Extractum

"

doses of the latter.

Tinctura

Belladonnae

"

1 of dried leaves in 20

of

proof

spirit.
Doses.

"

Horses, jss. to gi.ss.

; cattle,"ii.
; sheep,5i.;

dogs,ni_v.to IT^xx.
Glycerinum Belladonnse

"

Equal parts

belladonna and glycerine.

Doses.
Double those of the green
"

Unguentum
of benzoated
Linimentum

with

Belladonnse

of extract

extract.

1 of the alcoholic extract

"

of

to 9

lard.
Belladonnse

of camphor.
-^fj

"

ounce

to

IJ ounces

of

spirit

BELLADONNA

415

Atropina" Ateopine.
An

alkaloid obtained

from

Atropinae Sulphas

belladonna

Sulphate

"

root.

Ateopine.

op

Prepared by dissolving
atropinein dilute sulphuric
acid and

and

water

evaporating.

1 in 4 of water.
Solithility
"

which decomposeit.
Incompatibles.Caustic alkaloids,
and strychnine
in various
are
Morphine, physostigmine,
antagonists.
respectsand degreesphysiological
"

LicLuor Afcropinae Sulphatis

camphor-water.

Contains

in

100 with
grainsto the fluid ounce.

(B.P.)
"

Doses.
Of the liquor atropinaesulphatis(B.P.)
:
horses and cattle,
3i. to sii.
G
iven
t
o
ni_i.
TTl^iv.
; dogs,
the
mouth.
by
Administered
horses and
:
by hypodermicinjection
"

cattle,TTl_xii.
( iV grain)to ni_xxiv.(
=

to TTl^ii.
nT_i.
( gr. t4^ to
=

gr.

grain);dogs,

^-^).

Homatropinae Hydrobromas.

hydrobromate of an
tropine. Tropine is obtained

alkaloid prepared from

from atropine.

The

This resembles

in
atropine

in its effects on

its

the eye

(1)IMMEDIATE
Externally,belladonna

as

but is less
actions,
a mydriatic.

LOCAri

and

sistent
per-

ACTION.

atropinein

the

form

of

not absorbed by the

or solution are
aqueous suspension
skin,but if combined with alcohol,camphor, glycerine,

atropineis readilyconveyed through the

epidermis.
be absorbed from exposed mucous
It can
membranes
etc., the

and

from

inflamed

as

abraded

areas

of skin.

depressesthe sensory nerve-endings,

and

Belladonna
thus acts

or

local anasthetic and

anodyne.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

416

It contracts

the bloodvessels and

then

relaxes

them,

activityof motor nerve-filaments to

nervemuscles. It also depressesany special
underlying
in contact, such as the
endingswith which it may come
and mammary
of the sudoriparous
glands.
nerves
and

reduces

Appliedto

the

the eye, it

causes

dilatation of the

as
pupil,

giveninternally.
it causes
drynessof the mouth and throat,
Internally,
In the
which
action is, however, a
specificone.
while its action
stomach
it has a slightanodyne effect,

well

on

as

when

the intestines is also

specific
one,

to be

presently

described.

(2)ACTION
Atropineenters

ON

the blood

THE

BLOOD.

and
rapidly,

leaves it for the

effects on
tissues,without producingany appreciable

the

former.

(3)SPECIFIC
Atropine reaches

the

ACTION.

different tissues

quickly,producing
different portions of the
marked
effects on
drynessin the mouth
system. A moderate dose causes
in swallowing; the
and throat, with slightdifficulty
pupilsare dilated,the bowels may become relaxed,and
the pulseis reduced in frequency.
a
frequent pulse,restlessness,
Larger doses cause
disorder of vision,irregular
accelerated
respirations,
with delirium,and finally
We
shall
movements
coma.
now
proceedto analyzethese phenomena.
Belladonna
On
the ConvohUions
of the Cerebrum.
in medicinal doses ; in large doses
acts as a depressant
it may produce delirium.
It first slightly
On the Spinal Cord.
increases,and
then diminishes,
reflex irritability,
but it does not possess
action on this region.
a powerful
"

"

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

418

bronchial walls,also the

the

branches of the
afferent

vagus

in

parts.

same

branches of the splanchnics

the inhibitory
(g)It depresses
thus causing relaxation of the
in the intestinal ivalls,
bowels

movements.
peristaltic
and
plexuses,
ganglia,

and increased

Its action

the

on

muscular

coat

known.
definitely

is not

exerts marked

On the heart and circulation belladonna

actions.
The

action

stimulation of the cardiac centre, as

and

also

by

of the

stimulation

temporarilyby
alreadymentioned,

is sloiued

the heart

of

terminal

vagus in the heart.

due to
The pulsenext rises ijifrequency
,

ends

of
paralysis

terminal ends of the vagus, but the force of the

Toxic doses

paralyzethe

depressthe

is
systole

intracardiac

muscle, death

heart

the

doses.

after moderate

not reduced

of the

and finally
ganglia,
occurringfrom cardiac

with the ventricle in diastole.

failure,

authorities,death results from

According to some
of the respiratory
centre.
asphyxia,due to paralysis
On the circulation belladonna produces effects by its
action

on

the vaso-motor

centre.

primary effect of the drug,viz.,the stimulation of

contraction of the systemicarteries,
this centre,causes
and a temporary rise of the blood-pressure
; this coincides
The

with the cardiac acceleration.

The

secondary effect

vaso-motor
vessels and

of full doses

centre ; this causes

a

relaxation

depressthe
of the peripheral

the

loweringof

be extreme, it coincides with

gangliaand muscle, and

is to

and if this
blood-pressure,
the paralysis
of the cardiac

contributes to the final arrest of

the circulation.

On

Bespiration.Owing
"

to

its

powerful stimulating

BELLADONNA

effect

419

the

centre, alreadymentioned, the

respiratory
become
and deeper;
movements
more
respiratory
frequent
The
toxic doses paralyze this centre.
tension of the
on

muscular
current

coat

of the bronchi

due
facilitated,

of the vagus

to

is diminished

of
paralysis

and the air

the terminations

in the bronchial walls.

and
Sensibility

reflexaction in the same

parts are
pending
diminished, i.e.,dyspnoea and cough, this effect deof the afferent branches of the
on
paralysis
vagus.
The

raised by moderate
body temperatureis temporarily

doses,but it falls with the failure of the circulation after

largedoses.
Effects

Toxic

"

In

the Horse.

"

The

experimentsof

large doses of belladonna

loss of appedulness, uneasiness, dilated pupils,
cause
tite,
of
the
stomach
and
intestines,pulse
tympanitis
respirations
quick,small and graduallyimperceptible,
of the nostrils.
short,quickand accompaniedby flapping
No hypnoticeffects were
produced; some of the cases
exhibited imperfect
power of moving the hind extremities,
others showed symptoms of abdominal
pain.
hours after
terminated in thirtyto fifty
Some
cases
the first dose, but in others the symptoms
gradually
dried
of
the
root
Six ounces
abated.
usuallyproved
Hertwig

demonstrate

that

fatal.
Antidotes.

"

The

administration

alcohol, ammonia,

lants,
diffusible stimu-

etc. ; artificial respiration

if

necessary.
In the dog,emetics should
Lime-water

of

be

earlyresorted

is believed to be destructive to

and has been recommended

as

an

to.

atropine,

antidote.

the
atropineis rapidlyeliminated by the kidneys,
the urine,
which
catheter should be employed to remove
As

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

420

The
poisoning by belladonna.
is also recommended,
of pilocarpine
hypodermicinjection
extent a physiological
antagonist.
being to some
is

often

in

retained

(4)BBMOTE

ACTION.

LOCAL

Atropine is rapidlyexcreted
condition.
urea,

It acts

urine

in the

as

Uses.

"

In

affections
of

the

is frequently
employed,in consequence
soothingeffects on the afferent and efferent nerves
on

and its power of abatingexcessive

and
In pharyngitis,
laryrigitis,

the

In

urethra

respiratory
organs

belladonna

bronchi,its stimulatingaction

changed
un-

of the urine.

water

its passage through the ureters, bladder, and

it exerts remote local anodyne effects.
Medicinal

an

the
diuretic,
increasing

and
phosphates,sulphates,

in

of its
of the

centre,
respiratory
secretion.

mucous

bronchitis

it relieves

and irritable cough, renders

easier,
deglutition
spasm
in
be administered in the form of electuary
and may

such

cases.

it has

In asthma
horses and
In

employed with

in both

success

dogs.
forms

some

believed

been

of

belladonna
is
affection
pain and palpitation,
being

cardiac

to relieve cardiac

to opium
always preferred

for such

Its effect is

cases.

indirect one, referable to frequentemptying

of the ventricles,
lowering of the vascular tension,and

probablyan

of
prevention

distension of the

heart,without

ing
diminish-

cardiac force.
in all patients
belladonna
gastritis
agent.
In

is

very valuable

be combined
cattle it may
with sodse bicarb, and
results in cases
and givesbeneficial
ol. lini,
ofinflammation
In

of the
In

abdomasum.
and gastro-enteritis
in dogs
gastritis

it is

recom-

BELLADONNA

mended

by

421

Professor

in
"Wild,EoyalVeterinary
College,
with carbolic acid,and alternated with liq.

combination

plumbi diacet. {Veterinarian,

August,1894).
In enteritis it is combined
with opium, or in the
form of hypodermicinjection
and
composed of atropine
morphine.
In puerperaleclampsiain cows
it has been employed
with marked
In

success.

tetanus belladonna

in doses of

has

of the
3i.to 3iii.

teeth several times

been

prescribed
extensively
the
extract placedbetween

day,and

is

favourite

agent with

in the treatment
fatal
of this usually
practitioners
affection. It is also appliedlocally
if any wound
exist.
In cases
of irritation of the bladder,rectum, or uterus,

many

belladonna

is both

employed in

the form

as
prescribedinternally
of injection.

In constriction of the cervix

in

uteri,which

well

as

be sent
preof
extract

may

of

the
delayedparturition,
belladonna is appliedlocally,
and givesbeneficial results,
overcomingthe rigidand unyieldingcondition of the
cases

part.
Belladonna

is sometimes

ivith purgatives,
as

combined

it assists their action and lessens the

tendencyto

tion
irrita-

of the intestine.
belladonna
Externally,
of mammitis

treatment

checks

the secretion of

pain, relieves tension,

extensively
employedin the
or
garget in all patients.It
milk, reduces inflammation and
is

and

tends

impending
when
it fails to prevent suppuration,
it
abscess.
Even
limits the abscess and
subdues the pain. For such
in the form of ointment composed
purpose it is best applied
1 part, unguentum
of glycerinum belladonnae
althsBse 2 parts,lanoline 2 parts. This is rubbed into
the part after frequent
fomentation with hot water.
"

to

arrest

422

VETERINARY

In

the eye, atropinesulphateis employed

from 2 to 4 grainsto the
solution containing

affections
of

as
locally

of distilled water.

ounce

adhesions
such

THERAPEUTICS

in

It

and may
iritis,

prevents or breaks down

be alternated with

myotics,

physostigmine.
In keratitis and conjunctivitis
it reduces inflammatory
action and relieves pain.
In lesions of the cornea
uher
and
in perforating
atropinelotion givessatisfactory
results,and may be
as

combined

with cocaine.

In wounds

and

to the eye
injuries
the region,
well
as

be appliedaround

belladonna

should

the solution of

as

atropineappliedto the organ itself.

In specific
is very
ophthalmia,the solution of atropine
useful duringall stagesof the affection,
when employed
in conjunctionwith constitutional treatment.
In examinations
of the eye with the ophthalmoscope,
and so assist in
atropineis employedto dilate the pupil,
the detection of cataract.

pain, such as
of the feet,the appUcation of the
punctured wounds
extract of belladonna with glycerine
givesmarked relief,
employment of poultices.
alongwith the judicious
In deep fissim-es
of the heel,seen as a sequelto grease
in the horse, accompanied by excessive lameness
and
of the glycerinum belladonna
to
pain,the application
the part givesbeneficial results.
In

wounds

Hyoscyami
The
which
leaves

accompanied by

Folia

"

fresh leaves

extreme

Hyoscyamus,
and

Henbane

flowers,with

attached,of

they are
separatedfrom
dried.
carefully

ob

the

Hyoscyamus

the branches

Leaves.

and

branches
to
niger,also the

flowering
tops,

HYOSCYAMUS

423

Preparations.
Extractum

plant
"

Horses

"

A green extract

from

the fresh

and

3i,ss.to 3iii.
cattle,
; dogs,grs.

v.

X.

Tinctura

Doses.
to

"

20 in 1.

Doses.
to grs.

Hyoscyami

Hyoscyami
Horses

"

1, dried,in 8 of proofspirit.
cattle,"i.to gii.
; dogs, IT(_xv.

"

and

5i.
Hyoscyamine.

alkaloid obtained from

crystalline
hyoscyamus,usuallyprescribedas a neutral sulphate.
Doses.

Horses

"

gr. -^Vto gr.

"

cattle,gr. i.

and

actions

to

grs. iii.;

Uses.

and

uses

"

(a) The pharmaceuticalpreparationsof

than

those

as

Hyoscyamus closelyagrees with

of belladonna ; the following
tinctions
dis-

however, merit attention

weaker

dogs,

alkaloid forming salts such

the hydriodide.

syrupy

hydrobromate and

Actions
the

and

Jjy.

Hyoscine.
the

"

of

belladonna, and

the

hence

drug
must

are

be

given in largerdoses.
tions
(6)The secondaryor calmative effects on the convoluare
more
rapid and pronounced with hyoscyamus,
the sedative action probablydepending on the hyoscine.
marked
laxative and
(c)Hyoscyamus possesses more
carminative

(d) It
action

on

(e)It

effects on

the intestine.

decided
possesses a more
the urinaryorgans.
does not dilate the

remote

local

anodyne

or fully
as
pupilso certainly

belladonna.

Hyoscyamus is prescribedas an anodyne in irritable

and bladder,and is combined
conditions of the kidfieys
such as the carbonate of potash.
with alkalies,
with
hyoscyamus is often combined
to prevent their gripingand to assist their
purgatives,
in cases
of
It has been occasionally
action.
prescribed
in dogs.
chorea and epilepsy
The

extract

of

424

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Stramonii

Folia

The dried leaves and

the thorn apple.

Stramonii

"

Actions

and

actions to
The
green

is

variable

Uses.

"

the

the

is either identical with

mixture

Daturine

and

extract

or

atropine and

of

similar in its

is almost

atropine.

extract
extract

of stramonium
of

is

belladonna,and

half the doses of the latter.

depressant effect
belladonna.

on

It may

spasmodic
asthma

stramonium,

of Datura

seeds

The
preparationsin use are
tincture.
The alkaloid is daturine, which

hyoscyamine or
hyoscyamine.

Semina.

and

the
be

affections of

powerfulthan the
should be prescribed
in

more

has

Stramonium

nerves

greater

bronchi

of the

than

employed in the treatment

the respiratory
organs, such

of
as

chronic bronchitis.

Duboisine.
alkaloid derived from
Australian
an
plant, the
Duboisia myoporoides.
The sulphateof duboisine is a mydriatic,
more
ful
powerbe employed in solution of
than atropine,
and may
1 grain to the ounce.
Strongersolutions may prove
An

toxic.
Tabaci

Folia

"

Leaf

Tobacco.

The dried leaves of Nieotiana tabacum.

Tobacco
contains from 2 to 8 per cent, of a powerful
nicotine.
Tobacco
smoke
contains
alkaloid,
only the
smallest
of nicotine,or none,
trace
but a number
of
volatile bodies,chiefly
pyridinecompounds.
Actions

and

Uses.

Tobacco

given by
is
full doses
irritant.
a
gastro-intestinal
colickypains, increased
nausea,
bowels and kidneys,and in dogs vomition.
"

the
It

mouth
causes

action

in
vation,
sali-

of the

426

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

the respiratory
centre and relaxes the
depresses
bronchial muscles,lowers the activity
of the motor centres
in the cord, depressesthe convolutions
secondarily,
tant.

It

diminishes

of the

the force of the heart and the tension

vessels,after brief increase

of
paralysis

the

of

the

It kills

latter.

centre,like
respiratory

by

tobacco.

has been
tincture,
employed in cases of spasmodic asthma, and in small
doses makes
to expectorant mixtures
a useful addition

Lobelia,in the

form

of the ethereal

for bronchitis with spasm.

Conii

Folia"

Hemlock

The fresh leaves and young

latum.
Conii

Fructus

"

Leaves.

branches

Hemlock

of Conium

macu-

Feuit.

The
fruit of Conium
maculatum,
contains a liquid
conine.
alkaloid,

Conium

dried.

Preparations.
Hxtractum

folia,30
Doses.

"

green extract

obtained

Horses, 3i-to ;^ii.

; dogs,grs. v.

"

Conii

3 of the

"

Horses, "i.to

"

1 of conii fructus in 8 of

to "ii.
Horses, f,i.
; dogs, ^\

Actions

and

"

Conii

indirectly
by

"

Uses.

effect

to grs.

expressedjuicewith 1
"ii.
; dogs,5SS. to 31.

Tinctura
Doses.

no

conii

from

in 1.

Succus

Doses.

Conii

"

Authorities

state

xx.

acted
parts specially

proofspirit.
to v\_ xl.

system
nerves

duces
pro-

unless
are

the

paralyzedfrom the
extremities upwards; the motor regionsof the spinal
cord
but slightly
is
are
affected,
although reflex excitability
in the
The
moderatelyreduced.
respiratorycentre
is paralyzedby a toxic dose,but conium
medulla
has
on

; these

spirit.

that conium

the sensory nervous

poisonousdoses. The motor
on

of

x.

are

CURARE"

effect

no

the

on

CALABAR

BEAN

convolutions

of the

427

cerebrum

until

weakness
of
asphyxiasupervenes.
Large doses cause
the extremities,
dilatation
droopingand swollen eyelids,
of the pupils,
and finally
generalparalysis.
Conium
is seldom employedas a therapeutic
agent.
Conine in the form of the hydrobromatehas been prescribed
in the treatment of tetanus,givenhypodermieally
in doses of three to five grains,
factory
satisbut has not yielded
results.
In

cough
spasinodic
also in the
authorities,
It has

no

effecton

is recommended

conium

of chorea

treatment

the muscular

spasms

by some
in dogs.
producedby

strychnine.
CuEAEE.

Curara"
An extract from
its activity
to an

Curare

more

resembles conium

in its action,viz.,
paralysing

removing consciousness. It is said

exert toxic effects when
givenby the mouth, but
a powerfulpoisonwhen
intravenously,
injected

nerves, without

motor

acts

or

poison).

arrow

not

of Strychnos,
owing
species
alkaloid,curarina (South American

one

to
as

It
or
intratracheally.
hypodermieally,

has

been

ployed
em-

loid,
in tetanus,in doses of gr. i. to grs. ii.of the alkawithout producing
any beneficial results.

Physostigmatis Semen
The
Its

dried seed of

"

Calabae

Bean.

Physostigma venenosum.

the presence of two alkaloids,

The latter
01 eserine ; (2)calabarine.
(1)physostigmine
has a stimulant effect on the spinalcord,but otherwise
agrees in action with the former.

activity
depends on

Preparations.
Extractum
Physostigmatis Spirituous 46 in 1.
to
Doses." Horses, gr. i. to grs. iv. ; dogs,gr. j-V
"

"

gr.

J.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

428

Physostigmina

"

Physostigmine, Bsebbnb.

Obtained from the alcoholic extract of Calabar bean.

used.
the forms generally
and salicylate
The sulphate
are
Horses
and cattle,
Doses.
grs. i. ss. to grs. ii.; dogs,
to gr. J^. Given
by hypodermic or intratracheal
gr. -Jjjin doses of
with pilocarpine
and combined
injection,
3 grainsfor horses and cattle.
"

(1) IMMEDIATE

Physostigmineexerts

ACTION.

LOCAL

topicalaction

no

on

mucous

or

skin surfaces.

producinga
readilyabsorbed by the conjunctiva,
effect of contraction of the ^mjpil.
specific
It is

ally,
internadministered
physostigmine,
and increased peristaltic
action,
nausea,
may cause
probablyof local origin.
Calabar

bean,

or

(2)SPECIFIC
'Calabar

bean

ACTION.

similar

possesses

actions to its alkaloid

physostigmine; the former,however, contains calabarine,

which

accounts

for the convulsions

noted

sometimes

in

experimentswith this drug.

such as the
Physostigmineincreases most secretions,
salivary,
lachrymal,cutaneous, and the secretion from
mucous
membranes, affecting
probably the glandular
cells.
secreting
On the Nervous
System. Physostigminehas no effect
"

the convolutions

on

not

of the

cerebrum, and consciousness is

lost,
though it is impairedby largedoses.

The
this

spinalcord
drug. It causes

the

anterior

similar
of the

manner

affected by
regionprincipally
and finally
depression,
paralysisof

of the

conduct
gray matter, which
the brain to the periphery.It acts in a

cornua

impulses from

is the

on

the

posteriorcorre"a(sensory
portions)

cord,the result beingthe productionof

complete

PHYSOSTIGMINE

loss of the motor

429

and reflex activity

of the

cord,and loss

of

in the extremities,
the extent dependingon
sensibility
the amount
of the drug administered.
The

motor

affected

sensory
but at
directly,

of
paralysis
Occasional
in

and

the intramuscular
muscular

and

nerves

later

the muscles

stage there

termini of the

twitchings
may

occur,

are

not

follows

nerves.

partlydirect

origin.
The

lated,
stimucentre in the medulla is briefly
respiratory
and then depressed,
death
beingfinally
paralyzed,
from asphyxia.
occurring
The cardiac centre is primarilystimulated,as vyell
as

the

intercardiac branches

result that the heart beats

of the

vagus, with the

and less frequently,
powerfully

more

but

doses depression
or after large
occurs.
finally
rises with the increased cardiac
blood-pressure

The

action,and then falls later

on.

On

the eye physostigminecauses

contraction
pupil,and spasm of accommodation, whether

of the

applied

these effects being due to

or
given internally,
locally
stimulation of the fibres
of the third nerve, thus differing
from the contraction caused by opium, which depends
on

central disturbance.
The

most

importantaction

of

physostigmineis exerted

Given

tracheal
by hypodermicor intrait causes
contraction of the
injection,
energetic
involuntarymuscular fibresof the intestinal walls,thus
rise to free
action,giving
producingincreased peristaltic
It
evacuation of the bowels in a short periodof time.
increase of the fiuidssecreted from the
an
also causes
on

the intestinal canal.

intestinalmucous

membrane.

acted on by physostigchiefly
mine,
effects produced are
more
prompt and
addition of pilocarpine.
Accordingto

largeintestines

The

and

certain

by

the
the

are

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

430

veratrine,and
Cagny, physostigmine,

M.

with

the

secretions,but

the intestinal contractions and

all excite

followingdifferences

contractions

veratri?ie increases

the

increases
pilocarpine
anterior portionof

the

than

more

pilocarpine

secretions ;

the secretions of the

chiefly
the digestive
tube, while physostigmineincreases the
secretions of the posterior
portion.Hence he concludes
that it is of advantageto combine these three agents in
of intestinal obstruction.

the treatment
M.

states that

Kaufmann

horse

which

had

received

of the intestines

contractions
energetic

examinations

Post-mortem

openingthe abdomen of a
full dose of physostigmine,

on

show

uterus

We

observed.

poisonedby this
hardness of the large

of animals

contraction
pallor,
the bladder empty
intestine,

drug

were

and
and

contracted,and

the

also contracted.
are

information
the horse.

indebted
on

to

Professor

the action and

F.

uses

Smith
of

physostigminein
of physostigmin
salicylate

authorityprefersthe
the former producesless
the sulphate,
as

This
to

for reliable

colickypainsthan

the latter.

found
was
more
pilocarpine
smaller dose beingalso required.It may be
a
efficient,
administered
by hypodermic or intratracheal injection
;
by the latter method it acts quicker.
medicinal
The
ministere
dose, viz., 1^ grains,adaverage
acts in from twenty
by hypodermic injection,
remain
hour and a half
to sixtyminutes, but may
an
before any symptoms are produced. Administered
by
the trachea,its action may commence
in from twenty to
minutes, but rarelybeyond an hour.
twenty-five
The

'

The

combination

with

earliest indications

loud intestinal murmurs,

slightcolickypain; this is

are

the passage of flatus,with

shortlyfollowed by evacuation

of the

contents

of the

PHYSOSTIGMINE

rectum, and

the motions

431

then

pass at intervals of

few

minutes, each becoming graduallysofter,more

watery,
less formed in balls,
until the stageis reached when
the
evacuations are moist and fluid,
cow's faeces.
resembling
'

All this time

the abdominal

disturbance

has become

testinal
the ingreater; the animal lies down, but seldom rolls,
murmurs
are
louder,the passage of flatus almost
continuous,straining
marked, the faeces voided with great
often ejected
with force,and several ounces
of a
rapidity,

brown-coloured
motion.
time

fluid will at this time

In about two

of

the
injection

duringthis
will have

time

been

an

effects
almost

excreted.

'

'

Horse,' by Professor
Journal,April,1888.
addition of

increased

to pass

commence

Action of

P.

Smith.

symptoms,

Salivation of

action
peristaltic

more

in
or

off,and
of faeces

on
Physostigmine
See Veterinary

increases
pilocarpine

physostigmine.The
described,are

incredible amount

"

the

The

and

to two

each
accompany
half hours from the

the action of the

addition
less

to

those

and
intensity,

without increase of abdominal

pain.
The

salivation

commences

maybe

in from

sometimes

and usually
excessive,

three to five minutes

after

secretion pours from the mouth ; there

of the tongue,and a largeamount
movements
The

constant

of saliva is

quantityof saliva swallowed,and also

cally
the increased pancreatic
secretion,
may act both chemithe intestinal canal.
and mechanically
on
antagonistof physostigAtropine is a physiological
mine,
muscles,stimulates the respiratory
as it paralyzes
and cardiac centres, and dilates the pupils.
In impactionof the colon, accomUses.
Medicinal
panied
of its walls,physostigmine
has given
by paralysis
administered by hypodermicinjection.
excellent results,
swallowed.

The

are

injection.

"

VETERINARY

432

recommends

F. Smith

Professor

of the
drachms

THERAPEUTICS

of

warm

drug

in the

water

form

; this may

the intertracheal
of

in
solution,

be

jection
in8

to

injectedinto

the

inconvenience,the addition of 2 or 3
as
already mentioned, being of
grainsof pilocarpine,
trachea

without

advantage.
is contra-indicated in cases
of volvulus
Physostigmine
and in inflammatoryconditions of
and intussusception,

the intestine ; hence it is necessary to arrive at a correct

this drug,otherwise a fatal
before prescribing
diagnosis
termination

may

be hastened

by increasing
inflammatory

causingruptureof the intestinal walls.

Physostigmine should not be employed in the case
of pregnant animals, in consequence
of its stimulating
action

or

action

on

In

the muscular

fibres of the uterus.

have been
tetanus,Calabar bean and physostigmine

employed,but usuallygiveonly temporary relief.

In diseases of the eye, physostigmineis appliedin
form of solution (2grainsof the sulphateto 1 ounce

the
of

water)to ulcerations of the cornea, and, alternated with

adhesions
formed
by
atropine,to prevent and remove
the pupil,
while atropine
iritis,
physostigminecontracting
dilates it.
in its
to strychnine
Although antagonistic
the spinalcord,physostigmineis of littleor no

antidote,neither is it
of

of much

use

as

on
an

real service in the treatment

poisoningby atropine.
Jaborandi

The
The

action

dried leaflets of

"

Pilocabpi

Foliola.

Pilocarpuspennatifolius.
most
important alkaloid of jaborandiis pilocarpine.
It contains another
alkaloid,jaborine,which
in
resembles
its
to
action,and is antagonistic
atropine
pilocarpine.

434

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

the intestinalmuscular

but has less effect on

intestinal

while it stimulates
physostigmine,
secretion more
powerfullythan the
doses it increases the secretion of
to stimulate

the

fibres than

In

latter.

glandular
moderate

urine,and is believed

'pancreas.

lating
drug depend on its power of stimuin
the peripheral
terminations of efferent nerves
lating
glands and involuntarymuscles, and also to a stimusecretion.
effect on the nerve-centres presiding
over
but
The action of the heart is temporarily
accelerated,
These

effects of the

blood -pressure is
lowered,these effects being partlydue to the action of

afterwards slowed

and

weakened, and

drug on the vagus in the heart,and partlyon the

cardiac ganglia. The temperature falls from one half to

the

degree.
of pilocarpine
is atropine,
The physiological
antagonist
which
arrests
glandular secretion and paralyzes the
muscles.
of involuntary
nerve-endings
in
The
chief use
of pilocarpine
Uses.
Medicinal
veterinarypracticedepends on its power of increasing
hence it is combined
intestinal secretion and peristalsis,
in the treatment
of intestinal impacwith physostigmine
tion
of the intestinal walls (seep. 430).
with paralysis
It is recommended
as
an
by Kaufmann
expectorantin

one

"

"

bronchial catarrh,asthma, etc.

It is also recommended

tendency to uraemia;
effect

on

the skin of

but

in renal
as

affections with

it possesses

value
animals, its therapeutic

removing urea and water by this channel

Pilocarpinehas been employed with
antidote to atropine.
Muscarinae

Mitras"

Niteate

alkaloid obtained
liquid
muscarius,the flyagaric.
The

little or

from

a
no

in

is doubtful.
success

as

an

of

Muscaeinb.

the

fungus Agaricus

MUSCARINE"
Actions

and

Uses.

GELSEMIUM

Muscarine

"

435

resembles

pilocarpine

in its actions,but if

locally
appliedto tbe eye it dilates
the pupil,while if givenhypodermically
it causes
traction
conof the pupil.
It antagonizesatropinein all its actions,
with the
exceptionof its effect on the pupil.
Muscarine
contraction of the pulmonaryvessels,
causes
which effect is overcome
of
by the hypodermicinjection
atropine.
less salivation than pilocarpine,
It is said to cause
but
to act on the intestines far more
powerfully.
of its employment in veterinary
not aware
We
are
practice.
Celsemiuin

"

Yellow

Jasmine.

and rootlets of Gelsemium

semperContains a powerfulalkaloid,
gelse-

The dried rhizome

virens or nitidum.
mine.

Preparations.
Tinctura

Gelsemii

Gelseminae
mine.
Actions

and

1 in 8 of

"

Hydro chloratis

Uses.

"

"

proofspirit.
Hydrochlorateof

Gelsemium

acts

as

Gelse-

powerful

to the motor
regionsof the spinalcord,prodepressant
ducing
followed by sensory depression
and
paralysis,

anaesthesia.
Death

occurs

after toxic doses

from

asphyxia;

the

depressed.
but administered
it dilates the pupils,
Appliedlocally
it causes
muscarine in
contraction,
resembling
internally
this respect.
has been employed in the treatment
of
Gelsemium
or
tetanus in the horse,in doses of "ss. of the tincture,
i to 1 grain of the alkaloid,but the effects produced
than those obtained
not anythingmore
satisfactory
were
from other drugs.
heart is also

436

THERAPEVTIC8

VETERINARY

Ergota"

Coenutum.

Eegot, Secale

(compactmycelium or spawn) of Claviproduced between the palesand replacing

ceps purpurea,
tains
the grainof Secale cereale,the common
Ergot conrye.
The

sclerotium

alkaloid,cornutine,and

an

and
acids, ergotinic

two

sphacelinic.
Doses.

and

Horses

"

3i.ss.
; dogs,grs.

xx.

cattle,gss. to "i.
; sheep, 3i. to

to grs.

xxx.

Preparations.
with

in 1 ; aqueous

Ergotse Liquidum"

Extractum

added.
spirit
Horses

Doses."

and

to 3iv. ; dogs,ni_xv.to
cattle,
sii.

ITLxxx.
Ergotse" 1 in 4 of proofspirit.

Tinctura
Doses.

Horses

"

and

cattle,"ss. to gi.; dogs, ni_x.to

lll^xxx.
Ergotinum
Doses.

grs.

"

Brgotin.

Horses

"

and

cattle,3ss. to si.; dogs,grs. ii.to

V.

Iiyectio Ergotini Hypodermica

1 in

"

of

camphor-

water.

Doses.

and cattle,
: Horses
By hypodermicinjection
to
to
lT(_xx.
; dogs, lTl_iii.
; sheep, Rx.
5ii.

"

to

5SS.

]Tlvi.
Actions.

ergot

are

of
portions

the

system acted

the circulation,the central

the
respiration,
contracts

chief

The

"

intestines and

uterus.

involuntarymuscular

on

by

system,

nervous

It stimulates

and

and diminishes the

fibres,

passingthrough the arterioles.

and
rises,
smaller, the hlood-pressure
in frequency.

blood stream

The arteries

become

the heart is

reduced
On

the
on

nervous

the

system ergot possesses

no

highest (cerebral)
centres,but

direct influence
may

disturb

the circulation in the brain.

The

spinalcord

is affected in

marked

degree,large

ERGOT

437

doses

of the
followed by paralysis
producingirritation,
sensory centres,evidenced by cramps or twitchingof the
limbs,staggering
gait,and convulsions.
becomes
after largedoses of
Bespiration
infrequent
from asphyxia,
due to paralysis
ergot,and death occurs
of the respiratory
centre.
The intestines have their peristaltic
creased,
inmovements
and become
"}ve uterus

ansemic.
after
actively

contracts

the administration

of

ergot,which thus acts as an echolic. It also becomes

anemic, these effects being more
pronounced if the
animal

is

pregnant,or

when
and

so

more

the labour

if

has
parturition

pains become

menced,
com-

powerful

more

longer.

The

effects of

believed to

the intestines and uterus

ergot on

depend

stimulation of the centres

on

spinalcord, as well
involuntarymuscular

as

on

an

action of the

are

in the

drug on

the

tissue.

of ergotized
use
grain
protracted
givesrise to a train of symptoms termed ergotism.
This is characterized by gastro-intestinal
derangement,
diarrhoea,
impaired circulation and nutrition,resulting
the extremities
in dry gangrene, chiefly
ears
involving
Toxic

The

Effects.

"

"

and tail.
The

effect of the

to muscular

Abortion

feedingon

spasms,

drug on
and

the

spinalcord

sometimes

may

giverise

sions.
convulepileptiform

in cattle,
from
frequently
occurs, especially
noticed
ergotized
grasses, this being chiefly

duringwet seasons.
of urine,sweat, and milk,
Ergot reduces the amount
the local blood-pressure
and the gland centres
by affecting
cord.
in the brain and spinal
As an echolic,
to cause
Medicinal Uses.
i.e.,
expulsion
"

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

438

of the contents

of the uterus,

second

labour

stageof

there is

in

cases

ergot is eroployedin the

where
of uterine inertia,
of the foetus.

obstacle to the passage

judgment and care.

no

demands

Its

use

fost-partum hcemorrhageergot is prescribedas a

hiBinostatic,
traction
producingbeneficial results by causing conIn

of the

It is best

uterus.

given in

the form

of

ergotin,
hypodermically.
internal
other
In
liamoptysis,hcematemesis, and
haemorrhages,
ergot is very useful,given by the mouth
or hypodermic injection.
It is believed to act in such cases
or
by contracting,
the arterioles,
and thus promoting coagulaeven
tion
closing,
within them.
,

In

retention

constituent of
useful formula

'

of the placenta ergot is employed as a

cleansingdrenches,'the followingbeing a
:

Pulv.

ergotae,
"1.

Mag. Bulph,"x.
M.

Sig.

Vomica

Nux

Pulvis
Doses.

"

To be

The

Nucis

carb.,^ss.

givenin

two

Seeds

Vomicae

Horses,

"

Ammon.

grs.

sheep, grs. x. to grs.

peated twice daily.

PowDEasD

"

ale.

warm

Stetchnos

op

Nux
Nux

Vomica.

Vomica.

Ji.; cattle,^i. to 5ii.;

dogs, gr. i. to grs. iii. Eeto

xx.

xx.

pintsof

Preparations.
Extractum

Doses.
gr.

Horses
to gr. i.

in 1 fluid

Doses."

Nucis
ounce

Vomicae

and

"

Tinctura

to

Nucis

"

cattle,grs. iv.

Vomicse"

contains

to grs.

xv.

grain of

dogs,

alkaloids

(1to 10).

Horses

and

cattle,3ii.to gss.; sheep,TTl^^xv.

to TTl_xx.
3i.; dogs,TTl_v.

STRYCHNINE

439

Nux

vomica
and
strychnine,
a

contains 2 alkaloids,
'2 to '5 per cent, of
-12 to 1-0 per cent, of brucine united with
acid.
or igasuric
acid,strychnic
crystalline
Brucine is much weaker
and slower in its action than

strychnine.
Stry chnina

Preparedby

"

Steychninb

complexprocess from nux vomica.

Doses. Horses, gr. | to grs. iii.; cattle,grs. iii.to
i to
grs. V. ; sheep,gr.
gr. | ; dogs,gr. ^^ to gr. J^.. The
a

"

minimum

doses should be administered at first,

and then
increased to the maximum
amounts.
gradually

Liquor StryclininseHydrochloratis contains

to 1 fluid

ounce

of

water, and
spirit,

dilute

4^ grains
hydrochloric

acid (1 in
Doses.

100).
3i-to 3ii.
Hypodermically: Horses,Ji.;cattle,
;
to Tl\iv.
dogs,iTl_ii.
"

ACTIONS

OF

NUX

VOMICA

AND

STEYCHNINE.

LOCAL
ACTION.
(1)IMMEDIATE
Externally strychninepossesses powerfulantiseptic
while brucine is a local anaesthetic. These
properties,
value in consequence
of
actions are of no therapeutical
the poisonousnature of the drug.
vomica and strychnine
nux
Internally
possess all the
described in ChapterXIII.,
of vegetable
bitters,
properties

p. 452.

Strychnineis believed

to increase the

action
peristaltic

of the intestines.

(2) ACTION

ON

THE

Strychnineis rapidlyabsorbed
or

from

the

BLOOD.

from

cellular tissues when

all

mucous

faces,
sur-

givenby hypodermic

It enters the blood and reduces the

injection.
for oxygen, and
absorptive
power of the red corpuscles
of carbonic acid from the plasma.
lessens the discharge

440

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

(3) SPECIFIC

ACTION.

its effects being

Strychnineenters the tissues quicljly,
exerted on the nervous
system.
especially
ministere
It is very
slowly excreted therefrom, and if adin frequentlyrepeated medicinal
doses, it
cumulative action (see p. 43). It exerts a
a
possesses

tonic influence

of the

matter

gray

and

nervous

secretion

of

the

system, stimulates

its reflex excitability,

spinalcord, increases

also stimulates

promotes
increases

the

on

other reflex

nerve

centres.

It

saliva, improves appetite,and

the

movements.
gastro-intestinal
The
centres are
cardiac, and vaso-motor
respiratory,
stimulated,causing increased frequency and depth of
and increased
number
and force of the
respirations,
heart-beats.
Some
individuals are
to
very susceptible
the action of nux
vomica and strychnine.
Larger doses or small amounts
frequentlyrepeated
lead to sudden
twitchingsof the muscles of the
may
and slight
in swallowing.
limbs,hyperaesthesia,
difficulty
Toxic doses produceviolent clonic convulsions,and death
from exhaustion
and
asphyxia,the latter being due to
muscles.
spasmodic arrest of the respiratory

The

symptoms

resemble

those of tetanus

to

certain

from the latter in the complete relaxation

extent, but differ
of the muscles
their sudden
course,

the

between

the convulsive

development,and in
of the jaws
muscles

seizures,in

the

rapidityof

not

being primarily

their

affected.
The

temperature is raised duringthe convulsions.

convolutions of the cerebrum

unaffected

The

by strychnine.
The chief action is exerted on the motor centres of the
and their
spinalcord; these are powerfullystimulated,
reflex
excitability
greatlyincreased.
Eeflex muscular
by the slightest
spasms are originated
are

442

VETERINARY

In

THERAPEUTICS

of chronic

constipation,
depending upon atony
of the intestines,
vomica
is prescribedwith small
nux
doses of aloes to givetone to the intestinal walls and to
stimulate peristaltic
action.
In paralysis,whether
of the limbs, intestines,or
vomica
useful. They
and strychnine
bladder,nux
are
cases

but
chieflyindicated in chronic motor paralysis,
should not be employed in cases
tion
accompaniedby irritamotor power
or
congestion. In cases of weakened
the hypodermic
succeeding
parturientapoplexyin cattle,
of strychnine
injection
givesfavourable results.
In defective
sometimes
occurs
nervous
poiver, which
within two or three days after parturition
in cows, the
of strychnineis indicated.
use
In cerebro-spinal
meningitisin horses, strychnineis
recommended
by Mr. Lockhart, of New York, in doses
of one grainrepeatedtwo or three times a day.
In canine practice,
strychnineis a valuable agent in
of paralysisresultingfrom
cases
distemper or other
It is also employed in convalescence from exhausting
causes.
are

in chorea,and in some
cases
diseases,
chronic bronchitis,
and may
be combined

and
salts
p.

or

in
prescribed

the form

of Easton's

of asthma
with iron
syrup

(see

263).

In consequence
of the cumulative action of nux
and strychnine,
and the susceptibilities
of some

vomica

patients

action of these drugs,great discrimination

specific
is necessary in prescribing
doses
them, and the minimum
should be employed at first.
In cases
of paralysisthe doses should be gradually
to the

increased,and
to

continue

produced.

in

them

some

until

instances

it may

slightmuscular

be necessary

twitchingsare

CAFFEINE

Caffeina

443

Caffeine.

"

An

alkaloid usuallyobtained from the dried leaves of

Camellia thea (thetea plant)or the dried seeds of Coffea
Arabica (thecoffee plant). Caffeine and theine are considered
and
identical,

the

alkaloid is also obtained

from the leaves of gurana, as well as from kola seeds.
It is homologous with theobromine,which is obtained
from the Theobroma
cacao.

Doses.

Horses

"

and

same

cattle,
grs.

to

xv.

3i.; dogs,gr. i.

to grs. iv.
Caffeinae

Citras

"

Citbate

Caffeine.

of

A weak compound of caffeine and citric acid,and

may
be administered in double the doses of the above.
Actions

and Uses.

the
paralyzes,
lower

"

nerve

animals

the

affected to such

Caffeine
centres

and subsequently
stimulates,
of the cerebrum, but in the

spinal centres

simultaneously

are

bling
degreethat convulsions occur, resemthose producedby strychnine. It exerts a restorative
effect in both voluntaryand involuntary
muscles,
and muscular
contraction seems
more
easilyexecuted.
Caffeine primarily
stimulates the cardiac and respiratory
and lengthensthe
centres in the medulla ; it strengthens
cardiac systole,
while diastole is shortened ; largedoses
The blooddeath by arresting
the heart in systole.
cause

pressure

first rises and

then

falls,and

temperature

is

raised.
temporarily
Caffeine

is excreted

urine

in the

passingthrough the kidneysthe

This, in conjunctionwith
and

it to act

vessels,causes

as

and

bile,and

renal cells
its effects on

are

in

lated.
stimu-

the heart

diuretic.

Caffeine has been

employed in cases of cardiac diseases

with dropsyin canine practice,
beingmore
rapidand less
It has also been prescribedas a
irritant than digitalis.
nerve

stimulant

in

cases

distemperin dogs,but

of milk-fever

in

cows

with doubtful results.

and

in

444

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

XII.

CHAPTEE
THE

Continued.

'KmQT)OU"

VEGETABLE

DigitalisFolia

Leaves.

Foxglove

"

the purplefoxglove,
leaves of Digitalis
purpurea,
dried.
carefully
The active principle
is known
of digitalis
as digitalinum
or
digitalin.This is proved to be a compound of four

The

glucosides,
namely : (1) Digitalin
proper;
(3) digitoxin;(4) digitonin.
is seldom
Digitalin
is stated to be from

prescribed
; the
gr. ^ to gr. i.

(2)digitalein;

dose for the horse

and its Preparations.PerLicompatibles

of Digitalis
salts of iron,which
bining
give a slightinky colour,by comwith the tannic acid present in the drug ; acetate
of lead ; preparations
of cinchona.
"

Preparations.
Pulvis

Powdered

Digitalis Folia"

Doses.
sheep and

Digitalis.

Horses, grs.
5ss. ; cattle,5s8. to ^i.;
pigs,grs. v. to grs. x. ; dogs,grs. ss. to grs. ii.
sequence
Eepeated twice daily,with due precautionsin conof the cumulative
Tinctura

to

xv.

"

action of the

Digitalis 1 in 8 of proof spirit

; contains
"

54J grainsto the fluid ounce.

Doses.
to 3iv.;
Horses, 3i.ss.
"

n\ XX.

to

; dogs,Tf[v.
TTl_xxx.

ACTIONS

to

OF

(1)IMMEDIATE

some

when

is not

absorbed

by

the

3iv.to
cattle,

5v. ;

sheep,

(T^xx.
DIGITALIS.

LOCAL

exerts
Externallydigitalis

but

drug.

ACTION.

irritant action,
slightly
unbroken
skin accordingto
a

authorities ; others state that it can

appliedas a decoction to the skin.

be absorbed

DIGITALIS

445

in full doses, it derangesdigestion

in all
Internally,
diarrhoea with,
animals,causingnausea, and occasionally
vomitingin dogs.
These effects are due to both a local and a specific
'

action.

(2)ACTION
The
and

ON

THE

BLOOD

AND

SPECIFIC

ACTION.

active

of digitalis
enter the blood freely,
principles
reach the tissues ; theyare slowlyeliminated therefrom,
small doses,if too frequently
so that even
repeated,

tend to accumulate

in the

system.

throughthe circulation,
for the purpose of experimentto the exposed
or applied
contraction of the ventricles. It
heart,induces persistent
diminution
also causes
of
increase of vigour and
an
pheral
frequencyof the cardiac action,with contraction of perivessels and rise of blood-pressure.
The chief specific
action of the drug is exerted on the
of the system being
circulatory
organs, the other portions
The action of digitalis
affected in a secondary
manner.
the heart and bloodvessels is divided by Dr. Mitchell
on
Bruce
')into four
('Materia Medica and Therapeutics
stages,as follow,the first being shorter,and the other
marked, as the dose is increased.
stagesmore
First Stage. The heart fallsin frequency,and heats
these effects being due respectively
with increased force,
to stimulation of the vagus in the heart and medulla, and
to stimulation of the intrinsic cardiac ganglia.
when
Digitalis,

administered

"

The

due
arterialpressure rises,

to the increased

force,and

to stimulation of the vaso-motor

vaso-motor

nerves.

The

cardiac

centre

and

total result of these effectsis that the diastoleis

well filled,
while, in
of increased cardiac farce,the ventricles are

lengthenedand
consequence

the ventricles

are

446

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

and
thoroughlyemptied,and the arteries are well filled,
action of the
are
kept in this condition by the vaso-motor
and
drug. Thus, the veins are more
thoroughlyemptied,
the arteries Tproimrly
filled.
Second Stage. The vaso-motor
apparatus of the renal
aj'teriesis suddenlydepressed and these vessels become
relaxed,while the state of the heart remains unchanged.
"

There

is thus increased

force of circulation

on

the renal

the result being an increase in the excretion of

glomeruli,
the urinaryluater,digitalis
thus being a diuretic.
Third
Stage. The heart rises in freguency,due to
depressionof the vagus, and probablyalso to irritation
of the accelerator nerves
; it loses force as the intrinsic
to become
hausted.
exganglia and heart muscle commence
The vaso-motor
apparatus becomes depressed,
and this,along with the weakeningof the heart,causes
the arterial pressure to fallthroughoutthe system.
The
total result is commencing failureof the circulation.
"

Fourth

Stage.
"

The

intrinsic

fail,the action

ganglia and

of the heart

becomes

the

cardium
myo-

irregular,

and weak, being finally

arrested in diastole,
infrequent,
the blood pressure gradually
sinkingfrom loss of cardiac
of the vessel walls. Death is due to
paralysis
failure.
generalcirculatory
is temporarilyquickened,
but more
Bespiration
manently
perslowed, and fails at last only through the
power

and

circulation.
The

temperatureis temporarilyraised by the increased

force,but is lowered by the augmented bloodcirculatory
flow in the skin.
The

central

nervous

acted
system is not directly

but is secondarily
affected through the
digitalis,
supply; it has no marked' effect on sensory or
nerves.

on

by

bloodmotor

DIGITALIS

On

the

kidneysthe

healthyanimal, as
renal vessels
second

is uncertain in
digitalis
it depends on the periodat which
effect of

the duration

on

the

the
the

of the

the relation of the action of the

on

the heart to its action

on

relax,on

to

commence

stage,and

447

these all
vessels,

drug
being

variable.
Authorities state that in

healthyanimal

the urine is

bulk,but that in cases of disease,such

certain forms of dropsy,it is increased in a marked
as
degree. The action of the drug on the urine is not due
but chiefly
on
to any direct influence on the renal cells,
the heart and vessels generally,
partly on the renal

not increased

in

arteries.
Toxic
some

Accordingto Her twig,1 ounce, and in

administered
drachms, of powdered digitalis,

Effects.

cases

"

horses,caused in three to ten hours loss of

fluid faeces sometimes
tinged
urination,
appetite,
frequent
wards
but afterwith blood,the pulseat firstfull and frequent,
of respiration,
diflBculty
small,slow, and irregular,

in bolus to

contraction

pupil,languor,and

of the

death after twelve

to sixteen hours.

with large
Bouley and Eeynal,experimenting
that the circulation
in horses,found
of digitalis
more
abrupt,and
rapid,the heart-beats more

Messrs.
doses
became

their energy
with
time

increased,and
a

accompaniedafter

vibratorythrill

and

decided

certain
metallic

on, a distinct bellows

poisoningwent
audible on exertion ;
was
heard, becoming more
murmur
the pulse was
small, thready,and intermittent ; and
death approachedthe beats were
as
very rapid,being
90 to 140 per minute
from
(Dr.Einger, Hand-book of
')
Therapeutics
In affections
Medicinal Uses.
of the heart,digitalis,
is an agent of great therapeutical
employed judiciously,

tinkling. As

'

"

value.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

448

It is indicated

when

the nervo-muscular

in
the cardiac walls tend to fail,
resulting

structures

of

culatory
fall of the cir-

force,the cavities of the heart beingincompletely

perfectly
and the veins imfilled,
emptied,the arteries insufficiently
drained.
In such cases
the pulsebecomes small,
the veins
V7eak, and irregular
; cardiac distress occurs,
become
distended, dropsy and visceral disorder supervene,

congestionof the lungswith marked

frequently
under
a
dyspnoea is present. This condition occurs
varietyof circumstances, such as the different forms of
and

valvular disease.
In

the

disease
reasons

may
the

of the

heart

however,

be

of horses

case

in
required

affected with

treatment

in favourite

order to

is useless

for

animals, and

prolonglifeat

organic

the

in

obvious

dogs,it

request of

owners.

is
Digitalis
does

hidicated when

natural

(seep. 135); it
and
results by lengtheningdiastole,
force of the cardiac wall,by this means
or

marked

not

occur

compensationfails
produces beneficial
the
thus increasing
venous
prolonging

flow and ventricular rest ; the pressure in the arteries is

sustained,and the blood driven in a steadystream into
the veins.

symptoms noted above will thus be alleviated and

the dropsy removed, absorption
of the fluid being accomplished
flow,the profusediuresis
by increased venous
causingits excretion by the kidneys.
and
In such cases
attention must
be paid to digestion
to dietetics,
and it is often of advantage to combine
of iron and quinine.
with a preparation
digitalis
In pericarditis,
is recommended
in the earlier
digitalis
is
but Professor Williams
stagesby some
practitioners,
of opinionthat in this affection the drug acts injuriously,
and tending to accumulate
with the appetite,
interfering
The

in the

system.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

450

conditions of the alimentary

dyspeptic
until a normal
should not be prescribed
canal, digitalis
is broughtabout.
state of digestion
the
it is necessary to remember
In prescribing
digitalis
cumulative action of the drug,so that proper intervals be
In irritable

or

dose,otherwise it enters the tissues

quicklythan it is excreted,and may suddenlyexert

allowed between
more

each

toxic effects.
Convallaria.
The

entire

plantof

Convallaria

the lily
of
majalis,

the

valley.

Pre2Mrations.
Extractum
Doses.

"

Horses, Jss.to

"

Tinctura

Doses.

Convallarise

Convallarise

Same

"

Actions

and

as

Aqueous.
3ii.; ^ogs,grs.

"

those of tincture of

Uses.

"

ii.to grs. viii.

Convallaria

its actions ; it has also decided

digitalis.

resembles

in
digitalis

diuretic effects.

It has been

in some
of
cases
employed with success
cardiac dropsy,and is recommended
in cases
of functional
and
organiccardiac affections. It is said to be
less liable to cause
than digitalis,
but is seldom
nausea
used in veterinary
practice.

Strophanthus.
The

mature

ripeseeds

of

Strophanthus
hispidus.

Preparation.
Tinctura

Strophanthi

"

1, dried,in 20 of pure ether and

spirit.
Doses.

"

to Tl\x.
Horses, Ji.to 3ii.
; dogs,n\_ii.

SQUILL
Actions

451

is a cardiac stimulant
Strophanthus
and diuretic,
allied to digitalis
in its action
being closely
the circulation,
and may
be prescribedin the same
on
class of cases
where digitalis
has failed or disagreed.
and

Uses.

"

Scilla"
The

bulb of

Squill.

Urgineascilla.
Preparations.

Acetum

Scillse
"

Syrupus Scillse
"

Doses.

"

Actions

Acetum

scillse1 with 2 of refined sugar.

Horses, |i.; dogs,Jss.to 5i.

and

in its action
diuresis in

1 in 8 of diluted acetic acid.

on

resembles digitalis
Squillclosely
heart and circulation,
and produces

Uses.

the

similar

"

manner.

pointsof difference requirenotice :

is more
irritant to the stomach and intestines
(1)Squill
than digitalis,
ministere
causingvomiting and purgingwhen adin full doses to dogs.
this action being
(2)Squillis a powerful expectorant,
of the
probablya remote local one, the active principle
the structures in the bronchial walls
drug stimulating
duringits excretion.
in cases
It may be prescribed
as a stimulant expectorant
in which
it produces beneficial
of chronic bronchitis,
the local circulation and secretion,
results by increasing
and strengthenthe removal of the products,
accelerating
ing
Two

the action of the heart.

the

liquorammonii

acetatis

or

It may be combined
with camphor.

with

452

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

XIII.

CHAPTEE

Bitters, and

Bitters, Aromatic

Simple

Volatile
These

form

of

largegroup

to select

will be convenient
of
description

Continued.

KmGDOM."

VEGETABLE

THE

Aromatic

Oils.

vegetablesubstances,and it
type of each class for a full

its actions and

uses,

and

to compare

the

others with it.

As

type of simplebitters we may select calumba, and

have gentianand auranas types of aroviatic hitters we
such as quinine,
tium.
Certain alkaloids,
etc.,
strychnine,
a

also possess actions as bitters.

Aromatic volatile oils are representedby oil of
oil of

cloves,

peppermint,etc.
Radix

Calumbae

"

Calumba

Eoot.

cut slices of the root of JateorThe dried transversely

Active principle
rhiza calumba.
: calmnbin.

Preparations.
Calumbse

Radix

Pulvis

"

Powdered

Doses.
Horses, 5ii.to 3iv.;
and pigs,3ss. to 3i.; dogs,grs.
"

Tinctura
Doses.

Calumbae

"

1 in 8 of

Calumba.

cattle,gi.to |ii.
; sheep
v.

to grs.

xx.

proofspirit.

Horses, "i.to ^ii.

"ii.to "iii.
; cattle,
; sheep
and pigs,3i-to 5ii.
to
3i.
; dogs,3ss.
"

ACTIONS

OF

CALUMBA

VEGETABLE

(1) IMMEDIATE
Externally. Calumba

OTHEE

BITTBES.
LOCAL

and

other

ACTION.

bitters possess antiseptic

disinfectant properties,
and to a certain extent
"

and

AND

CALVMBA,

AND

OTHER

VEGETABLE

BITTERS

453

and fermentation,
capableof arresting
decomposition

are

but

they are not employedfor this purpose.

Internally.In the mouth calumba and other bitters
stimulate the 'nerves of taste,and also induce several reflex
effects of importancein connection
with digestion,
as
"

follows :

(a)They increase the

flow of

and thus favour the

saliva,
necessary action of this secretion on the food in the mouth,
as

well

as

its stimulant

action

on

the

secretion.
gastric
and
glands of the

(6)They stimulate the vessels

stomach
through the central nervous
system, and thus
increase gastricsecretion in a second way.
This effect
is heightenedif.the bitter be aromatic,and there is increased
relish givenfor food by the pleasantflavour.
and
other bitters act
(c)In the stomach calumba
the gastric
on
directly
nerves, causing a sensation closely
is thus increased,and
resemblinghunger. The appetite
if food be givenshortlyafterwards the effects described
of it.
of ensuring proper digestion
above afford means
with
The action of bitters is assisted by a combination
in
aromatics, and with alcohol (such as contained
tinctures of the drugs).
and
other bitters exert a controlling
{d) Calumba
excessive fermentation
action on any decomposition
or
which

may

be set up

in

the stomach

and

intestines.

and unless they

pass slowlyalong the intestines,
contain tannin (whichis presentin many),theyslightly

They

action.
If givenin excess, or for too
peristaltic
and
bitters tend to irritate the stomach
long a period,
induce indigestion.
(e)Bitters,besides increasingthe local circulation,
also producea remote effect on the heart and systemic
and actingas
vessels,causing increased blood-pressure,
generaltonics.'
increase

'

454

VETERINARY

(2)ACTION
We

are

blood

or

ON

THERAPEUTICS

AND

BLOOD,

THE

ACTION.

SPECIFIC

of any direct action of bitters on the

Their indirect
tissues beyond those justdescribed.
not

aware

action is

decided,as

into the blood

the

they are
increased

an

of introducing

means

of nutrient

amount

material,thus actingas tonics.

Medicinal

bitters

Uses.
of

As

"

stomachics

great value, and

and

calumba

other

employed
frequently
to stimulate gastric
in cases
of atonic dyspepsia,
digestion
where the appetite
tion
and powers of digestion
and assimilaare

interfered

are

from

instances

due

acids

or

and
require,

is

stomachics.

form.

dieting.They

alkaline

stomachics,as

rendered

of the

one

Bitters

period,or
In

of

errors

with

animals, and

active

more

by

in

combined

are

the

case

may
the addition of

tincture.

Calumba

long

to

are

aromatic

an

in convalescence

with, such as occur

diseases,also in overworked

acute

with

are

least

should

not

administered

the

of
irritating

be
in

continued
too

bitter

for

too

concentrated

dyspepsiaaccompanied by pain,and
excessive mucous
secretion,or, in the case of dogs,by
vomiting,and in organicdisease of the stomach, they
must
be prescribed
with caution or avoided altogether.
The

cases

of

action of bitters on

value in

cases

and

to

tend

of

the intestines increases

as
indigestion,
they remove

their

flatulence

promote evacuation.
Given by the mouth, or in the form of enema,
fusions
inof bitters act as anthelmintics,
preventing and

threadworms.
destroying

Quassias Lignum"
The

Quassia Wood.

of the
or raspings
chips,shavings,
excelsa. Active principle
: quassin.

wood

of Picraena

QUASSIA-GENTIAN

455

Preparations.
Infusum

Quassias 1 in 80 of cold water.

Doses.

Horses

"

"

Tinctura

Doses.

and

Quassiae 1 in 27 of proofspirit.
"

Horses

"

to 5iv,
cattle,
^iv.to gviii.
; dogs,Ji.

and

cattle,"ss. to "i.ss.
; dogs, 3ss.

to^i
Actions

Uses.

and

Quassia is

"

simplebitter,
ing
possess-

the various

properties
fullydescribed under calumba.
The following
pointsare worthy of notice :
(1)Its preparationscontain no tannin,and may be
combined

with salts of iron without

any chemical

change

occurring.
as
bitter,
(2)It is intensely
compared with calumba or
gentian.
used as an enema,
is an
(3) The infusion of quassia,
excellent anthelmintic remedy destroying
both ascarides

lumbrici.

and

Centianae
The

Radix

"

Gentian

Eoot.

dried root

of Gentiana
lutea,the yellow gentian.
Contains 1 per cent, of a bitter glucoside,
gentiopicrin.

Preparations.
Pulvis

Gentianae

Radix

Powdered

"

Gentian.

and

Horses, |ss. to ji.; cattle,^i. to gii.

; sheep
to
to
3ii.
v.
xx.
3i.
dogs,
;
Eepeated
pigs,
grs.
grs.

two

or

Doses.

"

three times

Tinctura

Gentian
1 ;

daily.

Gentian, 6

"

Compound Tincture of
bitter orange-peel,
3 ; cardamoms,

Composita

G-entianae

"

80.
proofspirit,

Doses.

"

Actions

other

to "ii.
Horses, f,\.
; dogs,5ss. to 3ii.
Uses.

and

bitters

as

"

Gentian

described

employed
extensively

in

possesses the action of

under
calumba.
It is most

is slightly
practice,
veterinary

456

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

aromatic, possesses
stimulant

and
little astringency,

bowels, and

the

of atonic

cases

sulphateof

than

dyspepsia,especially
among

young
bicarbonate of soda
with

be combined

iron.

In convalescence

from

diseases gentianis
debilitating

stomachic,and in combination with alcohol,

administered in ale,it
the form of tincture,
or

excellent

such

in

as

tonic.
proves a valuable stimulating
In cattle practice
it is also largely
employed,in
of

more

disinfectant

more

animals,it is useful,conjoinedwith
and ginger. As a generaltonic it may

an

is

other bitters.

many
In

to

but

etc.,and

of
indigestion,
torpidity

combined

with

the rumen,
vomica, and small

nux

doses of

cases

may

be

sulphate

of

magnesia.
In canine practice,
the compound tincture of gentian
forms one of the best vegetabletonics,and may be combined
with quininewith advantage.
Aromatic
bitters resembling gentian are
cascarilla,
chirata,serpentaria,
canella,cusparia,etc.
Aurantii

Fructus

"

Bitter

Oeangb.

Preparation.
Tinctura

Aurantii

This substance

employed

as

is

6 of fresh rind in 20 of

"

an

aromatic

and

spirit.

and is chiefly
hitter,

flavouring
agent in pharmacy.
Hydrastis Rhizoma.

The

dried
or

rhizome

and

rootlets of

densis,
Hydrastis cana-

yellowroot.
Pre'pajxttioji.

Extractum

aqueous

"

Actions

Hydrastis

Liquidum

"

spirituous and

1 in 1.
and

Uses.

stimulant,somewhat

"

Hydrastis is a
resembling nux

hitter and
vomica.

spinal
Applied

458

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

powerfullyexcited,and
in digestion
follow

reflexresults
local changes.

of

certain
these

ance
import-

(a)There is increased flow of saliva and of mucus.

becomes
causinga
hyperaBmic,
(b)The gastricmucosa
of hunger,and a flow of gastric
sense
juice.
(c)The appetiteis stimulated,and there is increased
relish for food.
In the stomach

volatile oils act

the aromatic

stomachics,as follows
the

firststimulated
are
gastricnerves
pain is thus relieved,and the contents
tending to decompose, as in dyspepsia,are
effects.
There are importantreflex
coat

of the stomach

is

ful
power-

dilated,
and then soothed,
of the stomach, if

vessels
gastric

The

as

stimulated,and

the

are

fected.
partlydisinThe

muscular

ments
gastricmove-

increased, with probablerelaxation of the cardiac

orifice in the
Flatulence

case

of

and

dogs.

volatile oils thus

acting

action also distant organs

the heart is increased,
the

relieved, the

are

spasm

carminatives.

as

are

stimulated.

aromatic

By
The

reflex

action of

raised,and the
blood-pressure
spinaland medullary centres are temporarilyexcited.
spasmodics.
These agents thus act as generalstimulants and antitlie intestines

In

unabsorbed, and

portionsof

the

aromatic

oils remain

increase the local circulation and

tions,
secre-

movements
stimulatingthe peristaltic
expellingflatus. They relieve or prevent pain
also

employed as correctives
gripingtendencies of many
purgatives. Oil of
possesses a slightastringentaction by reason
spasm,

and

are

often

of

and
and
the

cloves
of

the

tannic acid it contains.

(2)ACTION
Oil of cloves and
and

are

ON

THE

other aromatic

partlyoxidized by

the red

BLOOD.

oils enter

the

blood,

corpuscles
; they then

OIL

OF

leave the

OIL

circulation
increase

to

the
dilating
organs

CLOVES"

PEPPERMINT

mainlyunchanged.

the

number

abdominal

which

OF

Some

are

blood with

(2")SPECIFIC

corpusclesby
thus stimulating
the
leucocytes.

ACTION.

Unless
not

given in very largedoses,the aromatic

effects on the tissues or
produce any specific

Generally speaking,they are

but the major part
spasniodics,
on

reflex action

from

the

lieved
be-

of white

vessels,and

supplythe

459

stimulants

and

of this effect

stomach, such

oils do

as

organs.
anti-

depends

described

previously.
(4)EEMOTE
The

aromatic

oils

bronchi, liver,and

LOCAL

ACTION.

excreted

by the kidneys,skin,
intestines,partly unchanged and
are

partlyas resins.
and
In passingthroughthese structures theystimulate,
to a certain extent disinfect,
them, this beingespecially
the case
with the oil of turpentine.
Medicinal

Uses.

These

"

will be

discussed

of the group.
Oil of cloves has been recommended

headingof
cases

The
Mentha

application
the beneficial effectsrecorded being
joint,
its anodyne and disinfectant properties.
Piperitae"Oil

Menthae

Oleum

the

each member

of open
probablydue to
to

under

oil distilled from

fresh

op

as

an

Peppermint.

flowering peppermint,

piperita.

Composition.It
"

consists of

stearoptene,menthol,or
Actions

aromatic

and

Uses.

"

terpene,menthene, and
peppermint camphor.

Oil of

oils in its actions.

instead of

peppermintresembles other
It differs,
however, in its

it causes
at first
dilatation,
active contraction of the vessels,
leadingto a sensation
action

as,
locally,

460

VETERINARY

of coldness when

of sensory
contact, and hence
as

by

et

human

It is contained

carminative.

chloroformi

Thymol.

"

and

local anmsthetic.

stearopteneobtained from

Thymus Vulgaris. It

deodorant.

in the tinctura

morphinse(seep. 338).

is a vascular stimulant

Menthol

of

beings. It paralyzes
with which it is broughtin
nerves
relieves gastro-intestinal
pain,and

taken

the ends

acts

THERAPEUTICS

saturated

the volatileoils

and
antiseptic,
disinfectant,

is

in

solution

is

water

very

but seldom employed. In the form

powerfulantiseptic,
of spirituous
solutions in ointments
it has been used as
in skin affections.
an
application
Oil of Origanum is obtained from Thymus vulgaris
; it
acts

as

an

often added

irritant when
to

into the

ointments
blistering

Oil of Lavender

and

oils in their

aromatic

rubbed

skin,and is

and liniments.

Rosemary resemble

Oil of

action,and

the other

chiefly
employed as
ture
components of stimulatingliniments.
Compound tincof lavender is contained in liquor arsenicalis,
and
the oil of lavender is an ingredient
of compound camphor
are

liniment.

Zingiber
The

"

Gingee.

scraped and

dried rhizome
of Zingiber
of"cinale.
contains
aromatic
volatile oil, a complex
an
of hydrocarbonsand their oxidation products.

Ginger
mixture

Doses.
Horses, 3iv. to gi.; cattle,"i.to
and pigs,5!.to 3ii.; dogs,grs. x. to grs. xx.
"

Tinctura

Doses.

"

Actions

; sheep
"ii.

Pf-eparation.
Zingiberis 1 in 8 of spirit.
"

Horses, "ss.to gi.ss.

to in_xx.
dogs,Tll_xv.

Uses.^Ginger is extensively
employed as
carminative and stomachic in all patients. It is combined
with purgativesto diminish
their tendency to
and

ANISE"

and

nauseate

the

gripe,being added

horse,and

to the

Anisi
The

461

to the aloetio bolus for

sulphateof magnesia for

Fructus

Anise

"

Anisi

oil distilled from

Actions

and

those

Uses.

The

chief

stituent
con-

Anise.

op

anise fruit.
^The actions and

"

of the

believed to possess

Oil

"

ants.
rumin-

Feuit.

dried fruit of Pimpinellaanisum.

is the of"cial oil.
Oleum

The

ARNICA

uses

aromatic

oils in

stimulant

action

of anise

general. It

on

semble
re-

is

the bronchial

membrane, beingexcreted partly

by this channel,
hence it is a favourite component of formulae for the
reliefof cough in horses,besides beinga flavouring
agent.
mucous

The

anise fruit may be givento horses in doses of Jss.to

The oil of anise
gi.in combination with other remedies.

is seldom

employed except as

moms,
Coriander, Fenugreek, Fennel, Dill, Carda-

Caraway,

all contain

'

volatile

aromatic

anise in their actions.

of various

ingredient.
flavouring

condition

They enter
powders and
'

oils,and resemble
into the composition
popularcondiments

for horses and cattle.

Arnicae

Rliizoma.

and rootlets of Arnica montana.

contains a small quantityof volatile oil of
also tannic acid and a resinous
composition,

The dried rhizome

Arnica

complex

arnicin.
glucoside,

Preparation.
Tinctura

Doses.

"

Arnicae

"

Tincture

of Arnica

1 in 20.

Horses, "i.to "ii.

; dogs,3ss. to 5i.

LOCAL(1)IMMEDIATE
Externally. Arnica appliedto
"

cutaneous

"

circulation.

ACTION.

the skin increases the

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

462

it
Internally

is

to the

stimulant

alimentarycanal,

general.It also acts as a general

given in medicinal doses, probablyin

like volatile oils in

stimulant

part by

when

reflex action from the stomach.

(2)SPECIFIC
It acts

system.

as

In

and

large doses
centres.

nerve

skin, exertingremote
Medicinal

to the brain and

stimulant

canal, and

Uses.

"

ACTION.

it is

causes

It is

an

whole

nervous

irritant to the

intestinal
gastro-

of the circulation
depression
excreted by the kidneys and

stimulant

effects thereon.

the
Internally

tincture

of arnica is

of pulby Professor Williams in cases

monary
and he advises the administration of
congestion,
neous
that it stimulates the cutatwo
believing
ounces,
and is calculated to restore the equilicirculation,
brium

recommended

one

or

of the circulation

Externallyarnica

in the

system.

is

extensively
employed as an application
strains
and
and
to
bruises,etc.,
although some
authorities questionits therapeutic
value in such cases,
experienceenables us to state that it produces beneficial
effects. It preventsswelling,
and hastens the absorption
of effused blood,and accordingto Dr. Phillips
('Materia
it has the power of restoring
Medica
and Therapeutics')
contused muscular
fibre to its healthy condition in a
short space of time.
the internal administration
He recommends

of small

doses of arnica every two or three hours in cases

of concussion
and shock, also in haemorrhages arisingfrom
mechanical

violence,such

as

and haemoptysis.
epistaxis

Arnica may be employed in the form of liniments,

taining
confrom two to four ounces
of the tincture to the pint
of water, combined
liniment

with

(seep. 230).

tincture of

camphor

or

soap

TURPENTINE

Oleum

Terebinthinse

"

463

Oil

Tuepentine.

of

The

oil distilled from the oleo-resin (turpentine)

tained
obfrom
Pinus
Australis,Pinus teeda,and sometimes
from Pinus pinaster
and Pinus sylvestris,
rectified
if necessary.
The oleo-resin,
is an impure
turpentine,
solution of resin in 15 to 30 per cent, of the officialvolatile
oil.

Doses.

Horses, "i.to "ii.

; sheep
"ii.to Jiii.
; cattle,
and pigs,
3i.to 3iv.; dogs,^\x. to n^xxx. ; sis-month-old
calves,"ss.; six-month-old lambs, 3i"

The

oil of turpentine
should be well shaken up in bland
oils,or made into an emulsion with mucilage or eggs,
before administration,
effects
so as to avoid its irritating
mouth
and
the
throat.
on

Preparations.
01. tereb.,
16; camphor, 1 ;
the soap with the water ;
turpentine
; rub all together
to make
fluid
sufficient water
a

Linimentum

Terebinthinse
soft soap, 2 ; water, 2. Mix
dissolve the camphor in the
"

till mixed, and

emulsion.

add

OF

ACTIONS

(1)IMMEDIATE

TUEPENTINE.
LOCAL

ACTION.

appliedto
Externally. Turpentine,
"

membranes,

mucous

and also
It stimulates
and

if

as

as

an

or

and
antiseptic

acts
circulation,

as

sufficient strength,
acts

It irritates the local

skin

posed
ex-

infectant,
dis-

localstimulant and counter-irritant.

the local

appliedof

acts

the

nerves

at

a
as

rubefacient,
a

vesicant.

and then depresses

first,

them.
to this local effectof
very susceptible
which causes
of irritation,
oil of turpentine,
a high degree

Some

animals

are

in horses and dogswith

especially
may be absorbed by the unbroken

thin skins.

skin.

Turpentine

464

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

cinal
in mediturpentine
doses acts as a loowerful
carminative,resembling
other aromatic volatile oilsin this respect. It is a gastric
stimulant to the vessels,
a sedative to the
a
disinfectant
oil of

the stomach

Internally.In
"

local nerves, and a temporary reflex stimulant.

In the intestines turpentine
exerts importantactions,
in the

and may be found

excreted.
It acts in

it is

colon,in which also

reflex manner

as

partly

stimulant to the muscular

intestines,
causingcontraction,expulsionof
and recovery of tone (ifthis has been lost
gas and faeces,
coat

of the

; it
by tympanitic
distension)

and

vascular

stimulant,while

also acts
in

as

disinfectant

largedoses purgation

will be

produced.
being capable
Turpentineacts also as an anthelmintic,
in the form of
of destroyingintestinal parasites.Used
the oil of turpentineacts as a stimulant
an
inhalation,
and disinfectant to the respiratory
organs.
THE
BLOOD.
ON
(2)ACTION
absorbed from all surfaces,
Oil of turpentineis freely
in medicinal
and enters the blood unchanged. Even
oxidized at the exdoses it is believed to be partially
pense
If injectedintravenously,
it may
of the blood.
which are partlyreferable
produce rapidlyfatal effects,
influence on the blood.
to its coagulating

(3) SPECIFIC
In

medicinal

stimulant

as

doses

well

as

ACTION.

oil of
a

turpentineacts as a reflex
It is rapidly
generalstimulant.

and excreted.
absorbed,diffused,
In

full doses

paralysisof

it

at first stimulation

causes

the vaso-motor

centres ; the

spinalcentres

are

then

blood-pressure

and the action of the heart is disturbed.

falls,

and

and

The

stimulated,and
briefly

bral
cere-

then

466

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY
if

while

pain be present,ehlorodyneor

tr.

opiimay

be

givenin addition.
of the rumen,
commonly known as hoven
tympanitis
in cattle,
oil of turpentine
is also a very effectual agent,
and may be givenin full doses,combined
with a preparation
of ammonia
and an oleaginous
purgative.
of indigestion,
In cases
characterized by distension of
and generaldigestive
the rumen
disturbance,
frequently
oil of turpentine,
combined
with spimet with in calves,
ritus ammon.
and ol. lini,
aromat.
givesexcellent results,
prescribedin the followingformula : ^. 01, tereb.,"ss.;
O.ss. P. m.
ammon.
spiritus
aromat., 5i-ss.
; ol. lini,
This may be repeatedin three hours if necessarj'.
In purpura
oil of turpentine
is an agent
haynorrhagica,
of great value, probablyproducingits effects by some
action on the bloodvessels.
special
In

It may
a

be administered

in

preparationof iron,twice

mixed

in

proper

amount

potashbeinggivenat
or drinking-water.
As

the

doses,combined

ounce
or

three

of milk
same

and

times

with

daily,and

eggs, chlorate of

time in the

food
patient's

oil of turpentine
is of unquestionable
hceiTiostatic,

value in

of internal

hemorrhages,such as from the

and uterus.
In such instances
lungs,stomach, intestines,
it may
be givenin largedoses,care beingtaken that it is
bland fluid.
properlydiluted with some
As an
anthelmintic,oil of turpentineis an effectual
agent for horses,but should be avoided in dogs,as it is
to produceirritating
effects. For the horse,in the
likely
of tapeworms, the following
case
is a useful formula ;
R. 01. tereb.,
"ii.
Oi. M.
; est. filicisliq.,ji.
To
; ol. lini,
be givenfasting,
after the animal has been kept for a few
days on soft food.
In parasitic
bronchitis in calves and lambs,oil of tur.

cases

TURPENTINE

467

pentineis extensively
employed,and maybe
in doses

of half

lambs, mixed
or

three
For

an

vrith

ounce

to calves and

administered

one

drachm

milk,and repeatedat intervals of

to
two

days.

calves

intra^tracheal

are
injections

ployed,
largelyemof ol. tereb.,
3i. to 3ii- ac. carbolic,
consisting
aa
3ss. By this means
5ss. ; chloroform and glycerine,
the parasites
acted on and destroyed.
are directly
Oil of turpentineis very useful in cases
of parasitic
',

diarrhcea

and

in
strongyli

arusmia

in

due
cattle,

the fourth stomach.

mucilage,and

combined

with

to the

It may

presence

of

be givenin milk

of iron.
preparation
As an antidote to phosphorus,
is employedin
turpentine
the form of the crude oil,which
converts the poisoninto
harmless
its elimination by the
a
compound, and causes
kidneys(seep. 275).
In congestiveand inflammatory
Coutra-Indications.
conditions of the kidneys,
and in gastritis,
enteritis,
etc.,
turpentineshould not be prescribed.
to the action of the
Dogs are particularly
susceptible
drug,hence it should be administered in small doses,
and the effects carefully
watched.
Externally,oil of turpentineis largely
employed as a
constituent of stimulatingliniments,embrocations,etc.
Its vesicatingeffect should be avoided,as it is likely
to
produce a blemish, besides causing excessive irritation,
or

"

and excitement
restlessness,

in horses.

turpentineis extensivelyused as a
affections of joints
to rheumatic
stimulatingapplication
muscles.
It is also appliedas a mild counterand
irritant to the walls of the chest in respiratory
affections,
and employed to preventchilling
during the process of
to the thoracic and abdominal
keeping hot applications
regions.
The

liniment

of

VETERINARY

468

THERAPEUTICS

Terebene.

the action of sulphuricacid on oil of

turpentineand distillation; resembles the latter in its
irritation
actions,but is less acrid and less liable to cause
in
of the kidneys. It is sometimes
prescribedinternally
of chronic bronchitis,
and may be administered
cases
as
it
is
and
emulsion.
an
stimulant,antiseptic,
Externally
deodorizer.
a
Produced

by

Resin.

The residue left after distillationof oil of turpentine

from the crude oleo-resin ; is a favourite ingredient
of
diuretic masses
and powders.
The

doses for horses and

cattle

Externallyit is employed in

the form

mild

local stimulant

and

from

are

gss. to |i.

of ointment

"

as

disinfectant to ulcers and

healthy
un-

surfaces.
The

Resinse,commonly known

Unguentum

'digestive

as

ointment,' is prepared by melting together resiu,4

yellow wax, 2; simpleointment, 8; almond oil,1.
"

in many

is contained

Eesin

forms

of

plastersto impart

and adhesiveness.

firmness

Fix
A bituminous

Liquida

liquidobtained
other speciesof

and
sylvestris

Tae.

"

from

the wood

Pinus

by

of Pinus
tillation.
destructive dis-

Preparations.
Picis

Oleum

Lictuidse"Oil of Tar

"

obtained

by distilling

tar.

Pix

Nigra

Pitch

"

"

the

residue

remaining after

the

distillationof tar.
Picis

Unguentum
wax,

1 ; almond

Aqua

Picis

"

gallonof water
Action

and

Liauidae Tar (by weight),5 ; yellow

oil,1 ; melt together,and stir tillcold.
"

Tar Water
Stir a pintof tar with half
for fifteen minutes, and decant.
"

Uses.

"

Externally tar
,

stimulant

and

and
tissue alterative,

acts

as

for such

vascular

purposes

is

TAR"

OIL

OF

CADE"

frequentlyemployed in
constituent

scalyskin

OF

OIL

the form

of ointments

and

of

JUNIPER

469

ointment, or

liniments

in

cases

as

of

dry

diseases.

It is also valuable

as

an

in both
mange
with sulphurand

for
application

horses and

dogs,and may be combined

an
basis,the addition of an alkali rendering
oleaginous
the preparation
efficacious.
more
As a dressing
for brittle hoofsin horses,often accompanied
by insufficient.growthof healthyhorn, the oil of
is a useful application.
tar,mixed with vaseline,
and expectorant.
tar acts as a disinfectant
Internally,
It is a favourite palliative
remedy in cases of chronic
in horses,the method
adopted
cough and broken-wind
being to placea certain amount of tar in the receptacle
is drawn.
After
from which the animal's drinking-water
time this water is readilypartakenof,and in our experience
a
with
such treatment
is of value in conjunction
other details.
Tar in such cases
probably acts by
favouringgastricdigestionas well as by its expectorant
effects.

Pitch, administered

by

Professor

in the

Williams

form

of

bolus,is

in the treatment

mended
recom-

of

dry

and
such as pityriasis
scalyskin diseases,
('Principles
Practice of VeterinarySurgery').
Oleum

Cadinum

"

Oil

of

Cade.

Obtained
by destructive distillation of the woody
form of
portionsof Juniperusoxycedrus; is an agreeable
it may
be emwith soap and spirit
ployed
tar, and combined
and other
of chronic eczema
in the treatment
skin affections of the

dog.

Juniperi Oleum"

Oil

of

Junipee.

the fruit of Juniperus communis;

from
Obtained
but is less powerful.
in its actions,
resembles turpentine

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

470

to produce diuretic effects by stimulating

cells in a specific
increasingboth
manner,

It is believed

the renal
solids and water.

employed as a diuretic in
of dropsy,not depending on acute renal disease.
cases
The dose for horses is 3i.to 3ii-,
and dogs,yf\Ji.
to 1Tl_iv.,
with saline
given dissolved in spirit,and combined
It may

be

diuretics.
Oleum

Oil

Eucalypti

"

of

Eucalyptus

the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus

globulus,Eucalyptus amygdalina, and probablyother
speciesof Eucalyptus,the gum-tree from Australia.
The

oil distilled from

Doses.
Horses and cattle,
3i.to
may be administered, dissolved in
"

to ni_x.,
3ii.,
dogs,TTl_ii.
or
spirit,

in

mucilage.

diseases these doses should be increased

cases
septic
and repeatedat intervals.
In

of

oil of eucalyptusis a
Externally,
and disinfectant,
and in the form of
powerful antiseptic
ointment
dressing.
(1 to 5) it forms a valuable surgical
Actions

As

an

and

Uses.

"

inhalation it proves

of

great service

in

bronchitis,

and preventing
fcetor of the secretions.
irritation,
allaying
and
antiperiodic,
Internallyit acts as an antipyretic
resemblingquinineto a certain extent.
have observed excellent results from its employWe
ment
of influenza

complicatedwith
of distemperin dogs, accompanied
bronchitis,and in cases
by profuseand foetid nasal discharge. In such
ployed,
eminstances, frequent inhalations of the drug were
alongwith its internal administration.
Eucalyptus is excreted by the kidneys and lungs,
and exerts antiseptic
actions on the mucous
surfaces of
these regions. It is indicated in pyelitis,
and as
cystitis,
in

cases

it resembles

in horses

other volatile oils in its action

canal,it may
of the stomach

as

be

on

the

employed in certain
gastric
disinfectant.

intestinal
gastro-

affections

CAMPHOR

Camphora
A

"

471

Camphoe.

stearopteneobtained

from the wood of Cinnamomum

camphora,readilypowdered if moistened with rectified

spirit.
Doses.
grs.

X.

Horses, 3ss. to 3ii.

3ii.to 3iii.
; cattle,
; sheep,

"

to grs.

xx.

dogs,grs. ii.to

grs.

v.

PreTparations.
SpiritusCamphorse
Doses.

1 in 10 of rectified spirit.

"

Horses, "ss. to ji.; cattle,"i.to gii.

; sheep,

"

3ss. to 3i.;

to ysyxxx.
dogs,TT\_x.

Camphorse

Linimentum

strong solution
lavender, 1.

ammonia,

of

40 ;

Camphorse Composita

Tinctura

OF

ACTIONS

Camphor, 20;
120 ; oil of
spirit,

Compositum

"

"

See p. 394.

CAMPHOE.

LOCAL
ACTION.
(1) IMMEDIATE
Externally camphor resembles to a certain extent
the actions of oil of turpentineand other volatile oils.
tion,
to the local circulaIt is a feebleantiseptic,
a stimulant
after primary stimulation.
and a sedative to the nerves

it
Internally
the local

nervous

exerts

In

the stomach

system.

It possesses

and

as

acts

portionof

it acts

increasing
oils,

the
as

an

mucous

flow

mucous

carminative,

effects,stimulatingthe

reflex

of the
irritability

like volatile

the saliva and

circulation,

in the mouth.
and

acts very much

heart

and

similar effects in the intestines

besides lessening
antispasmodic,
membrane.

(2) SPECIFIC
the camphor

ACTION.

administered

is found

in the organs and tissues ; the remainder

with glucose.
to combine

changed
un-

appears

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

472

The

chief action of

induce

largedoses

In

system.

camphor

convulsions.

is exerted

it acts

as

on

the

nervous

narcotic,and

may

doses it stimulates

In moderate

the

brain,spinalcord, respiratoryfunctions,and the heart,

the latter being also acted on in a reflex manner
from
the stomach.
The diaphoretic
effects described as occurring
in man
not observed in veterinary
are
patients.
(3) BBMOTE

LOCAL

ACTION.

changed,
unCamphor is excreted by the respiratory
organs
to
actingas an expectorantin a similar manner
turpentine. It is also excreted by the skin and kidneys.
As a carminative,camphor is emMedicinal
Uses.
ployed
"

in

of diarrlicea in the form

cases

camphorae composita.

It

is

recommended

authorities in enteritis in combination

In

of

both
bronchitis,

of the

with

tinctura

by
opium.

some

and

chronic,it exerts
beneficial effects by its expectorant action,and may
be
combined
with spiritus
aetheris nitrosi and belladonna,
when

cases

ministrat
When
the adprominent symptom.
of fluids becomes
dangerous,in consequence
of violent fitsof coughing,camphor may
be given in the
form
of electuary,
with potass, chloras
being combined

and

is

acute

cough

extract

of belladonna.

Camphor is frequentlyemployed as a constituent of

various cough mixtures and powders, the followingbeing
a useful powder for recent
cases
: Camphor, pulv.,
^ss. ;
pulv.foL belladonnas,3ii.; potass,chlor.,
sii.
; pulv.anisi
fruct.,gss. This may be given twice dailyin the food.
In cases
of irritable cough in dogs,often accompanying
small
doses of camphor in combination
with
distemper,
and belladonna givefavourable results.
squills
Externally. Camphor is extensivelyemployed as a
constituent of various stimulatingliniments.
It may be
"

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

474

In the

stomach, benzoic acid

its salts possess this effect in

(2) ACTION
Benzoin

and

of benzoate

benzoic

of sodium

less

ON

in the form

partlyconverted into
with a molecule of glycoll,
the kidneys.

; the acid is

and

ACTION.

its

preparationsare
believed by some
are

and
antipyretic,

extent

acid enter the blood

(3) SPBOIPIO
acid

as

BLOOD,

THE

hippuricacid by combination
the same
change occurringin

Benzoic

irritant ;
slight
degree.

acts

to

certain

authorities

to increase metabolism.

(4)BEMOTE
Benzoic

acid

by the kidneys,skin, and

probablyby the respiratory
organs.

by the
partlyas hippuricacid.
thus actingas
secretions,

ilov7 of urine, and

the

kidneys partlyunchanged, and

the bronchial

It also stimulates
an

ACTION.

is excreted

salivaryglands,and
It increases

LOCAL

is removed

expectorant.
Medicinal

Uses.

Benzoic

"

in

acid and

its ammonium

salt

with alkalinity
cystitis,
of
to
the secretion and
pliospliatic
deposits
; it is believed
produce beneficial effects by acidulatingthe urine and
and disinfecting
the mucous
surfaces.
stimulating
As an Expectorant. The compound tincture of benzoin
of chronic bronchitis,
is occasionally
employed in cases
to gi.ss.
in doses of ji.
for horses,and 3ss. to 3i. for dogs.
Externally. The compound tincture of benzoin was
time extensivelyemployed as
at one
a
dressing for

recommended

are

of

cases

"

"

under

wounds
Other
have
as

more
now

the

familiar

effective and
taken

dressingfor

name

less

'

f^riar's Balsam.'

irritating
agents
antiseptic

place,but it is
unhealthywounds.

its

of

stilloccasionally
used

BALSAM

OF

PERU

Balsam
resemble

AND

of Peru

BALSAM

and

OF

Balsam

TOLU

475

of Tolu

benzoin in their actions ; both contain benzoic

acid.

Balsam

of Peru

is recommended

by Dr. Flemingin the

the aoari,
dogs; it destroys

treatment

of mange
in house
and relieves the itching
and inflammation
be

may

appliedof

the

of
strength

of the skin.

It

1 to 4 of alcohol.

Myrrh
resembles the other oleo-resins in its actions.

disinfectant,
expectorant,and
Valerianae
The

Rhlzoma

"

stomachic.

Valerian

Ehizome.

dried rhizome

Contains

and rootlets of Valeriana

volatileoil and valerianic acid.

It is stimulant,

officinalis.

Preparatio7is.
Tinctura

Doses.

_.

Valerianae

"

I Compounds

and

Actions

Uses.

substances

so

that

their bases.
horses and

manner

containingvolatile oils,but
effect

on

the

central

has

nervous

the valerianates

cattle

even

have

not

employment.

exhibit

is said to have

Valerian

in
prescribed
we

similar

stimulant,
powerfulcarminative,circulatory
Valerianic acid does not
and
antispasmodic.
tioned,
to possess the action of the volatile oil justmenIt is

system.
appear

Valerian acts in

"

stimulant

marked

of valerianic acid with

Quininse valerianas

more

proofspirit.
; dogs,5ss. to 3i.
"ii.

Horses, Ji.to

"

to other

-1 in 8 of

in

largedoses.

cases

observed

any

of chorea

the actions of
little efl:ecton

In

sionally
dogs it is occaand epilepsy,
but

beneficial results from

its

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

476

Asaf oetida"

AsAFCE

tid

A gum-resin obtained by incision from the

of Ferula narthex and other species. Contains
and

oil,resin
Doses.

grs.

"

volatile

gum.

to 3iv.; cattle,
gi.; sheep,5i.; dogs,
Horses, 3ii.

to grs.

V.

livingroot

xx.

Preparation.
Asafoetida

Tinctura
Dose.

"

1 in 8.

; dogs, n|_xx.
Horses, "ss. to gi.ss.
; cattle,5ii.

"

to 3ss.

Actions

and

Uses.

"

AsafcBtida resembles

other volatile

gum-resinsin its action on the alimentarycanal ;

it is very
but instead of possessingaromatic properties,
lant
It acts as a stimuto the taste and smell.
disagreeable
and
as
a nervine
to the mouth
stomach, and reflexly
action on the intestines,
It has a special
stimulant.
the muscular
coat, and being antispasmodic.
stimulating
It is partlyexcreted by the lungs,actingas a stimulant
and disinfectant
expectorant.
The
chief use
of asafoetida in veterinary
practiceis in
oils and

of flatulent conditions

cases

of the intestines.

It is

times
some-

combined
colic,
flatulent
of ammonia,
with oil of turpentine,
aromatic spirit
and raw
recommended
linseed oil. It was
by the late
of constipation
Professor Eobertson in cases
and torpidity

employed

of the
nux

bowels

in

in the treatment

horses,in combination

and

with

aloes and

vomica.

Calbanum
are

of

and

gum-resins actingin
other oleo-resins.
as

Ammoniacum
similar

Ammoniacum

manner

to asafoetida

is sometimes
scribed
prein
of
chronic
cases
disinfectant
expectorant

bronchitis with

profusedischarge.

USTARD

CA PSICDM"Il

Capsici Fructus
The

"

477

Capsicum

Feuit.

dried fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum. Distinguished

chili pepper, and
as
as
cayenne
pepper when

ground.
Preparation.
Capsici 1 in 27.

Tinctura

Actions

"

and

Uses.

carminative,and
as

"

Capsicum is

stimulant.

of the constituents of

one

]pungent stomachic,

It is sometimes

employed
chlorodyne(seep. 338).

hlach and white peppers,

Other varietiesof peppers, viz.,
resemble capsicum. They are often employed as popular
remedies
mixed

in
with

stimulant
and

country districts for colic in horses,being

whisky

and

or

aromatic

gin, etc.
effects

on

They

urethra

and

local

mouth, stomach,

the

and during their excretion

intestines,

local stimulants

possess
act

as

remote

nutrition in the

of the circulation and

rectum.

Sinapis

"

Mustaed.

mixture of the powdered seeds of white mustard

Brassica
and of black mustard
alba
Brassica
nigra.
fixed oil,and when this has been exContains
tracted
a bland
120"
at
and
mixed
with water
and the mustard
tained.
the
officialvolatile oil,oleum
sinapis,is obdistilled,
odour
and a blistering
This has a penetrating
the skin, and as the seeds and powder of
action on
the oil
devoid of these irritating
mustard
properties,
are
is believed to be developedby a decompositionof their
A

"

"

"

constituents.

Mustard, apphed in the form of properly

preparedpasteto the skin,promptlyacts as a rubefacient
and nervous
stimulant,
causingincreased local circulation,
heat, and severe burningpain. This effectis followed by
of the part to other impressionsand
loss of sensibility
be prolonged,
relief of previous
pain. If the application
Actions.

"

vesication results

of
by the production

local inflammation.

THEMAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

478

are
produced, the
organs
and nerve-centres
being
heart,blood-pressure,
respiration,

Various

effects

stimulated

by

distant

on

of the
the first application

anaesthesia and relief of

duringthe stage of
vesication be
'

depressionwill
Counter-irritation,'
p. 197).
Uses.

in

severe

chief

The

"

of mustard

use

affections
respiratory
"

such

into

paste with

rubbed

into

well

the

In

as

The

mustard

preparing the

if

pain,while

(seesection

on

counter-irritant

the

adoption of

should

be made

temperature of 100",and

skin, and

washed

twenty minutes.
mustard, too hot

after fifteen or

water

is

is,when

at

water

result

that

is indicated.

means

agent, soothed

off with

water

tepid

should

be

etc.,should
avoided,also agents such as vinegar,spirits,
not be added, as the formation of the essential oil is thus
Here

prevented.

the indiscriminate
in the

excessive

or

of well-bred

case

caution

must

we

of

use

horses

the

or

student

against
mustard, especially

those with fine skins.

followed
great irritation,
appliedtoo severelyit causes
and may producea blemished
condition of
by depression,
If

the skin.

The

of service

can

is

There
in

advantage gained by applying the

no

severe

so

in which

counter-irritation will prove

only be ascertained by clinical experience.
cases

that

manner

skin results ; such

mustard

of the
great disorganization

should be

avoided,
rigidly
it causes
as besides the risk of blemish
greatdepressionof
the system. As a generalrule,if the patientis progressing
c
ounter-irritants
should
not
be
favourably,
employed_
The

certain

mustard

water

occurrence

indications for their

In

As

an

abdominal

to the abdominal

popularemetic
to dogs, from

promptlyas

will be found

use

affections the
walls

mustard
one

local emetic.

to

is

seems

to

at p. 201.

applicationof
giverelief.

givendissolved in warm
three teaspoonfulsacting

CROTON

OIL

CHAPTEE
THE

In this

VEGETABLE

479

XIV.
TSl'^GTlOU"

Continued.

chapterthose vegetable
drugsactingas purgatives

will receive notice.

but few vegetable
are
practice
veterinary
purgatives
either of their employment
use, in consequence
yet in common
not givingsatisfactory
or because
results,
they

In
as

have not received sufficient trial. In human

medicine

are
largevarietyof purgatives
employed,a
of two or more
beingfound of advantage.

combination

Oleum

Crotonis"

Ceoton

Oil.

The oil expressedfrom the seeds of Croton tiglium.

The active principle
of croton oil is obscure ; it isbelieved
and a purgative
distinct
to contain a vesicating
principle
from each other.
Doses.

3ss.
Horses,n\^x.to TI)_xx.
; cattle,

"

Linimentum

Prepm-atioji.
1 ;
Croton oil,
Crotonis
"

oil of

to

3i-

3J;
cajeput,

spirit,
3^.
croton oil is a powerfulirritant
Externally,
followed
skin,and if freelyused producespapules,

Actions.
to the

by

severe

leave

"

which
pustules,

are

slow

to

heal

and

may

blemish.

croton
Internally,

sometimes
rapidly,
frequent,full,and

oil is

within
fluid

irritation of the intestinal

drastic
one

or

cathartic,
actingvery
two hours, producing

dejections.It
mucous

acts

membrane,

by
and

direct
causes

tion,
action,increased watery transudaheightenedperistaltic
It has no
and probablyglandular
hypersecretion.
specialcholagogue action. The muscular excitement
induced by the drug are believed
and consequent griping

to

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

480

before it has

commence

reached

the

duodenum, and

in irritation
partlyto a reflex action originating
of the gastric
nerves.
In largedoses croton oil acts as an irritant poison,
in all
causing violent purgation and gastro-enteritis

referred

are

animals.
The

antidotes

Medicinal

Uses.

oil is but

croton

horses.

In

opium

are

cases

of the bowels

and demulcents.
of its violent effects,

In consequence

"

rarely employed as a purgativefor

where a speedy and complete evacuation
and

of arterial pressure

diminution

meningitis,
phrenitis,
stomach
be given to the
staggers,etc., the drug may
with belladonna
or
horse, combined
hyoscyamus. In
demanded,

are

where

cases

such

as

in

cases

of

the administration of

bolus

or

drench

is

be

placed between the molar

In dogs it should
teeth,mixed with ext. belladonna.
be employed ; indeed, generallyspeaking,in all
not
patientsthe use of this drug should be avoided as much
and milder purgativeagents,with the use of
as
possible,
enemata, should be depended on to act on the bowels.
croton
In cattle,
and will
oil is an effectual purgative,
often produce effects when
other agents fail. At one
time it was
of that affection
freelygiven in the treatment
croton
impossible,

known
as
results,

condition
which
oil
cases

or

as

oil may

but often with

'fardel-bound,'

the disease has

of inflammation

been
of the

proved

to

disastrous

be due

abomasum,

to

state in

violent

Croton
purgativesare contra-indicated.
other drastic purgativesshould never
be givenin
of inaction of the bowels
matory
depending on inflamchanges,a paralyzed condition of the intestinal

walls,or

intestinal obstruction.

croton
Externally,

for cattle in the form

oil is

employed

as

of the linimentum

counter-irritant
crotonis.

482

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

powerful hepaticstimulant,renderingthe
bile more
watery, but increasingthe secretion of biliary
In largedoses it is a gastro-intestinal
irritant.
matter.
Colocynthis always used in combination with milder
It is seldom
prescribed
purgativesand carminatives.
for horses,but is a useful purgativefor dogs,in the form
of the pilula
et hyoscyami.
colocynthidis
Colocynthinor citrullinis recommended
by Baum as a
purgativefor the horse. He administers 10 to 15 grains
in the form of enema,
combined with 6 ounces
of glycerine
also acts

and

as

alcohol,and states that it occasions a prompt movement

of the bowels; he has also observed satisfactory

results from
and

the administration

of this

agent

to

dogs

pigs.
Cambogia

"

Gamboge.

gum-resinobtained
about

from Garcinia Hanburii.

tains
Con73 per cent, of a resinous substance,gambogic

acid.
Dose.
For cattle,
gss.to
other purgatives.

givenin
Ji.,

"

Actions
and

and

Uses.

"

Gamboge

is

combination

with

powerful hydragogue

drastic cathartic

but possesses
resembUngcolocynth,
no
cholagogueaction. It is also diuretic,
beingpartly
excreted by the kidneys. In consequence
of its irritant
drastic effects it is not prescribed
for horses or dogs,but
is occasionally
employed in combination with other purgatives
for cattle.

Jalapa

"

Jalap.

The

dried tubercles of Ipomoaa purga, otherwise called

Contains 15 to 20 per cent, of the
Bxogonium purga.
officialresin,
which is composed of two gluoosides convolvulin and jalapin.
Dose.
to

"

giii.

Dogs, grs. x.

to

3i.,accordingto size; pigs,gi.

JALAP-SCAMMONY"PODOPHYLLTN

483

Pre;parations.
Tinctura

Dose.

"

Jalapse 1 in 8 of proofspirit.
"

Dogs, 3ss.

Extractum

Dose.

"

Actions

to

sii.

Jalapae 2 in 1.
"

Dogs, grs. v.
and

to 3ss.

Jalap is a hydragoguecathartic
producingcopiouswatery discharges.Accordingto Dr.
Eutherford
it is a moderatelypowerful hepatic,
and a
powerfulintestinal stimulant.
Jalap has but little action on horses or cattle,2 to 4
ounces
having but a slighteffect on the bowels,while
increasingthe activityof the kidneys accordingto
For dogs and pigsit is a useful purgative,
Moiroud.
and
Uses.

"

be advantageously
combined
may
carminative.

with

calomel

and

Scammony.
A gum-resin obtained from the root of Convolvulus
scammonia
but is more
; resembles jalap in its actions,
irritant and liable to gripe. It is a powerful stimulant
of the intestinal glands,and to a less degreeof the liver.
It is not prescribed
alone,but is an importantingredient
et hyoscyami(seep. 481).
of the pilulacolocynthidis

Podophylli Rhizoma
and

dried rhizome
May
tum, American
The

Podophyllum

"

rootlets of

Ehizome.

Podophyllumpelta-

apple.
Preparations.
Eesin

of

Podophyllin contains an
active principle,
picropodophyllin.
Doses.
Horses, 3i.; dogs,gr. | to grs. ii.; generally
combined with hyoscyamus and calomel.
of rectified
Tinctura Podophylli 1 grainin 1 fluid drachm
spirit.
Doses.
Horses, gss.to "i,ss.
; dogs,TH_xv.to 3i.
Podophylli Eesina

"

"

"

"

"

VETERINARY

484

Actions

and

Uses.

acts
authorities,

and

THERAPEUTICS

as

"

Podophyllin,according to
purgativeand cholagoguein

dogs,-while others
when

state

used alone.

its action

that

On

dogs

both of the muscular

the

well
as
intestine,
be

Podophyllin

may

calomel

hyoscyamus

and

of the

in

of

cases

be

violent
due

to

the

of the

in

as

as

glandsof
biliaryflow.

combination

with

or
torpidity

tion
conges-

liver.

Aloe

The

coat and

employed

certain
un-

it is said to act

to increase

as

horses

is very

stimulant,and in largedoses
powerfulhepatic
purgative.The purgativeeffect appears to
stimulation

some

Barbadensis

"

Babbadoes

Aloes.

which
juicewhen inspissated

flows from the transversely

Barbadoes
cut bases of the leaves of Aloe vulgaris,
Cura9oaaloes.

and

Doses.

"

-Horses,3ii-to 3vii.,accordingto size and requirements

to
to
Ji. 3ii.
; cattle,
; dogs,grs. xv.
grs. xxx.

Preparation.
Aloin

"

Doses.

"

Actions.
as

substance extracted from aloes.

crystalline
Horses, 3i.to 3ii.; dogs,grs. iii.to grs. x.

"

Aloes

bitter and

that of calumba

acts

upon

the stomach

and

purgative. The

former

and other bitters

(seep. 452).

intestines

effect resembles

tion,
purgativeaction of aloes demands specialattenas it is the drug chiefly
employedas a cathartic for
It increases both the peristaltic
horse.
movements
intestinal secretions,acts chiefly
the largeintestines,
on

The

the

and

and

is

stimulant

of the

flow.
biliary
The
action of aloes as a purgativeis very slow, especially
if the intestinal contents
not
in a
are
previously
The ordinary
soft condition.
dose in an animal not prepared
takes
sixteen
to twenty-four
hours to
generally
a

ALOES

operate. If the animal

may
In

be

be

produced in about

485

properly
prepared,
purgation

twelve hours.

instances aloes

producesdiuresis instead
culation
purgation. It is believed to stimulate the pelviccirthat of the rectum.
as well as
generally

of

some

rare

Aloes is absorbed
excreted
In

chiefly
by

ruminants

and

enters

the intestinal

the

action

the

and
circulation,

is

glandular
apparatus.

of aloes is often

uncertain,

and

largedoses have been administered without producing

is believed to dependon the
purgation. This peculiarity
fact that the chief action of aloes is exerted on the large
which are not developed
extent in
intestines,
to the same
ruminants

in horses.

as

In

dogs,aloes is slow
alone.
Large doses are
those suitable for
Medicinal

Uses.

for horses.

It is

administered

and uncertain when

often tolerated

as

comparedwith

man.

Aloes

"

by

no

is the

means

an

in general
use
purgative
ideal purgative,
as the

lengthof time which it takes to act, and the nausea

induced by the drug,are great drawbacks.
However, in
our
present state of knowledge we are unable to suggest
reliable or safer purgativeagent, but it seems
a
more
highlyprobablethat in the future a combination of purgatives
will be discovered
space of time
alone.

and

with

Aloes is best

givenin
being taken

which
less

will act in
than

nausea

the form

of

shorter

aloes

given

properlyprepared
in its preparation
not to apply
bolus,care
It is
too high a temperature in meltingthe ingredients.
made up in the form of a mass
a small amount
containing
volatile oil to prevent hardeningand drying;
of some
from this the required
quantityis made into balls. It is
two
drachms
of gingerand half a
advisable to combine
drachm

of the extract of

hyoscyamusor belladonna with

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

486

Few

their

wholesale
in

avoid

physic ball so as to
veterinary
surgeons

the

paring
go to the trouble of prereliable
there are
aloetic masses,
as

own

chemists

make

who

and
satisfactory
manner,
neatlycovered with gelatine.
a

have

stated at p. 93,
the heading of purgatives
cold
; above all things,
should be prohibited,
and when
the physichas
taken

water

formula
up the required
send out the physicballs

purgativeball is administered it is necessary

the horse properlyprepared,and to have precautions

Before

under

tendency to griping.

now

to

the

commenced

after-treatment,as

ag to

rest in the stall is

to act, perfect

and

necessary,

any

green

imperatively

foods, roots, etc., should

be

interdicted.
rigidly
In

where

cases

full

purgativeeffects

are

it
required,

is of

advantage to combine calomel with the aloes in

the proportion
of half a drachm
of the former with four
in
drachms
of the latter ; this is especially
recommended
where it is difficultto produce purgationwith the
cases
ordinarydose of aloes.
Too
large a dose of aloes,or neglectof the necessary
precautionsalreadymentioned, may induce a condition
of superpurgation,
and in some
instances great constitutional
disturbance occurs, with congestion
of the intestinal
membrane

mucous

sometimes
In

and

occurringas
cases

some

even

death from
a

exhaustion,laminitis

complication.

moderate

dose of aloes will induce

superpurgationand serious symptoms, in spite of all

these effects probablydepending
precautions,
necessary
individual idiosyncrasies
to the drug. We
on
often
observe that purgationcontinues for a longerperiodthan
usual, but
and

if

if the

no

constitutional

disturbance

be

present,

pulse is regular,no danger is to be apprehended.

But if the pulse becomes
frequentand feeble,

ALOES

and

487

the

purgingconstant,with symptoms of uneasiness,

with or without distension of the abdomen, then
steps
must
be taken immediatelyto overcome
the injurious
effectsof the purgative.
In
of

where

cases

death occurred

aloes.Professor

Williams

after the excessive action

gives the followingpostmortem

'
:
Congestion of the intestinal
appearances
membrane
mucous
concentrated in many cases
generally,
in that of the csecum
caput coli ; a thick tarry appearance

of the

blood, and

apoplexyof

the

lungs,the

of its watery
rendered

or
blackness,congestion,

extreme

blood

being,as

it were,

prived
de-

elements,altered in its composition,

throughthe pulmonary
and so altered chemically
as to render it unfit
capillaries,
for perfectoxidation
and Practice of Veterinary
('Principles
Medicine ').
In the treatment
due to the effects
of superpurgation
too

viscid to circulate

'

of

aloes,greatdiscrimination

action of the intestines

the
of the

mucous

If the

membrane

may

ing
to avoid check-

is necessary

suddenly,as congestion

be induced.

ately
horse,although purgingfreely,
appears moder-

and the countenance

natural,without any
lively,
marked
change in the pulse,then he should be allowed
and be warmly clothed,and
well-boiled thin flour-gruel,
cold fluids of all kinds avoided.
it should
Williams

be

If the

graduallyovercome,

recommends

two

ounces

tinues,
purgingstillcon-

and

Professor

each of tr.

opiiand

every three or
quart of flour-gruel
We have found
four hours until the purgingis checked.
of greatvalue in such cases.
this treatment
be present stimulants should be given,
If prostration
being brandy and port wine,
the best in our
experience
creta

preparatain

of
wineglassfuls
flour-gruel.

three

each

being combined

with

the

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

488

It becomes

of very
if serious or

matter

veterinarysurgeon
he has prescribed
the

great importance to
fatal results

usual dose of aloes for

occur

the

after

horse.

He

careful to ascertain that the animal

especially
has been properlyprepared,
and that the intestines are
in a fit state, before administeringthe purgative. He
should also giveclear instructions to the groom
ant
or attendshould

be

with

reference

the

to

of ill effects after aloes

cases

and
ordinaryprecautions,

of the

care

the

due

animal, as many

neglectof the
veterinary
surgeon'sreputation
are

to

suffers in consequence.
In

aloes,we
prescribing

dose

is necessary, as
longerretained in the
and

proper
is apt to be

eifects
system, producingirregular

be

ordered ; but when

it commences
to act, the
should be kept at rest,and not worked until the

physichas
In

insufificientamount

that

If the dose does not

degreeof nausea.
hours,moderate walkingexercise
twenty-four

takeefi'ectin

horse

remember

excessive

an

should

an

must

'set.'
where

cases

it is not

the

ordinarydose

safe to administer

of aloes fails to

another until

act,

fortyeighthours

effects are
elapsed. If immediate
necessary, we
preferto depend on the use of raw linseed oil,and the
of enemata
of the longrectum
administration
by means
have

tube.
Aloes

is recommended

by

many

practitionersin the

spasmodiccolic dependingon the presence

of irritating
ingestain the alimentarycanal.
of arriving
The difficulty
at a correct diagnosis
in cases
of abdominal
pain, however, makes us hesitate before
prescribinga drug which, if the case happens to be the
treatment

of

of

commencement
the

chances

fatal result.

of

serious

condition,will destroy
successful termination,and tend to a
a

more

Aloes
is

THERAPEUTICS

VETERFNART

490

is

givenin

prescribedas
occasionally

and
bitter tonic,

doses,combined with other bitters and

with a mineral tonic,such as sulphateof

small

aromatics,or
iron.

along
prescribed

In cattle practice,
aloes is sometimes

with other
We

have

observed

favourable

of

the form

usuallyin
purgatives,

results in

some

solution.

cases

from

employment, where the ordinarypurgativesdid not

appear to produce any effect.
alone ; it
Li canine practice,
aloes is not prescribed
enters into the compositionof the compound colocynth
and hyoscyamus pill,
which is an effectual purgativefor
the dog.
Socotrine and Cape Aloes are varieties not employedin
veterinary
practice.

its

Aloin,in doses
as

drachms, has been found

of two

purgativein

reliable

Others

have not recorded

practitioners,
and gripingthan aloes.
results from
satisfactory

horses

causing less dulness, nausea,

such

to act

by

some

its use.

[Senna.

speciesof Cassia ; is not

practice. It acts as a purgative
employed in veterinary
by stimulatingthe muscular coat of the intestine,probably
surface of the
by reflex action from the mucous
acted on.
bowel, the colon beingchiefly
The

dried leaflets of various

Rhei

Radix

"

Ehubaeb

Eoot.

The dried root of Eheum

palmatum and other species.
Contains 3 to 4 per cent, of cathartic acid, the purgative
constituent
of senna
; also rheo-tannic acid, possessing
and a bitter colouring
matter, chrysophan.
astringency,
Actions

dogs,is

and

Uses.

"

In

bitter stomachic

small
and

doses

rhubarb, given to

intestinal

astringent.In

RHUBARB-

doses
larger

it causes

CASTOR

491

OIL

the
purgationby stimulating

tinal
intes-

the liver ; the cathartic acid at first

its influence ; afterwards an astringent
effect is
exerting
and

movements

to Moiroud, even
in largeamounts
produced. According
rhubarb has no purgativeeffect on horses or cattle. As
a purgative
and cholagogue
for the dog, it may be given

in doses

calomel
In

of grs.
or

cases

2 drachms

xv.

with

combined

to grs. xxx.,

either

jalap.
of obstinate diarrhoea
each of rhubarb

and

in foals and

carbonate

of

with 10 to 20

magnesia,
day in well-

grainsof opium, giventwice a

boiled wheat-flour gruel,often give favourable
actingas stomachics and astringents.
Oleum

Ricini

"

Castoe

calves,

results,

Oil.

The oil expressedfrom the seeds of Eicinus communis.

The bulk consists of ricinoleate ofglyceryl.
to giv.
Cattle,O.i. ; sheepand pigs,|ii.
; dogs,
|i.to gii.
"ii.
; foals,

Doses.

"ss. to

"

Externally,pure castor oil is

oil. It acts as a
bland in its nature, resembliugalmond
and is often appliedto the
local sedative and protective,
conjunctiva to lessen irritation after the removal of
by caustic
foreignbodies from the eye, or after injuries
substances to the cornea
or conjunctiva.
mild
Internally,
pure castor oil is a simplepurgative,
and painlessin its effects. It is believed to act by
the muscular coat and intestinal glands,but
stimulating
not the liver. It producesno effect on the stomach,but
if gastric
irritation be present,or if the oil is not pure, it
and vomiting in dogs. On reaching
will cause
nausea
the duodenum, castor oil is decomposed by the pancreatic
to act.
It causes
and the ricinoleic acid commences
juice,
Actions

and

purgationalso

Uses.

when

"

administered

as

an

enema.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

492

For

oil is

the horse,castor
much

and

nausea,

doses caused

serious

uncertain

an

cases

cases

For
superpurgation.
and is preeffectually,
scribed

in the form

It should

cases.

of nitre,and
spirits
peppermint. In cases of
of irritating
both
ingesta,

be

sweet

castor oil should

Li

it
cattle,
to

advantage

with

such
carminative,

diarrhoea

due

in foals and

dose

as

of

oil of

to the presence

calves,a dose of

be the first step in treatment.

is

effectual

an

induced.

nausea

oil and

castor

action

with

enema

the chief drawback

purgative,
and
employment being the loss of appetite,

its

degree of

of

; it may

meconium

combined

full

where

of

symptoms

acts very
of retention of the

also be administered
in such

recorded

are

foals,however, it often
in

purgative,
ducing
pro-

advantageto

linseed oil in

raw

of the bowels

It is of

in

cattle,enemas

bine
com-

of arrested

cases

of the

same

being

also of service.
In

dogs,castor
and
constipation
the

form

of

advantage to
oil,and

enema

oil is indicated
in intestinal
well

as

combine

administer

in

cases

of obstinate

obstruction,
being givenin

by

as

the

mouth.

half doses of olive oil and

the

It is of
castor

of a long
by means
tube.
rectum
in cases
of this
gum-elastic
Unfortunately,
the stomach is usuallyin a very irritable condition,
nature
and any oilysubstances givenby the mouth
are
quickly
to prepare
a
expelledby vomiting. It is necessary
of castor oil in such cases, the B.P.
specialmixture
olei ricini,
mistura
often actingwell :
as follows,

Castor

to

oil,6 drachms
minims

enemas

; oil of

lemon,

10 minims

; oil of

1| drachms ; solution of potash,

1 drachm
water, to produce 2 ounces.
; orange-flower
The dose is from J to 2 ounces, repeated at intervals
until effects are produced.
The addition of a small dose of sweet
spiritof nitre
2
cloves,

; syrup,

LINSEED

also renders

castor oil

493

OIL

palatable.It

more

is of

ance
import-

prescribe
onlythe refined and pure castor oil,in
to avoid irritating
and nauseatingeffects.

to

order

Oleum

"

Lini

Eaw

"

Linseed

Oil.

The oil expressedin Britain without heat from linseed

it is imLinum
portant
usitatissimum,flax. In prescribing
to remember
that boiled linseed oil is used in the
and for certain purposes litharge
is
arts as a drying oil,
added duringthe boiling,
so that the boiled oil may
tain
conlead and exert toxic effects. The raw
linseed oil
should be procuredas fresh as possible.
Doses.

"

Horses, O.i.

to

O.i.ss; cattle,O.i.ss.to O.ii.;

to gvi.; dogs,"i.to gii.

sheep and pigs,"iv.
Actions

Uses.

and

"

In full doses linseed oil acts

purgative.It is devoid
extensively
employed in cases

mild

such

as

of

it is

enema

all

animals, and

should

the

long rectum

tube in

of

and is
effects,
irritating
where
active purgatives,

an

agent of greatvalue

be administered
oases

by

drawback

effects which

to the

it is

apt

use

to

means

in
of

of intestinal obstruction

dependingon impactionof the colon ; by this

results.
have observed the most satisfactory
One

contra-indicated.

aloes,are

the form

In

as

of linseed oil is the

produce,and

method

we

nauseating

interference with

tration
appetite.For this reason we should avoid the adminisof large amounts
by the mouth, and adopt the
method
by enema, the long rectum tube enabhng us to
propelthe oil into the colon.
linseed oil is of greatservice in a large
In cattlepractice,
the gastriccontents
it
By softening
varietyof cases.
such as
often producesbeneficial effects when purgatives
sulphateof magnesiafail.
and inflammation
In impactionof the ojnasum
of the
associated,
largedoses
ahomasvm, conditions frequently

THERAPEUTICS

494

VETERINARY

of linseed

oil,combined

forms
of

the

reliable treatment,

most

exhibition

the

as

tends

to

condition.
existing

indired water, linseed oil is cated,

if the saline purgative
usuallyadministered at the

In

hcemo-albuminura

Linseed

or

of the affection fails to

commencement

oil is also

convenient

It is also

useful

as

ministrat
ad-

for the

menstruum

oil of

agent as

tine
turpen-

demulcent

of irritant poisoning.

cases

In

oil.

croton

or

the bov?els.

move

substances,such

of irritant

in

glycerine,

but
gives relief,

strong purgativesseldom

increase the

and

belladonna

with

dogs,linseed

Linseed

oil is

apt to

oil is administered

cause

to horses in

of one
nutrient,in amounts
digestible
take it with avidity,
others
some

useful in

where

cases

the bowels

and

nausea

or

bran-mash

as

wineglassfuls
;

two

refuse it.
are

vomiting.

inclined

It is very
to be

stipated,
con-

condition. In
unthrifty
of broken wind it is prescribed
with limewater,and
cases
is useful as a palliative
remedy.
ments
Externallylinseed oil forms an effectual basis for liniMixed
for mange
in horses.
with equalparts of
limewater
it forms carron
oil,which is a valuable application
and

the animal

to burns

is in

and scalds.
Cascara

The

an

Sagrada.

dried bark of Ehamnus

purshiana.

Preparations.
Extractum

Dose.

Cascarse Sagradae

Dogs, grs. ii.to

"

Extractum

Dose.

Dogs, 3ss.

"

Actions
acts

as

Cascarse

and

Uses.

tonic and

grs.

"

Alcoholic and

x.

Sagradae LioLuidum
to

"

aqueous.

"

1 in 1.

gii.
Cascara

stomachic.

sagrada in small
In largedoses it

doses
is

an

SYRVP

OF

and
aperient,

if

useful in chronic
a

BUCKTHORN"

given to dogs is
freely
in dogs,and
constipation

singlefull dose, or

minims

three times

Syrupus

TARAXACUM

in divided

doses

496

cathartic.

It is

may be givenin
of ten to tvrenty

day.

Rhamni

"

Syeup

Buckthoen.

op

Preparedfrom the recently

expressedjuiceof
buckthorn.
common
catharticus,
Dose.
Dogs, "i.to gii.

Rhamnus

"

Actions

Syrup of buckthorn acts as a mild

cathartic to dogs,and is employed as an adjuvantto purgative
mixtures.
It is also used to disguisethe taste of
bitter or nauseous
drugsin mixtures.
and

Uses.

"

Taraxacum.

Obtained from the root of Taraxacum

root ; is

and
simplehitter,

lion
dandeof"cinale,

mild

laxative in the
of dogs. At one
time it was
believed to act as a
case
but accordingto Dr. Eutherford,it is a very
cholagogue,
feeble stimulant of the liver.
of the
It may be givento dogs in doses of ni_xv.to 3ii.
a

liquidextract.
Euonymin.
Obtained

from

the

root

bark

of

Buonymus atropur-

pureus.
Actions

and

Uses.

"

Euonymin

is

a
stimulant,
hepatic

and a mild cathartic. It has been administered

cholagogue,
to the dog in doses of grs. ii. to grs. iv. of
of hepaticderangements and
the dry extract in cases
to be a useful agent.
and seems
likely
jaundice,
to ITLxl.
The dose of the tinctura euonymi is from TTl_x.
direct

for similar

cases.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

496

XV.

.CHAPTBE

Male

Filix Mas"

Fben.

bases of the petioles,

rhizome, with the persistent

The
of

Continued.

'K.VSG^'DOM."

VEGETABLE

THE

Aspidium filixmas.

Preparation.
Filicis Lic[uiduni

Extractum

Oil of Male

'

"

Fern.'

to
Horses
and cattle,3ii-to Svi.; dogs,Tf\^x.
in milk or in emulsion.
Tll_xxx. Administered
Doses.

"

Actions

and

Uses.

fern is

Male

"

an

active

anthelmintic,

destructive to the tapeworm.

being especially
In large doses it acts as an
and may cause
irritant,
in dogs. It may be givento the horse in
gastro-enteritis
combination

with

half

linseed oil.

For the

dog

of ol. terebinthinse in

dose

be combined

it may

with

raw

areca-

nut, and given dissolved in milk.

It is of

advantageto

administer

in order to assist in the removal

neutral

of

purgativeafterwards
the parasites.

Saktonin.

Santoninum"
A

obtained
crystalline
principle

unexpanded

flower-heads

of

from the dried

Artemisia maritima, worm-

seed.
Doses.
givenwith
"

Actions

Horses,
an

333. to

si.; dogs, grs. ii. to grs.

v.

oleaginouspurgative.

and Uses.

"

Santonin

is

an

effectual

vermicide,

destructive to round and

particularly
having littleeffect on the tapeworm.

thread worms,
It is absorbed

into

the

in full doses

may

blood

as

sodium

santonate, and

but

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

498

XVI.

CHAPTER

Tannicum"

Acidum

Co"teHierf.

KINGDOM"

VEGETABLE

THE

Tannic

Acid, Tannin.

galls. Galls are excrescences

on
Quercus lusitanica,a shrubby speciesof oak, caused
tincby the punctureand depositof ova of Cynipsgallse
An

acid extracted

from

toria.
; dogs,grs. ii.to grs. x.
Horses, 3ss. to 5ii.
Gelatine, mineral acids,alkalies,
perIncompatibles.

Doses.

"

"

salts of iron.

Pre2oaration.
Glycerinum Acidi Tannici"
Callicuni

Acidum

1 to

"

4, with the aid of heat.

Gallic

Acid.

Prepared by boiling1 part of powdered gallswith

ing
acid for half an hour, strainparts of dilute sulphuric
and purifying.
Doses.

Same

"

as

those of tannic acid.

Spiritof nitrous ether,metallic salts,

Iiicompatibles.
of iron.
includingpersalts
to which oak bark, galls,
Tannic acid is the glucoside
their proowe
logwood,and many vegetableastringents
perties.
"

gallicacids differ only in the

degree of their action,but gallicacid has no astringent
solutions of gelatine,and
taste, does not precipitate
hence possesses no local astringent
tion
properties.The acof tannic acid and of the many
substances containing
it depends chieflyupon
its property of precipitating
albumin and gelatine.
Actions.

"

Tannic

and

TANNIC

AND

the broken

Appliedto

it condenses

GALLIC
skin

or

the albuminous

ACIDS

to

499

exposed mucous

and connective

faces,
sur-

tissues,

the fluids,
reduces the sensibility
of the nerves,
coagulates
and compresses the vessels by constringing
the connective
thus diminishing
the circulation through them.
tissues,
It also coagulates
blood if appliedin a concentrated
form.
Tannic
acid thus acts as a powerful indirect styptic
It does not cause
and constringent.
active contraction
of the vessels like lead and other
and

by

then

more

In
and

indirect

an

agents,but dilates them,

constringentinfluence

this effect is

than neutralized.

the mouth

tannic acid

the
throat,with thirst,

drynessof the tongue

parts beingconstringedand

causes

anaesthetized.
partially
tannic acid

In the stomach
the
"

the
stringes
and
In

of the

albumins

membrane, reduces the circulation,

mucous

diminishes

the pepsinand
precipitates
gastricjuice,in full doses it con-

the secretion.

the intestines the

hence

it,in

its
cases

effect of tannin is continued,

astringent
taining
employment,or that of substances conof

diarrhoea,etc.

its passage alongthe alimentary

canal
of the tannin is converted into gallic
acid,which

During

remainder

portion
enters

being excreted in the faeces.

enters the blood as gallic
Tannin
acid,but we have no
effect on
definite knowledgeas to any further astringent
the blood.
If
the vessels or coagulatinginfluence on
into the veins tannic acid causes
directly
injected
clotting
and embolism, followed by death.
action on the tissues is believed to depend
The specific
on
acid,the effects beingastringent
and
gallic
altogether
styptic.
excreted chiefly
and gallicacids are
Tannic
as
the
acid, in the urine,which it
latter,partlyas pyrogallic
the

blood,

the

500

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

authorities believe that these

Some

in colour.

darkens

of
the power
but this action is doubtful.

agents have
Medicinal

Uses.

"

renal haemorrhage,
arresting

In relaxed conditions of the

pharynx

in the form of
throat,tannic acid is appliedlocally
glycerinumacidi tannici,and givesfavourable results.
In hamorrhage from the stomach, full doses of the acid

and

direct

styptics.
tannin or its compounds are
In diarrJicea,
dysentery,
such as
the latter beingpreferred,
prescribed,
frequently
act

as

catechu

or

kino,and may

be combined

with antacids and

opium.
antimony and alkaloids,such as
etc.,tannic acid is employed,as it
morphine,strychnine,
insoluble compounds, a purgative
forms
being afterwards
given,and an emetic in the case of dogs.
and
with glycerine
Externally tannic acid, combined
in the weeping stagesof eczema.
water, is recommended
It is also employed as an application
to ulcerated surfaces,
it condenses
the superficial
as
layer of cells,
and is believed to possess a
coagulatesthe discharge,
As

an

antidote

to

disinfectant action besides.

Gallic

acid,in the form

opio,is employedin

of the

the treatment

cum
unguentum gallse

of haemorrhoids.

Pyrogallic Acid.
A

or tannic acid by carefully

body obtained from gallic
for oxygen, and
heating; possesses a powerful affinity
and disinfectant
thus acts as an antiseptic
in 1 to 2| per

It also acts as
solutions.
caustic
and
local
a
been
stimulant.
It has
recommended
in cases
of
in
and
also
the
removal
of
psoriasis,
malignantgrowths.

cent,

In toxic doses it causes

vomiting,purging,and general
nervous
depressionin dogs,and possesses a destructive
influence on the red corpuscles
of the blood,which becomes
of a brownish appearance
and readilycoagulates.

CATECHU"

KINO"

Catechu
An

"

LOGWOOD

Catechu.

of the leaves and

extract

501

young

shoots of Uncaria

gambier.
Doses.

3ii.to 3vi.; sheep

Horses, 3i. to 3iii.
; cattle,
pigs,gss. to gi.; dogs,grs. v. to grs. xx.

and

"

Incompatibles.The

alkalies,metallic salts,and

"

Actions

and

its actions.

Uses.

Catechu

"

resembles

tannic

tine.
gela-

acid in

It is

employed as an astringentin cases of

persistentdiarrhma and dysenteryin all patients,and
be combined
with opium, chalk, and ginger,
and
may
tered
repeated at intervals if necessary, it is best adminisin well-boiled flour gruel.
Kino
A

"

Kino.

juiceobtained from
resembles
supium ; closely

the trunk of Pterocarpusmarcatechu in its actions,and may

for similar purposes,
and
in the same

be employed
doses.
In the form

opium, 1
diarrhoea
grs.

V.

of the

pulviskino compositus Kino,

"

cinnamon, 4

it is

"

dogs, and

in

to grs.

may

useful agent for obstinate

be prescribedin doses of

xx.

Haematoxyli
The

15 ;

Lignum"

sliced heart-wood

of

Logwood.

Haematoxylon campechianum.

Preparation.
Decoctum

Doses.

"

HsBmatoxyli

"

1 in 20 with

of cinnamon.

to gx. ; cattle,
Horses, gviii.
"x. to "xv. ; dogs,

gss. to gi.ss.
gent
Haematoxylon possesses the astrinbe employed in the
action of tannic acid,and may
It forms a most effectual astringent
class of cases.
of obstinate diarrhea
in cattle,often
cases
some

Actions

same

in

and

Uses.

"

used
'

red

water

remarkable

as
'

an

to its

success

Hamamelidis
dried

The
hazel.

virginica.

cattle,
"ss.to

Hamamelidis

Extractum

Doses."

1 in 10 of

and

Horses

"

and

Horses

witch

Folia.

of Hamamelis
Preiparations
Doses.

attributing

the
virginica,

of Hamamelis

Hamamelidis"

treatment

Baek.

Hamamelis

dried leaves of Hamamelis

Tinctura

quently
It is fre-

employment.

Hamamelidis
The

the

stock-owners

Cortex"

bark

in

empiricalremedy
cattle,some

in

failed.

agents have

other

succeedingwhen
of

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

502

Bark.

proofspirit.
to 3igii.
; dogs,lT|_v.
Hazeline

Liquidum"

cattle,3ss.

"

1 in 1.

;^ii.
; dogs, TTl_v.

to

to nix.
Actions

and

Uses.

HamameUs

"

is astringent and

locallyand remotely. It is prescribed

of passivehaemorrhage,such as episin cases
internally
It is also recommended
taxis, haemoptysis,hasmatemesis.
of diarrhoea, dysentery,etc.,
in the treatment
and in diseases dependent upon
an
unhealthy condition
of the vagina,intestinal canal,
of the mucous
membrane
bladder, and urethra ; but clinical experiencewith the
these claims.
drug has not yet been sufficient to justify
it forms a useful non-irritating
styptic.
Externally,
hcemostatic both

Ipecacuanlia
dried

The
from

J to 1
principle.
Doses.
As

an

"

root
per

of

"

Ipecacuanha.

cent,

of emetene, which

Horses, gi.to 5i.ss.

; dogs,gr.
emetic for

Contains
is its active

Cephaelisipecacuanha.

dogs,grs.

x.

to grs.

ss.

xxx.

to grs. ii.

IPECACUANHA

503

Preparations.
Pulvis

Ipecacuanhse

'

Dover's Powder
1 ; sulphate of potassium, 8"

Compositus

'

"

"

ipecacuanha,1 ; opium,
(linlO).
Doses.
Horses,3i. to 3iii.; dogs,grs. v.
"

Vinum

to grs.

xv.

An acetic extract,dried,
powdered,
dissolved in sherry,and filtered (1 in 20).

Ipecacuanhse

Dose.

Dogs, as

"

"

expectorant,ITLv.to IT^xxx. As

an

an

emetic,3iii.to 3vi.
Actions

and

Uses.

irritant to the skin

Externally,
ipecacuanhaacts
and exposed mucous
membranes.
"

as

an

in small doses it is
Internally.In the stomach
gastricstimulant,increasinglocal circulation and secretion.
"

the

In
acts
as

as

dog,ipecacuanha in doses of 16 to 30 grains

emetic,both by its local effect on the stomach
by its action on the vomiting centre in the

an

well

as

medulla

; it is thus

and
effects,
it may
In

both

the intestines

In

act

an

of

cases

direct and

an

ipecacuanhaalso

increases
as

the

flow of

indirect emetic.

stimulating

exerts

mucus

; in

largedoses

irritant.

dysenteryit has

inflammatory action

the power

of

in the

the
arresting
checking the

and
intestine,
evacuations,and for such

liquidand blood-stained
poses
puris givenin largedoses frequently
repeated.
branes,
memIpecacuanhais excreted by the various mucous
includingthose of the bronchi,the stomach, the
intestines,also by the liver. On the bronchi it causes
increased secretion and stimulates the nerves, thus acting
as

an

expectorant. It has

remote

action

on

the

liver,

cholagogue.We do not observe any

effect in our
patientsfrom the employment
diaphoretic
such as is described as occurringin man.
of ipecacuanha,
and acts

The

as

direct

chief pm-pose

for which

ipecacuanhais

used

in

504

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINAUY

in the dry stages

practiceis as an expectorant,
veterinary
with liq.
in combination
of bronchitis. It is prescribed
and is believed to
ammon.
acet.,and frequently
repeated,

promote secretion of bronchial

mucus.

It may
Dover's

employed with benefit in the form of

and this preparationhas been recommended
dysenteryin all patients.
'

Buchu

The

dried

Folia

leaves

Buchu

"

of

also be

Powder,'

in

cases

of

Leaves.

betulina

Barosma

and

other

species.
Preparations.
1 in 20.

Infusum

Buchu

Doses.

to "x. ; dogs,|i.to giL

Horses, gviii.

"

Tinctura

Doses.

"

Actions

and

exerts

"

1 in 8 of

proofspirit.
to Siii5iiJ ^ogs,3i.to Jii.
Buchu

and

"

Uses.

"

Buchu

is

astringenteffects on

mild

the

tonic and
bladder

diuretic,

and

urino-

membrane.
Its chief use is in cases
of
genitalmucous
irritation of the bladder and urethra,also in cystitis,
and
in inflammatory affections of the pelvisof the kidney.
and promotes healing
It relieves pain,reduces irritability,
and cessation of the muco-purulentdischarge. It may
with hyoscyamus and bicarbonate of potasbe combined
sium,
with linseed-tea or barley-water.
or mixed

Pareira, TJva

Ursi, and

agents possessingsimilar

OoUinsonia

actions

and

uses

Canadensis
to buchu.

are

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

506

Quinina Hydrochloras

Hydeochloeatb

"

Quinine.

of

to sulphateof quinine,
Prepared in a similar manner
acid being substituted for sulphuric. This
hydrochloric
soluble than the sulphate.
salt is more

Preparation.
Quininae 1 grainin 1 fluid drachm

Tinctura

of orange.
Doses
"

Horses, "i.to |ii.

; dogs,Jss. to jii.

ACTIONS

and

of cinchona

uses

QUININE.

AND

CINCHONA

OF

actions

The

of tincture

"

resemble

so
quinine,
importantactive principle,
describe them together.

their most
shall

those

(1) IMMEDIATE

LOCAL

that

of
we

ACTION.

and
Externallyquinineand its salts possess antiseptic
and are capableof arresting
some
properties,
disinfectant
and decomposition.
forms of fermentation
Internally.In the mouth, stomach, and intestines,
to
quinineacts as a powerful bitter,in a similar manner
that described under calumba
(p.452). The stomachic
"

effect is obtained

from

effect
specific

to be

the

In

doses

small

stimulates

the

it

heart

small

doses,and

is distinct from

presentlydescribed.
improves appetite and
and

circulation,and

digestion,

its continued

producesgeneraltonic effects.In largedoses quinine

tends to interfere with digestion.
In the stomach
quinineand its salts are converted into
which
is soluble and diffusible,
and readily
the chloride,
use

enters

the blood.

(2) ACTION
Quinine is found

in

administration, and
therein when

IN

givenin

the

exerts

THE

blood

BLOOD.

very shortlyafter its

several important effects

fulldoses.

507

QUININE
1. It

so

enlargementof

causes

the

individual

2. It binds the oxygen more

firmlyto the
that oxygenationis less active.
3. It diminishes

the

be

and
number, contractility,

that
4.

"

drawn
freshly

theformation

in blood removed

5. It reduces

guaiacum
The

ments
move-

diapedesis.

the vessels it is

tained
ascer-

Quinineretards

occurs

from

puscles.
cor-

heemoglobin,

of the vfhite corpuscles,

and thus checks
If blood

red

and

of

acid,which naturally

the vessels.

from

the

ozonizingpower
turpentine.

total effects producedon

of

the blood

blood, e.g.,
are

on

(a) Interferencewith oxygenation by lesseningthe

to oxiof oxygen givenup by the red corpuscles
amount
dizable bodies.

(b)Interference

with

the functions

(3) SPECIFIC

febrile conditions

effect of full doses

maximum

hours, so that if
to administer

with

smaller

of time
We

not

is

without
for

of the

decomposition,
long period,
The

system.

produced

in about

five

effect is desired,it is necessary

specific
largedose, and to follow it up
single

doses,as small

do not
do

the

puscles.
cor-

ACTION.

Quinine quicklyenters the tissues

but is not completelyexcreted
in
especially

of the white

amounts

givenover

length

accumulate.
sufficiently
observe

the

nervous

phenomena
by a full

in

our

dose of
patientswhich are produced in man
effects,however,
quinine. Certain importantspecific
shall briefly
refer :
occur, to which we
perature
1. Quinine in the healthysubjectlowers the body temdition
only very moderately,but in a high febrile conthe loweringof temperatureis very marked.

508

2.

tions,
of nitrogenousexcre-

Quinine reduces the amount

and uric acid.
the urea
i.e.,

The

acid is also believed to be

of carbonic

amount

in febrile cases.

in amount, both in health and

reduced
3.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Quinine, therefore,reduces the metaholism

of the

strated
have demondegree,and experiments
cellular
that it possesses some
influence over living
porate
protoplasm,which renders the latter less liable to incorresistant of metabolic change.
oxygen, and more

body in

It

marked

conclude

is rational, then, to

quininein

the

system

of

the oxidation

with

also interferes with

the

effect of

metabolism

fering
by interprotoplasm generally
; it

check

is to

that

oxygenationand

with the associated

action of ferments.
In

febrile

quinineis

the fall of

cases

due to diminished

temperature produced by

productionof heat, and

not

producedthrough
the tissues,and not through the heat-regulating
centre.
It is probablethat the fermentative processes produced
of fevers,
by certain organisms,which may be the cause
controlled by quinine,
this being another factor in its
are
of reducingabnormal
temperature.
power
In small doses quinineaccelerates the heart and raises
but in full doses it diminishes the force
blood-pressure,
and frequencyof systole,
and lowers
strengthensdiastole,
direct action
a
blood-pressure
; these effects depend on
the cardiac gangliaand muscle, also on the vesselon
to increased

loss of heat.

walls and vaso-motor

In

dogs,toxic

This effect is

centre.

doses

cause

death

by respiratoryand

cardiac failure.

(4)EBMOTE

LOCAL

ACTION.

excreted in the urine as the amorQuinine is chiefly

phous
and acts as a slight
diuretic. It is also
alkaloid,

QUININE
believed to be removed

Medicinal Uses.

by

As

"

the

509

skin,and

to diminish

spiration.
per-

hitterstomachic aiid tonic,

quinine

is

in cases
in
of atonic indigestion
prescribedextensively
horses,and is of great benefit given in doses of 20 to
30 grains,combined
with
small
of dilute
amounts

acid
hydrochloric
In

and tincture of

convalescence

nux

vomica.

from

diseases,quinineis
debilitating
combined
with a non-irritating
preparationof iron,such
the liq.ferri dialysatus,
the combination
as
improving
and actingas a generaltonic to the system.
appetite,
In canine distemper
it is a very valuable agent,and
in small doses,frequently
should be prescribed
repeated,
its effect on micro-organisms
probablyaccountingfor its
beneficial action in this affection.
As

it is
antipyretic

an

which

we

possess.

and
the
dose

acute

In

hours

of two

an

of

cases

rheumatism,

temperature ranges
of half

of the most

one

agents

influenza,acute

pneumonia,
quinineis invaluable when

high.
at

ounce

useful

It should

be

and followed
first,

with doses of two

givenin

at intervals

drachms, until

the temperature

falls.
If much

administer

be present, it
debility
stimulants

at the

is of

advantage to

time, so

same

as

to

come
over-

effects which might be produced by

depressing
drug. "When the temperature is reduced, quinine
any

the

may be continued in small doses with benefit.

believe that,in addition to its power
In such cases
we
of reducing excessive temperature,quinineproduces

valuable results
and

by

by

its influence

It has been

its action

1877).

an

internal

antiseptic,

micro-organisms.
employed with success by Veterinary
Captain
on

Burke, A.V.D., in
horses
affecting

as

cases

of malarial and other fevers

and cattle in India

[Veterinariaji,
October,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

510

and

Cinchonine
be

may

alkaloids and

other

substitutes

employed as

beingsimilar.
Cinchonine is J to J

chona
productsof cintheir
for quinine,

actions

powerfulas quinine.
Cinchona
bark contains only a small percentage of
It
and hence is a bulky agent to administer.
alkaloids,
in
contains
a
quantityof tannin,and may be prescribed
the

bowels, as

In

iron

with

combination

canine

tincture may

as

in

of relaxed conditions of

cases

and

hitter stomachic

practicefor
be

tonic astringent.

similar purposes

the

compound

employed.

Acidum

Salicylic

Salicylicum"

Prepared by passing carbonic

acid into

Acid.
a

mixture

of

carbolic acid and

caustic soda at a high temperature,and

of sodium with an acid and
decomposing the salicylate
subsequent purification.Or prepared naturallyfrom
such as
the oils of winter-green,
natural salicylates,
sweet
birch, etc.
Salicylicacid is very insoluble in
acetate.
water, readilyin alcohol and in ammonium

Incom;patihles.
Spiritof
"

Doses.

"

and

Horses

dogs,grs. iii.to

grs.

nitrous

ether,iron salts.

3ii.to 3iv. ; sheep,3ss. to 3i.;

cattle,

xv.

Preparation.
Sodii

of Sodium.
Salicylas Salicylate
"

Prepared by

the

action

of

of sodium or on caustic soda.

but slightly
in alcohol.
Doses.

"

Horses

dogs,grs. X.

and

to grs.

acid
salicylic

on

Eeadilysoluble

carbonate
in water,

3ii.to ^i.
cattle,
3ss.
; sheep,

to 3i.;

xxx.

Salicin.
obtained from the bark of Salix
A glucoside
of Salix and of Populus.
other species
Doses.

"

Horses,3i. to

3iii.;

dogs,grs.

alba,and

iii.to grs.

xv.

SALICYLIC

ACTIONS

SALICYLIC

OF

OF

511

ACID

ACID

AND

SALICYLATE

SODIUM.

(1) IMMEDIATE

LOCAL

ACTION.

acid is an
and diswiantiseptic
Externally,
salicylic
inferior to carbolic acid, 1 part in 60
fectant,scarcely
destroyingdevelopedbacteria. It also stimulates the
local circulation.
of
Salicylate

sodium

has

unless combined
power
the salicylic
acid.

Internally.In
"

moderate

canine

with

the stomach

mineral

acid to liberate

acid,unless
salicylic

dose, well diluted,acts

as

local

vomitingin the dog.

sodium salt is far less irritant,
and
practice.

in

irritant,

and

causingnausea
The

or disinfectant
antiseptic

no

(2)ACTION

IN

THE

is

in
preferred

BLOOD.

acid is rapidlyabsorbed, and exists in the

Salicylic
It is believed that the
blood as the salicylate
of sodium.
acid is again liberated,but positiveevidence on
this
point,and also on the changeswhich the drug undergoes
in the blood,is wanting.

The

action of

tissues is
latter.

(3) SPECIFIC
acid
salicylic

as
identical,

Full doses

cause

ACTION.

and

the former
in

its sodium

is converted

dogs nausea

respiration,
depressionof

disturbed

salt on

and
the

the

into the

vomiting,

heart

after

relaxation of the vessels,

and lowering
primary excitation,
of blood-pressure.Accordingto Dr. Eutherford,
of sodium is a powerful liver stimulant,but a
salicylate
stimulant of the intestinal glands. Moderate
very slight

doses act

as

cardiac

and increase the

stimulants,

cutaneous

512

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

circulation ; the

temperature may

waste
althoughnitrogenous

be

lowered,
slightly

is said to be increased.

largedoses of salicylic
acid to a remarkable
extent,the only symptoms recorded
beingslight
dyspepsiadue to irritation of the alimentary
withstand

Horses

the effects of

membrane.

mucous

and toxic doses of 75 grains,

susceptible,
administered
are
reportedto have pro
hypodermically,
of hind-quarters,
duced
dyspnoea,vomiting, weakness
and convulsions followed by fatal paralysis.
The most
is the power
importantaction of salicylates
which they possess of reducinghightemperaturein febrile
This effect is believed to depend on
in-'
cases.
some

Dogs

are

more

fluence which

cause
they exert on the pathological
pyrexia,probablyby acting on micro-organismsin

not

manner

of
a

yet understood.

LOCAL
ACTION.
(4)EEMOTB
acid is slowly excreted in the urine,sweat,
Salicylic
secretions generally,
cylates
bile,and mucous
chieflyas saliacid.
or the free acid, partlyas salicyluric
the kidneys and
On
urinary passages, it acts as a
and increases the acidityof
stimulant and disinfectant,
the urine.
In largedoses it may irritatethe kidneys,so
as

to

albuminuria,and

cause

even

hematuria.

In

with excessive
febrileconditions,
of sodium is recommended,
high temperature,salicylate
of influenza,pneumonia, etc. It is
such as in cases
stated to be more
less
rapid in its actions than quinine,
in its effects,
and more
tion
lasting
depressantto the circulaexperiencequinine gives far more
; but in our
Medicinal

Uses.

"

reliable results.
In acute

sodium

is

the salicylate
of
rheumatism, in all patients,

regardedby many

in
as a specific
practitioners

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

514

iodoform

advantageswhich

the

followingare

over

(1)It
(2) It
(3) It
(4)It

strength.
greaterantiseptic

has

and
properties

is free from toxic

marked

has

can

be

finelypowdered,and

employed with

odour.

from

desiccative action.

hygroscopic,

is not

It has

fineness and consistence.

and retains its extreme

been

it possesses

of affections

in the treatment

success

accompaniedwith
fermentation, haemorrhagicdiarrhcea,loss of appetite,
emaciation, and generaldebility.
and

of the stomach

In

one

of chronic

case

intestines in

intestines

dog, with

frequent stools

mixed

catarrh

ceased, and
soon

was

was

administered

daily,togetherwith

In

this

had been

of bismuth

in

large

milk diet.

cylate
opiatesand subsaliwithout
prescribed
previously
case

any success.
As an
antiseptic
dressingfor wounds

excellent

but

the

diarrhoea entirely
day the haemorrhagic
the appetite
solid
returned,so that more
given,and in five weeks the animal had

recovered.
perfectly

wound

and

second

the

food

and

historyof emaciation
with
blood, reported at

doses ; at first 2 drachms

On

stomach

clinic,thioform

Wiesbaden

of the

agent ; it

beneath

does not

which

form

thioform

hard

the secretions

is

coveringon
apt

are

producesa suppleprotectivelayerwhich

an

the

collect,

to

absorbs the

allows it to pass away ; it has also a

non-irritant desiccative action on wounds
and ulcers,
and

wound

serum

compared

and

with

iodoform

quaUties.Professor
layerof

thioform

on

it far surpasses
Hoffman recommends

the

it in

healing

to dust

cleansed
wound, previously

thin
and

dried.
In wounds

and

of the eyes
thioformkeratitis,

and
acts

also
eyelids,
as

an

in

conjunctivitis

excellent

antiseptic

OLIVE

dressing.It
have

be

can

appliedby

seen

best

515

of

means

results from

and
diffuser,

employment in
such
The
cases.
powder is extremely fine,does not
and tends to promote rapid healing. The only
irritate,
in
drawback
to the general employment of thioform
practiceis its highpriceat present.
veterinary
we

the

OIL

CHAPTBE
THE

XVIII.

VEGETABLE

KINGDOM"

Oleum
The

Olivae

from
oil expressed
and

Actions

Uses.

its

"

the

Coreiinwed

Olive

Oil.

ripefruit of

Olea

Europea.

Olive oil is laxative and emollient.

"

of irritant poisoning
in cases
given internally
; it
antagonizesthe action of alkalies by forming soaps, and
It forms a
retards solution and absorptionof arsenic.

It is

useful laxative

for intestinal obstruction

enema

dog.
Externallyolive

oil is

into

Made

for liniments.

extensively
employed as
an

emulsion

with

in the

basis

carbonate

of

potash and water, it forms an excellent applicationfor

softeningthe scales on parts which have been fired or
blistered.

Sapo Durus
olive oil and

"

olive oil and

"

Soap,Potassium

Soft

with

Oleate. Made

with

Preparation.
Saponis
Soap Liniment
Sapo durus,16
3 ; spirit,
128 ; water, 32.
oil of rosemary,
"

camphor, 8 ;

"

Soaps are in familiar use for the

cleansingthe skin,etc.,and for removingthe

and

of

Made

potash.

Linimentum

purposes

Oleate.

soda.

Sapo Mollis

Actions

Soap, Sodium

Hard

Uses.

"

516

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

scales in chronic skin diseases.

additions to laxative

also form

able
service-

enemas.

cation,
soap liniment is employed as a stimulatingappliand also as a basis for other liniments.

The

Clycerinum
A

They

sweet

Glycbeinb.

"

obtained by reaction of fats and fixed

principle
and containinga small percentfluids,
age
aqueous

oils with
of water.

Externally glycerineis slightly

and diluted it is demulcent and
antiseptic,

and

Actions

Uses.

and

stimulant

"

emollient.
It is

largelyused
effect is

desiccant

as

of lotions where

constituent

in addition
desirable,

to

an

emollient

action.

Glycerine possesses

marked

powers

as

solvent

for

alkalies,alkaloids,and their salts. It is readily

absorbed
by the unbroken skin,and will carry into the
system alkaloids or other active substances ; thus, when
and
combined
with belladonna
appliedto the skin,the

fixed

atropinewill become absorbed.

In pharmacy glycerineis combined
such

as

carbolic

substances

acid,tannic acid,boric acid,etc.,forming

excellent vehicle for these

an

with

It is sometimes

agents.

prescribedin

mixtures

containingiron,

disguisethe taste of the latter.

As an astringent,
emollient application
for eases
of micd
fever,cracked heels,and grease in horses, equal parts of
and liquorplumbi diacet. are combined.
glycerine
As a laxative enema
mended,
glycerinehas been highlyrecomto

in

amounts

horses,either
For

dogs half

The

method

wound

pure
a

or

drachm

of half

an

diluted with
to

drachm

ounce

to

one-third
may

an

for

ounce

part of

water.

be administered.

adopted is to injectthe agent with

syringehaving a bulbous extremity.

mon
com-

TREA

TEA

CLE"

GA

CA NTH"

GUM

A CA CIA

517

Accordingto Joly{La Presse VMrinaire, March, 1888),

causes
glycerine
hypersemiaand irritation of the mucous
and muscular
membrane
coat of the rectum, and rapidly
excites defsecation.
have

We

these

observed

not

horse, after the

of

use

effects to

enemata.
glycerine

often
however, glycerine

occur

In

in the

the

beneficial effect in

exerts

dog,
cases

of intestinal obstruction.
In

the

form

glycerineis
suppositories

of

useful in similar

cases.

Tebaclb

Theriaca"
The

residue
uncrystallized

Actions

and

also very

Uses.

of the

of
refining

sugar.

and
is demulcent,nutritive,

Treacle

"

with saHne purgatives

It is combined
laxative.
slightly
and
for cattle,
nausea,
increasingtheir action,preventing
the bitter taste,and may be givenin doses of
disguising
venient
one
pound. Treacle is employed in pharmacy as a conetc.
for ball masses,
excipient

Tragacantha
A

exudation

gummy

Teagacanth.

"

obtained

the stem

from

of Astragalus

gummifer.
Preparation.
Mucilage Tragacanthse
"

of rectified

1 in 80

of water, with the aid

spirit.
Cummi

Acaciae

"

the

from

exudation
A gummy
Acacia Senegal.

Gum

Acacia.
stem

and

branches

of

Preparation.
Mucilage Acaciae
Actions
are

and

demulcents.

Gum,

"

Uses.

"

Both

They

are

4 ;

water, 6.

tragacanthand
used as
chiefly

acacia
gum
vehicles for

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

518

heavy powders, such

emulsions
such

hydrate,in

form

of

throat.

and

the mouth

Clycyrrhizae Radix
The

in the

effects of certain drugs,

prevent the irritating

to

chloral

as

; also

bismuth

as

Eoot.

Liquoeicb

"

Glycyrrhizaglabra.

root, fresh and dried,of

Preparation.

Actions

Aqueous.

Glycyrrhizse

Extractum

"

and

Uses.

Liquoriceis

"

the flow of saliva and

the

molar

It is

teeth.

the

demulcent, and

when

mucus

used
chiefly

is believed

electuaries,and

creases
in-

placedbetween

basis for paring

preto allayirritation of
as

respiratory
passages.
Lini

The

dried

Semina

ripeseeds

Linseed.

"

usitatissimum, flax.

of Linum

Preparation.
Farini

Lini

Linseed

"

Meal

reduced

linseed

"

to

powder.
Actions

and

Uses.

employed in
and

moisture
and

to

sively
Externallylinseed meal is extento convey heat
the form of poultices
"

parts, and thus affect the

nutrition

nerves,

tion,
circula-

generally.

in the form of linseed tea (made with about

Internally,
one
part of steeped seeds to fifteen or twenty parts of
it forms a useful
boilingwater, and infused for two hours),

demulcent
of the

drink

for horses and

throat,ahmentary canal, kidneysand bladder,

and is believed to have

and
In

cattle in irritable conditions

remote

local effect on

the bronchi

urinarypassages.
febrile

it also acts

cases

patientsshould

be

as

valuable

nutrient,and

encouraged to partake of

it ; it may

PEARL

BARLEY"

be also allowed
with

bran

WHEATEN

STARCH

in the form of well-boiled

519

mixed

gruel,or

mashes.

Linseed

and

valuable

linseed cakes

feedingstuffs

are

for cattle

known
familiarly
and sheep,and in

as
stricted
re-

for horses.

amount

Hordeum
The

FLOUR"

dried seed

Decorticatum"

Peael

of Hordeum

distichon

Barley.

divested of its

integuments.
Preparation.
Decoctum

Hordei

Barley

"

Water

"

boiled in 15 of

water.

Actions

and

Uses.

mulcent,
Barleywater is nutritive and deand
is chieflyemployed in eases
of irritable
conditions of the bladder and urinarypassages, the animal
beingallowed to drink it at pleasure.
Farina
The
sifted.
in

cases

"

Tritici

Wheaten

"

Ploue.

grain of wheat (Triticumsativum)ground and

Chieflyused in the form of wheaten flour gruel
of diarrhoea,superpurgation,
etc.
Amylum

Procured
from the
Is used
in the form

"

Staech.

grains of wheat, maize, and

of starch mucilage,in cases

rice.
of

diarrhoea,dysentery,
etc.,beingdemulcent
It is

an

antidote

and emollient.
for excessive doses of iodine.

Externally starch

is

employed in the
surgical
purposes.

also
for

and
protective

form

Althaeae Radix

The

paste

Maesh

It is

to stiffen bandages

Mallow.

root of Althaea officinalis.

Actions
amount

"

of

absorbent.

of

and

Uses.

"

mucilage.

Marsh
When

mallow

contains

with
digested

large
water
boiling
a

the

mucilage is

which
in

THERAPEOTICS

VETERINARY

520

is

or

belladonna

with
with

moderate

applicationin
and painful.

made

from

demulcent

application

ointment,-

of friction,
is an

amount

the udder

the seeds of

about 12 per cent, of

ointment,

an

bined
com-

and appliedto
glycerine,

an

is

the

excellent

greatlyinflamed

Oil.

Chaulmugra
Obtained

into

garget. This

and

where

cases

and

emollient and

valuable

of mammitis

cases

udder

extracted

tains
ConGynocardia odorata.
active principle,
gynocardic

acid.
Actions
in

human

and

Uses.

"

practicein

Chaulmugra
cases

of

and

eczema

It is also recommended

affections.

oil has been

in

the

not able to

chronic

in the treatment

rheumatism, being given internallyas

locally.We
employment

employed

well

as

skin
of

applied

produce any evidence of its

in veterinary
practice. It might prove useful
of obstinate eczema
in dogs in the form of ointcases
ment
containing15 to 25 grains of gynocardic acid to
ounce

are

of vaseline.

VETERINARY

522

THERAPEUTICS

rancid, vaseline is

of its

tendency to become
generallypreferred. The benzoated
by keeping.
consequence

Cetaceum

lard is not

affected

Speemaceti.

"

This is

Obtained
an

whale.
from the head of the sperm
and is also employed in pharmacy.
emollient,
Celatinum

Obtained

employed

animal
from gelatigenous
for coatingballs,
etc.
pills,
Morrhuaa

Oleum

The
Gadus

Gelatine.

"

tissues ; is

God-livee

"

chiefly

Oil.

oil obtained from the fresh liver of the codfish,

morrhua.
Contains 5 per cent, of free fattyacids.

Doses.

to gviii..
Horses, gii.
; cattle,Jv. to ^x. ; dogs,

"

5i.to 5iv.
Cod-liver oil is

nutrient,tonic,and
alterative. It is more
from
easilydigestedthan other oils,
of free acid contained
in it,which facilitates
the amount
Actions

and

Uses.

"

emulsion, and absorption. It increases

saponification,
the richness of the chyle,improves the qualityof the
and is thus a
as
blood,especially
regardsthe corpuscles,
It is a nutritive of the first importance,and
hmmatinic.
is not only oxidized in the tissues,
but spares the metabolism
of the nitrogenouselements.
It may
be prescribedwith benefit in cases
of general
debilityin all animals, and should be given in the
minimum

doses

and
digestion,

at

so
first,

it is of

as

to

avoid

advantageto

with
interfering

combine

an

aromatic

oil.

dogs it is
distemper,and
In

various

cases

very useful

in young

of

nervous

It is contra-indicated

agent,in

animals

not

convalescence

from

also
thriving,

in the

affections.
in

in haemoptysis,
diarrhoea,
and

HONEY"CANTBARWES
in

523

febrile conditions,
also in irritable conditions

of the

Btomach.
In

where

the oil does not agree, it is of advantage

to prescribe
alkaline stomachics
before feeding,
and the
cases

oil afterwards.
Mel

Honey.

"

A saccharine secretion deposited

in the
the hive bee.
Apis mellifica,
Actions

and

Uses.

honeycomb by

Honey increases the secretions of

the mouth
and throat,acts as a demulcent, relieving
in swallowing. Its
dryness,pain,cough, and difficulty
chief use is in the form of garglesin cases
of glossitis,
irritation of the mouth
and throat,stomatitis,
aphtha,
etc.,and
of

for such

"

purposes

it is combined

with chlorate

borax.

potashor

Cantharis

"

Canthaeides.

The

Cantharis vesicatoria,
dried,also termed Spanish
flyor beetle. Collected chieflyin Hungary. Contains
"4 to 1 per cent, of an
active principle,
cantharidin,probably
acetic
soluble in glacial
an
acid,which is volatile,
acid,ether,chloroform,alcohol and oils,and is a powerful
irritant.

Preparations.
Tinctura

Doses.

"

Cantharides

"

Horses, 51. to

1 in 80 of

proofspirit.
5iv.; dogs,^Jv. to iTLx.

1 to 8. (SeeAppendix,p. 546.)
Cantharidis
Unguentum
Should not be heated beyond 200" Fahr. in preparation,
"

as

the active

ACTIONS

is volatile.
principle
AND

USES

(1) IMMEDIATE
Cantharides, appliedto
and

vesicant.

being

much

OP

CANTHAEIDES.

LOCAL

the

ACTION.

skin,acts

Its effects differ from

less

rapid,but

of

as

rubefacient

those of mustard
more

severe

in

degree.

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

524

Appliedin the form of a properlypreparedointment, it

twelve hours, the
three and
generallybetween
causes,
after a variable time
of largevesicles,which
formation
dries
fluid which
burst, and dischargea yellow serous
into scurfycicatrices. If too freelyused, it may
cause
of the deeper layersof the skin,
excessive inflammation
and perhaps sloughing,with injury to- the
suppuration,
hair

permanent blemish as the result. If

largesurface,the cantharidin may become

bulbs,and

appliedto

to be described..
absorbed, and produce effects presently
Internallycantharides, unless freelydiluted,acts as
irritant to the mouth, throat, and stomach, and in
an

toxic doses

gastro-enteritis,
strangury,andhsema-

causes

turia.
Cantharidin

the blood

enters

extensivelyblistered
its way

the

stomach,

flnds

and

which
it is slowly
organs, from
disturbs
and
the heart, respiration,

It

system, causing irritability,

quickened pulse,

nervous

injectedmucous

Cantharidin
in the

membranes.

is

slowlyexcreted by

urine, which
In

genitalorgans.
frequent desire

for

believed

as

sexual
In

from

all the

into

eliminated.

and

and

surfaces too

from

both

to act

conveys

small

doses

the

it to
it

kidneys,appearing

causes

micturition,and

bladder

and

diuresis

and

the

in

some

cases

aphrodisiac i.e.,stimulates

an

"

is

the

appetite.
cantharides

full doses

produces nephritis,with
suppression; the penis

scanty bloody urine, or even

becomes
swollen,frequenterections occur,
the uterus may
become
congested.
Antidotes.

In

"

cases

where

and

cantharidin

in females

has

been

absorbed,and producesirritation of the urinarypassages

and strangury, a few doses of tincture of opium with
bicarbonate

of

soda

should

be

administered

in

muci-

CANTRARIDES

"

and
fluids,
laginous

drink.

to

The

with

525

the animal

blistered

part should

water

warm

allowed

and

cold linseed tea

be washed

dilute

diately
imme-

alkali,and

an

emulsion

composed of.olive oil,carbonate of potash,and

applied.It is a mistake to applyoil alone,as it

water

tends to render the cantharidin

In

soluble.

more

where

of cantharides
applications
produce
excessive swellings
of the limbs,with a tendencyto suppuration
and sloughing
of the skin (andlet it be remembered
that such may
how
matter
carefully
occur, no
and give
lotions,
applied),
applyfomentations,astringent
the pain subsides.
If the
as
gentle exercise as soon
involve the sheath and the under surface of the
swellings
the parts to
abdomen. Professor Williams recommends
be punctured,so as to allow the escape of the contained
cases

fluid.
Medicinal

Uses.

"

Small

doses

of

grainsfor the horse,are sometimes

of nasal gleetin combination
with
other

agents are far safer and

cantharides
Externally,
in the

199).

Where

in
prescribed

mineral

cases

tonics, but

used
extensively

of the ung.

as

cant
vesi-

and
cantharidis,

purposes of
active effects are

as

effectual.

more

for all the

employed
p.

form

is

cantharides,such

be

may
counter-irritant

(see

it is advisable
required

equal parts of the ung. cantharidis with the

ung. hyd. biniodidi. If properlyprepared and carefully
cantharides does not as a rule cause
applied,
any blemish,
it is necessary to heat the
the ointment
and in preparing

to combine

vehicle to about
the usual
or

200"

Fahr.,so

strengthof

the

as

ridin,
to dissolve the cantha-

application
being 1

to 8

1 to 12.
,

It is also necessary to tie the horse's head to the rack

hours, in order
after the blister is appliedfor forty-eight
to

it with
preventhim bitingthe part,or licking

his

lipsor

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

526

tongue, which

would

mouth, etc.
do
Some
practitioners

also blister

blemish, and

cause

the

but

great,and

the teeth is too

precautionsto

the

prevent the blister being carried

toward
un-

injuryfrom
safest plan is to adopt
blistered part is within

tail,the latter should

reach of the

no

the risk of

it. If the

avoid

that

they state

However,

occur.

precautions,

these

observe

loose,and

leave the animal

effects

not

be

to the

tied up

so

to

as

or
sheath,thighs,

gland.
preparationsof cantharides are
stimulate the growth of hair,and hence are
local application
in cases
where the
as a
mammary
Weak

believed

to

recommended
hair-roots

are

weak.
Contra-Indications.
as

"

Cantharides

counter-irritant

affections of the

kidneys,or

should

not

be

ployed
em-

patientssufferingfrom

in

in irritable conditions

genito-urinarypassages. It should
characterized by debility,
and
cases

also be

of the

avoided

in

weakly,exhausted

in

subjects.
be used with
In young animals it must
and in dogs only mild preparations
should
that

takingcare

they do

not

lick the

Counter-irritants of all kinds

a

part

measures

before

is in

alreadyinflamed
should
be adopted to
blister is applied.

Precautions

(1) Not

to be observed

than

two

or

be

employed,

part.

should

an

great caution,

be avoided

when

irritable state,and

reduce

in

this condition

Blistering.

legsshould be blistered at one

time,and three weeks should elapsebefore the others are
and between each application.
blistered,
(2) If the effects of a blister are not sufi"ciently
apparentin about thirtyhours after application,
a little
more

CANTHARIDES.
; but
may be applied
to avoid excessive action.
more

(3)The

527

great discretion is necessary

blistered

part should not be keptin too soft a

condition,and the use of oil,etc.,should be interdicted;
the best

is an emulsion of carbonate of potash,

application
oil and water (seep. 648).
(4)In applyingblisters to parts which have been
has been
fired,discretion is necessary ; and if the firing
severe

the blister should

with fine skins

severe

be mild.

In well-bred

horses

blisters should not be used.

(5)In applying blisters it is important to avoid the

flexuresof joints,such as the posterior
portionof the
knee, the anterior portionof the hock, and the hollow
of the pastern,as fissures may be producedin these parts
which

are

(6)In

difficultto heal.
very

should not be

hot

weather

employed.

extensive and

severe

blisters

APPENDIX

PHARMACY,

VETERINARY
INCLUDING

THE
WITH

ABT

HINTS

OF
ON

PEESCEIBING

EXAMPLES

VBTEEINAEY
Pharmacy

ordered

DISPENSING,

ADMINISTRATION

THE

MEDICINES

ALSO

AND

OF

OF

PBESCEIPTIONS.

PHARMACY.

is the art of making the preparations

indicated or
and
the therapeutist,
includes the dispensing of

by
prescriptions.

be studied
details of pharmacy and
dispensing must
and it is essential that the student should
spend a
practically
,
time
his
in
of
and
dispensingprescriptions, thus
period
proper
and
familiar with the appearance
become
doses of the various
be
able
obtain
to
definite
to
so
as
a
drugs,
knowledge of the
in his memory
as he will find it impossibleto fix them
subject,
from
books
alone.
to
endeavouring
study
by
Veterinarypharmacy in the present day differs in a marked
degree from that of former times. We are not now
compelled
to prepare
our
own
drugs,and are saved the labour and time of
making up tinctures,
etc.,and also boluses,pills,
etc.,as there
reliable
wholesale
chemists
and
take
are
druggistswho now underthis portionof the work, and perform it in a manner,
and
which
could
to
no
oa
terms,
practitioner
accomplish.
manage
For example, boluses,
accordingto any formula required,are
covered
and
with an
now
prepared in an excellent manner,
airtightbut soluble material,thus ensuringrapidityof action,
and facility
of administration.
non-impairment of keeping properties,
We
must
mention
in this respect the duraespecially
balls preparedby Messrs. Wyleys and Co., of Coventry.
plastic
The

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

530

should be dispensedin proper

directions thereon affixed.

and
bottles,

suitable labels with

to
so
as
labels,
Lotions,liniments,etc.,should have special
animals
attendants
on
as
avoid the dangerof mistakes occurring,
careless in this respect.
if sent out,should have cZear directions printed
Physic bails,
box containingthem, with reference to the
the cardboard
on
This is a verypreparationof the horse and after-treatment.
importantmatter when we consider the carelessness or ignorance
are

often very

in this respect; while the veterinarysurgeon

toward
is apt to receive blame if any unw"ho suppliesthe medicine
effects occur.
Blisters should also have labels attached to them containing
in appljingthem.
so as to avoid mistakes
directions,
specific
attention to
should
In dispensing,
the student
pay particular
and also to the doses of the medicinal agents,as it is
accuracy,
facts of importance in
remember
that he can
this
means
only by
of many

grooms

with this subject.

Veterinarymedicines should be dispensedwith similar care
and attention to neatness as those sent out by chemists for the
for the employment,
of human
use
beings. There is no excuse
of dirtybottles,
powders,
carelessly-folded
coverings,
newspaper
and other evidences of slovenly
methods, which we often observe"
minute
with the veterinary pharmacy. The
in connection
to
these
in paying attention
of extra trouble involved
amount
littledetails is amply compensated for by the satisfaction given
in
and neatness
to clients,
of whom
appreciatemethod
many
the preparation
of medicinal agents for their animals as well as
connection

for themselves.
of trouble,
amount
A well-keptpharmacy saves
an
enormous
his
hand
ever
whatthe practitioner
to at once
on
as it enables
lay
to train
it serves
agent he requires. In addition to this,
and business methods,of vital
the student to habits of accuracy
him
in
his
future
We
career.
importanceto
usuallyfind that a
terested
student who
and neat in dispensingis equallyinis accurate
and careful in the other details of routine work.
WEIGHTS

AND

WITH

MEASURES,

the Apothecaries'
Weight was
followingstandard weightswere
adopted
lu

SYMBOLS.

abolished,and

1864

the

Symbol.
1

grain(granum)
ounce
(MBcia) =437
=16
pound (iftriim)

...

1
1

...

'5

grains

ounces

...

gr. i.

...

gi.

...

lb. i.

The
scrupleg, a weight equivalentto 20 grains,was
abolished ; but greatinconvenience
caused for want
of
was

also
some

APPENDIX

denomination
between
termed the drachm was

the

531

grainand

the ounce,

so

that

weight

retained (drachma
symbol 5i.)to signify
60 grains. This,however, does not represent the J part of an
contains
ounce, as in the fluid measures, for the standard ounce

but 437'5

"

grains.
Measures.

Symbol.
1 minim
(minimum)
1 fluid drachm
(drachma)
1 fluid ounce
(uncia)
1

pint(octarius)

\ quart (quartiis)
1 gallon(congiiis)

Relation

op

1 minim

1 fluid drachm
1 fluid

Measures

ounce

-f-^
grainof

A
A
A

water.

=54|- grains
=

,,

ounce

"

pint

=1J pounds

gallon

=10

"

pounds

Domestic
A
A

Weights.

to

"

Measures.

to 1 fluid drachm.
teaspoonfulis equivalent
is
dessertspoonfulequivalentto 2 fluid drachms.
is equivalentto half a fluid ounce.
tablespoonful
is equivalentto IJ to 2 fluid ounces.
wineglassful
tumblerful is equivalentto 10 to 12 fluid ounces.

These
measures, however, are only approximate,and cannot
be relied on when accuracy is required.
of ineasuriugcertain medicines is by the
A popular method
'
this
varies
but
as
accordingto the densityand viscidity
drop,'
it cannot
be relied on, and a graduated measure
of the fluid,
be
should
employed.
glass

Metric

System.

The metrical or decimal system of

officialon the Continent of Europe.
taken
4" C.

as
or

the imit of
39-2" Fahr.

weight,is

1 gramme

=15'4323

cubic

weights and

measures

The
which
gramme,
centimetre
of water

(about 15-|)grains.

=1'543
(aboutIf)grains.
='15 (aboutx%) grain.
"01
1 centigramme =
gramme
"015 (about-j^)
=
1 milligramme= "001 gramme
grain.
is equal to about 28J grammes.
1 ounce
1

decigramme

pound

'1 gramme

is

equalto

about

453f grammes.

is
is
at

532

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

Meastjees.
1 litre

1 decilitre

1 centilitre =
1 millilitre=

PRESCRIBING
The
Part

subject of
I.,p. 31, and

alluded
prescription

pint,15

ounces

and

2 drachms.

and

ounces
230| grains.
154J grains.
about 16 J grains.

PRESCRIPTION-

A.ND

prescribinghas
also the

been

component

WRITING.

already
parts of

noticed
in
the classical

to at p. 46.

here again repeat that a prescription

should contain
We
may
medicinal
that
technical
few
the
as
as
possible,
agents
portion
of it should be written in Latin,and the signatureor directions
for its use or employment should be in English.
The
of drugs must
names
always be written in fall wherever
there
be
the
smallest
chance
of error
occurring. Thus,
may
abbreviations
such as acid, hydroc. dil. should
be avoided
as
it
dilute
acid
as
or
might signify
beingdangerous,
hydrochloric
dilute hydrocyanic acid.
Again, hyd. chlor. might signify
calomel or corrosive sublimate,
mistakes which would
occasion
Such terms should be distinguished
very serious consequences.
acid, hydrochloric
dil. and acid, hydrocyanic
also as hyd.
as
dil.,
and
mhchlorid.
hyd. perchlorid.
; indeed, in the majority of
instances it is far safer to write hyd. suhchlorid. in its vernacular
calomel.
name,
consists of five parts :
A prescription
of a singlesign,R, an abbreviation
consisting
(1) The superscription,
for recipe,
signifying' take.'
or
body of the prescription,
(2) The inscription,
containing
the names
and quantitiesof the drugs ordered.
The names
of
in
the
the drugs or preparations
are
genitivecase, and should
be legiblywritten in the proper Latin idiom.
also written
or directions to the dispenser,
(3) The subscription,
in Latin.
directions for use, headed by the abbreviation
or
(4) The signature,
this are added (5)the name
of the
or signa. After
sig.,
of
the
with
the
and
colour
of
the
the
owner
sex
animal,
patient,
date,and the initials of the prescriber.
Certain abbreviations
are
allowed,viz.,m. (misce),
signifying
mix ; s. (signa); aa.
make
(ava),of each ; ft. (fiat),
; div,

(divide)
;

a sufficiency
(quantum sufficit),
to, the
; ad, up
half ; pulv. (pulvis),
amount
to ; c (cum), with ; ss. (semi),
a
a
lin.
hoi.
a
powdtr;
(linimentum),
liniment; ung.
(bolus);

q.s.

(ungnentum), an ointment
a draught,etc.
(haustus),

; mist,

a
(mistura),

mixture

; haust.

APPENDIX

533

Constant

will enable the student to become

practice
proiicient
in the writing of prescriptions.
He is advised to at first write
the names
of the drugs which
he intends to employ, and then
to fillin the doses. Students often have considerable difficulty
in approximating the doses for mixtures, and it is hoped that
the followingexplanationwill materially
assist them :
The
practitioner
usuallycomputes his doses accordingto
domestic measures,
such as a wineglassful,
etc.
a tablespoonful,
The amount
of a mixture is prescribed
accordingto the requirements
of the case, in bottles of various sizes,
usually pint and
to
half-pintbottles for horses and cattle,and from 8 ounce
4 ounce
bottles for dogs. The dose of mixtures
for horses is
and for dogs
of wineglassfuls,
generallycomputed in quantities
in do.ses of froai a tablespoonful
to a teaspoonful.
in
certain
Now,
orderinga
quantityof a mixture the prefcriber has

the
first to ascertain the number
of doses which
to
decide
of
each
to
a
nd
then
the
amount
drug
phialcontains,
be given in every dose ; then by multiplying
this by the number
to
of doses contained in the phialhe obtains the proper amount
the
that
each
or
as
case
so
prescribe,
wineglassful
tablespoonful,
dose
of
the
medicinal
sufficient
a
agent.
be,
represents
may

Example.
5i

F.

m.

Sig.

Give

Tr. digitalis,
3x.
Tr. ferri perchlor.,
gii.ss.
Aqua ad O.i.

two

twice
wineglassfuls

day

in

pint of

ale.

above,which is an example of a cardiac tonic for the

horse,explainsthe method of approximatingthe doses. Thus,
we
are
orderinga pint bottle of the mixture, and of this two
to be given as a dose twice a day. Now, a
are
wineglassfuls
is equivalent
contains
20 ounces, and a wineglassful
bottle
pint
would
contain
ten
that
it
to 2 ounces, so
or five
wineglassfuls,
for
each. The dose of tr. digitalis
doses of two wineglassfuls
the
amount
five
the horse is about 3ii.; this multiplied
by
gives
of the drug necessary for the pint bottle,
viz.,5x. Again,the
is gss. ; this multiplied
ordinarydose of the tr. ferri perchlor.
that
of the
so
wineglassfuls
by five gives gii.ss.,
every two
and gss.of tr.ferri
gii.of tr. digitalis
above mixture represents
The

perchlor.
the amounts
work on similar lines,
we
can
practice
from
a
varying
tablespoonfulto a teaprescribed
generally
spoonful,accordingto the size of the patient; and the capacity
to 2 ounces, accordingto
of the phialsmay be from 8 ounces
requirements.
In canine

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

534

Example.
Quininaesulpb.,grs.
sulph.dil.,
q.a.

xl.

Ac.

Tr. nucis

vom.,

5"-

Syr.aurantii,oii.
Aqua ad gviii.
twice
Sig, Give a tablespoonful

day.

for a fall-sized
above representsa nervine touic mixture
dog. The mixture contains 8 ounces, equivalent to sixteen
are
doses of a tablespoonfuleach. In each dose we
giving
of
about
2-^grains of quininaesulpb.^ and about 8 minims
nucis
tr.
vom.
The
following table may be found useful to the student
to judge
while dispensingor prescribing,
as it will enable him
number
of medicinal
of the amount
to ensure
a proper
requisite
The

doses

table which may prove useful to the student in the

such as
is
one
pharmacy
relatingto the strength of solutions,
in the preparationof the various
antisepticdressingsand
Another

lotions.

followinggivesthe proportionas regardsthe strengthof

preparationsby parts as well as calculated by percentage,and
also the number
of grainsto the ounce, and to the pint,to form
solutions of specific
accurate,
strength. These are not strictly
calculated
to
avoid
fractions
but
as they are
so as
they will be
;
found sufficiently
work :
so for practical
The

Part.

Parts.

1 to

Grains.

1000
1 to
500

is

is

1 tn

i^. =

100

tV%=
i%=
1%=

about

f.5i.=

10

1 to

5i.=

20

5 to

5i.=100

,,

"

Grains.

to

O.i.
to O.i.
to O.i.
to

535

HINTS

ON

THE

METHODS
OF

To

administer

OP

ADMINISTRATION

MEDICINES.

the difEerent

in ivhich medicinal agents

and practice.We
are
prescribedrequirestact,dexterity,
are
that a largeproportionof medicinal agents which
fullyaware
is either not administered
at all,
we
order,for horses especially,
the major portion of it is wasted
or
by ignorantor careless
attendants.
These
facts will often account
for the want
of
attributed to the use of certain medicinal agents in the
success
and as a rule it is only when
of disease,
treatment
either
we
medicines
it properlydone,
administer the
or
see
ourselves,
than we can be sure of results.
either with the hand alone or assisted
Balls are administered
when
the animal
has very sharpteeth,
has
or
by a balling-iron,
the
habit
of
when
hand
the
acquireda
working
jaws vigorously
Some
is introduced into the mouth.
use
a form
practitioners
which appears to work very well.
of balling-gun
the most important pointis to secure
In administering
a ball,
of
the
animal's
hold
a
tongue, and to prevent the head
proper
assistant
keeping his band on the
being raised too high,by an
ball is held between
three fingers,
The
and the hand,
nose.
much
is
as
possible, passedrapidly
being brought togetheras
the
ball
roof
of
the
the
mouth,
pushed gentlyinto the
along
and
the
hand
of
the
It
quickly withdrawn.
pharynx,
region
be necessary to keep the animal's head held up for a few
may
minutes, if it does not swallow the bolus,or to allow it to take
horses it is very difficult to
In some
a few
sups of water.
in the solid form, as they acquiregreat
administer medicine
forms

dexterityin rejectingthe bolus,and

hand
and

For

chew vigorously
when the
Others persistently
is introduced into the moiilh.
cough
how
administered.
carefully
reject the bolus,no matter
medicines in the fluid form must be substituted.
the latter,

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

636

The

student

should

tion
in the administraproficient
practicealone will enable him to

render

himself

of

and constant
balls,
accomplishthis.
The duraplastic
horse balls prepared by Messrs. Wyleys and
Co.,Coventry, are easilyadministered,and are a vast improvement
the
old-fashioned
article.
on
paper-covered
Medicinal

agents administered

time

to

become

Experiments

in the solid form

take

siderable
con-

a fit state for absorption.

have demonstrated
this point,and also that
absorptionfrom the stomach of the horse ;
is impacted with ingestaor distended with

there is little or no
hence,if this organ
gas, and its walls in

and
soluble,

in

it is evident
semi-paralyzedcondition,
that drugs in the solid form will not produce any effect,
as they
will not pass beyond the stomach.
Clinical experiencefurnishes
sufiicient evidence of this fact,and in such cases
drugs should
be administered
by hypodermic injection.
medicines in the solid form are seldom administered,
In cattle,
such

as

rumen,

would
remain
among
and produce little or no

In dogs, medicines
form

by

may

be

the extensive
effect.

convenientlyadministered

which
of pills,
are
now
prepared in an
wholesale
chemists, coated with either

These

are

contents

easily swallowed, and

are

excellent

of

the

in the
manner

gelatineor sugar.
prepared so that the

readilysoluble.
require to be carefully
administered,so as to avoid
of
the
fluid
the danger of any
passing into the larynxand trachea.
The horse's head should not be held too high,and the tongue
free ; if any attempt be made
to cough,
should be left perfectly
the animal's head should be releasedimmediately. The drench
should be administered
at a
slowly,as by pouring too much
time into the mouth
there is danger if the animal
coughs,and,
of
JDrenches
amount
the
medicine
is wasted.
a
large
besides,
be administered
out of a proper tin drenching-horn,
should
as
bottles
if
are
glass
they happen to get broken
very dangerous
contents

are

Drenches

between

the animal's teeth.

of respiratory
In cases
with laryngitis
or
affections,
bronchitis,
should not be administered
the
drenches
if possible,
from
as
irritable condition of the throat,
and
violent
the tendency to
etc.,
fitsof coughing,the fluid may find its way into the trachea and
of
bronchitis. In cases
bronchi,and give rise to mechanical
should be given in the patient's
this kind,medicines
drinkingin
the
form
of
between
or
the
molar
an
electuaryplaced
water,
teeth.
In cattle,
medicines in
great care is necessary in administering
accidents have occurred from
the fluid form, and many
the fluid
the
trachea
and
due
in this
carelessness
to
bronchi,
entering
respect. The drench should be administered slowly,care being

538

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

results
It has given moat satisfactory
conditions
in cases
of flatulent colic in the horse,and tympanitic
of the rumen
in the cow.
It is also of great advantage in
when
administeringmedicines in cases of milk-fever in cattle,
iavented

by Mr. Toope.

the power
of swallowingis
It is necessary
for the

impaired or lost.
veterinarysurgeon, especiallyin a
chest in which he
to
have
a portablemedicine
country practice,
can
agents required in ordinarycases, as it
carry the medicinal
in
is often
if
not
difficult,
impossible,to obtain medicines
which
he is called to, require
cases
country places,and many
immediate
The
of

treatment.
medicine
should
case

portable

shape, and

be made
either of leather or wood,
contain
stoppered bottles of

should

sufficient strength of material.

The followingmedicinal agents will be found
1 8-oz. bottle of either tr, opiior
1
,,

"

1 4-oz.

of
of

"

1
"

"

1 20-oz.
"

1 4-oz.
"

of service

chlorodyne.

spts.seth. nit.
aromat.
spts.ammon.

of ol. tereb.
of ol. lini.
of aether sulph.

of creolin.
"
1 tube of hypodermic
pelletsof morphine.
balls of ext. ca,nnabis indica.
2 physicballs.
1 4-oz. bottle of glyoerinum belladonuae.
"

'I

pot of vaseline.

oz.

iodoform.

lb.

wool.
antiseptic
bandages.
Wound
syringe.

J
2

1 4-oz. bottle of
Small instrument

liq.ferri perchlor.
case.

Hypodermic syringe.
Measure-glass.
1 purgativemixture
for cattle.
2 drachms
of croton oil.
1 tin drenching-horn.
Winton's
enema
syringe.

thus fitted will prove of inestimable value,because in

instances
the practitioner
is not informed
of the nature
many
of the case, especially
when
summoned
by telegram,and his
destination may be far away from any pharmaceuticalchemist.
case

APPENDIX

539

PEBSCEIPTIONS.

"

FEBRIFUGES.
Horses.

I^ Liq.ammonii acet.,"x.
aeth. nit.,
S^jts.
gvi.
Aqua ad O.i.
V,

Sig.

m.

Give

uls
wineglassf

two

pint of

every four hours

in half

water.

!^ Quininsesulph.,3x.
sulphuric.
dU.,q.s.

Ac.

Aqua
F.

Siij. Give

m.

of

whisky and

two

two

ad

O.i.

winegla-sfula
every

glassesof

In

warm

water

three hours in two glasses

until the fever declines.

HyiiRrpyrexia.

]J Chlorodyni,3i.
Spts.seth. nit.,gii.
Liq. ammonii acet.,gii.
Aqua ad 5xv.
S g.
Give every three hours in three
when
in
the
{Useful
primary stagesof influenza,
F.

m.

of whisky.
glasses
rigorsare present.)

]^ Mag. sulph.,gxii.
Potass, nit.,"i i.
Div. in

pulv.vi.

Sig.

day
drinking-water.

Give

one

twice

dissolved in the

patient's

Dogs.
5i Spts.seth. nit.,"ii.
Liq. ammonii acet.,giiiAqua ad gviii.
,

m.

For
Give two teappoonfuls
every three hours.
in
increased
Ttion.
be
the
dose
size
prop
larger
may

Sig.
of

dog

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

540

Febrifuges for Dogs

"

continued.

I^ Quininae salph.,3i.s8.
Ac. sulph.dil.,q.s.
Sodii hyposulph.,3'iad

Aqua
F.

Sig.

m.

Give

(Useful in the

gvi.

three times a day.

teaspoonfuls
)
primary stages of distemper.

two

DIURETICS.
Horses.

1^

Potass, acet.,^\i.

5^.
digitalis,
seth.
nit.,gv.
Spts.
Aqua ad O.i,
two wineglassfuls
every
a pint of water.
Tr.

P.

Sig.

111.

Give

3^

four

in half

Tr.

5v.
colchici,
aeth.
nit.,gv.
Spts.

acet.,"vi.
Liq. ammon.
Aqua ad O.i.
Sig. Give two wineglassfuls
every
the kidneys act.

I'\ in.

hours

four hoard

until

( Usefulin azoturia,loith scanty secretion of urine.)

]^

Fulv.

resinffi,
giii.
nit.,gii.

Potass,
Div. in

pilv.vi.

Sig.

Give

one

twice

day

in the food.

Dogs.
IJ

F.

Potass, acet.,gss.

Syr. scillse,
gss.
Tr. digitalis,
3i.
Eeth.
Spts.
nit.,gss.
Aqua ad gvi.
three times a day.
m.
Sig. A tablespoonful
(Usefulin dropsy due to cardiac disease.)

APPENDIX

641

TONICS.
Horses.

"iii.
]J Liq. ferri dialysatus,
Tr. quininse
to., gx.
ad O.i.

Aqua
F.

Sig.

m.

Give

two

twice
ineglassfuls

pintof
(Usefulwhere

day

water.

non-astringent
preparationof iron

]J

in half

is indicated.'

Tr. ferri perchlor.

giii.
,
PotassEe eh lor.,
5ii.

Syrupi,q.s.
Aqua ad O.i.
F.

Sig.

m.

Give

two

wineglassfuls
every

(Usefodin purpura.

5i

four houip.

3vi.
sulpli.,

Ferri

gv.
Mag. sulph.,
"ss.
sulph.dil.,

Ac.
Tr.

gv.
quassias,
ad

Aqua
F.

Sig.

m.

Give

two

twice
wineglassfuls

with
(Usefulin debility,

]^

Dif.

in

pulv.vi.

O.i.
a

day

in

pint df

ale.

)
tendencyto constipation.

Ferri sulpb.,
Z^i.
Pulv. gentian,
gii.
P. carui sem., gii.

Sig.

Give

one

twice

day

in the food.

Cattle.

TJ Mag. sulph.,gxii.
Ferri sulph.,
gii.
Pulv. gentian.,
giii.
P. carui sem., giii.
Div. in

pulv.vi. Sig.

Give

dissolved in

twice a day in the

pintof ale.

one
a

food,or

542

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY
Tonics

"

continued.

Dogs.

]J

F.

Sig.

m.

Give

from
to

F.

m.

Tr. ferri perchlorid.,

gss.
Tr. quaasiae,
5ii.

gss.
Glycerini,
Aqua ad gvi.
to a tablespoonful
t"o
(according
teaspoonfula
size of dog) twice a day.

1^ Quininse sulpti.,
grs. xxiv.
Ac. sulph.dil.,
q.a.
Syr. aurantii,"ii.
Aqua ad 5vi.
three
Sig. Give two teaspoonfals

times

day.

ALTERATIVES.
Horses.

E.

ni.

P.B.,gii.
I^ Liq. arsenicalis,
Tr. gentian.CO., gv.
Aqua ad O.i.
twice a day after feeding.
Sig. Give two wineglassfuls

Sulphur,sub.,gii.
Potass, nit.,"i.ss.
Sodii bicarb.,
gii.
P. carui sem., gii.

Div. in

pulv.vi. Sig.

Give

GASTRIC

one

twice

day

in the food.

TONICS.

Horses.

]^

Div. in

pulv. vi.

Sig.

P. nucis vom., gss.

Pulv. gentian.,
gii.
Sodii bicarb.,
gii.
P. carui sem., gii.
Give
in

one
a

t nice

day

pint of ale.

in the

food,or

dissolved

A PPENDIX

Gastric

Tonics

543

continned.

"

Dogs.
Tr. nucis vom.,

gas.

P.B., 3iLiq.arsenicalis,
Tr.

gentian,oo., gi.
Syr.aurantii,gi.

Aqua
F.

m.

Sig.

Give

two

ad gvi.

three
teaapoonfuls
the dose for

Increase

times

day after feeding.

dogs.
large-sized
a

CATHARTICS.
Horses.

]J

Aloes

Barb.,3^.
3ss.
belladonnEe,
5ii.
zingib.,

Ext.
P.

Ft. bol. i.

Sig. Physicball.

gi.
T^ Hyd. subchlorid.,
Aloes Barb., 5^v.
Ext. belladonnaa,
5ss.
P. zingib.,
5ii.
Ft. bol. i.

Sig.
^

F.

m.

To

act

as

purgativeand oholagogue.

01. tereb. rect.,

gi.
01. lini. O.i.ss.

Sig. Oleaginous
purgative.
salicylas,
IJ Physostigminae
grs.
nitras,grs. iii.
Pilooarpinae

M.

( Used

i.ss.

Aqua, q.s.
Sig. To be givenby hypodermicor intratracheal injection.
in cases of impactionof the colon,with imralysis
of its walls. )

Cattle.

1^ Mag. sulph.,lb. i.
P. zingib.,
gi.

M.

lb. i.
Theriacae,
Aqua ferv.,O.iii.
slowly.
S'g. Give all at one dose,administering

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

544

Cathartics for Cattle

"

continncil.

01. crotonis,
5i-

IJ

5"Hyd. subchlorid.,
01. lini,
Qt. i.
F.

(Usefulin

Sig.

m.

where

cases

One

very active

dose.

purgativeis necessary.)

Sogs.
01. ricini,
"8s. to "i.
ffith.
nit.,5ssSpts.

r.

Syr. rhamni, 5ss.to gi.

Sig. Purgativemixture.

m.

Ext.

1^

Pil.
Ext.

Et.

pil.i.

Sig.

Give

co.
colocynth.
grs.
hydraigyri,
gr. i.
hyoscyamus, gr. i.
,

or

one

two,

iii.

to
according

the size of the

dog.

ASTRINGENTS.
Horses.

J}l,p.

catechu,5vi.

Cretae prep., gii.

P.

camphorse,5iii.
S'.
zingib.,
Sig. Give one every four
flour grutl.
P.

Div. in

pulv.vi.

hours in

pintof

]Ji Chlorodyni,"ss.
Tr. camphor, co., gi.
Cretae prep. , gss.
Aqua ad O.ss.
F.

Sig.

m.

in

Give

pint of

flour

gruel.

Foals.
R

3i.
Chlorodyni,
Tr.

rhei,gii.

Cretse prep. , gss.

Aqua
F.

m.

Sig. Give in haU

ad

giv.

pintof

flour

if necessary^

gruel. Repeat in

tvpo hours

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

546

Anodynes

Antispasmodics contimted.

and

"

Dogs.

Sig.

One

Tr.

opii,mv. to inxx.
Spts."th. nit.,^m.
Tr. zingib.,
nixx.
Aqua, gss.
dose.
Repeat in two hours
5;

if necessary.

ANTI-TYMPANITICS.
Horses.

jt Creolin,gss.
01. tereb.,
^i\.

Spts.ammou.

aromat., 5i*'

Tr.

asafoetidEe,
gii.
O.i.ss.
01. lini,

F.

Sig.

m.

One

dose.

colic.)
(Usefulin flatulent

Cattle.

'fyCreolin,gi.
Ol. tereb.,
giv.

Spts.ammon.

arom.,

giv.

Ol. lini,
O.i.ss.

F.

Sig.

m.

One

dose.

(Usefulin hoven.)

GASTRIC

SEDATIVES.
Horses.

belladonnas,
Glyoerini
3ii.
Tr. opii,
"i.
Sodii bicarb.,
gss.
Aqua ad O.i.

F.

m.

Sig.

One

dose.

Repeat

(Usefulin

every three hours.

gastritis.)

A PPENDIX

Gastric

547

Sedatives

"

conlimted.

Cattle.

"ss.
belladonnaa,
I^ Glycerlni
Sodii

gss.
bicarb,,

Aqua,
F.

Sig.

One

O.i.

Repeat every three hours.

inflammation of the fourth stomach, aftera few
m.

(Useful in

raw

dose.

doses

linseed oil have been administered. )

Dogs.
to itliii.
tiii.
]J Ac. hydrocyanicdil.,
Bismuthi
to
v.
subnit.,
grs. xx.
grs.

Mucilagoacacise,
q.s.
F.

Sjg.

ra.

One

Eepeat in an hour if necessary.

and obstinate vomiting.)
gastrilin
dose.

{Usefidin

ANTHELMINTICS.
Horses.

01. tereb.,
gii.
Ext. filioisliq.,
5ii-

gss.
Liq. ferri dialysatus,
O.i.
01. lini,
F.

m.

Sig.

One

dose.

To

be

given fasting.

Dogs.
iii.
Pulv. areca, grs. xx.

IJiSantonini,grs.
Ft.

pulv.i.

For
To be givenin milk.
this dose may be doubled.

Si/.

AND

EXPECTORANTS

dogs of largersize

RESPIRATORY

SEDATIVES.

Horses.

Pulv. camphorse,3iii.
Potass, chlor.,
gi.ss.
P. fol. belladonnse,
gi.ss.
Pulv. anisi fruct.,
gii.

pulv.vi. Sig. Give one twice a day in the food.

(Usefulin simplecoughsdependingon catarrh. )

Div. in

of

548

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Expectorants snd RespiratorySedatives

P. fol.

P.

for Horses

continued.

"

aconiti,3vi.

3iiidigitalis,

alb.,grs. iv.
P. anisi fruct,,
^!".
Arsenic,

Div. in

pulv.\i. Sig.

Give

(Usefulin

every

one

nightin

the food.

cough.)

clironic

P.B., gii'.
1^ Liq. arsenicalis,
Tr. nucis vom.,
giii.
Tr. camphor, ci) , giiiAqua ad O.i.
twice a day after feeding.
Sig. Give two wineglassfuls
(Usefulin coughsdepending ore gastricderangements.)

m.

Dogs.

]^

F.

Tr.

beiladonnse,g-s.

gss.
Syr. scillae,
'J'r.camphor. Co., gi.
Aqua ad gvi.
three
Si^. Give two teaspoonfuls

m.

times

day.

COUNTER-IRRITANTS.

]^

Mix

for

Pulv. cantharides,gxx.
01. tereb. rect.,gxii.
Acid, acetic, fort.,
gix.

twenty-fourhours,

vaseline,melted

thoroughlymixed.

at

then

temperature

Keep

in

an

add 2J lb. each of lanoline

200" Tahr., and stir well

of

air-tight
jar.

Sig.: Ung. Cantharides

Co.

Fly b'ister.

J^ Hyd. biniod.,gii.
Lanolini,gxii.
Vaselini,giv.
Ft. ung.
Sig.: Ujig.Hyd. Biniod.
{Useftdforthe treatment ofossificaffections
ofjoints,
etc.)

an

ti

APPENDIX

Counter-irritants"

549

conimacd.

^i Hyd. biniod.,
giv.
Potass,

iod.,giii.

Aqua, 5ii.
thea
Dissolve,

add

"

Puly.

cantharides,
gviii.
Spts.vini meth.,"xxxiv.
add sufficient methylated
Digest for fourteen days,and after filtering
40 oz. of clear fluid.
to make
spirit
(Very strongblistering
fluid,to be appliedwith a brush.)

LINIMENTS.

01.

tereb.,
gi.
ammou.
gi.
fort.,
Liq.
01. olivEe,
giv.

Sig.
to
for application

Ft. lin.

{As

counter-irritant

the

throat,etc.)

gxvi.
]?; 01. tereb.,

Camphorae, gi.
Sapo mollis,gii.
gii.
Aqua destil.,
Mi.v the soap with the water, dissolve the camphor in the tur, entine,
tillthoroughly
rub together
mixed, add sufficient water to make a fluid
emulfsion.

Sig.: Lin. Tereb. Album.

liniment.)
{As a stimulating
]J

Tr. arn'cse,
giv.
Tr. camphoFEe,giv.

f.,3ii.
mollis,
gii.
Sapo

Liq.ammon.

Aqua ad O.i.
Ft. lin. Sig.: Lin. Gainph.c. Arnica.
liniment.)
{Useful as a mild stimulating

Tr. iodi,gii.

gii.
Spts.picis,
Sapo mollis,gii.
Sig. Apply with a brush once a day.
absorbent liniment in cases
of capped hocks,windgalls,
etc.)

Ft. lin.

{Usefulas

an

550

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Liniments

lodi.,gv.
Potass, iod.,^ii.
"i.
Glycerin],
Spts.rect.,Qh. i.

Ft. lin.

{Usefulas

an

continued.

"

Sig.:

lo H.

Linimentum

for enlarged glands and

application

burscB.)

Potass, carb.,5ii"
01. olivffi,
O.ss.

Aqua,

O.ss.

White liniment.
Sig.: Lin. Alha.
(For applying after hlisters.)

Pt. lin.

O.ss.
Liq. pltimbidiaoet.,
01. eucalyjti,
5'i.
01. olivae,
O.ss.

Ft. lin.

{For mvd

Sig. Apply

twice

day.

fever,cracked heels,
grease, tic.)

LOTIONS.

Astringent.
]^

Pt.

lotio.

Zinci

acefc.,
.^i.
sulph.,5vi.

Aqua

ad

Sig.:

Lotio

Plnmbi

O.i.
Alba.

White lotion.

Antiseptic.
J^ Creolin,3ii.
Pyoktanin, grs. viii.
Aqua, O.i.
Ft. lotio. Sig.: Lotio Antiseptic.
{Fur dressinguounds.)
]^ Hyd. zinci. cyanidi,grs.
O.i.
Acjvia,
Ft. lotio.

x.

APPENDIX
Lotions

Ft. lotio.

(Usefulin

cases

"

561

continued.

!^ Hyd. perohlorid.,
grs. xxxvi.
O
.i.
Liquor ca'cis,
Lotio
Hydrargyri Flava, Yellow wash.
Sig.:
and ulcerated surfaces.)
of collar and saddle galls,

Ac.

boric,grs. iv.
Aqua laurocerasi,
g-s.
gss.
Aqua destil.,

Ft. lotio.

{As

Ft.

Sig. Apply twice daily.

coUyrium in conjanctiviiis.)

J^ Argenti uit.,
grs. iv. to grs. vi.
g'Aqua destil.,
lotio. Sig. Apply with a camel's-hair brush once
daily.
for albugo and nebula.)
{As an applicalion

^
Ft.

{As

an

Atropinsesulph.,grs.

ii.to grs. iv.

gi.
Aqua destil.,
lotio. Sig.: Liq. Atropince
Sulph.
to keratitis,
ophthalmia,etc.)
application

OINTMENTS.

lodi,51.
Potass, iod.,"ss.
Lanolini,gviii.

Ft. ung.

Si^.: Ung. lodi.

Absorbent ointment.

]J Sulphur sub.,gi.
l^lumbi acet.,gss.

Creolin,g"s.
gsp.
eucalypti,

01.

Vaselini,giv.
Lanolini,giv.
Ft. ung.

(/;icases

Sig. Apply twice daily.

etc.)
of grease, cracked heels,

552

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

Ointments

"

continued.

Sulphur sub.,5i.
Potass, carb.,gss,

Ft. ung.

(Usefulin

cases

Lanolini,'"i\.
Sig.: Ung. S%dpho-Alkalinum.
in the dog.]
of parasiticskin affect'ons

1^ lodoformi, gss.
01. eucalypti,
5ss.
Vaselini,5vii'.
Ft. un?.
Sig.: Ung. Antiseptic.
( Useful as

an

ointment.)
antiseptic

654

VE

T ERIN

A R Y

PEUTICS

THERA

Aqua, 323

Boracic

323
destillata,
313
fortis,
369
laurocerasi,
318
regia,
Areca-nut, 497
Argeuti nitras,246

Borax, 319
Boric acid, 319

Argentum,

salts

319
Boro-glyceride,

Brandy,

of,246

Arnica,461
Aromatic

bitters,452
oils,457
Arsenicum, salts of, 277
Arsenious acid, 277

Butyl chloral hydrate, 362

volatile

Cade,

Calamine,
Calcii

67
gastric,
85
intestinal,
132
vascular,

Atropine,415
compared with morphine,403
Aurantium, 456

opium,

sulphurata,302
Cambogia, 482
Camphor, 471
indica,408
Cantharides, 523
Cannabis

animalis,306

306
ligni,

acid, 369

Carbolic
Carbon

compound'',325

Cardiac

stimulants,130

Cardiac

131
depressants,

Carminatives,
Carron oil,234
403

acid, 473

subnitrate,290
Bitters,452
on, 526
111

stone, 251

Body-heat,agent^^actingon, 185

68

Caryophyllum,457
Cascara

benzoin, 473
compound tincture of, 473
Bichloride of methjiene, 357
B smuth, salts of, 290

Blue

427

276
hypophosphis,

Carbo

Belladonna,414

Blisters,195
Blood, agents actingon,

249

Capsicum, 477
Caraway, 461

Balls,administration of,535
or
boluses,530
Balsam, Friar's,473
Peru, 475
Tolu, 475
Barbadoes
aloes,484
Barley water, 519
Baths, 202
Tu.kish, 203

hints
Blistering,

an

Calcium, salts of, 234

Calomel, 269
Calumba, 452
Calx, 234
chloriuata,236

85
Astringents,

with

of, 469

bt

Calabar

152

compared

oil

Caffeine,443

antidotes for,283
toxic effects of, 281
Arteries,132
476
AsafiBtida,
filix
Aspidium
mas, 496

Benzoic

325

Bromides, 299
Bromum, 299
Brucine, 439
Buchu, 504
Buckthorn, syrup of, 495
286
Butttr
of antimonj

Aristol,384

Asthma,

acid,319

sagrada,494

Cassia,490
Castor

oil,491

Cataplasmata,203
Catechu, 501
Cathartics,86
Cattle,actions of medicines
Caustic,lunar, 246
Caustics,206
Cautery,actual,igg

Cayenne

pepper, 477

Cererbal

stimulants, 160

on, 39

INDEX

555

Cerebral depressants,
160

Copperas,258

Cetaoeum,522
390
Oevadilla,

Cord, spinal,
agentsactingon,
Coriander,461
Cornutine,436
47
Correctives,
Corrosive sublimate,268

Chalk, 235
Charcoal,306

Chaulmugra oil,520
Cherry laurel,369

Cough, 23

Chinoline,380

varieties of, 23
treatment
of,152
195
Counter-irritants,

Chloralamid,362
Chloral hydrate,358
in milk fever,361
Chloric ether,337

uses

Creasote,382
Creolin,375
Creta, 235

Chlorodyne,338
Chloroform,337
anse

an

method

of

of,200

theory of,197
Counter-irritation,

Chlorine,292

as

160

344
thetio,
346
administering,

of,337
spirits

Croton chloral,362
Croton oil,479
Cumulative
drugs,43

87
Cliolagogues,

Cuprisulpha',251

Chromic

Curare, 427

321
aci^i,

Cusso,497

Cinchona, 505

Circulatory
system, agents acting
on,

Dandelion,495

130

Daturine, 424

stimulants,130
Circulatory
Circumstances
modifying
action of medicines,33
Citric acid, 322
Citrine ointment, 273
Climate, eflfejts of on

action

the

391
Delphinine,

of

medicines, 44
Cloves, 457

Cocaine, 412
Codeine,

Diffusible

oil,522

Colchicum,

203
applications,
Colic,spasmodic,treatment

of, 96

130
stimulants,

444
Digitalis,

Cold

treatment
flatulent,

of,99
of,97

Diseases

modify

the

action

of

medicines, 40
205
Disinfectants,
6
7
gastric,
Dispensing,529
173
Diuretics,

CoUyria,548
Colooynth,481
of

150

444
Digitalin,

392

Combination

Demulcents, 59
Deodorants,205
Depressants,motor,
Diagnosis,6
186
Diaphoretics,
Diarrhoea,89
treatment

396

Cod-liver

Decoctions,211

drugs, 44

Condy'sfluid,222

of,94
85
Constringents,

of medicines on, 39
Donovan's
solution,272
Doses, 41
Dover's powder,394
Drastics,84
Drenches,bints on administering,

Contraindications, 32
Convallaria,450

Duboisine,424

Copper, salts of,251

69
Dyspepsia,

Conlum, 426
Consciousness,measures
161
89
Constipation,
treatment

Dogs, actions
ing,
influenc-

536

THERAPEUTICS

VETERINARY

556

Dyspepsia,treatment
Dyspnoea,148

sedatives,67
67
disiufectants,
vascular stimulants,67

of,151

treatment

Easton'a

Gastric stimulants,66

of, 75

67
astringents,

268

syrup,

Ecbolics,437
Elaterium,481
Bmetene, 502
Emetics, 78
Empirical treatment,

tonics,67
nervo-muscular
specific

67

Gastritis,73
Gelatinum, 522
Gelsemium, 435

Gentian, 45
Gin, 326

Bscharotics,206

Ginger,460

Eserene, 427
Essences, 211
Ether, 354

G'auber's

Euonymin, 495
Euonymus, 495
Expectant treatment, 8, 55
Expectorants,146

Goulard
Green
Gum

Hgemorrhage,136

of,193

Hiemostatics,206
203
of administration

53

administration

Friar's balsam, 473

Galla,

498

Gallic acid,498

Gamboge,

482

Hamamelis, 502
Hartshorn, spirits
of,228
Health, 49
Heart, agents acting c n the,130
affections of, 133, 135
Heat of
185

solution,277

Foxglove, 444
Frequency of
drugs,42

of,139

treatment

of drugs, 33
of rational treatment,
Foundations
Fowler's

of

112
HcEraatinics,
Hffimatoxylon,501

519

mode

action

drugs,43

496

and

acacia,517
ammoniac, 476
b nzoin, 473

Habit, modifying the

of, 254

simple,20

Form

258
vitriol,

tragaeanth,517

Eebrifuges,188
Fenugreek, 461
258
Eerrous sulphate,

Flour,
Fomentations,

extract, 244

Grey powder, 267

Bxtracta, 211
Eye, agent.sactingon, 207

treatment

salts,223

Glycerina,212
Gl3cerinum, 516
Glycerinum belladonnse,414
Glycyrrhiza,518

of nitrous, 364
gpirit
Eucalyptus,oil of,470

Filix mas,

48
therapeutics,
symptoms of disease,6

General
General

Ergot, 436
Ergotin,436

Ferrum,
Fever, 19, 188

of, 76

treatment

55

Enemata, 100
Enteritis,91
Epsom salt,237

salts

lants,
stimu-

of

body, measures

affecting,

Hellebore,390
Hemlot^k, 426
Hemp, Indian,
Henbane, 422

408

Homatropine, 415
Honey, 523
Horse,

actions

of medicines

on,

37

INDEX

Hydragogues,86
Hydrargyrum, 263

557

Laxatives,86
Lead, salts of,241
antidotes,243
242
toxic effects,
234
Lime,

preparationsof,263

Hydrastis,456
Hydrate of chloral,358
Hydrochloricacid,315
Hydrocyanicacid,366
Hyosoyamine, 423
Hyoscyamus, 422

water, 234

Liniments, 212
Linseed meal, 518
oil,493

Hypnotics,162

Liquorammonige,

35
H^podermii'injections,

2i8

aoetatis,233
277
arsericalis,

276
Hypophosphites,

[272
hydrargyri iodidi,
415
atropinaesulphatis,
234
calcis,
arsenici et

Ichthyol,381
32
Idiosyncrasies,
Iranaediate local action,29

Immediate

treatment,

260
ferri perchloridi,

55

potasseE,218

45
Incompatibility,
chemical,45

518
Liquorice,

46
physiological,
Indian hemp, 408

Litharge,243
Liver,agents actingon,

Infusions,211

Lobelia,425

36
Inhalations,

Logwood,

Injection,
hypodermic,35
36
intratracheal,

Lotions, 212

sodii

Lunar

357
ethylatis,

104

501

246
caustic,

"

intravenous, 36
Intestinal astringents,85

Intestines,agents actingon,
Iodine, 293
lodism, 295
Iodoform, 383
lodol, 384

Ipecacuanha,502
Iron

and

its medicinal

and

Magnesium
84

salts,254

its

preparations,

237
Male

Marsh

fern, 496
mallows, 519

523
459
Mentha
piperita,
Menthol, 460

Mel,

Mercury
and

and

its

zinc

263
preparations,

cyanide,274

Jaborandi,432

Metabolism, 117

Jalap,482
Jalapin,482
Juniper,469

326
Methylatedspirit,
Methylene,bichloride of,357

Mixtures, 212

Murphina,
Kamala, 497

Kidneys, agents actingon, 173

Kino, 501
Kousso, 497

Lanolin, 521
Lard, 521
Laudanum, 394
Laurocerasus,

Lavender,

395

acetas, 396

Kairin, 380

460

369

395
hydrochloras,
sulphas,396
Morrhuae
oleum, 522
Muriatic acid,315
Muscarine, 434

Mustard, 477
as

counter-

Mydriatics,207

Myotics,207
Myrrh, 475

478
irritant,

VETER

558

IN A R Y

Pharmacology, 4
Pharmacy, 529

Naphthalin,375
Naphthol, 375
161
Narcotics,
Natural
Nervous

recovery,

164

system,agents actingon,

Nicotine,424
Nitre,218
spirit
of,364

Nitric acid,313
Nitrite of amyl, 362
364
Nitroglycerinum,

Nitro- hydrochloric
acid,318
Nitrous ether,364
gas, 336

oxide

Nux

Phenacetin, 380
Phenazone, 378
Phosphate of soda, 277

Phosphorus,275
action,26
Physiological
46
incompatibles,

157

sweet

PEUTICS

THERA

vomica, 438

427
Physostigmine,
433
Pilocarpine,
468
liquida,
112
Plethora,
Plumbism, 242

Pix

Plumbum,

salts

of, 241

Podophyllin,483
Potassii bromidum,

299

iodidum, 293
457
Oils,aromatic volatile,
268
hydrargyri,

Oleatum
Oleum
anisi,461
cadinum, 469

calcis,234
crotonis,479

Potassium, salts of,215

Poultices,203

Powders, 529
31, 532
Prescribing,
hints on, 532

the,46, 532
Prescription,

470
eucalypti,

539
Prescriptions,

469
juniperi,

Preventive treatment,54
325
Proof spirit,
Prussic acid,366
Pulse,varieties of, 13

460
lavandulffi,

493
lini,
459
piperitae,

menthffi

morrhuae, 522
515
olivss,
468
picis,
491
ricini,

rosmarini,460
463
terebintbinas,

Olive oil,515
Opium, 394

of,394
preparations

Pupil,agents actingon,

206

84
Purgatives,

hints on, 485

Pyoktanin,377
Pyrexia,188
Pyridine,424
acid,500
Pyrogallic
Quaspia,454

Quinidine,505
Quininaesulphas,505

Orange,456

Quinine, 505

Pain, 163
of,167
molle,384

treatment

Paraffinum

RattonM

treatment, 55

Peppers,477

of, 52
Recovery,natural means
325
Rectified spirit,
Rectum
tube. Smith's,101
31
local action,
Remote
468
Resin,
Resorcin,375
system,agents acting
Respiratory

Permanganateof potash,221
Pharmacodynamics,50

Rhamnus

362
Paraldehyde,
163
Paralysis,
402
Paramorphine,

Paregoric,394
Pareira,504

Peppermint,459

on, 144

495
catharticus,

INDEX

Rhubarb,

490
Rioini oleum, 491

Rosemary, 460
Rubefacients,196
Ruminants, actions

559

Spiritof nitre,364
212
Spirits,
setheris nitrosi,
364
Spiritus
ammonisa
of medicines

on, 39

aromaticus,230

325
rectificatus,

tenuior,325

Rye, ergotof,436

vini gallici,
325
451
Squill,

Sal ammoniac, 232

Sal volatile,
230
510
Salioinum,
of soda, 510
Salicylate
Salicylic
acid,511
Saline diuretics,
175
Saline purgatives,
86

391
Staphisagria,

Starch, 519
Stavesacre,391

Stimulants,cardiac,130
cerebral,160

Salol,381

130
oircula'ory,
6
6
gastric,
hepatic,105

225
Salt,common,
Epsom, 237

86
intestinal,
local,157

Glauber's,223

motor,

Saltpetre,218

160

renal, 175

Santonin, 496
Sapo durus, 515
Sapo mollis,515
Scammony, 483
451
Scilla,
Sedatives,cardiac,131

145
respiratory,

Stomach, agents actingon,

cerebral,160
87
intestinal,

186
Sudorifics,

pulmonary, 145

Sulphonal,362
Sulphur, 302
Sulphuricacid,311
Sulphurous acid,306
of
the body
Surface

Senna, 490
456
Serpentaria,

Sherry, 325
Sialagogues,58
Silver salts,246

symptoms

Sinapis,477
Skin, agentsactingon,
Sleep,156
Soap, 515
Sodii bicarbonas,222

and

tremities,
ex-

furnished

by, 24
185

205
Surgicalapplications,
Symbols,530
of disease,6
Symptoms, general,

benzoas, 473

Syncope, 140
Syrups,212

biborate,319
bromidum, 299

Tabaci

276
hypophosphis,
224
hjposulphis,

iodidum, 296

folia,424

Tannic acid,498
Tar, 468
Taraxacum, 495
Tartar emetic, 287
Tartaric acid,322

364
nitris,
510
salicylas,

valerianas,475
Ealts,222

Sodium

action of
Specific
522
Spermaceti,

66

Stomachics,66
Stramonium, 424
Strophanthus,450
Strychnine,439
Styptics,206

drugs,30

Taste, loss of,69

Temperature, 19
Terebene, 468

TerebinthinsB,
oleum, 463

560

VETERINARY

THERAPEUTICS

Thallin,380
Thebaine, 402
Therapeutics,
general,48
240
special,
Theriaca,517

Vermifuges,88

Thioform,

Vinegar, 322

Vesicants, 196

Veterinarypharmacy,
253
Villate's injection,
Vina,

513

Thymol,
212
Tincturae,
Tobacco, 424
460

Toleration

of

Tolu, balsam

212

Visible

membranes,

mucous

oils,457

Volatile

Vomition, 77

drugs,43
of, 475

Wash, black, 271

112
Tonics, hsematinic,

yellow,272

stomachic,67

Water, 323
baths, 202

5
Toxicology,

Tragacanth,517
Treacle, 517
Treatment, different kinds of,54

Turpentine,463
Tympanitis,91
Unguenta,

528

Weights

and

measures,
Wheat-flour, 519

White

lotion,245

White

273
precipitate,

Willow-bark, 510
Wounds, treatment

212

174
Urine, agents influencing,
Uva ursi,504

530

of,204

Zinc, salts of, 249

Zinci

370
sulphocarbolas,

Valerian, 475

oarbonas, 249

Vaseline, 384

ehloridum,251

Venesection,therapeuticalvalue

oxidum,

of, 141
Veratrine, 390
Vermicides, 87

sulphas,250

249

valerianas,475

Zingiber,460

THE

Bailli"re,
Tindcd{ i" Qox^ 20

and

END.

21, King William

Strand.
Street^

17

B. Jenkins

Veterinary Catalogue of William

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Surgery."

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